By 1670, the formation and organization of Stepan Razin’s army was almost completed. Stepan Razin was captured and transported to Moscow, where, by order of the Tsar, he was subjected to severe torture. It was at this time that the first disagreements between the Cossacks and peasants began in Razin’s army.
The uprising led by Stepan Razin, the Peasant War of 1670−1671 or the Uprising of Stepan Razin - a war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks and the tsarist troops. The so-called “campaign for zipuns” (1667-1669) is often attributed to the uprising of Stepan Razin - the campaign of the rebels “for booty”. Razin's detachment blocked the Volga, thereby blocking the most important economic artery of Russia.
Treasure of Stepan Razin
Having received the booty and captured the Yaitsky town, Razin in the summer of 1669 moved to the Kagalnitsky town, where he began to gather his troops. When enough people had gathered, Razin announced a campaign against Moscow. Returning from the “campaign for zipuns,” Razin visited Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn with his army. After the campaign, the poor began to come to him in crowds and he gathered a considerable army. In the spring of 1670, the second period of the uprising began, that is, the war itself. From this moment, and not from 1667, the beginning of the uprising is usually counted.
There they executed the governor and nobles and organized their own government led by Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak. Having gathered troops, Stepan Razin went to Tsaritsyn and surrounded it. Leaving Vasily Us in command of the army, Razin and a small detachment went to the Tatar settlements.
He hoped that the rebels would be allowed to go to the Volga and take water from there, but those who came to the negotiations told the Razins that they had prepared a riot and agreed on the time of its start. The rioters rushed to the gate and knocked down the locks. The archers shot at them from the walls, but when the rioters opened the gates and the Razins burst into the city, they surrendered.
The uprising of Stepan Razin: in what year did it happen?
Lopatin was sure that Razin did not know his location, and therefore did not post sentries. In the midst of the halt, the Razins attacked him. They approached from both banks of the river and began shooting at the Lopatin residents. They boarded the boats in disarray and began to row towards Tsaritsyn. All along the way they were fired upon by Razin’s ambush detachments.
Reasons for the defeat of Stepan Razin's uprising
Razin drowned most of the commanders, and made the spared and ordinary archers rower-prisoners. Several dozen Razin Cossacks dressed as merchants and entered Kamyshin. At the appointed hour, the Razins approached the city. The merchants killed the guards of the city gates, opened them, and the main forces broke into the city and took it. Streltsy, nobles, and the governor were executed. Residents were told to pack everything they needed and leave the city.
A military council was held in Tsaritsyn. They decided to go to Astrakhan on it. In Astrakhan, the archers had a positive attitude towards Razin, this mood was fueled by anger at the authorities, who paid their salaries late. The news that Razin was marching on the city frightened the authorities.
At night the Razins attacked the city. At the same time, an uprising of the archers and the poor broke out there. The city fell. The rebels carried out their executions, introduced a Cossack regime in the city and went to the Middle Volga region with the goal of reaching Moscow. After this, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza), as well as the Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, and Mordovians, voluntarily went over to Razin’s side.
Military operations: the main events of the uprising of Stepan Razin
Near Samara, Razin announced that Patriarch Nikon and Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich were coming with him. This further increased the influx of poor people into his ranks. All along the road the Razins sent letters to various regions Rus' with calls for uprising. In September 1670, the Razins laid siege to Simbirsk, but were unable to take it. Government troops led by Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov moved towards Razin. In Arzamas alone, more than 11 thousand people were executed.
In 1907, the Don historian V. Bykadorov criticized Rigelman's assertion, arguing that Razin's birthplace was Cherkassk. In folk legends, discrepancies can be traced regarding Razin’s homeland. In them, it is called the towns of Kagalnitsky, Esaulovsky, Razdory, but more often than others it is found - Cherkasy town.
Stenka Razin - folk hero
Razin's personality attracted enormous attention from his contemporaries and descendants; he became a hero of folklore - and the first Russian film. Apparently, he was the first Russian about whom a dissertation was defended in the West (and only a few years after his death).
A. Dolgorukov, during one of the conflicts with the Don Cossacks, who wanted to go to the Don while serving as tsar, ordered the execution of Ivan Razin, Stepan’s older brother. Soon, apparently, Razin decided that the Cossack military-democratic system should be extended to the entire Russian state.
In them, the unity of the Golytba took place, its awareness of its special place in the ranks of the Cossack community. The campaign began on May 15, 1667. Through the rivers Ilovlya and Kamyshinka, the Razins reached the Volga, above Tsaritsyn they robbed the merchant ships of the guest V. Shorin and other merchants, as well as the ships of Patriarch Joasaph.
The Razins spent the winter on Yaik, and in the spring of 1668 they entered the Caspian Sea. Their ranks were replenished by Cossacks who arrived from the Don, as well as Cherkasy and residents of Russian counties. The battle was difficult, and the Razins had to enter into negotiations. But the envoy of the Russian Tsar, Palmar, who arrived to Shah Suleiman, brought the royal letter, which reported about the thieves' Cossacks going to sea.
After the campaign, people literally poured in crowds into the army of Stepan Razin, swearing allegiance to him. Even taking into account the time at which Stepan Razin’s uprising occurred, this type of execution was considered the most terrible and was used in exceptional cases. However, despite the fact that the goals of Stepan Razin's uprising were massively supported, it was defeated.
Stepan Timofeevich Razin is the ataman of the Don Cossacks, who organized the largest popular uprising of the pre-Petrine period, which was called the Peasant War.
The future leader of the rebellious Cossacks was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya in 1630. Some sources point to another place of birth of Stepan - the city of Cherkassk. The father of the future ataman Timofey Razia was from the Voronezh region, but moved from there for unclear reasons to the banks of the Don.
The young man settled down among the free settlers and soon became a homely Cossack. Timofey was distinguished by his courage and bravery in military campaigns. From one campaign, a Cossack brought a captive Turkish woman into his house and married her. The family had three sons - Ivan, Stepan and Frol. The godfather of the middle brother was the ataman of the army, Kornil Yakovlev.
Time of Troubles
In 1649, with the “Conciliar Epistle” signed by the Tsar, serfdom was finally consolidated in Rus'. The document proclaimed the hereditary state of serfdom and allowed the search period for fugitives to be increased to 15 years. After the adoption of the law, uprisings and riots began to break out across the country, many peasants went on the run in search of free lands and settlements.
It's arrived Time of Troubles. Cossack settlements increasingly became a haven for “golytba”, poor or impoverished peasants who joined the wealthy Cossacks. By unspoken agreement with the “homely” Cossacks, detachments were created from the fugitives that were engaged in robbery and theft. The Turkic, Don, Yaik Cossacks increased at the expense of the “golutvenny” Cossacks, their military power grew.
Youth
In 1665, an event occurred that influenced the future fate of Stepan Razin. The elder brother Ivan, who took part in the Russian-Polish war, decided to voluntarily leave his positions and retire with the army to his homeland. According to custom, the free Cossacks were not obliged to obey the government. But the governor’s troops caught up with the Razins and, declaring them deserters, executed them on the spot. After the death of his brother, Stepan was inflamed with rage towards the Russian nobility and decided to go to war against Moscow in order to free Rus' from the boyars. The unstable position of the peasantry also became the reason for Razin's uprising.
From his youth, Stepan was distinguished by his daring and ingenuity. He never went ahead, but used diplomacy and cunning, so already at a young age he was part of important delegations from the Cossacks to Moscow and Astrakhan. With diplomatic tricks, Stepan could settle any failed case. Thus, the famous campaign “for zipuns,” which ended disastrously for the Razin detachment, could have led to the arrest and punishment of all its participants. But Stepan Timofeevich communicated so convincingly with the royal governor Lvov that he sent the entire army home, equipped with new weapons, and presented Stepan with an icon of the Virgin Mary.
Razin also showed himself as a peacemaker among southern peoples. In Astrakhan, he mediated a dispute between the Nagaibak Tatars and Kalmyks and prevented bloodshed.
Insurrection
In March 1667, Stepan began to gather an army. With 2000 soldiers, the ataman set out on a campaign along the rivers flowing into the Volga to plunder the ships of merchants and boyars. Robbery was not perceived by the authorities as a rebellion, since theft was an integral part of the existence of the Cossacks. But Razin went beyond the usual robbery. In the village of Cherny Yar, the ataman carried out reprisals against the Streltsy troops, and then released all the exiles in custody. After which he went to Yaik. The rebel troops, by cunning, entered the fortress of the Ural Cossacks and subjugated the settlement.
Map of the uprising of Stepan Razin In 1669, the army, replenished with runaway peasants, led by Stepan Razin, went to the Caspian Sea, where it launched a series of attacks on the Persians. In a battle with the flotilla of Mamed Khan, the Russian ataman outwitted the eastern commander. Razin's ships imitated an escape from the Persian fleet, after which the Persian gave the order to unite 50 ships and surround the Cossack army. But Razin unexpectedly turned around and subjected the enemy’s main ship to heavy fire, after which it began to sink and pulled the entire fleet with it. So, with small forces, Stepan Razin emerged victorious from the battle at Pig Island. Realizing that after such a defeat the Safivids would gather a larger army against the Razins, the Cossacks set off through Astrakhan to the Don.
Peasants' War
The year 1670 began with the preparation of Stepan Razin’s army for a campaign against Moscow. The chieftain went up the Volga, capturing coastal villages and cities. To attract the local population to his side, Razin used “charming letters” - special letters that he distributed among the city people. The letters said that the oppression of the boyars could be thrown off if you joined the rebel army.
Not only the oppressed strata went over to the side of the Cossacks, but also Old Believers, artisans, Mari, Chuvash, Tatars, Mordvins, as well as Russian soldiers of government troops. After widespread desertion, the tsarist troops were forced to begin recruiting mercenaries from Poland and the Baltic states. But the Cossacks treated such warriors cruelly, subjecting all foreign prisoners of war to execution.
Stepan Razin spread a rumor that the missing Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, as well as an exile, was hiding in the Cossack camp. Thus, the ataman attracted more and more dissatisfied with the current government to his side. Over the course of a year, residents of Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara, Alatyr, Saransk, and Kozmodemyansk went over to the side of the Razins. But in the battle near Simbirsk, the Cossack flotilla was defeated by the troops of Prince Yu. N. Baryatinsky, and Stepan Razin himself, after being wounded, was forced to retreat to the Don.
For six months, Stepan took refuge with his entourage in the town of Kagalnitsky, but the local wealthy Cossacks secretly decided to surrender the ataman to the government. The elders feared the wrath of the tsar, who could fall on the entire Russian Cossacks. In April 1671, after a short assault on the fortress, Stepan Razin was captured and taken to Moscow along with his close entourage.
Personal life
There is no information preserved in historical documents about the ataman’s private life, but all that is known is that Razin’s wife and his son Afanasy lived in the Kagalnitsky town. The boy followed in his father's footsteps and became a warrior. During a skirmish with the Azov Tatars, the young man was captured by the enemy, but soon returned to his homeland.
The legend about Stepan Razin mentions a Persian princess. It is assumed that the girl was captured by the Cossacks after the famous battle on the Caspian Sea. She became Razin’s second wife and even managed to give birth to children for the Cossack, but out of jealousy the ataman drowned her in the abyss of the Volga.
Death
At the beginning of the summer of 1671, guarded by the governors, the steward Grigory Kosagov and the clerk Andrei Bogdanov, Stepan and his brother Frol were taken to Moscow for trial. During the investigation, the Razins were subjected to severe torture, and 4 days later they were taken to execution, which took place on Bolotnaya Square. After the verdict was announced, Stepan Razin was quartered, but his brother could not stand what he saw and asked for mercy in exchange for secret information. After 5 years, having not found the stolen treasures promised by Frol, it was decided to execute the ataman’s younger brother.
After the leader's death liberation movement the war continued for another six months. The Cossacks were led by atamans Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak. The new leaders lacked charisma and wisdom, so the uprising was suppressed. People's struggle led to disappointing results: serfdom was tightened, the days of transfer of peasants from their owners were abolished, and it was allowed to show extreme cruelty towards disobedient serfs.
Memory
The story of the uprising of Stepan Razin remained in the memory of the people for a long time. 15 folk songs are dedicated to the national hero, including “Because of the island on the river”, “There is a cliff on the Volga”, “Oh, it’s not evening”. The biography of Stenka Razin aroused creative interest among many writers and historians, such as A. A. Sokolov, V. A. Gilyarovsky,.
The plot about the exploits of the hero of the Peasant War was used to create the first Russian film in 1908. The film was called "Ponizovaya Volnitsa". The streets of St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Yekaterinburg, Ulyanovsk and other settlements are named in honor of Razin.
The events of the 17th century formed the basis for operas and symphonic poems by Russian composers N. Ya. Afanasyev, A. K. Glazunov,.
Peasant revolt Stepan Razin (briefly)
The uprising of Stepan Razin (briefly)
To date, the reliable date of birth of Razin is not known to historians. This event most likely occurred around 1630. Stepan was born into the family of a wealthy Cossack Timofey, and the first mentions of him appear in 1661. Due to the fact that Razin spoke the Kalmyk and Tatar languages, he negotiated on behalf of Donskoy with the Kalmyks. In 1662-1663, he was already mentioned as one of the Cossack commanders who made campaigns against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.
For a failed attempt to escape with a detachment of Cossacks from the battlefield in 1665, governor Yuri Alekseevich Dolgorukov executed his older brother Ivan Razin. This event became fateful, influencing all subsequent actions of Stepan Razin.
After the events described, Stepan decides not only to take revenge on Dolgoruky for the death of his brother, but also to punish the tsarist administration. According to his plan, he also sought after this to organize a carefree life for the people around him. In 1667, he and his detachment robbed a trade caravan on the Volga. At the same time, he kills all the Streltsy chiefs, blocks the path to the Volga and releases all the exiles. This hike is called the “zipun hike.” The detachment manages to successfully avoid meeting with the military men who were sent from the capital to punish the Razins. This day is the beginning of the uprising of Stepan Razin.
Another rather important episode was the Persian campaign, when Razin’s detachment managed to take large booty. At the same time, such a successful military ataman was able to gain considerable support and gain authority on the Don. It should be noted that despite the fact that Kornila Yakovlev, who was Stepan Razin’s godfather, still retained his seniority, it was Stepan who was the most influential in the Don Army.
Many peasants regularly joined Razin’s army, and a new campaign began already in 1670. Very soon the rebels managed to capture Tsaritsyn, Samara, Saratov and Astrakhan. Thus, the entire Lower Volga region was in their hands. This uprising instantly grew into a peasant uprising, covering almost the entire territory of Russia.
However, Stepan failed to capture Simbirsk and his biography again took a sharp turn. He was brought to the town of Kagalnitsky after being wounded in battle. Starting from 1671, Razin’s authority began to decrease, and within his army there were more contradictions than coherence. It was his soldiers who burned the town of Kagalnitsky, capturing Stepan, whose death took place on June sixteenth, 1671.
PEASANT WAR UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF STEPAN RAZIN(1670–1671) – protest movement of peasants, serfs, Cossacks and urban lower classes in the 17th century. In pre-revolutionary Russian historiography it was called a “rebellion”, in Soviet it was called the Second Peasant War (after the Uprising under the leadership of I.I. Bolotnikov).
The prerequisites for the uprising include the registration of serfdom ( Cathedral Code 1649) and the deterioration of life of the social lower classes in connection with the Russian-Polish war and monetary reform 1662. The ideological and spiritual crisis of society was aggravated by the reform of Patriarch Nikon and the church schism, the desire of the authorities to limit the Cossack freemen and integrate them into state system added tension. The situation on the Don also worsened due to the growth of the golutvenny (poor) Cossacks, who, unlike the “domovity” (rich Cossacks), did not receive a salary from the state and a share in the “duvan” (division) of fish production. The harbinger of a social explosion was the uprising of 1666 under the leadership of the Cossack ataman Vasily Us, who managed to reach Tula from the Don, where he was joined by Cossacks and fugitive slaves from the surrounding counties.
Cossacks mainly took part in the unrest of the 1660s, and the peasants who joined them tried to protect the interests not of their class, but of their own. If they were successful, the peasants wanted to become free Cossacks or servicemen. The Cossacks and peasants were also joined by those from the townspeople who were dissatisfied with the liquidation of “white settlements” free from taxes and duties in the cities in 1649.
In the spring of 1667, a detachment of six hundred “golytba” men appeared near Tsaritsyn, led by the “homely” Cossack of the Zimoveysky town S.T. Razin. Having brought the Cossacks from the Don to the Volga, he began a “campaign for zipuns” (i.e., for booty), robbing caravans of ships with government goods. After wintering in the Yaitsky town (modern Uralsk), the Cossacks raided the property Shah of Iran– Baku, Derbent. Reshet, Farabat, Astrabat, having gained experience in the “Cossack war” (ambushes, raids, flanking maneuvers). The return of the Cossacks in August 1669 with rich booty strengthened Razin's fame as a successful chieftain. At the same time, a legend was born that ended up in a folk song about the ataman’s reprisal against a Persian princess captured as war booty.
Meanwhile, a new governor, I.S. Prozorovsky, arrived in Astrakhan, carrying out the tsar’s order not to let the Razins into Astrakhan. But the Astrakhan residents let the Cossacks in, greeting the successful chieftain with volleys of cannon from the only ship, the Eagle. According to an eyewitness, the Razins “camped near Astrakhan, from where they went to the city in crowds, dressed luxuriously, and the clothes of the poorest were made of gold brocade or silk. Razin could be recognized by the honor that was shown to him, because they approached him only on their knees and falling on their faces.”
Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva
§ 13. Uprising led by Stepan Razin
1. CAMPAIGN TO THE VOLGA AND YAIC (1667-1668)
In the spring of 1667, Ataman Stenka Razin moved from the Don to the Volga in search of prey. Meanwhile, a caravan of ships with bread and other goods belonging to the Moscow merchant V. Shorin and the patriarch descended towards Astrakhan. The Razins attacked the ships, killed part of the guards and freed the convicts, who were found in the hold. The spoils were shared brotherly.
Some of the archers went with the ataman. On 35 large ships, the Cossacks passed Astrakhan, crossed the Caspian Sea and appeared at the mouth of the Yaik (Ural River). The call of the Russian boarders rang: “Saryn to the kitchka!” (all on deck). The Cossacks captured the fortified Yaitsky town (city of Guryev), where they spent the winter.
2. CAMPAIGN AGAINST PERSIA (1668-1669)
In the spring of 1668, Stepan Razin with several hundred Cossacks left the Yaitsky town. Cossack boats entered the Caspian Sea. At the mouth of the Terek, a detachment of golutven Cossacks with Sergei Khromy (Crooked) at their head landed at Razin. After that, Razin had 2 thousand people (according to some sources - 6 thousand).
Soon, Ataman Razin appeared off the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. The Shah of Persia sent a fleet of 70 ships against the robbers, but the Cossacks defeated it. The Shah complained about the Cossack robberies to Moscow, where they responded that Razin’s Cossacks were “thieves” and the Tsar of Moscow did not send them to Persia.
In the fall of 1669, Razin reappeared near Astrakhan. Knowing about the “great power” of the ataman, the Astrakhan governor did not dare to engage in battle. It was agreed that the Cossacks would surrender their weapons, and the governor would let them pass through Astrakhan. The Razins entered the city, gave up several guns, but, of course, did not part with muskets, carbines, arquebuses, sabers and pikes. The common people greeted the hero who defeated the Persians with delight. Razin “promised to soon free everyone from the yoke and slavery of the boyars.” “The mob listened willingly,” promised to come to the rescue, “if only he would start.”
Stenka returned to the Don with the booty, where the majority of the homely and arrogant Cossacks were ready to recognize him as the supreme chieftain. The rumor about the dashing chieftain spread far beyond the borders of the free Don.
Razin’s campaigns on the Volga, Yaik, and Caspian Sea differed in scope from the ordinary “robbery enterprise” of the Cossacks. Razin everywhere released Russian and non-Russian convicts (except, of course, for prisoners captured by the Cossacks), forgave the archers and other common warriors who fought with him, called them and the entire people “to become Cossacks,” and everywhere established the order of a “Christian Cossack republic”: with elected “chiefs”, a Cossack circle that held court and decided all matters.
S. T. Razin. Engraving. XVII century
3. CAMPAIGN TO THE VOLGA 1670
Capture of Astrakhan. In the spring of 1670, Stepan Razin reappeared on the Volga. People flocked to the ataman from all sides - peasants, Cossacks, “working people” from the Volga fisheries, “walking people.” This time the ataman acted in the name of the “great sovereign” Alexei Alekseevich, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich. Distributed throughout the country "lovely letters" Stenkas, who called (“seduced”) the mob to revolt.
Tsaritsyn surrendered to Razin without a fight.
In June 1670, Stenka with ataman V. Us and his brother Frol moved towards Astrakhan. On July 19, 1670, the rebel chieftain was already under the walls of the strongest fortress in the South of Russia.
The muzzles of 400 guns looked at the rebels from the stone walls of Astrakhan. The governor and nobles were preparing to fight, and the “black people” shouted to the Cossacks: “Climb up, brothers, we’ve been waiting for you for a long time.” The assault began on the night of July 20, and by the morning Astrakhan had fallen. The governor was thrown from the bell tower, the hated boyars, merchants and officials were killed. Razin left Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak to manage the city, and he himself went up the Volga.
Capture of Astrakhan by the troops of S. Razin. Engraving. XVII century
1670-1671 Peasants' War led by S. Razin
Well-fortified Saratov and Samara surrendered to the ataman without a fight.
On September 4, 1670, Stenka Razin besieged Simbirsk. He tried to take it for a month. The townspeople of Simbirsk surrendered to him the outer fortifications of the city - the “new fort”, but the governor I. B. Miloslavsky with the military men and the surrounding nobles who came running to him held the Simbirsk Kremlin, located on a steep hill.
From near Simbirsk, Razin sent his atamans throughout the Volga region and the regions closest to it, who carried the father’s calls “to the Russian people, and to the Tatars, and to the Chuvash, and to the Mordovians” to smash the boyars. Detachments of Tatars, Cheremis and other Volga peoples appeared in Razin’s army.
4. DEFEAT OF RAZIN NEAR SIMBIRSK
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, frightened by the scale of the rebellion, called on all the capital and provincial nobles and children of the boyars to “serve for the great sovereign and for their homes.” Sixty thousand horsemen gathered near Moscow. Streltsy and regiments of the “new order” were added to them. Voivode Yuri Dolgoruky with Konstantin Shcherbatov, Yuri Baryatinsky and others gathered these troops near Arzamas in order to attack the “rebels and thieves.”
Baryatinsky with the vanguard of the tsarist troops moved to Kazan, then to Sviyazhsk. Attempts by the Razins to stop him were unsuccessful. On October 1, 1670, a decisive battle began under the Simbirsk walls. Stenka Razin fought in the hottest places until his army fled. The ataman and the Cossacks locked themselves in one of the towers of the new fort. Baryatinsky decided to use a trick. He sent one detachment across Sviyaga and ordered them to shout loudly. Hearing the “shouts,” Stenka thought that a new royal army was coming, loaded the Don Cossacks onto plows and sailed with them to Tsaritsyn. From there he left to gather a new army on the Don, in the town of Kagalnitsky.
Weapons of the peasant army of S. Razin
The tsarist governors crushed the “orphaned” rebels in the Volga region, Tambov region and Sloboda Ukraine without mercy.
? “It’s scary to look at Arzamas,” wrote a contemporary, “its suburbs seemed like a complete hell: there were gallows everywhere, and on each one hung 40 or 50 corpses; Scattered heads lay there, smoking with fresh blood; there were stakes sticking out here, on which the criminals were tortured and were often alive for three days, experiencing indescribable suffering. Over the course of three months, 11 thousand people were executed.”
Companions of Razin. Ataman Maxim Kharitonov’s detachment operated in the western and southwestern direction. Kharitonov took Saransk, Korsun, Insar and with a hundred horsemen approached Penza, the inhabitants of which, having killed the governor, opened the gates. Kharitonov's forces increased to 900 people. Nizhny Lomov, Verkhny Lomov and Kerensk surrendered to him without a fight. The ataman “inflamed” the uprising in the Tambov region, tried several times to take Shatsk and even attacked Arzamas, where a large tsarist army was stationed.
Ataman Maxim Osipov took the cities of Alatyr, Kurmysh, Kozmodemyansk. In October 1670, Osipov’s Cossacks and the local peasants who joined them, numbering 15 thousand people, “with banners, trumpets and kettledrums and drums, with great cannons and small fire”, after a ten-day siege and two assaults, took the Makaryev Monastery. This monastery owned many villages, had the right to organize annual All-Russian fairs, and owned all transportation across the Volga. In addition, it was a fortress that blocked the way to Nizhny Novgorod. After the fall of the monastery, Osipov moved towards Nizhny Novgorod.
The nun Alena (formerly a peasant), who became an ataman, and her detachment occupied the city of Temnikov.
In August 1670, Sloboda Ukraine rebelled. Here the rebels were led by Stenka's younger brother Frol, the sworn brother of the "supreme father" Zaporozhye Cossack Alexey Khromoy, and atamans Fyodor Shadra and Yakov Gavrilov.
5. CAPTURE AND EXECUTION OF RAZIN
Rumors about executions in the Volga region reached the Don, and the “lower” Cossacks became worried. Because of him, Stenki, the royal commanders with archers and foreign soldiers are about to descend on the Don, reprisals will begin here, then don’t expect any grain aid, gunpowder, or the sovereign’s salary! The glory, liberties, and strength of the Don will perish! And the Don people could not agree with this.
A circle of “grassroots” Cossacks with godfather Razin, led by Kornil Yakovlev, decided to catch Stenka in order to disperse the clouds gathering over the Don. On April 4, 1671, the homely Cossacks took Kagalnik. Razin was captured. Soon Stenka’s brother Frol was also caught.
Instruments of punishment for peasants
Stepan and Frol Razin are being taken to execution. Engraving. XVII century
June 6, 1671 Execution Place on Red Square, where decrees were usually read, again, as in the times of Ivan the Terrible, became the place of execution. The square was cordoned off by a triple row of archers, and the execution site was guarded by foreign soldiers. There were armed warriors all over Moscow.
The Razins were brought to the place of execution on a shameful cart. The clerk read the verdict: Stenka was to be subjected to an “evil execution” - quartered. The chieftain looked around the square crowded with people, bowed to the ground, saying: “Excuse me.” At a signal from the executioner, the Cossack was squeezed between the boards, the ax was cut off right hand at the elbow, left leg at the knee, then the head. Stepan Razin's body was cut into pieces and stuck on stakes, and the insides were thrown to be eaten by dogs.
Shocked by the terrible execution, Frol Razin shouted: “The sovereign's word and deed,” i.e. declared to the authorities that he wanted to report some crime concerning the sovereign himself. Frol's execution was postponed. His further fate is unknown. According to some reports, he was sent to life imprisonment, according to others, he died under torture.
6. END OF THE UPRISING
At the time of the execution of Stepan Razin, his atamans were still continuing the fight. The entire Lower Volga region was in their hands. But the royal troops advanced. The refusal of the homely Cossacks to support the rebels deprived them of the opportunity to draw strength from the Don. The rebel peasants and Cossacks acted separately. At the end of November 1671, tsarist troops took Astrakhan. Executions and reprisals followed again. To escape, the rebels fled to Siberia, to the Urals, some made their way to the North to the Old Believer Solovetsky Monastery. The abbot of the monastery, schismatic Nikanor, received everyone.
1668-1676 Solovetsky uprising
Thick stone walls, cannons and arquebuses protected the monastery. All attacks by the royal troops ended in failure. The siege lasted eight years. Solovki fell, as Smolensk did in its time, because of betrayal. Chernets Feoktist ran over to the enemy’s side at night and pointed out the secret entrance to the monastery. On January 22, 1676, when it got dark, the archers entered the monastery and, after a fierce battle, occupied it. The Old Believers were killed, and 60 people, “who were the instigators of theft,” were brutally executed. Some were hanged upside down, others, stripped naked in the bitter cold, were hooked under the ribs. The unfortunates died in terrible agony.
Solovetsky Monastery
Questions and tasks
1. What do you see as the reasons for the uprising of Stepan Razin? 2. Highlight the stages of the uprising led by Stepan Razin. 3. Who took part in the uprising? What goals did the rebels pursue? 4. Why did Razin act on behalf of the Tsar’s son Alexei Alekseevich? 5. Why were the rebels defeated? 6. What, in your opinion, were the consequences of the uprising of Stepan Razin?
From the book 100 Great Treasures of Russia author Nepomnyashchiy Nikolai Nikolaevich From the book History of Russia. XVII–XVIII centuries. 7th grade author Chernikova Tatyana Vasilievna§ 13. Uprising under the leadership of Stepan Razin 1. CAMPAIGN TO THE VOLGA AND YAIC (1667-1668) In the spring of 1667, Ataman Stenka Razin moved from the Don to the Volga in search of prey. Meanwhile, a caravan of ships with bread and other goods belonging to the Moscow merchant V. Shorin and the patriarch,
author Milov Leonid Vasilievich§ 4. The uprising of the Cossacks and peasants under the leadership of S. T. Razin Historians of the 19th century. called the movement of Cossacks and peasants on the Don and Volga in the late 60s and early 70s. XVII century "Stenka Razin's rebellion". The actions of the rebels were considered anti-state (S. M. Solovyov),
From the book Discovery of Khazaria (historical and geographical study) author Gumilev Lev NikolaevichStepan Razin's Hill The Astrakhan archaeological expedition of the State Hermitage arrived at Stepan Razin's Hill on July 18, 1961, on the one hand, in a timely manner, on the other, somewhat late. We were about 80 years late. A small
From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century author Bokhanov Alexander Nikolaevich§ 3. The uprising of Stepan Razin The introduction of a new code of laws, the “Conciliar Code” of 1649, a brutal search for fugitives, and an increase in taxes for the war intensified the already tense situation in the state. Wars with Poland and Sweden ruined the bulk of the working class
From the book Legendary Streets of St. Petersburg author Erofeev Alexey Dmitrievich From the book Book of Changes. The fate of St. Petersburg toponymy in urban folklore. author Sindalovsky Naum AlexandrovichStepan Razin, street 1770. In the second half of the 18th century, a road was built from modern Rizhsky Avenue to Ekateringofsky Park, which, in contrast to the then existing Ekateringofsky Avenue, as Staro-Peterhofsky Avenue was then called, was called
From the book 500 famous historical events author Karnatsevich Vladislav LeonidovichPEASANT WAR UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF STEPAN RAZIN Strengthening serfdom in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. caused a mass exodus of peasants and townspeople. The main stream of fugitives went to the Don. Here many of them were forced to serve the wealthy
From the book Bridges of St. Petersburg author Antonov Boris IvanovichStepan Razin Bridge The bridge is located in the alignment of Stepan Razin Street and Liflyandskaya Street. It was built in 1914 and until 1923 was called the Estland Bridge, as it was located on the highway leading to Estland (the northern part of Estonia). In 1923 it was renamed the Stenka Razin Bridge, and
From the book History of Russia. Factor analysis. Volume 2. From the end of the Time of Troubles to the February Revolution author Nefedov Sergey Alexandrovich1.9. The uprising of Stepan Razin The war with Poland began shortly after the “rokosh” of 1648, which ended with the victory of the nobility and the establishment of serfdom. How did this event affect the position of the landowner peasants? The consequences of the abolition of “lesson years” did not affect immediately:
From the book Treasures and Relics of the Romanov Era author Nikolaev Nikolay Nikolaevich6. Treasures of Stepan Razin In June 1671, the newspaper “Northern Mercury” was published in Hamburg, which began to be quickly bought up by the townspeople. It contained correspondence from the English merchant Thomas Hebdon, who was located in distant Russia, in Moscow. As an eyewitness, he
From the book The Secrets of Faded Lines [With illustrations by Belov] author Peresvetov Roman From the book The Secrets of Faded Lines author Peresvetov Roman TimofeevichTORTURE SPEECHES OF STEPAN RAZIN Testimony first: Along with robbers and thieves, it is mentioned in the “black” census book of the Order of Secret Affairs and Don Cossack Stepan Razin, folk hero, who raised a widespread peasant uprising in the cruel times of serfdom. So
From the book Moscow. The path to empire author Toroptsev Alexander PetrovichThe uprising of Stepan Razin Moscow, like Rome once had, had its own Gauls in the form of Swedes, Lithuanians and Poles; Moscow had its own furious and irreconcilable Hannibal in the person of several Crimean khans at once - Mengli-Girey, Devlet-Girey, Kazy-Girey... Moscow had its own Etruscans in
From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century author Sakharov Andrey Nikolaevich§ 3. The uprising of Stepan Razin The introduction of a new code of laws, the “Conciliar Code” of 1649, the brutal search for fugitives, the increase in taxes for the war intensified the already tense situation in the state. The wars with Poland and Sweden ruined the bulk of the working class
From the book Rus' and its Autocrats author Anishkin Valery GeorgievichThe Peasant War of Stepan Razin Stepan Timofeevich Razin (b. unknown - d. 1671) - Don Cossack, leader of the peasant uprising of 1667–1671. Born into a wealthy Cossack family in the village of Zimoveyskaya on the Don (it is significant that Pugachev was born there). Stepan Timofeevich