GBOU "Center" special education No. 2"
Semenova O. A.
Goals:
educational: developing the skills to address elders and peers, acquaintances and strangers when meeting and parting;
correctional and developmental: correction social norms behavior, expansion, clarification and activation of vocabulary;
educational: fostering a respectful attitude towards elders and peers, instilling politeness skills.
Equipment and visuals: cards with greeting and farewell words, a clock model (toy), presentation “Magic words”.
Progress of the lesson:
I. Organizational moment.
- Good afternoon! - they told you. - Good afternoon! - you answered. How two strings connected Warmth and kindness.
II. Main part.
Today in class we will learn how to address words of greeting and farewell to elders and peers, we will learn what differences exist in address, you will learn new words of greeting and parting.
Greeting and parting.
Greeting is a custom that has come to us since ancient times; we most often encounter it in Everyday life. We say greetings several times a day. Every conversation begins with a greeting. The first impression of a person is the most memorable. Greeting options: words, gestures, facial expressions, drawings. Words of greeting are often accompanied by actions appropriate to the occasion - shaking hands, bowing, kissing a woman's hand, removing a hat. The knights greeted each other in a duel by raising the visor of their helmet. This gesture is now used by the military when saluting upon meeting. It was customary for representatives of some Indian tribes in America, just in case, to squat until a stranger they met approached and noticed their peaceful posture. Sometimes they took off their shoes.
Russians, Europeans, and Americans exchange a friendly handshake as a greeting gesture. Shaking each other's right hands shows that they have no weapons and their intentions are pure. Friendly Japanese bow with one of three types of bows - the lowest, medium at an angle of about 30 degrees, or light.
You cannot forget about greetings under any circumstances, even if the meeting was accidental, even if you are in a hurry or met on the street. A man greets a woman; younger – older in age; entering the room - those present; the one leaving says goodbye to those remaining.
If you see a person you want to greet, you should not make your way across the room or through the crowd, pushing aside others.
Words of greeting must be pronounced clearly and distinctly, while looking at the person to whom they are addressed. When greeting, it is considered indecent to look away and look at the room and other guests. Words of greeting are usually accompanied by a smile. Excessively loud greetings, hot hugs and kisses should be avoided. It is impolite to stand sideways, much less with your back to the person greeting you. You need to turn to the person and smile.
- Please name what words of greeting and farewell you know?
2. Game “Find the mistake”
Cards with words of greeting and farewell are placed on the board, cards are specially rearranged from one group to another.
Words of greeting - general forms of greeting:
- Hello ( vocabulary word- word analysis, pronunciation).
- Good afternoon (morning, evening).
- Greetings).
- Let me welcome you.
- Let me welcome you.
- I'm glad to welcome you.
- My regards.
- Lowest bow.
- Good health.
Acceptable forms only for loved ones or relatives: hello, fireworks, great.
Words of farewell - general forms of greeting:
- Goodbye (dictionary word - word analysis, pronunciation).
- See you.
- Goodbye.
- All the best (good).
- Happy.
- Let me say goodbye.
- Let me say goodbye.
- Allow me to take my leave.
- Let me take my leave.
3. Physical education minute. “Fingers say hello”
4. Reading a poem by Agnia Barto
Now listen to Agnia Barto’s poem and tell me what words of greeting and farewell the heroes of the poem use.
Friends, just in case, here are poems about a schoolboy. His name is... but we won’t call him better here. He is often too lazy to say when we meet: “Good afternoon!” It would seem like a simple word, But he is shy, silent. And for the best In case of “great” He says instead of “hello”. And instead of the word “goodbye” he doesn’t say anything, or says goodbye: “Well, I’m off... Bye!” Total!"
5. Situations.
- On a day off, Petya met his teacher, who was walking and talking about something with a woman unfamiliar to Petya.
- Hello, Elena Leonidovna! - Petya shouted.
The teacher responded to Petya’s greeting, but at the same time looked at him sternly.
- Why do you guys think?
- Is it necessary to say hello to strangers?
Answer. The teacher, with her stern look, made it clear to Petya that he should greet both women, and not just his teacher.
- Petya stood on the back deck of the bus and was about to get off. Suddenly he saw a familiar boy. True, the boy was standing at the other end of the bus, at the front door.
- Vitka, hello! – Petya shouted with all his might. - Where have you been? How are you?.. – the passengers shrugged their shoulders in bewilderment.
What is Petya's mistake? Did he greet his friend impolitely?
Answer. Petya shouldn’t have shouted at the whole bus. You could simply greet your friend with a nod and a smile.
6. Time of day
On the clock model, the teacher sets the time of day “Day”, “Evening”, “Morning”, “Night”. Students must name the words of greeting and farewell that correspond to the given time of day.
Morning. - You are going to school. On the way you meet classmates. How do you greet him?
- You entered the school. We saw the teacher. Who should say hello first? How will you greet the teacher?
Day. - Guests came to school. What will you tell them when you meet?
Evening. - Mom and dad come from work. How will you greet them? What words will help you show. Why are you glad to see them?
7. Summing up. Reflection.
- What new did you learn in class?
- What words of greeting and farewell do you know?
It would seem that what could be simpler and more familiar than words of greeting and farewell? However, in this layer of vocabulary, features of the national character, the history of the people, their connections with other ethnic groups, and even religion have left their mark.
When Ossetians meet, they say to each other words that literally mean "go alive". There is also a form "may your day be good". They often say "Hello" - "shalam".
"Salom alaikum" translated from Farsi means "peace to you". "Valeikum Assalom" - "peace to you too".
The Armenian greeting literally means "good news" And "Sun". Previously it was a two-root word. From time immemorial, people, seeing each other, simultaneously wished: “Good sunshine to you, good news to you”. However, now no one really thinks about how this word was formed and what it originally meant.
And Darginskoe "Good morning"- this is either a question, or a statement that you got up, you woke up. At the same time, Eastern thoroughness requires adding many more ritual questions that do not require an answer: how are you doing, how is the health of your wife and children? Russians are much more laconic when meeting.
At the same time, the Russians "hello", "good afternoon" or "Good morning" have a clear etymology, but there are mysterious words. The meaning of ceremonial "Greetings" and everyday "Hello" darkened. Meanwhile, if we conduct a historical analysis of these words, then the root is clearly visible in them "vet-". From a historical point of view, the word “news” has the same root.
Director of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State University for the Humanities Maxim Krongauz answers the question of why a certain “news” is mentioned when greetings: “This root apparently meant some kind of speech action - something similar to “speak.” The root is preserved in many Russian words, such as “advice”, “answer”, “vow” and so on. In this case, we're talking about about stating or conveying a certain word to an interlocutor, but the prefix “pri-” (“hello”) is also very important, which in this case performs the semantic function of a kind word. The prefix “pri-” seems to bring the interlocutors closer, brings them closer. This feeling of closeness can be demonstrated with other words with the prefix “at-”, such as “caress.” And in the verb with this root we also feel it: to greet someone, to welcome - to bring closer to oneself with the help of a word. And the word “hello” itself seems to mean “ kind word" But it is very important to remind that, of course, when we greet each other, we do not always realize what lies behind these words. Over many, many years these meanings have been erased. All that remains are the signs that we pronounce when we meet, although any etiquette word is based on some meaningful word, but this meaning is erased by numerous etiquette uses.”
“We say goodbye with a wish, and when we meet we show that everything is fine”
Even when we talk "Good night", we don’t always think about the fact that this night should be good. Maxim Krongauz agrees: “Yes, and certainly when we say “hello” or “hello”, we do not think about the health of the interlocutor. Moreover, there are different hypotheses about the origin of this word. Perhaps it was not the wish “hello”, as we feel it today, “hello” and “hello”, perhaps it was the first person form of “hello”, which actually meant “welcome”. And the ending was erased during use. In general, the Russian language is characterized by a fairly clear distribution. Wishes serve the role of farewell, and as a greeting, as a rule, not wishes are used, but rather a statement of something. Words like "Hello", in particular, or "bread and salt", "peace to you"- in them we see that either the nominative or the accusative case is used (it is difficult to even determine). And in farewells the genitive case is used - "bon voyage", "bon voyage", "good night", that is, I wish you good night, I wish you a safe journey, or I wish you good luck, but we omit “I wish.” This is the nature of our culture that we say goodbye with a wish, and when we meet, we state the presence of something good and show that everything is fine. I sharpened it a little when I said that this is a property of our culture. This is not only a property of our culture, of course. But in our country this is very clearly distributed precisely thanks to the case system.”
"Bye!" - part of a farewell, the full form of which has been lost
If the meaning of most etiquette words is clear, then it is still a mystery why they say the word when saying goodbye "Bye". It cannot exist independently as a separate entity: “until; until such and such a moment comes.” It is always used in conjunction with something. And when saying goodbye they simply say: “Bye.” Why?
Maxim Krongauz finds it difficult to identify the reason for this: “Unfortunately, I cannot give any answer. I would say that it is simply unknown, although this word appeared relatively recently. I think that many still remember the debate about whether this word should be said. About 30 years ago it was considered that saying “yet” was indecent, that it was a colloquial and even vulgar form. But now it has become so commonplace! Regardless of upbringing and education, everyone uses this word. An example of this mysterious word“for now” is just an example of how the norm is changing, how we are forced to reckon with the new norm. Only rare snobbery allows us to say that “for now” is unacceptable. Still, this is the winning form. But I must say that, in general, there are very interesting greetings that are not always easy to explain. For example, the verb "to be" is used as a farewell: “Well, come on!”, or a more colloquial form - “Well, be it!”».
Maxim Krongauz is not sure that this is short for “be healthy”: “Rather, maybe just “be.” Because “be healthy”... Perhaps, yes, that’s also a wish. But sometimes it is noted, for example, as a farewell form “come on” - "Come on!". So far, of course, this is completely colloquial (I think that this will not be included in the literary language), but such abbreviations of some phrases or fragments of phrases can well be used as a farewell - “well, let’s go,” let’s say. Here we can fantasize and substitute various lost pieces, in particular, what you said “be healthy” is a completely normal interpretation. It may very well be that this actually came from this formula. But these are our guesses today. But we see only pieces of words. In this sense, I think that “for now” is also a piece of something that we will no longer be able to restore.”
That is, it was some kind of stable phrase that has been lost. Maxim Krongauz puts forward an assumption: “There was a certain wish that is associated with “bye” - “until we meet,” “until we see each other.” I say again - this is just a hypothesis. It has no scientific value."
"Good night"
Maxim Krongauz speaks about the new designations of greeting and farewell: “Attitudes towards such new words are very different. As a linguist, I rather record them and should look at them objectively, but as a simple native speaker, many of them do not appeal to me. Let me give you an example of a greeting that appeared relatively recently. It arose during the perestroika era in connection with the advent of night broadcasts on television. The greeting “good night” appeared in the speech of the presenters. On the night broadcast, the presenters greeted the audience this way, and then the viewers calling the studio greeted the presenters. Now, in general, it is quite common, despite the fact that it was constructed in violation of those rather curious norms that I spoke about. "Good night" in Russian the wish is “I wish you good night.” It could only be goodbye."
More correctly then, if you have already decided to use the word “night”, when greeting it should sound: "good night", also like "good afternoon". Maxim Krongauz says: “Yes, but it would be difficult to introduce such a greeting for one simple reason. For masculine and neuter words, we do not distinguish between the nominative and accusative cases. Therefore, generally speaking, if we look at these etiquette formulas from a modern point of view, we cannot say which case is represented in the greetings "Good morning" or "Good afternoon". And if we take the word “night”, then we must strictly choose - either say “good night” or “good night”. That's why this greeting didn't catch on. Because we have to make choices that are undesirable. For us this formula has been erased. This is something like a cross between the nominative and accusative cases: “good evening”, “good afternoon”. That is why the genitive case was preferred, which, I repeat once again, means a wish, and in Russian has always been used as a farewell.”
This is probably why this appeal seems so artificial. Something is being broken. You don’t analyze, but you feel that something is wrong. Maxim Krongauz says: “Yes, I really don’t like it. I feel a violation in him, even without analyzing it, and even more so by analyzing it. But this was further developed in language, in particular in correspondence on the Internet. Very often letters begin with the words "Good day" or “good day to you”. There is a kind of game here, because the letter does not arrive when it is sent. Therefore, instead of the words “day”, “morning”, “evening”, a certain neutral time of day is chosen. What is important here is not this game associated with replacing a specific time of day, but the fact that the genitive case is also used here very often (almost always) - “good time of day.” Also used non-standardly as a greeting. Once I came across the next step, which, of course, is perceived as a violation. As a greeting in the same letter it was stated - “ good day", which can't possibly be a greeting, simply because "good afternoon" exists and we all use it."
Once on the answering machine, calling to another country, I was surprised to hear in Russian "have a nice day". Maxim Krongauz: “Yes, yes, this is only possible as a wish upon parting, but not as a greeting. But this trend shows that it is now possible. Therefore, it is natural that for me and for many, this is perceived as a violation of the norm, but, alas, this is part of etiquette. Thus, for people accustomed to this, and for younger generation this is already becoming the norm.”
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After arriving in Germany, I quickly realized something. Young Germans never use the greetings I learned in school.
The only person who told me Guten Abend, there was an ice cream salesman who was old enough to be my grandfather. I quickly realized that Hallo– the best informal greeting in Germany, and Tschüss– a more typical farewell than an over-formal one Auf Wiedersehen.
Having learned these words, I stuck with them. When you first start learning a language, you repeat the same words all the time. And this is completely normal for a beginner. But after a while you get tired of your own meager vocabulary. If you are looking for greeting options ( Grüße) and goodbyes ( Abschiedsgrüße), here are some new opportunities for you.
Even if you've just started learning German, it can be helpful to learn all the variations so that when someone greets you with a friendly "Alles klar?", do not look at him in complete bewilderment (as I did several times until I understood what it meant), but answer confidently "Gut, danke!".
9 ways to say “Hello”
- Hallo
As mentioned above, this is the most common German greeting. It’s easy to pronounce and is suitable in almost any situation.
It turns out that the Germans say so too! Feel free to use Hi, communicating with young interlocutors in an informal setting.
- Guten Morgen / Guten Abend / Guten Tag
Literally translated " Good morning/evening/day.” Although it can be assumed that Guten Abend means “Good night”, it sounds more old-fashioned for Germans and is closer to wishing good evening. Maybe you should save this expression for formal situations or when talking to people who are much older than you. When talking to someone you can call "sir" or "madam" Guten Tag may be an appropriate greeting.
- Wie geht es dir? / Wie geht es Ihnen?
This is how you say “How are you?” in German. Use dir when talking to someone younger than you or a good friend. Ihnen is an appropriate formal greeting for a stranger, especially an elder, or one in authority. In many English-speaking countries, it is customary to say “How are you?” anyone, including waitresses and salespeople. However, this is not as common in Germany, so it is better to use this greeting with people you know.
- Wie geht's?
Likewise Wie geht es dir, but more universal. It essentially translates to “How are you?” ( Geht's– shortened form geht es, So Wie geht's? literally means "How is it going?"). Ideal for colleagues and friends, but probably not cool with a new boss or super-stern teacher.
- Was it lost?
This greeting can be somewhat confusing. IN colloquial speech it means the same as Wie geht's: How are you? How are you? How is it? Again, fits in well with young people in informal conversation. However, about “Was ist los?” you need to remember what this means and “What’s wrong?”, especially if you add "denn". “Was ist denn los?” usually means "What happened", "What's the matter?", and “Was ist hier los?” can be used in the same sense. But don't worry: in a conversation you will most likely be able to feel the difference in questions based on intonation and context.
- Alles klar?
Similar to Was ist los, Alles klar literally translates as “Is everything okay?”, but is often used as an informal greeting among young people. In this context, it generally means the same as the English “What’s up?”
- Grüß Gött / Grüß dich / Grüß Sie / Grüezi
I've included these expressions in the list for those who may find themselves in Austria, Switzerland or southern Germany where these greetings are used. Phrase Grüß Gott in northern Germany can surprise any of your interlocutors. Literally means "God greets you" and seems like an old-fashioned way to say "Hello!" to anyone not from southern Germany. However, you can definitely hear such greetings in places like Bavaria and Austria. Therefore, it is good to know them in case you visit these places. But remember: Grüß dich you can tell people with whom you communicated in an informal setting, but everyone else - Grüß Sie.
- Servus
This is also a “southern” greeting that can also be used as a “Goodbye.” Like Grüß dich, you can hear Servus in Bavaria and Austria, as well as in Central and Eastern Europe. Servus is Latin for "servant" and comes from a shortened version of the Latin phrase "at your service."
13 ways to say “Goodbye”
- Tschüss, Tschüssi
German equivalent of "Bye". Tschüss is a good, informal way to say goodbye in almost any situation.
- Ciao
In my experience, Ciao is extremely common in Berlin, where you can hear it probably as often as Tschüss. Apparently it comes from Italian, where it means hello and bye, but in many European countries people tend to use Ciao as a way to say goodbye.
- Auf Wiedersehen
As mentioned above, this is a rather old-fashioned and definitely atypical German farewell. Perhaps appropriate in formal circumstances. Think of it as "Goodbye!" Too formal for friends or colleagues, isn't it?
- Gute Nacht
Not as formal as Gute Morgen/Abend. This is the German version of "Good night".
- Bis bald/Auf bald
The equivalent of “See you soon.” A nice, informal way to say “Bye!” friends.
- Bis dann / Bis später
Both phrases mean "See you later." Exactly like Bis bald, this is a great way to say “Bye!” friends and informal acquaintances.
- Wir sehen uns
Another good way to say “See you soon!” If you add "dann", "Wir sehen uns dann", it will mean “See you then” (there), which could be good option say "Bye!" after planning something with someone.
- Bis zum nächsten Mal
It means “See you next time.” It's a way of saying "See you soon" and can be an appropriate way to say goodbye to someone you see regularly. For example, with a fellow student or colleague.
- Wir sprechen uns bald / Wir sprechen uns später
It literally means "We'll talk soon" or "We'll talk later." Equivalent to the English “Talk to you later”. Good way end the telephone conversation.
- Auf Wiederhören
It's basically "Let's talk later," another good way to say "Bye!" by phone.
- Schönen Tag (noch) / Schönes Wochenende
These are good ways to say “Bye!” almost anyone. Schönen Tag noch("noch" is optional, you may hear people say simply Schönen Tag) means “Good afternoon”, and Schönes Wochenende- "Good weekend". You'll often hear salespeople use these phrases. If a friend says this, you can answer “Dir auch!” (And you).
- Viel Spaß!
It means “I wish you had fun!” and can be used in many contexts. For example, when parting with friends going to a party, on a trip, etc.
- Gute Fahrt! / Gute Reise!
This means " Have a good travel! A nice way to say “Bye!” someone who is going on vacation or any trip.
So, you have just mastered the basic conversational phrases. What's next? If you're looking for a fun and entertaining way to continue beyond the "Hello!" and “Bye!”, you should go with one of our teachers.
Vasilyeva Daria
The work was awarded a diploma of the 1st interschool research conference "Young Philologist"
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Introduction. From the history of greeting formulas.
Greeting is one of the most important signs of speech etiquette. With its help, contact between people is established and relationships between people are determined. Therefore, not knowing the greeting formulas means being a stranger to everyone, not being able to communicate. No wonder in Russians folk tales One of the signs of a fool is that he confuses greetings. “To carry is not to carry, to carry is not to transport!” - he addresses the participants in the funeral procession with the wish that in the old days was usually addressed to those counting money.
The purpose of my work: a study of greeting and farewell formulas and their meanings.
Tasks: -study literature on this topic;
Find out the history of the formulas;
Using a survey, find out what formulas
People around me use it more often.
Communication begins with a greeting, so greeting formulas are a mandatory section of bilingual phrase books that are published for tourists, athletes and everyone who travels to foreign countries. It is with greeting formulas that the study and description of a language often begins. In 1696, a Russian grammar was published in Oxford, compiled by Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf, who visited Russia. She had to introduce Western Europe with the language of Moscow Rus'. The grammar was very brief, but it included sample texts, and the first dialogue given in the grammar was a greeting dialogue, and in a special application you could get acquainted with morning, afternoon, evening greetings and greetings “when it gets dark,” that is, before going to bed.
A remarkable expert on Russian speech, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801 - 1872), cited in his collection of proverbs and sayings many welcoming formulas that were accepted in Russia in the past. Greeting those finishing the harvest, they said: “With two fields harvested, with the third sown!” The threshers were so wished for successful work: “A hundred a day, a thousand a week!” “Fresh for you!” - greeted the girl drawing water. “Bread and salt!” or “Tea and sugar!” - they said to those eating or drinking.
A polite person had to not only respond to a greeting, but also use an etiquette formula special for each case in his response. When a woman busy milking was told “The sea is under the cow!”, she already had the answer ready: “The river of milk!” The fisherman was greeted: “Catch a fish!” “Food on the ears!” - he answered. They wished a woman kneading bread: “Ergot in the kneading bowl!” (Ergot is good luck.) “One hundred rubles in my purse!” - was her answer.
Until now, in some Russian villages, “Hello!” They answer “Thank you!”, and in response to the greeting “Good afternoon!” also wish good weather, buckets.
Over time, greetings, of course, change. Back in the 18th century. formulas “I wish you health!”, “I wish you health!” Any person could say it when entering a house or meeting an acquaintance. Only later did they gain a foothold in the military environment and became a statutory form. Once upon a time “Hello!” they said not only when meeting someone else, but also if someone sneezed, that is, in those cases in which they now say “Be healthy!” or “Be healthy!” Reading in epics such expressions as “Oh, you are a goy, Ilya Muromets!” or “I'll serve you, good fellow!”, we understand that “goy” and “use” are ancient greetings, but we ourselves have not used them for a long time.
Greeting formulas in modern world.
Of the rich set of special formulas in the past, few have survived. Morning, afternoon, and evening greetings turned out to be more consistent than others: “Good morning!”, “Good afternoon!”, “Good evening!”, which are widely used in modern Russian speech along with “Hello!” In comparison with the formulas “Hello!”, “Hello!” they even have some advantage. In greetings “Good afternoon!”, “Good evening!”, “Good morning!” there is no address to “You” or “You”, so we willingly resort to them when we doubt how to address a given person. Hesitating to choose “Hello!” or “Hello”, we prefer less definite, but precisely this – convenient formulas like “Good afternoon!”
Greeting formulas and their meaning:
Formulas | Meaning |
Hello | Indicates a willingness to communicate and suggests making it friendly |
Hello | Expresses close, relaxed relationships and is widespread among young people. |
Firework! Hi! | They are found only in the speech of young people and express in them a relationship of complete ease and familiarity. |
Great | Male greeting. It is familiar, somewhat rude and has a colloquial character. |
Let me (let me) greet you! Greetings! | Formal greetings with respected people who are older than you or have deserved respect. |
Good morning Good afternoon | Wish have a good day and good morning |
To find out what greeting formulas people close to me use, I conducted a SURVEY
I interviewed 10 people, 6 of them use a form of greeting such as “Hello” or “Hello” because it is neutral and reduces the possibility of making a mistake when greeting a person. The other four use formulas such as “Hello”, “Good Day”.
All 10 respondents to the question “What formulas do you never use” answered that they do not use the formula “let me greet you!”
FORMULAS FOR FAREWELL
Along with greeting formulas, farewell formulas are also traditional. It almost never happens that the farewell formula sounds suddenly, completely unexpectedly for the interlocutor. In this case, he may think that he has somehow greatly upset or even offended the person leaving. Usually it is preceded by some instructions to complete the communication. Although they are not as standard as formulas, they are also quite stable. For example, before saying goodbye, we refer to the need to leave (I have to go. I have to go. It’s a pity, but I have to go. Etc.), we often thank for communication, express our satisfaction with the meeting, sometimes we apologize for what was taken from the interlocutor time. After the farewell formula, we also do not immediately break off contact. They wish the departing guest all the best, express hope for meetings in the future, invite them to come in, call, say hello to the departing guest’s relatives, which is a sign of attention to him, and wish the departing guest a safe journey or good luck if the matter in question is coming up, etc. etc. But all these stereotypical phrases are not so much connected with one another, although such connections also exist, but with the situation as a whole, each one separately.
Formulas | Using formulas |
Goodbye! | In any situation |
Best wishes! All the best! | Best wishes! All the best! |
See you! | Instead of “Goodbye” when an arranged meeting is expected |
Farewell! | When saying goodbye for a long time or forever |
Good night! Good night! | Goodbye for the night |
Happily! | Casual, friendly |
Total Bye! | Friendly with a touch of familiarity. Used by well-known and close people, more often among young people |
Be there! Be! | Roughly reduced, unliterary |
Let me say goodbye! Let me say goodbye! | Official |
Allow me to take my leave! Let me take my leave! | Official, used by older people |
To find out what goodbye formulas people close to me use, I conducted a SURVEY. I asked my interlocutors the following questions: Which of the above formulas do you use most often? What formulas do you never use? How can this be explained?
7 out of 10 people I interviewed most often use the form of farewell as “Goodbye” because it is used in all situations. Three respondents use the “All the best” formula. The formula “Allow me to take my leave” is never used among those surveyed.
CONCLUSION
With the help of verbal etiquette formulas, we express relationships when meeting and parting, when we thank someone or apologize, in a dating situation, and in many other cases. Each language has its own fund of etiquette formulas. Their composition in Russian is most fully described by A. A. Akishina and N. I. Formanovskaya.
Thus, it is precisely the careful attitude towards the language (and therefore towards the established norms literary language) – indicator of high speech culture, both individual native speakers and society as a whole.
After all, “as long as a person can remember, he has always thought about the word, his own speech, his native language. And in ancient times they already tried to understand why the word changes and what it means.
We can be proud of our language. Wonderful monuments of art and literature have been created in Russian; it is the language of science and culture...”, said V. Kolesov, a Russian philologist.
So how can we promote language preservation? Many scientists are racking their brains: whether to introduce strict measures to protect the purity of the language (in particular, a law on the protection of language norms) or to allow the language to overcome temporary difficulties on its own. You just need to carefully monitor your speech; any government measures are unlikely to “correct” the language. After all, “culture lies in the ability to choose and appropriately use only that word, the only and important one, which in this case will convey your thought more clearly and vividly,” said the wonderful Russian philologist V. Kolesov.
MBOU "Verkhovazhskaya secondary comprehensive school named after Ya.Ya. Kremlev"
Research work on the topic:
“Formula of greeting and farewell in the Russian language.”
Completed by a student of grade 7 “A”
Vasilyeva Daria
Head: I.V. Gavrilyuk.
Verkhovazhye 2013
Literature:
1.Dal V.I. Dictionary living Great Russian language. M., 1994.
3.Adzhieva E.M. etc. 50 scenarios cool hours. M., Center "Pedagogical Search", 2001.
4. Ushakova O. D. Wise thoughts wise people- a school student's reference book. Ed. Litera house, St. Petersburg, 2005.
5. Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I. Russian speech etiquette. – M., 1978.
6. Goldin V. E. Speech and etiquette. – M., 1983.
7. Lvova S. I. Language in speech communication. – M., 1982.
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Formulas for greetings and farewells in Russian. The work was completed by a student of class 7 “A” of the MBOU “Verkhovazhskaya secondary school named after. Ya.Ya.Kremlev” Vasilyeva Daria.
Purpose: study of greeting and farewell formulas and their meanings.
Objectives: study the literature on this topic; learn the history of formulas; Using a survey, find out which formulas those around me use most often.
The study of greeting and farewell formulas was carried out by: Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf (1696) Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl
Greeting formulas and their meaning: Formulas Meaning Hello! Indicates a willingness to communicate and suggests making it friendly. Hello Expresses close, relaxed relationships and is widespread among young people.
Firework! Hi! They are found only in the speech of young people and express in them a relationship of complete ease and familiarity. Great! Male greeting. It is familiar, somewhat rude and has a colloquial character. Let me (let me) greet you! Greetings! Formal greetings with respected people who are older than you or have deserved respect. Good morning! Good afternoon Wishing you a good day and a good morning.
Farewell formulas and their meaning. Farewell formulas. Meaning. Goodbye! In any situation. Best wishes! All the best! Best wishes! All the best! See you! Instead of “Goodbye” when an arranged meeting is expected.
Farewell! When saying goodbye for a long time or forever. Good night! Good night! Goodbye for the night. Happily! Relaxed, friendly. Total! Bye! Friendly with a touch of familiarity. Used by well-known and close people, more often among young people
Be there! Be! Roughly reduced, unliterary Let me say goodbye! Let me say goodbye! Official Allow me to take my leave! Let me take my leave! Official, used by older people.
Poll: People use farewell formulas 7 3
“Culture lies in the ability to choose and appropriately use only that word, the only and important one, which in this case will convey your thought more clearly and vividly.” V. Kolesov (Russian philologist)
Literature: 1.Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. M., 1994. 2. Krylova O.A. “Russian language” (supplement to the newspaper “September 1”) No. 7 (271), 2001. 3. Adzhieva E.M. and others. 50 classroom scenarios. M., Center “Pedagogical Search”, 2001. 4. Ushakova O. D. Wise thoughts of wise people - a schoolchild’s reference book. Ed. House "Litera", St. Petersburg, 2005. 5. Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I. Russian speech etiquette. – M., 1978. 6. Goldin V. E. Speech and etiquette. – M., 1983. 7. Lvova S.I. Language in speech communication. – M., 1982. Spa
Thank you for your attention!
- I'm sorry!
Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, while another will find it difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his everyday life.
Meanwhile, etiquette verbal communication plays vital role For successful activities a person in society, his personal and, building strong family and friendly relationships.
The concept of speech etiquette
Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Speech etiquette norms are very diverse, each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture.
- speech etiquette - a system of rules
It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication; its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you competently convey your thoughts to your interlocutor and quickly achieve mutual understanding with him.
Mastery etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanities: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.
Speech etiquette formulas
The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned in early age when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for mischief. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles speech and behavior. Ability to correctly assess a situation, initiate and maintain a conversation with stranger, competently expressing one’s thoughts distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.
Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for three stages of conversation:
- starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)
- main part
- final part of the conversation
Starting a conversation and ending it
Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters: the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, the junior greets the elder. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:
IN ending a call use formulas for stopping communication and parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).
Main part of the conversation
Following the greeting, a conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases spoken after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. There are often situations when the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the ending of the conversation that follows.
- speech etiquette formulas - stable expressions
Solemn atmosphere, approaching important event involve the use of speech patterns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation can be either official or informal, and the situation determines what formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.
A mournful atmosphere in connection with events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not routinely or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, and be accompanied by advice.
In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for criticism or reproach. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.
The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.
For fulfilling a request, providing a service, helpful advice It is customary to express gratitude to your interlocutor. Also important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely, it lifts the mood of the interlocutor and encourages a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional overtones.
Speech etiquette situations
The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:
- personalities of the interlocutors
- place
- time
- motive
Personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Taking into account the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - “You” and “You”. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and greater formality in the conversation.
A place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for that place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.
In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events; the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to an extensive conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show respect, express a friendly attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.
Any national speech etiquette makes certain demands on representatives of its culture and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of words on the surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring about certain events.
But for speech etiquette different nations some are also typical common features, with the difference only in the forms of implementation of speech norms of etiquette. Each cultural and linguistic group has formulas for greeting and farewell, and respectful addresses to elders in age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, unfamiliar with the peculiarities national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, poorly brought up person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different nations; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.
Speech etiquette of our time
In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of the culture of verbal communication is changing radically. The speed of changes occurring in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on the idea of the inviolability of social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.
Study of norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into practical purpose, focused on achieving success in a specific act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire trust in the addressee, his sympathy, create favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the peculiarities of foreign speech culture is a mandatory feature freehold foreign language.
Russian speech etiquette in circulation
Main feature Russian speech etiquette One can call it its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The previous monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into classes from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged classes - master, sir, master. At the same time, there was no uniform appeal to representatives of the lower classes.
As a result of the revolution, the previous classes were abolished. All addresses of the old system were replaced by two - citizen and comrade. The citizen's appeal has acquired a negative connotation; it has become the norm when used by prisoners, criminals, and detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.
During communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, auntie, guy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however in modern society are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.
In post-communist society, the previous types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address comrade, it is legally enshrined as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, and in the collectives of factories.
Materials used in preparing the article Online Encyclopedias Around the World and RGUI Libraries.