Theme-praise (hymn) Russian language
The main thought (idea) - in Russian language - is salvation for a desperate person and the people, its bearer, are great.
The author’s position is expressed very clearly and unambiguously. Language is salvation for him and Turgenev believes, “That such a language is given to a great people.”
Turgenev has a whole cycle of Poems in prose. They are easy to read and melodious. They have a certain rhyme organization. If the poem is written line by line, then each line will have 8 or 9 (alternating) stressed syllables. This creates the effect of recitative (melodic pronunciation) In addition, the work contains stylistic figures and artistic means
A free language is a language without shackles and prohibitions, in which there are words for all phenomena and concepts, and not even just one word. This is an excellent metaphor.
Epithets: painful (thoughts) -We know that Turgenev wrote prose poems while in France in the family of P. Viardot (as he himself said, “basking on the edge of someone else’s nest”). He wrote shortly before his death. Of course, he remembered his homeland. friends. And his thoughts were PAINFUL.
GREAT, POWERFUL, TRUTHFUL AND FREE Russian language - the epithets speak for themselves. These are words that have become popular. This is a hymn to the native language..
TO THE GREAT people - Turgenev believed in the great destiny of the Russian people.
I think that this is a HYMN. The prayer presupposes some kind of humiliation. I don’t see it here. On the contrary, there are bravura notes (great, believe, great, powerful, truthful and free!) There are exclamations. optimistic faith.. Think for yourself. There will be no mistakes You just have to justify another point of view.
Theme-praise (hymn) of the Russian language
The main thought (idea) - in Russian language - is salvation for a desperate person and the people, its bearer, are great.
The author’s position is expressed very clearly and unambiguously. Language is salvation for him and Turgenev believes, “That such a language is given to a great people.”
Turgenev has a whole cycle of Poems in prose. They are easy to read and melodious. They have a certain rhyme organization. If the poem is written line by line, then each line will have 8 or 9 (alternating) stressed syllables. This creates the effect of recitative (melodic pronunciation) In addition, the work contains stylistic figures and artistic means
A free language is a language without shackles and prohibitions, in which there are words for all phenomena and concepts, and not even just one word. This is an excellent metaphor.
Epithets: painful (thoughts) -We know that Turgenev wrote prose poems while in France in the family of P. Viardot (as he himself said, “basking on the edge of someone else’s nest”). He wrote shortly before his death. Of course, he remembered his homeland. friends. And his thoughts were PAINFUL.
GREAT, POWERFUL, TRUTHFUL AND FREE Russian language - the epithets speak for themselves. These are words that have become popular. This is a hymn to the native language..
TO THE GREAT people - Turgenev believed in the great destiny of the Russian people.
I think that this is a HYMN. The prayer presupposes some kind of humiliation. I don’t see it here. On the contrary, there are bravura notes (great, believe, great, powerful, truthful and free!) There are exclamations. optimistic faith.. Think for yourself. There will be no mistakes You just have to justify another point of view.
– you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!
Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home?
But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
29. Using various verbal and non-verbal means of communication, demonstrate the ability to speak the language of the audience:
1) try to convince your peers to watch a new action-packed film;
2) give a campaign speech in favor of one of the prospective candidates for the position of mayor of the city in front of your fellow students;
3) conduct a propaganda conversation on the same topic, imagining that you have an audience consisting of pensioners.
30. Study the “Compositional construction of speech” diagram. What is the purpose of each compositional part of the performance? What methods of attracting attention, from your point of view, are the most effective? How do you understand the requirement for maximum brevity?
| Compositional structure of speech | |
| Parts of the speech | Techniques for attracting attention |
| 1. Introduction. Tasks:– Arouse interest in the topic of the upcoming conversation. – Establish contact with the audience. – Prepare listeners for the perception of the speech. – Justify the formulation of the question. The main condition is maximum conciseness. 2. Main part. Tasks:– Consistently explain the proposed provisions. – Prove their correctness. – Lead listeners to the necessary conclusions. 3. Conclusion. Tasks:- Summarize what has been said. – Increase interest in the subject of speech. – Emphasize the meaning of what was said. – Set tasks. – Call for direct action (in a rally speech). | – Appeal; – statement of the purpose of the speech, overview of the main sections of the topic; – reception of empathy; – presentation of a paradoxical situation; – appeal to the interests of the audience; – acceptance of complicity; – appeal to events; – appeal to geographical or weather conditions; – appeal to the speech of the previous speaker; – appeal to authorities or well-known sources; – appeal to the speaker’s personality; - humorous remark; – questions for the audience. |
31. Aphorisms are given. Make a speech about one of them: either confirming or refuting the idea stated in it. Describe a situation in which you would give such a speech. Describe the audience in detail and indicate the purpose of the speech. Illustrate your thesis: a) with an example from life; b) reference to authority; c) a figurative argument.
1. He who sows the wind will reap the storm (Biblical).
2. Mediocrity usually condemns everything that is beyond its understanding (La Rochefoucauld).
3. Matters of truth are not decided by majority vote. (Democritus).
4. A worthy person is not one who has no shortcomings, but one who has merits (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
5. For most people, the punishment is having to think. (G. Ford).
6. The entire value of a society depends on the opportunities it provides for the development of individuality. (A. Einstein).
7. By communicating, people create each other (D.S. Likhachev).
8. In difficult times, business people are more useful than virtuous people. (F. Bacon).
9. The art of speech consists in knowing what should be said to a few and what can be said to everyone. (M.M. Prishvin).
10. Caesar's wife must be above suspicion (Julius Caesar).
32. Consider the proposed situations. Which speaker do you think will succeed in achieving the goal in each case, and which will not? Why?
1. A grocery car, driving up to the store, regularly hits the trees growing in the front garden and breaks them. Residents of the house are unhappy with this and intend to talk to the driver of the car.
A. Oh, you shameless one, shame on you! We plant, grow, care for, but it’s hard for you to go around the tree! You chauffeurs should just destroy and break everything, but you can’t do anything yourself! If I notice you breaking wood again, I will complain to your superiors!
B. Eh, guy, I look at you and think: you drive a car perfectly, you can see it at first glance. And for some reason you hit tree branches every time. Yes, I don’t blame you: look how low the branches hang, you won’t even want to, but you’ll hit them. If you drive around, you'll fly off the road. But you scratched the whole car with these branches! So another person will look at you and think: “What an inexperienced driver, his car is all scratched. The teapot, not the driver!” Maybe it's better for you to approach the store from the other side? There are no trees hanging over the road. And you’ll take care of the car yourself, and I’ll thank you: you won’t break trees. I’ll tell the kids that there’s a pothole there; they’ll dig it up today.
2. The boys regularly light fires in the park. Since there are a lot of dry leaves around, fires often lead to fires, and many bushes and trees are destroyed.
B. Hello guys! Having a good time? What are you cooking for dinner? As a child, I also loved to make fires – and I still do. But, you know, it’s dangerous in the park. I know you won't do any harm, but the other guys aren't so careful. They will come here, see that you are making fires, they will light them themselves and will not extinguish them before leaving. The fire will spread through the dry leaves and burn the trees. If you're not careful, all the trees will die and you could end up in jail for lighting fires. I don’t want to lecture you or command you, but please, right now, rake the leaves from the fire, cover them with earth, and before leaving, pour more earth into the fire. Will you do this? And next time you want to play, maybe it would be better to make a fire in the sand behind the hill? It's completely safe there. Thanks guys. Have a good time.
(According to D. Carnegie)
33. Determine what inappropriate techniques speakers use against their interlocutors in following examples. Analyze the techniques by which interlocutors manage to neutralize the effect of these sophisms.
– Do you believe in God?
“I confess, I believe and do not at all repent of such ignorant weakness,” came my answer.
- And into a person’s soul? – he asked with a restrained grin.
– Yes, both into the soul, and, surprisingly, even into the immortal spirit.
- So, in your opinion, Huxley is a charlatan and a fool?
- Why so? – I asked the pince-nez.
“Huxley,” I said, “as a naturalist, physiologist and scientist, I not only recognize, but also bow to his knowledge, respecting him as one of the greatest authorities of our time, in everything related to purely physical sciences, but as a philosopher I have a very low opinion of him.
(E.P. Blavatsky).
II. - Education, you say! – Pigasov picked up. - Here’s something else you thought of surprising! We really need this vaunted education! I won’t give a penny for your education!
“I will not defend education,” continued Rudin, “it does not need my protection.” You don’t like her... everyone has their own taste. Moreover, this would take us too far. Let me just remind you of the old saying: “Jupiter, you are angry: therefore, you are to blame.” I wanted to say that all these attacks on systems, on general reasoning, etc. Therefore, it is especially upsetting that, together with systems, people generally deny knowledge, science and faith in it, and therefore faith in themselves, in their strengths. But people need this faith: they cannot live by impressions alone; it is a sin for them to be afraid of thought and not to trust it. Skepticism has always been characterized by sterility and impotence.
- These are all words! - Pigasov muttered.
- May be. But let me tell you that saying: “These are all words!” - We ourselves often want to get rid of the need to say something more meaningful than just words.
- What, sir? – asked Pigasov and narrowed his eyes.
“You understood what I wanted to tell you,” Rudin objected. – I repeat, if a person does not have a strong beginning in which he believes, there is no ground on which he stands firmly, how can he give himself an account of the needs, the meaning, the future of his people?
(I.S. Turgenev. “Rudin”)
Language, our magnificent language
River and steppe expanse in it,
It contains the screams of an eagle and the roar of a wolf,
The chanting, and the ringing, and the incense of pilgrimage.
Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont
May there be honor and glory to our language, which in its very native richness, almost without any foreign admixture, flows like a proud majestic river - rustles and thunders - and suddenly, if necessary, softens, gurgles like a gentle brook and sweetly flows into the soul, forming everything measures that consist only in the fall and rise of the human voice!
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin - Russian historian, writer and poet
True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky - writer
Our beautiful language, under the pen of uneducated and inexperienced writers, is quickly declining. Words are distorted. Grammar fluctuates. Spelling, this heraldry of the language, changes at the will of one and all.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - poet, playwright, prose writer
You marvel at the preciousness of our language: every sound is a gift: everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself, and, truly, another name is even more precious than the thing itself.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - prose writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - poet, translator; Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature
***
Pushkin also spoke about punctuation marks. They exist to highlight a thought, bring words into the correct relationship, and give a phrase ease and proper sound. Punctuation marks are like musical notations. They hold the text firmly and do not allow it to crumble.
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. That is why learning and preserving the Russian language is not an idle hobby with nothing to do, but urgent need.
Use a foreign word when there is an equivalent one Russian word,
- means to insult both common sense and common taste.
Russian language in in capable hands and in experienced lips - beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and capacious.
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin - writer
Language is a ford across the river of time, it leads us to the home of the departed; but no one who is afraid of deep water will be able to come there.
Vladislav Markovich Illich-Svitych - comparative linguist
Strive to enrich the mind and beautify the Russian word.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov - scientist, writer, historian, artist
Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language is a treasure, this is an asset passed on to us by our predecessors! Handle this powerful tool with respect; in skillful hands it is capable of performing miracles.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - poet, translator; Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature
Only by mastering the original material as perfectly as possible, that is, native language, we will be able to master a foreign language as perfectly as possible, but not before.
Ugly, dissonant words should be avoided. I don’t like words with a lot of hissing and whistling sounds, so I avoid them.
The word of a Briton will echo with heartfelt knowledge and wise knowledge of life; The short-lived word of the Frenchman will flash and scatter like a light dandy; the German will intricately come up with his own clever and thin word, which is not accessible to everyone; but there is no word that would be so sweeping, lively, so bursting out from under the very heart, so seething and vibrantly trembling, like a well-spoken Russian word.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol - prose writer, playwright, poet, critic, publicist
The language that the Russian state commands over a great part of the world, due to its power, has natural abundance, beauty and strength, which is not inferior to any European language. And there is no doubt that the Russian word could not be brought to such perfection as we are surprised at in others.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov - writer, historian, scientist, artist
Our Russian language, more than all the new ones, is perhaps capable of approaching the classical languages in its richness, strength, freedom of arrangement, and abundance of forms.
Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov - literary critic, publicist
That the Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world, there is no doubt about it.
Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky - literary critic, publicist.
Main character Our language consists in the extreme ease with which everything is expressed in it - abstract thoughts, internal lyrical feelings, “the scurrying of life,” a cry of indignation, sparkling prank and amazing passion.
Alexander Ivanovich Herzen - writer, publicist, philosopher, revolutionary
Nothing is so ordinary for us, nothing seems so simple as our speech, but in our very being there is nothing as surprising, as wonderful as our speech.
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev - writer, philosopher, poet, revolutionary
Among the magnificent qualities of our language there is one that is absolutely amazing and hardly noticeable. It lies in the fact that its sound is so diverse that it contains the sound of almost all the languages of the world.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky - writer
The Russian language is fully revealed in its truly magical properties and wealth only to those who deeply love and know their people “to the bone” and feel the hidden charm of our land.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky - writer
There is one significant fact: in our still unsettled and young language we can convey the deepest forms of the spirit and thoughts of European languages.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky - writer, thinker
The natural wealth of the Russian language and speech is so great that without further ado, listening to time with your heart, in close communication with a simple person and with a volume of Pushkin in your pocket you can become an excellent writer.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin - writer
The Russian language, as far as I can judge of it, is the richest of all European dialects and seems deliberately created to express the subtlest shades. Gifted with wonderful conciseness, combined with clarity, he is content with one word to convey thoughts when another language would require whole phrases for this.
Prosper Mérimée - French novelist and short story writer
The beauty, greatness, strength and richness of the Russian language is abundantly clear from books written in past centuries, when our ancestors not only did not know any rules for writing, but they hardly even thought that they existed or could exist.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov - writer, historian, scientist, artist
Our speech is predominantly aphoristic, distinguished by its conciseness and strength.
The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich and everything is being enriched with amazing speed.
Maxim Gorky - writer, prose writer, playwright
The perception of other people's words, especially without necessity, is not enrichment, but damage to the language.
Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov - poet, writer, playwright
I do not consider foreign words good and suitable unless they can be replaced by purely Russian or more Russified ones.
We must protect our rich and beautiful language from damage.
Nikolai Semenovich Leskov – writer
There is no doubt that there is a desire to dazzle Russian speech in foreign words without need, without sufficient reason, contrary to common sense and common taste; but it does not harm the Russian language or Russian literature, but only those who are obsessed with it.
Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky - literary critic, publicist
We must have a native language the main basis and our general education and the education of each of us.
Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky - poet, literary critic
We must love and preserve those examples of the Russian language that we inherited from first-class masters.
Dmitry Andreevich Furmanov – writer
Language is important for a patriot.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin - writer, publicist and historian
By the attitude of each person to his language, one can accurately judge not only his cultural level, but also his civic value.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky - writer
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture...
That is why studying and preserving the Russian language is not an idle activity because there is nothing to do, but an urgent necessity.
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin - writer
Knowledge of Russian language, - language, which fully deserves to be studied both in itself, because it is one of the strongest and richest living languages, and for the sake of the literature it reveals, is now not such a rarity...
Friedrich Engels - German philosopher, one of the founders of Marxism
The heavenly beauty of our language will never be trampled upon by cattle.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov - writer, historian, scientist, artist
As a material for literature, the Slavic-Russian language has an undeniable superiority over all European ones.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - poet, playwright, prose writer
There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky - writer
To handle the language somehow means to think somehow: approximately, imprecisely, incorrectly.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy - writer, poet, playwright, publicist
Language is an image of everything that existed, exists and will exist - everything that the human mental eye can embrace and comprehend.
Alexey Fedorovich Merzlyakov - poet, literary critic
Language is the confession of the people, His soul and way of life are native.
Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky - poet, critic
The Slavic-Russian language, according to the testimony of foreign aesthetes themselves, is not inferior to Latin either in courage, Greek or fluency, and surpasses all European languages: Italian, Spanish and French, not to mention German.
Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin - poet
What is language? First of all, it is not only a way to express your thoughts, but also to create your thoughts. Language has the opposite effect.
A person who turns his thoughts, his ideas, his feelings into language...
it also seems to be permeated by this way of expression.
Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy - prose writer, playwright, publicist
It's not scary to lie dead under bullets,
It's not bitter to be homeless,
And we will save you Russian speech,
The Great Russian Word.
We will carry you free and clean,
We will give it to our grandchildren and save us from captivity
Forever.
Anna Andreevna Akhmatova - poetess, writer, literary critic,
literary critic, translator
But what disgusting bureaucratic language! Based on that situation... on the one hand... on the other hand - and all this without any need. “Nevertheless” and “to the extent that” the officials composed. I read and spit.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - writer, playwright
Follow the rule persistently: so that words are cramped and thoughts are spacious.
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov - poet, writer, publicist
There is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives.
Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov - poet, artist, publicist, theologian, philosopher
The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For thousands of years, countless treasures of human thought and experience accumulate and live forever in the word.
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - writer, public figure
The Russian language is inexhaustibly rich, and everything is being enriched with amazing speed.
Maxim Gorky - writer, prose writer, playwright
The richer the language is in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - writer, poet, playwright
Beware of refined language. The language should be simple and elegant.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov - writer, playwright
Tongue and gold are our dagger and poison.
Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov - writer, poet, playwright
The language of a people is the best, never fading and ever-blooming flower of their entire spiritual life.
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky - teacher, writer
The Russian language is quite rich, however, it has its drawbacks, and one of them is hissing sound combinations: -vsha, -vshi, -vshu, -shcha, -shchi. On the first page of your story, “lice” crawls into large quantities: worked, spoke, arrived. It is quite possible to do without insects.
Maxim Gorky - writer, playwright
Charles V, the Roman Emperor, used to say that it is proper to speak in Spanish with God, in French with friends, in German with the enemy, and in Italian with the female sex. But if he knew Russian, then of course he would have added that it is decent for them to speak to everyone, because... I would find in it the splendor of Spanish, and the liveliness of French, and the strength of German, and the tenderness of Italian, and the richness and strong figurativeness of Latin and Greek language.
Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov - scientist, writer, historian, artist
No matter what you say, your native language will always remain native. When you want to speak to your heart’s content, not a single French word comes to mind, but if you want to shine, then it’s a different matter.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - writer, thinker
Russian language is the language of poetry.
The Russian language is unusually rich in versatility and subtlety of shades.
Prosper Merimee - French writer
You can do wonders with the Russian language!
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky - writer
The old syllable attracts me. There is charm in ancient speech.
It can be more modern and sharper than our words.
Bella Akhatovna Akhmadulina - poetess, writer, translator
Take care of the purity of your language as a sacred thing! Never use foreign words.
The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - poet, translator; Corresponding Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature
In June 1882, Turgenev’s cycle “Poems in Prose” was published, which included the poem “Russian Language”, which is usually hung on the walls in the classrooms of our schools. And not in vain - in this poem the author expresses his love for the Motherland, and here it’s not far from patriotism :) Here is this poem:
In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
This is exactly what Turgenev writes about his native language in June 1882. This poem is part of his cycle of “Poems in Prose”, most of which touch on the socio-political problems of the country and are devoted to reflections on the fate of the Russian people, their past, present and future, the eternal value of human relationships, and happiness.
"Poems in Prose"
The cycle “Poems in Prose” includes such poems as Dog, Fool, Two Quatrains, Sparrow, Rose, Alms, Azure Kingdom, Two Rich Men, In Memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya, Last Date, Threshold, Cabbage soup, Enemy and Friend, “ How beautiful, how fresh the roses were..." We will fight again! and Russian language. You can get acquainted with the work at this link.
These poems are written in the first person, with their help Turgenev conveys his thoughts, feelings and experiences to the readers. Although this is blank verse, i.e. not divided into stanzas by rhyme, the rhythm here is very expressive, subordinate to the author’s intonation. The language of these poems is somewhat reminiscent of the language of a lyrical letter to a close friend.
This cycle partly continues the Notes of a Hunter, which also centers on Turgenev’s reverent attitude towards his homeland, towards ordinary Russian people, towards Russian nature and culture. This topic has always been his favorite.
Expression of love for the motherland in the poem “Russian Language”
The miniature of the Russian language should be highlighted separately, since here Turgenev writes about such an important part of Russian culture and the Russian soul as language. He calls on his contemporaries and descendants to take care of their native language, since it is with its help that in the future it will be possible to create new great literary works.
He connects the fate of the people with the fate of the language. It must be remembered that in the year of creation of this poem Turgenev lived abroad, therefore, language is one of the few things that connected him with his homeland. It is precisely because of separation from his homeland that the Russian language is so valuable to him.
Turgenev did a lot for translations, so that foreigners could read Russian literature. However, the main thing for him remains in Russia. He believes in mental strength of his people, believes that with the help of faith in the language, Russian people will be able to overcome any difficulties.