Monarchist parties.
The largest and most famous are the “Union of the Russian People” (1905, leaders: A. I. Dubrovin, N. E. Markov) and “Union of the Archangel Michael” (1907, leader - V. M. Purishkevich).
The social composition was very varied, mainly dominated by representatives of the petty bourgeoisie - shopkeepers, artisans, handicraftsmen, cab drivers, etc., but among the monarchists there were also nobles, peasants, and workers. The maximum number was 100 thousand people in 1907, but there was no fixed membership. Program goals: preservation of autocracy, fight against revolution. Violence and terror, pogroms were accepted as methods of achieving them. They blamed foreigners, and above all Jews, for all the troubles; they put forward extremely nationalist, anti-Semitic slogans: “Russia for the Russians,” “Beat the Jews - save Russia.” These slogans contain the essence of these parties, which relied on the base instincts of the crowd.
Monarchist parties had great influence in the III and partly in the IV State Duma. By 1917, they actually disintegrated into smaller political entities, and after February 1917 they ceased to exist.
Liberal parties.
They can be divided into two wings - moderate-conservative and liberal-democratic.
The moderate-conservative wing was headed by the party Octobrists(“Union October 17”). It was formed in November 1905, named after the Manifesto of October 17. Leader - A.I. Guchkov. Social composition: large entrepreneurs, intelligentsia. Maximum number - 60 thousand people in 1907. Program goals: further development of political freedoms granted by the Manifesto of October 17, ideal - a limited constitutional monarchy. The methods of struggle are only parliamentary. They advocated freedom of entrepreneurship, rejection of petty tutelage on the part of the state, and against the introduction of an 8-hour working day. They supported Stolypin's agrarian reform. The party enjoyed particular influence in the Third Duma. After 1917 it ceased to exist.
Other parties: Commercial and Industrial (Ryabushinsky brothers), Progressive Economic Party.
The largest party of the liberal democratic wing was ka-kids(Constitutional Democratic Party, or People's Freedom Party). Leader - P. N. Milyukov. The party was formed in October 1905 based on the union of the Liberation Union and the left wing of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists. Social composition: intelligentsia. Maximum number - 100 thousand in 1907. Program goals: establishment of a constitutional system, introduction of democratic freedoms - speech, conscience, assembly, equality before the law, etc., allotment of land to peasants through alienation for payment of private property. lands, abolition of redemption payments, introduction of an 8-hour working day, freedom of strikes, unions, meetings, cultural autonomy of all peoples of Russia. The methods of struggle were parliamentary and allowed civil disobedience. The Cadets enjoyed particular influence in the First and Second State Dumas, then their influence fell somewhat, and the size of the party decreased. The initiators of the creation of the “Progressive Bloc” became active again in the IV Duma. In March - April 1917 - the party in power. The Kadet Party ceased to exist in the early 1920s.
Other parties: Progressive Party, Democratic Reform Party.
Socialist parties. They were united by a negative attitude towards the capitalist system. The ideal is a society without exploitation of man by man, i.e. socialism. They advocated radical transformations of the social and political system - the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic. They differed in ways and methods of achieving goals. The largest and most influential are the Socialist Revolutionary Party (Socialist Revolutionaries) and the RSDLP (Social Democrats).
Socialist parties can also be divided into two wings - moderate and radical.
The moderate wing was represented by the Mensheviks and the Popular Socialists.
The creation of the RSDLP was proclaimed at the First Party Congress in 1898. In 1903, at the Second Congress there was a split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Leaders Mensheviks: G. V. Plekhanov, F. I. Dan, L. Martov. Social composition: intellectuals, workers. They almost always outnumbered the Bolsheviks (for example, in 1907 there were about 100 thousand Mensheviks and 50-60 thousand Bolsheviks). Program goals: they disagreed with the Bolsheviks regarding the prospects for building socialism in Russia - they believed that in Russia there were no economic prerequisites for this and a long path of capitalist development was necessary, therefore, during the revolution of 1905-1907. advocated an alliance with the bourgeois parties and opposed the independent role of the Social Democrats. Methods of struggle: a combination of legal and illegal with a predominance of the former. The party ceased to exist by the mid-1920s.
The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed in 1901 on the basis of populist circles. People's Socialists (enesy) separated from it in 1905. The leader is A.V. Peshekhonov. Unlike the Socialist Revolutionaries, they did not recognize terror; they emphasized legal methods of struggle. They enjoyed the greatest influence in the First and Second State Dumas, where their program was adopted by peasant deputies - Trudoviks.
The radical wing of the socialists was represented by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks.
Party leaders Social Revolutionaries were V. M. Chernov and M. A. Spiridonova. Social composition: intelligentsia, peasants, workers. Maximum number - 60 thousand in 1905 and before 500 thousand in 1917 d. Program goals: they considered themselves to be representatives of the interests of the peasants, therefore the main emphasis was placed on the agrarian program (the so-called socialization of the land). The methods of struggle are violent, primarily individual terror, like the populists.
Bolsheviksreceived the name due to the fact that supporters of V.I. Lenin received a majority of votes in the elections to the governing bodies of the party at the Second Congress. Leader - V.I. Lenin. Social composition: intelligentsia, workers. Program goals: minimum program —
bourgeois-democratic revolution and the overthrow of tsarism, the establishment of a democratic republic, maximum program - socialist revolution and establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. They believed that, although in Russia there were no economic prerequisites for the transition to socialism, they could be artificially created. To do this, Social Democrats must act as an independent force, seize power and, having established the dictatorship of the proletariat, carry out the necessary transformations “from above.” This explains their boycott of the elections to the First Duma and refusal to support bourgeois parties. They spoke out for an 8-hour working day, workers' control, etc. Methods of struggle - violent, armed uprising. Since October 1917 - the party in power.
Conclusion: in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. There was a wide range of political parties. The peculiarity is that their activities were hampered in every possible way by the autocratic political regime. This predetermined the oppositional nature of most parties, the weakness of the political center, and the tendency towards increasing polarization and radicalization of socio-political forces.
Since 1900, the zemstvo opposition, not paying attention to government institutions, regularly holds its congresses. Negotiations began on the creation of a secret opposition organization; in 1902, the “Union of Liberation” emerged, on the basis of which the Cadets Party was later organized.
The program of the party of constitutional democrats was approved at the founding congress in October 1905. It was proposed to form a bicameral parliament, the second chamber of which would consist of representatives of local governments. The principles of the statutes of 1864 must be restored, administrative interference in judicial matters must be abolished, and the death penalty must be abolished. In the financial field, the party advocated: for the abolition of redemption payments for peasants and the development of direct appeal; for the alienation (for a fee) of state and privately owned lands and allotment of them to those in need; land lease development. In area labor relations defended the right to strike, elected (from workers) labor inspections, an eight-hour working day, a ban on night and overtime work, state insurance, criminal liability for violation of labor laws. The Union of October 17 was entirely based on the principles of the Manifesto of October 17. His credo: “strong government will lead the country out of chaos.” The Union advocated the preservation of the one and indivisible (unitary) Russian state, for a constitutional monarchy with popular representation based on general suffrage. The union advocated for the abolition of exceptional provisions and the abolition of administrative guardianship over the peasantry, the creation of a land fund from state and appanage lands, and the inclusion of communal lands in civil circulation. In the field of labor legislation - for social security and insurance, strikes regulated by law. In the sphere of local government - for the creation of an estateless zemstvo as a small territorial unit, an elective principle in local justice, and non-interference by the administration. In the industrial sphere, it was proposed to free entrepreneurship from government tutelage (the idea of “pure liberalism”). The slogan of the right-wing parties was the call: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.” “The Russian nation, as the gatherer of the Russian land and the organizer of the Russian state, is a sovereign nation, dominant and preeminent.” All nationalities were divided into friendly and hostile to the Russian people. They considered Finns, Poles, Caucasians, and especially Jews to be hostile. To incite anti-Semitism among the masses, the Black Hundreds accused Jews of ritual murders. To prove the existence of a “Judeo-Masonic world government,” they distributed the fake “Protocols of Zion” (later - Hitler’s handbook).
The Black Hundreds promised that they would raise the issue of creating a Jewish state and would facilitate the resettlement of Jews there, “no matter what material sacrifices such an eviction would require from the Russian people.” In November 1905. The "Union of the Russian People" arises, uniting a number of other Black Hundred associations. The Union had local authorities and was headed by the Main Council. His activities were supported by state and church bodies. “Black Hundred” workers’ organizations operated in industrial centers, for example, the “Patriotic Commonwealth of Workers,” which aimed to “struggle by peaceful and legal means against all types of unfair, illegal and dishonest attitudes of both employers towards workers and labor, and workers towards employers and labor.” The Black Hundreds recognized the autocratic monarchy as the only acceptable form of government for Russia.
The Black Hundreds committed hundreds of bloody pogroms, especially in October 1905. Nicholas II pardoned 1,713 pogromists, refusing only 78. The Black Hundred ideology anticipated fascism in that it relied on broad social strata, excited by chauvinistic and demagogic slogans.
Socialist parties in Russia were formed on the basis of populist and Marxist ideology.
In 1898, representatives of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, the Rabochaya Gazeta and Bund groups held a congress in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of the Russian Social Democratic Party. At the second congress of the party in 1903, it split into “Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks,” and at the same time the Party Program and Charter were adopted. It was proposed to form a unicameral legislative assembly on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage, create elected courts, replace the troops with the general arming of the people, and separate the church from the state. The party proposed establishing a progressive income tax, an eight-hour working day, establishing criminal liability for entrepreneurs for labor violations, and banning fines in production. Establish fishing vessels (from workers and entrepreneurs). For the peasants, it was proposed to cancel redemption payments, allow the alienation of land by the peasants, return the money they paid to the peasants at the expense of monastery, palace lands and taxation of landowners' lands. Allow the courts to reduce the rent paid by peasants. In the political sphere, the overthrow of the autocracy and the transfer of power to the Constituent Assembly were proclaimed. (Later the Bolsheviks themselves would disperse him. the main objective- dictatorship of the proletariat). In 1901, the Socialist Revolutionary Party entered the political arena, considering itself the ideological successor of the revolutionary populist party "People's Will". “Socialization of the land” is the slogan of the party, terror is the method of its activity. The Social Revolutionaries insisted on a democratic republic with broad autonomy of the regions and universal suffrage and the replacement of the army with the militia, in the field of production - on establishing a minimum wages and state insurance, in the agricultural sector - on the socialization of land, i.e. transferring it to community ownership and disposal. The party warned: “the working class is against the state socialism” of the Bolsheviks. But the Socialist Revolutionaries also allowed “if necessary, a temporary dictatorship of the working class.”
Since 1900, the zemstvo opposition, not paying attention to government institutions, regularly holds its congresses. Negotiations began on the creation of a secret opposition organization; in 1902, the “Union of Liberation” emerged, on the basis of which the Cadets Party was later organized.
The program of the party of constitutional democrats was approved at the founding congress in October 1905. It was proposed to form a bicameral parliament, the second chamber of which would consist of representatives of local governments. The principles of the statutes of 1864 must be restored, administrative interference in judicial matters must be abolished, and the death penalty must be abolished. In the financial field, the party advocated: for the abolition of redemption payments for peasants and the development of direct appeal; for the alienation (for a fee) of state and privately owned lands and allotment of them to those in need; land lease development. In the field of labor relations, they defended the right to strike, elected (from workers) labor inspections, an eight-hour working day, a ban on night and overtime work, state insurance, criminal liability for violation of labor laws. The Union of October 17 was entirely based on the principles of the Manifesto of 17 October". His credo: “strong government will lead the country out of chaos.” The Union advocated the preservation of a single and indivisible (unitary) Russian state, for a constitutional monarchy with popular representation based on general suffrage. The union advocated for the abolition of exceptional provisions and the abolition of administrative guardianship over the peasantry, the creation of a land fund from state and appanage lands, and the inclusion of communal lands in civil circulation. In the field of labor legislation - for social security and insurance, strikes regulated by law. In the sphere of local government - for the creation of an estateless zemstvo as a small territorial unit, an elective principle in local justice, and non-interference by the administration. In the industrial sphere, it was proposed to free entrepreneurship from government tutelage (the idea of “pure liberalism”). The slogan of the right-wing parties was the call: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.” “The Russian nation, as the gatherer of the Russian land and the organizer of the Russian state, is a sovereign nation, dominant and preeminent.” All nationalities were divided into friendly and hostile to the Russian people. They considered Finns, Poles, Caucasians, and especially Jews to be hostile. To incite anti-Semitism among the masses, the Black Hundreds accused Jews of ritual murders. To prove the existence of a “Judeo-Masonic world government,” they distributed the fake “Protocols of Zion” (later - Hitler’s handbook).
The Black Hundreds promised that they would raise the issue of creating a Jewish state and would facilitate the resettlement of Jews there, “no matter what material sacrifices such an eviction would require from the Russian people.” In November 1905. The "Union of the Russian People" arises, uniting a number of other Black Hundred associations. The Union had local bodies and was headed by the Main Council. His activities were supported by state and church bodies. “Black Hundred” workers’ organizations operated in industrial centers, for example, the “Patriotic Commonwealth of Workers,” which aimed to “struggle by peaceful and legal means against all types of unfair, illegal and dishonest attitudes of both employers towards workers and labor, and workers towards employers and labor.” The Black Hundreds recognized the autocratic monarchy as the only acceptable form of government for Russia.
The Black Hundreds committed hundreds of bloody pogroms, especially in October 1905. Nicholas II pardoned 1,713 pogromists, refusing only 78. The Black Hundred ideology anticipated fascism in that it relied on broad social strata, excited by chauvinistic and demagogic slogans.
Socialist parties in Russia were formed on the basis of populist and Marxist ideology.
In 1898, representatives of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, the Rabochaya Gazeta and Bund groups held a congress in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of the Russian Social Democratic Party. At the second congress of the party in 1903, it split into “Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks,” and at the same time the Party Program and Charter were adopted. It was proposed to form a unicameral legislative assembly on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage, create elected courts, replace the troops with the general arming of the people, and separate the church from the state. The party proposed establishing a progressive income tax, an eight-hour working day, establishing criminal liability for entrepreneurs for labor violations, and banning fines in production. Establish fishing vessels (from workers and entrepreneurs). For the peasants, it was proposed to cancel redemption payments, allow the alienation of land by the peasants, return the money they paid to the peasants at the expense of monastery, palace lands and taxation of landowners' lands. Allow the courts to reduce the rent paid by peasants. In the political sphere, the overthrow of the autocracy and the transfer of power to the Constituent Assembly were proclaimed. (Later, the Bolsheviks themselves would disperse it. Their main goal is the dictatorship of the proletariat). In 1901, the Socialist Revolutionary Party entered the political arena, considering itself the ideological successor of the revolutionary populist party "People's Will". “Socialization of the land” is the slogan of the party, terror is the method of its activity. The Social Revolutionaries insisted on a democratic republic with broad autonomy of the regions and universal suffrage and the replacement of the army with a militia, in the field of production - on the establishment of a minimum wage and state insurance, in the agricultural sphere - on socialization of the land, i.e. transferring it to community ownership and disposal. The party warned: “the working class is against the state socialism” of the Bolsheviks. But the Socialist Revolutionaries also allowed “if necessary, a temporary dictatorship of the working class.”
Since 1900, the zemstvo opposition, not paying attention to government institutions, regularly holds its congresses. Negotiations began on the creation of a secret opposition organization; in 1902, the “Union of Liberation” emerged, on the basis of which the Cadets Party was later organized.
The program of the party of constitutional democrats was approved at the founding congress in October 1905. It was proposed to form a bicameral parliament, the second chamber of which would consist of representatives of local governments. The principles of the statutes of 1864 must be restored, administrative interference in judicial matters must be abolished, and the death penalty must be abolished. In the financial field, the party advocated: for the abolition of redemption payments for peasants and the development of direct appeal; for the alienation (for a fee) of state and privately owned lands and allotment of them to those in need; land lease development. In the field of labor relations, they defended the right to strike, elected (from workers) labor inspections, an eight-hour working day, a ban on night and overtime work, state insurance, criminal liability for violation of labor laws. The Union of October 17 was entirely based on the principles of the Manifesto of 17 October". His credo: “strong government will lead the country out of chaos.” The Union advocated the preservation of a single and indivisible (unitary) Russian state, for a constitutional monarchy with popular representation based on general suffrage. The union advocated for the abolition of exceptional provisions and the abolition of administrative guardianship over the peasantry, the creation of a land fund from state and appanage lands, and the inclusion of communal lands in civil circulation. In the field of labor legislation - for social security and insurance, strikes regulated by law. In the sphere of local government - for the creation of an estateless zemstvo as a small territorial unit, an elective principle in local justice, and non-interference by the administration. In the industrial sphere, it was proposed to free entrepreneurship from government tutelage (the idea of “pure liberalism”). The slogan of the right-wing parties was the call: “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality.” “The Russian nation, as the gatherer of the Russian land and the organizer of the Russian state, is a sovereign nation, dominant and preeminent.” All nationalities were divided into friendly and hostile to the Russian people. They considered Finns, Poles, Caucasians, and especially Jews to be hostile. To incite anti-Semitism among the masses, the Black Hundreds accused Jews of ritual murders. To prove the existence of a “Judeo-Masonic world government,” they distributed the fake “Protocols of Zion” (later - Hitler’s handbook).
The Black Hundreds promised that they would raise the issue of creating a Jewish state and would facilitate the resettlement of Jews there, “no matter what material sacrifices such an eviction would require from the Russian people.” In November 1905. The "Union of the Russian People" arises, uniting a number of other Black Hundred associations. The Union had local bodies and was headed by the Main Council. His activities were supported by state and church bodies. “Black Hundred” workers’ organizations operated in industrial centers, for example, the “Patriotic Commonwealth of Workers,” which aimed to “struggle by peaceful and legal means against all types of unfair, illegal and dishonest attitudes of both employers towards workers and labor, and workers towards employers and labor.” The Black Hundreds recognized the autocratic monarchy as the only acceptable form of government for Russia.
The Black Hundreds committed hundreds of bloody pogroms, especially in October 1905. Nicholas II pardoned 1,713 pogromists, refusing only 78. The Black Hundred ideology anticipated fascism in that it relied on broad social strata, excited by chauvinistic and demagogic slogans.
Socialist parties in Russia were formed on the basis of populist and Marxist ideology.
In 1898, representatives of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, the Rabochaya Gazeta and Bund groups held a congress in Minsk, proclaiming the formation of the Russian Social Democratic Party. At the second congress of the party in 1903, it split into “Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks,” and at the same time the Party Program and Charter were adopted. It was proposed to form a unicameral legislative assembly on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage, create elected courts, replace the troops with the general arming of the people, and separate the church from the state. The party proposed establishing a progressive income tax, an eight-hour working day, establishing criminal liability for entrepreneurs for labor violations, and banning fines in production. Establish fishing vessels (from workers and entrepreneurs). For the peasants, it was proposed to cancel redemption payments, allow the alienation of land by the peasants, return the money they paid to the peasants at the expense of monastery, palace lands and taxation of landowners' lands. Allow the courts to reduce the rent paid by peasants. In the political sphere, the overthrow of the autocracy and the transfer of power to the Constituent Assembly were proclaimed. (Later, the Bolsheviks themselves would disperse it. Their main goal is the dictatorship of the proletariat). In 1901, the Socialist Revolutionary Party entered the political arena, considering itself the ideological successor of the revolutionary populist party "People's Will". “Socialization of the land” is the slogan of the party, terror is the method of its activity. The Social Revolutionaries insisted on a democratic republic with broad autonomy of the regions and universal suffrage and the replacement of the army with a militia, in the field of production - on the establishment of a minimum wage and state insurance, in the agricultural sphere - on socialization of the land, i.e. transferring it to community ownership and disposal. The party warned: “the working class is against the state socialism” of the Bolsheviks. But the Socialist Revolutionaries also allowed “if necessary, a temporary dictatorship of the working class.”
Political parties represent higher form political organization social classes or social strata. The main content of their activity is, as a rule, the struggle for power. The formation of the party system was greatly influenced by: firstly, significant differences (compared to Western Europe), Related social structure society; secondly, originality political power(autocracy); thirdly, the multinationality of the population.
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) was established in 1898, and was finally formalized in 1903 at the Second Congress, where the program and charter were adopted, and governing bodies were elected. Party leaders - V. Lenin, G. Plekhanov, Yu. Martov.
The party program was aimed both at solving the problems of the bourgeois-democratic revolution (the “minimum” program): the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, an 8-hour working day, the elimination of the remnants of serfdom in the countryside, and at the implementation of the socialist revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat (program "maximum").
During the discussion of statutory and program issues, as well as during the elections of the governing bodies of the RSDLP, differences emerged that resulted in a split and the formation of two movements: Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin And Mensheviks led by Yu.O. Martov and G.V. Plekhanov. These two factions existed in Russian Social Democracy until 1912, when the Bolsheviks at the VI (Prague) Conference of the RSDLP finally separated from the Mensheviks.
Neo-populist revolutionary organizations in Russia were represented by the party socialist-revolutionaries (SRs), anarchists and neo-populist national parties.
Populist circles united in 1902 Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP). The leader and ideologist of the party was V.M. Chernov. The Social Revolutionaries considered their main goal to be preparation for a social revolution, which was supposed to lead to democracy, and the right to proclaim it was supposed to be granted Constituent Assembly. In socio-economic terms, the Socialist Revolutionary program provided for the future reorganization of society on collectivist, socialist principles. They wanted to solve the agrarian question with the help of “socialization of the land,” i.e., removing it from commodity turnover and becoming a public property. The right to allocate land to peasants according to labor or consumer standards was granted to local government bodies - peasant communities. The Social Revolutionaries revived terror and tried to use it as one of the important means of political struggle in order to incite a revolution and weaken the tsarist power.
Anarchism was a doctrine whose supporters rejected the state and all power, believing that it could be destroyed by revolutionary means. They called the ideal social system a federation of self-governing communities and associations, where the human personality is free from all forms of dependence.
Neopopulists in general they were quite an active political force and played important role in the revolutionary socialist movement of Russia.
Liberal-oriented political parties, as a rule, were formed within the framework of zemstvo representation.