Is one of the most beautiful cities Russia. Tourists from all over the country and the world come here to see monuments of Russian military architecture. The most famous among which remains the monument from year to year -. History does not know exactly what year the gate was built, so the year of its foundation is generally considered to be 1164, when the gate was consecrated. Most likely, the gates were built by princely craftsmen and craftsmen. Evidence of this is the princely sign left on one of the blocks. The Zloty Gate was included in the line of city ramparts, which had a total of five entrance gates. However, only one of the five has survived to this day - . In addition to their defensive functions, they were also a decoration, as they formed the main entrance to the richest part of the city. In this sense, they have no analogues among architecture European Middle Ages. Throughout its history, the gate has gone through many rebuildings and reconstructions. Therefore, today they have a slightly different appearance, different from their original appearance, but we can still feel their greatness. There is a legend that tells why the prince called the gate “golden”. According to legend, during the construction of the entrance passage, the gate collapsed and killed 12 people. No one doubted that everyone had died, but Prince Andrei brought an icon of the Mother of God to the scene and began to pray for the salvation of the unfortunate people. When they began to clear the rubble, all the people were alive and unharmed. It was then, in 1164, that the prince ordered a church to be built over the gate and called it Golden. Enough interesting event The history of the gate is that once the carriage of Catherine II got stuck in the arch. To solve this problem, they did not touch the gates, but only dug ditches that would be adjacent to the gates.
For approximately the last half century, the Golden Gate has been part of a group that unites unique architectural monuments of the Vladimir region. In the church, located above the gate, there is an exhibition dedicated to the military-historical events of the city. The main place in the exhibition is occupied by a diorama telling the events of 1238, when the Tatar horde broke into Vladimir. Also on display are military equipment and weapons from different times.
An important achievement is that in 1992 the Golden Gate was included in the World Heritage List. Curious tourists from all over the world enjoy visiting this historical monument, wanting to learn more about the culture of the distant 12th century in Russia.
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| A country | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject of the federation | Vladimir region | ||
| Urban district | Vladimir city | ||
| Coordinates | 56°08′00″ n. w. 40°25′00″ E. d. | ||
| Internal division | 3 districts | ||
| Based | 990 | ||
| Square | 124.59 km² | ||
| Center height | 150 m | ||
| Population | 356,168 people (2017) | ||
| Density | 2858.72 people/km² | ||
Golden Gate aerial photography (Vladimir):
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Golden Gate in , are an outstanding monument of ancient Russian architecture, annually attracting increased attention from city guests. They were built in 1164, during the reign of the Vladimir prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, in addition to defensive purposes, playing the role of a triumphal structure, symbolizing the greatness and strength of princely power. It was through them that they entered the city princely squads, returning from the battlefields, where they were noisily greeted by the people. The white stone gates are made using the technique of half-rub masonry, widespread in Vladimir-Suzdal architecture. Together with three more gates to the city, which have not survived to this day, the Golden Gate formed a single complex that served as an important link in the defensive system of Vladimir.
The Golden Gate is a massive three-tiered structure, along the edges of which there are low powerful towers with characteristic medieval battlements. Above the second tier, in the middle of which the image of Jesus Christ is clearly visible, there used to be the Deposition of the Robe Gate Church, which hospitably welcomed everyone who came to Vladimir in peace. Nowadays, in its place there is an exposition of the military history museum. Under the arches of the chapel, an impressive diorama attracts attention, which depicts the February events of 1238, when the Mongol-Tatar hordes of Batu Khan captured Vladimir, despite the heroic resistance of its defenders. The diorama is equipped with stereo music and light effects, which makes it look as realistic and spectacular as possible.
For more than 50 years, the Golden Gate has been under the jurisdiction of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve and serves as an integral part of it. Here visitors can see weapons and military equipment different years, including combat bolts of a throwing machine used for long-distance shots, arrow and spear tips of the 12th – 13th centuries, military chain mail of Russian knights, captured Polish crossbow, flintlock guns from the reign of Catherine II, soldier’s blunderbusses of the Great Patriotic War 1812, captured Turkish weapons and many other historical exhibits.
For a long time, the Golden Gate has been shrouded in many legends and myths, many of which researchers still can neither confirm nor refute. In any case, this building is considered one of the symbols that can often be seen on advertising brochures dedicated to the city or on souvenirs readily purchased by tourists.
Golden Gate Bridge in the American city of San Francisco - one of the most famous bridges in the world. On May 27, 2012, this bridge turned 75 years old. A favorite of movies and TV series, the Golden Gate remained the world's largest suspension bridge for 27 years and is the most popular suicide spot on Earth.
A little history. The Golden Gate Bridge connects the city of San Francisco and southern part Marin County. Until 1937, there was only a ferry crossing on the site of the bridge, which greatly hampered the development of the city.
Let's see how this grandiose structure was built:
This is what this bay originally looked like...
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San Francisco, 1910. (Photo by National Park Service):
Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge began on January 5, 1933 and lasted more than 4 years. (Photo by Library of Congress):
The bridge was built in art deco style. Its architect is Irving Morrow. The photo shows the start of construction in 1933. (Photo):
This is how construction progressed within a year. 1934 (Photo by Redwood Empire Association | AP):
Almost 4 years later. 1935 (AP Photo):
On the morning of May 27, 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was opened, but only to pedestrians, and for the first 12 hours it belonged only to them. (Photo by Redwood Empire Association | AP):
Soon the first cars drove onto the bridge. This happened on a signal from Roosevelt himself from the White House. (Photo by Ernest K. Bennett | AP):
Golden Gate Bridge for 27 years it was the largest suspension bridge in the world: from opening in 1937 until 1964. (Photo by Library of Congress):
A few characteristics: the length of the bridge is 1,970 meters, the length of the main span is 1,280 meters, the weight is 894,500 tons. (AP Photo):
The top of the support. Height above water - 230 meters, 1968. (Photo by Library of Congress):
A huge cargo ship under the bridge. (Photo by Kike Calvo via AP Images):
In 1987, the 50th anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge was celebrated. On May 24, 1987, traffic was blocked and approximately 300,000 people crossed the bridge. (Photo by Paul Sakuma | AP):
Interesting fact: On May 18, 2004, a fawn crossed the bridge for the first time, delaying traffic for as much as 20 minutes. (Photo by Courtesy of the Golden Gate Bridge | AP):
The speed limit on the bridge is ~72 km/h. On average, once a year there are accidents here, during which a car drives into the oncoming lane and collides with an oncoming one. January 27, 2005. (Photo by Justin Sullivan | Getty Images):
The Golden Gate Bridge is a "sad record holder" and one of the most popular places for suicide in the world. According to statistics, someone commits suicide on this bridge every 2 weeks. 2nd place in this indicator is held by the Aokigahara forest at the foot of Mount Fuji in Japan. (Photo by Robert Galbraith | Reuters):
Over the 75 years of the bridge’s existence, according to unofficial data, more than 1,200 people committed suicide by jumping from the Golden Gate into the water.
A person falling from a 75-meter height lasts 4 seconds. The body hits the water at a speed of 142 km/h, which is almost always fatal. (Photo by Gabriel Bouys | AFP | Getty Images):
There are special telephones installed along the bridge where suicide victims can call the psychological support service. The inscriptions next to these phones say: “There is hope. Call. The consequences of jumping from this bridge are fatal and tragic." (Photo by David Allen Corby):
The bridge's signature color. It is maintained by a team of 38 painters. (Photo by Justin Sullivan | Getty Images):
An aerobatics team stands in front of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco on October 9, 2008. (Photo by Robert Galbraith | AP):
During an international expedition, the Russian frigate Pallada, with full sails, passed under the Golden Gate Bridge on July 25, 2005. (Photo by John M. Harris | AP):
New Year's Eve 2012. (Photo by Darvin Atkeson):
In summer and early autumn you can watch a fascinating spectacle of fog covering the bay and the Golden Gate:
During the famous fogs, the Golden Gate Bridge looks especially mysterious:
Golden Gate from space. View from the ISS, November 6, 2010. (NASA Photo):
On May 27, 2012, San Francisco celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge. An unusual shoe exhibition was held in memory of those who jumped from the bridge to commit suicide. (Photo by Noah Berger | AP):
And, of course, festive fireworks. San Francisco, May 17, 2012. (Photo by Ezra Shaw | Getty Images):
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. 75th anniversary.
Well, a little more about the bridge itself...
Golden Gate Bridge ( Golden Gate) during its existence has become a real symbol not only of San Francisco, but business card USA. This suspension bridge is considered one of the largest in the world, and is a source of pride for Americans.
This bridge is notable not only for its aesthetic merits, but also for something else. He connected San Francisco with Northern California, and this saved the Californian economy from a deep crisis. The authorities of San Francisco did not even have to find funds for its construction. All construction costs- and this is 35 million dollars - was taken over by six districts located on the other side of the strait, because now, finally, they could quickly, without much hassle, deliver their goods to The largest city state.
Back in 1921, the experienced engineer Joseph Berman Strauss (1870-1938), who had built more than one bridge, outlined his plan to build a bridge over the Golden Gate Strait, separating San Francisco from California's Marin County. This plan was captivatingly attractive. After all, getting to the city from the northern districts of the state was possible only in a roundabout way, traveling a huge distance in a detour or crossing by ferry. However, the project also raised a lot of concerns. Never before has it been possible to build a bridge with such a long span. In addition, the strong currents that arose here during high tide made work very difficult. The question was how to secure the bridge piles and how to save them from collapse?
And yet, in 1923, after much hesitation, California authorities passed a law to finance the construction of the bridge. For another six years, bureaucratic delays and political debate continued. Finally, Strauss received the order.
During his life, the Cincinnati engineer built four hundred bridges. But this time he had to come up with something special, develop a completely new technology to build a bridge across the Golden Gate Strait.
The most difficult thing was to build the foundation for the southern support of the bridge. The water depth in this place exceeded 90 m; it seethed as if in the open sea. During the ebb and flow of the tides, this happened fast current that work had to be stopped - it could only be carried out in those short hours when the huge waves calmed down and the tide gave way to ebb or vice versa. In addition, the bottom in this place turned out to be rocky - the more difficult it was to lay a 34 m high foundation here. The pit for it had to be broken through by exploding underwater bombs.
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Finally, when supports were built on both sides of the strait and steel cables were stretched, the bridge deck began to be erected on both sides at once, and work was carried out at the same speed to avoid sagging of the cables. During the construction of this bridge, workers were forced to wear safety helmets for the first time. A net was pulled below, and this, in fact, saved the lives of 19 workers who accidentally slipped off the bridge. And yet, ten people could not be saved - they were broken in the fall.
This legendary bridge owes its appearance to a married couple of architects - Irvizh and Gertrude Morrow. They designed the supports, which were more like towers, and developed the entire design of the bridge. It is thanks to them that it turned out so elegant and light. Irving Morrow chose both the most suitable color for the bridge and the most advantageous lighting scheme.
According to his plan, when night fell on the strait, the bridge supports should gradually dissolve in the darkening sky - at these hours only the illuminated canvas would stand out brightly. However, the illumination system he invented required considerable expenses and, for reasons of economy, it was abandoned, remembering it only half a century later, when they were preparing to celebrate the anniversary of the Golden Gate Bridge. Then, finally, the long-standing plan was brought to life.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a classic example of a suspension bridge typical of the second century. half of the 19th century V. It is mounted on reinforced concrete supports consisting of five sections. The supports rise above the water by almost 230 m. The height of the southern pylon, if we also take into account the foundation, will be even more than three and a half hundred meters.
The bridge is suspended on two huge cables 2300 m long; they reach a thickness of almost a meter and weigh 24,500 tons each. It is clear that in those days no one Construction crane I couldn't lift such a weight. The cables had to be twisted from individual steel threads using a pneumatic tensioning machine. In total, they consist of 27,500 threads with a diameter of 5 mm each; the threads are twisted into bundles (61 in total), and these are intertwined into a single cable. The total length of all steel threads is 129 thousand km - this is enough to circle the equator three times. Numerous pairs of ropes, which descend vertically from each cable, support the bridge deck.
The Golden Gate Bridge carries a six-lane highway and footpath. The height of the canvas is 67 m above water level. About 120 thousand cars pass the bridge every year. Its construction paid off very quickly. Already a quarter of a century after its opening total amount duties collected for travel were 4 times higher than all expenses.
The bridge got its name because of the strait of the same name. “Golden Gate” is the name of the strait that connects Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. Such a romantic name was given to the strait by military topographer John Fremont.
Soon after its official opening, the bridge acquired another, not at all romantic name - “suicide bridge”. The first suicide happened here a few weeks after the opening of the bridge, and by the end of the 20th century the number of people who died here exceeded a thousand people! On this moment There are no official statistics, but it is known that every two weeks one person dies on the bridge!
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The bridge is painted bright orange. The paint for the bridge was selected by one of the project architects, Irving Morrow. This color not only makes the bridge clearly visible even in thick fog, which is not uncommon here, but also protects it! The fact is that the paint of this color includes a number of components that perfectly protect metal constructions from rust. The bridge is painted almost every day, but only in those places where it is really necessary.
Over the years, the bridge has proven itself to be a very durable structure. The Golden Gate had to endure its greatest test during the hurricane storm of 1951. The storm wind in those days reached a speed of 130 km/h, and the bridge deviated horizontally by as much as 8 meters. When the hurricane ended, it turned out that no serious damage was found on the bridge!
The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -The city of Vladimir was first mentioned in chronicles in 1108; it was founded by Prince Vladimir Monomakh. By the middle of the 12th century, it became the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and the most influential settlement in North-Eastern Rus' - even Moscow was once just one of its “suburbs”.
Today Vladimir is one of the largest tourist centers European part of the country, the city is included in the route of the Golden Ring of Russia. We invite you to get acquainted with its main attractions.
Panorama of the Bogolyubov Monastery. Photo: Natalya Volkova / photobank “Lori”
VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL MUSEUM-RESERVE
The Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve introduces the monuments of ancient Russian architecture located in Vladimir, Suzdal, Gus-Khrustalny, Bogolyubovo, Kideksha and Muromtsevo. Among the most valuable objects are monuments of white stone architecture of the 12th–13th centuries: Assumption Cathedral, Golden Gate, Demetrius Cathedral, Suzdal Kremlin and others.
The branches of the museum-reserve in Vladimir contain unique exhibits. In the Historical Museum there is a church chasuble made from the velvet fur coat of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, in the Trinity Church - creations of masters of glass, artistic embroidery and lacquer miniatures, and in the museum complex "Chambers" - paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky and Alexei Savrasov.
CATHEDRAL OF THE ASSUMPTION OF THE HOLY VIRGIN
The first stone building of the Assumption Cathedral was built in 1160 by the decision of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In 1185, the cathedral was damaged by fire - then it was significantly rebuilt by the masters of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest. In the 15th century, the temple building became a model for the construction of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
In the Assumption Cathedral, a large composition of “The Last Judgment” of 1408, painted by Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny, has been preserved. Here are the most valuable frescoes - “Abraham’s Bosom”, fragments of “The Descent of the Holy Spirit”, “Baptism”, “Transfiguration” and other famous images.
GOLDEN GATE
The Golden Gate is a rare example of an ancient Russian defensive structure. The gate was built as the main military and passage building of the city fortress, which was erected in Vladimir by Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky in the middle of the 12th century. The Golden Gate was a powerful tower with a 14-meter arch. Above the vault there was a battle platform, and in the upper part of the tower there was a miniature white stone Temple of the Deposition of the Robe.
Despite fires and enemy raids, the appearance of the Golden Gate remained unchanged until early XIX century. Then the building was seriously rebuilt, and the gate church was rededicated. Today, the historical building houses a branch of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve. Here is a diorama depicting the assault on Vladimir by the troops of Khan Batu, a gallery of “Heroes of Vladimir” and other exhibitions.
CATHEDRAL OF DEMITRIUS OF THESSALUNKA
Demetrius Cathedral at the princely court was erected in 1194 by Vsevolod the Big Nest. The temple was consecrated in honor of the Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. Russian architects, as well as Greek, German and Italian masters, worked on the construction of the cathedral. Demetrius Cathedral is famous for its white stone carvings: the walls of the temple are decorated with about 600 reliefs with images of saints, animals and plants.
Today the Cathedral of Demetrius of Thessalonica is a branch of the Vladimir-Suzdal Museum-Reserve. The main exhibit of the museum is the ancient building temple with interior decoration. Fragments of frescoes from the 12th century have been preserved here, including the composition “The Last Judgment”.
VLADIMIR ACADEMIC REGIONAL DRAMA THEATER
The theater in Vladimir appeared in 1848, when actor Ivan Lavrov convinced the local governor that every city needed a theater. By the 30s of the 20th century, the capital's newspapers were already writing about Vladimir's productions - the theater's performances were a great success.
A graduate of the Gorky Theater School, Evgeny Evstigneev, a future famous theater and film actor, made his debut on the Vladimir stage as a comedian. In 1971, the creative team moved to the building where the theater is still located today. The new stage opened with the play “Andrei Bogolyubsky”. In the year of its 150th anniversary, the theater was awarded the title “Academic”.
More cultural sites in the cities of the Golden Ring -
Golden Gate - the personification of greatness Ancient Rus'. In the great Russian city of Vladimir, not many buildings remain from ancient times. One of the surviving relics is the Golden Gate. They are named so for a reason. Built in 1164 by Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, sheets of gilded copper were nailed to the gates, which glittered brightly in the sun.
According to another version, the gates in Vladimir competed in grandeur and beauty with the famous Golden Gates of Kyiv. Now the Golden Gate is rightfully considered the rarest example of Russian military architecture. This architectural monument, which survived despite defeats, wars and fires, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. His story is tragic in its own way, but evokes sincere admiration.
Almost immediately after construction, Vladimir was declared by Andrei Bogolyubsky the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Almost immediately, the city began to be fortified with earthen ramparts, between which a high tower with a gate for passage was built in the western part. There is a legend associated with the church that was founded above the gate. It says that when the construction was completed and the workers dismantled the scaffolding, the arches of the gate suddenly collapsed and buried 12 people. Prince Andrei prayed to the heavenly Intercessor, while everyone was sure of the death of the builders. An icon of the Mother of God was brought to the site of the collapse and hymns were performed. And then they dug up people, alive and unharmed. In memory of this miraculous salvation, Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered the creation of a church above the gates in honor of the Position of the Robe of the Mother of God in Blachernae. It was illuminated in 1164.
The Golden Gate had a defensive function in those days. They were built using the then widespread technique of half-rub masonry. Inside the gate there was a stone staircase that began inside the city. At the top it ended with a small door. On one of its doorposts there are drawings in the form of crosses, most likely made by soldiers who went out to the battle area outside the door. There is a brick block in the wall opposite the door, indicating that there was a second door there. However, it is quite difficult to understand its purpose, because if it existed, then the passage behind it would lead directly into the thickness of the shaft. However, the importance of the gate should not be diminished. The fact that bloody battles took place on the stairs and attacking and defensive forces collided is indicated even by the shape of the bell of the white stone walls. It is quite wide and has now been leveled with bricks. A wooden staircase led to the upper battle platform and to the gate church located there.
In addition to its defensive function, the Golden Gate also served as the main main entrance to the capital. Squads entered under the 14-meter arch and horse riders passed by. The Golden Gate's majestic appearance was given by huge oak doors hanging on forged hinges, as well as a massive travel tower. The Golden Gate also served a decorative function. It was a majestic and monumental symbol of the greatness of Vladimir Rus', princely power and wealth.
The builders cared not only about the beauty and grandeur of the Golden Gate. The bulk shafts were given a pyramidal shape, expanding towards the bottom, so that the grip on the gates was maximum. And in the inclined walls of the gate adjacent to the ramparts there were deep niches with a semicircular top. There are 5 such niches on the northern facade, they are located along the entire height of the shaft, but on the southern facade the niches break off due to the stairs. Complex design more than once or twice it justified itself in battles.
But the gate church of the Deposition of the Robes of Our Lady had a truly unique and unusual shape. Its original structure has not survived to our times, but it can be assumed that, following the Assumption Cathedral, the church also had a pyramidal hipped roof, covered with sheets of gilded copper. The church had a standard shape, was four-pillared, had external and internal blades on the walls, three arched portals, and three altar apses. A modest belt was used as decoration at half the height of the walls.
In front of the Golden Gate, over the moat stood wooden bridge. It is believed that it was permanent, since no traces of the lifting mechanism were found on the gate itself. Another feature of the Golden Gate in Vladimir is similar to the gate in Kyiv. There was no lifting grate in the gate arch. Naturally, it is impossible to speak precisely about these details; one can only guess from the surviving ruins and drawings that have survived to this day.
The turning point in the history of the Golden Gate was the year 1238, when Tatar troops, having devastated many cities, approached the walls of Vladimir. It was then that, wanting to save the unique relics, the townspeople removed the gilded gate doors. They are now considered a lost masterpiece. There are two versions according to which the doors either lie at the bottom of the Klyazma, or are buried under the foundation or walled up in the walls of the city. The Tatars attacked the city fiercely, filling ditches with brushwood, smashing wooden walls and showering opponents with arrows. The Golden Gate and the Gate Church were badly damaged; everything of any value was stripped from them.
In the 15th century, the Golden Gate and the Gate Church underwent the first major renovation undertaken by Moscow in order to renew the great artistic monuments of the former capital. This played not only a charitable role, but also a political one. Moscow actively strengthened its position by allocating money for construction, charity and major repairs. The second renovation was organized in the 17th century, after a series of military events. The estimate in 1641 was drawn up by the famous Moscow architect Antipa Konstantinov, but the work was carried out only at the end of the century. The golden years of the Gate have passed and sunk into oblivion. Main function- the defense of the capital city ceased to exist. The Golden Gate was abolished as such, leaving it for the sake of history. Vegetable gardens grew on the ramparts around, and the oak doors were removed. And after the incident with Empress Catherine II, whose carriage got stuck in the gate, the ditches were completely blocked for better passage. The side supports of the gate - the ancient embankments - were removed, and new supports had to be created so as not to destroy the monument. Buttresses were built from white stone at the corners of the Golden Gate.
The next test for the Golden Gate was a huge fire in 1778, which claimed the lives of many citizens and caused the death of many churches in Vladimir. Only half a century later, thanks to the efforts of Governor Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgoruky, the gates and the church above them were restored again. At the same time, a project was implemented according to which the gate church was rebuilt. It was completely dismantled, after which the top of the gate was rebuilt, mixing brick and stones. Only after this the church was raised again, although it was greatly changed compared to the previous version. The buttresses were covered with rounded towers, between which there were living quarters in the north and a staircase on the south side.
Major repairs literally haunted the ancient building. The next alteration was conceived in 1867. And when it was necessary to install water supply in Vladimir, it was decided to rebuild the Golden Gate into a water tower.
Despite all the trials that befell the Golden Gate, they remained in the lives of the people of Vladimir. They were not broken by fires and enemy attacks. They withstood the harsh years of alterations and reconstruction of the city. They were not broken even in the middle of the 20th century, when their importance dropped so much that people settled inside. However, time has put everything in its place. Today, a historical exhibition is open in the Golden Gate, which can be seen by any visitor. the main role The exhibition is devoted to a diorama in which the Tatars take the city by storm. The Golden Gate of Vladimir is a reminder to those living today of the greatness of the ancient capital, of the unbroken spirit, of the mighty walls that honestly served for the benefit of the city.
Address: Vladimir, st. Bolshaya Moskovskaya, 1 A