Question No. 1. Transport. Purpose and components.

Transport is a set of means of communication, communication routes and structures, service devices. Often the term “transport” refers to the entire set of infrastructure, management, vehicles and transport enterprises that make up the transport system or sector of the economy.

Transport is divided into three categories:

1) public transport,

2) special-use transport and personal or individual transport. Transport for special use - intra-production and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport includes cars, bicycles, yachts, and private planes.

3) Personal automatic transport forms new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles.

All transport can be divided into a number of groups according to certain characteristics.

By number of wheels: Monocycle, Bicycle, Tricycle, Quad bike

By wheel type: Rail transport, Light rail transport, Tracked transport

By engine type: Self-propelled transport, Motorized transport, Muscle-driven, Trailers

By moving environment: Water transport, Air transport, Ground and underground

By type of property and number of passengers: Individual transport, Public transport

By load capacity: Truck, Car

Question No. 2. Transport system. External, urban, suburban and local (exotic) transport.

Transport system - transport infrastructure, transport enterprises, vehicles and management together. A unified transport system ensures the coordinated development and operation of all types of transport in order to maximally satisfy transport needs at minimal costs.

Transport means are usually cars, bicycles, buses, trains, and airplanes.

Control refers to control over the system, for example traffic lights, arrows on railway tracks, flight control, etc., as well as rules (among other things, rules for financing the system: toll roads, fuel tax, etc.). Transport system management is a set of measures aimed at the effective functioning of this system through coordination, organization, and streamlining of the elements of this system, both among themselves and with the external environment. IN in a broad sense, network design is a task of civil engineering and urban planning, vehicle design is a task of mechanical engineering and specialized branches of applied science, and control is usually specialized within a particular network or related to control research or systems engineering.

Quantitative indicators of the transport system are:

1) the length of communication routes,

2) number of employees,

3) cargo and passenger turnover.

Transport system levels:

1) External: railway. air car, water (sea and river)

A settlement cannot live without transport. The components of external transport depend on the size and geographic location of the city.

2) Urban: necessary when increasing pedestrian accessibility (15 min). The components of external transport depend on the size and population of the locality. It happens: passenger (mass, local), cargo, special.

3) Suburban: buses. railway, water, auto. Increased intensity during the day and evening (=pendulum)

4) Local (exotic)

Transport corridors- this is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary facilities that ensure the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.

Transport hub called complex transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations to service transit, local and urban transportation of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junction of two or more main modes of transport. In a transport system, nodes have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Question No. 3. Urban transport. Purpose and main characteristics.

Transport– a set of means of communication, communication routes, structures and service devices

Kinds: passenger, cargo, special (police, ambulance, Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc.) Beginning:

1. Cargo transportation (more predictable)

2.transportation of people

Freight transport is divided into

1. Industrial (depends on the size and profile of the business)

2. Construction (depending on the size of the city)

3. Consumer (from size and development trend)

4. Cleansing

Passenger

1. Citywide (mass: metro, trolleybuses, buses, trams; individual)

2. Local (traffic in a limited space - factory, shopping center)

Carrying capacity- this is the number of passengers who can be transported along one line, in one direction, per unit of time. 80-90 thousand passengers per hour - metro 15 - 30-35 thousand passengers per hour - tram 10-23 thousand passengers per hour - trolleybus

Depends on capacity, stopping points

The largest is near the metro, train, tram, trolleybus, bus

Capacity is the number of passengers allowed to be transported according to the standards per 1m2. During rush hour there are 8 people per 1 square meter.

Speedmessages is the speed of movement on public transport, taking into account planned and unscheduled stops.

			Trolleybus		Individual
Capacity

4 Public passenger transport

Buses- the most common type of transport. The network of bus lines, as a rule, is characterized by the greatest length. Depending on their destination, bus lines are divided into two types:

the main ones, providing direct transport links between individual areas and the passage's prototypical points;

carriers providing delivery of passengers To stopping points of more powerful modes of transport (tram, metro, railway lines).

The main bus lines according to their position in the city plan are divided into:

internal, both ends of which are within the city;

Departures connecting the city with the suburban area and having one destination outside it.

The main internal lines have a length corresponding to the linear dimensions of the city; departure lines reach greater lengths (50 km or more). The supply lines are usually short in length.

To create best conditions operation, bus routes are laid along streets with improved pavements (cement-concrete, asphalt concrete, paving stones and mosaics), which ensure high speeds with the lowest fuel consumption and minimal wear of chassis and rubber. However, buses can also be temporarily operated on routes with transitional types of surface (cobblestone pavement, crushed stone highway, etc.).

Compared to other types of mass transport, buses have the greatest maneuverability, but in terms of carrying capacity they are inferior to trams. The disadvantage of buses, like everything road transport, is the pollution of urban air with exhaust gases.

Bus traffic plays a significant role in serving developing areas of the city, for which the installation of more powerful modes of transport in the early stages may not be economically feasible. In addition, the bus is successfully used on city routes in central areas, especially in old cities with winding and insufficiently wide streets.

Bus transportation can be divided into: urban, suburban, local (with a route length of up to 100 km), short-distance intercity (100-300 km), long-distance intercity (over 300 km), service, etc. The carrying capacity of a bus line with good organization is 4500-5000 pass/h in one direction. The trend towards increasing the carrying capacity of bus lines is expressed in increasing the capacity of buses through the use of articulated bodies and double-decker buses.

Buses local service used for intra-district and inter-district passenger transportation. Their distinctive features are reliability and high cross-country ability, allowing the use of buses on unimproved roads, as well as the ability to transport non-bulky hand luggage.

Intercity buses are used to transport passengers along highways over long distances. Their increased comfort and design features allow for safe movement at high speeds.

Sightseeing buses differ in interior layout, seat design, and have good visibility. They are used on urban and suburban lines.

Service buses are intended for official trips of employees of enterprises and institutions, sanatorium and resort services, as well as for urban, local transportation and transportation of tourists. Based on capacity and size, buses are distinguished: especially low-capacity, up to 5.5 m long (10-12 seats);

small capacity up to 7.5 m long (45-48 seats); medium capacity up to 9.5 m long (60-65 seats); large capacity up to 11 m long (70-80 seats); especially large capacity up to 12 m long (100-120 seats).

Trolleybuses in terms of basic operational indicators they differ little from buses, however, their movement requires the installation of traction substations and equipment of lines with a two-wire contact network. Trolleybuses are used on intracity (sometimes also on outbound) lines with average passenger flows.

When designing a trolleybus network, they strive to reduce to a minimum the number of intersections of lines with each other and with tram lines, since intersections and overhead switches reduce the speed of the trolleybus, and sometimes cause it to stop due to the slippage of the current collector. The capacity of the trolleybus rolling stock is 74-139 passengers. Due to the reliability of current collection, trolleybus line routes are laid only along streets with improved permanent pavements. The longitudinal slope of the trolleybus line should not exceed 0.07.

In terms of maneuverability, trolleybuses are inferior to buses, which is especially noticeable in old cities with streets of insufficient width. The main advantage of a trolleybus compared to a tram is that passengers board and disembark directly from the sidewalk. In addition, when moving, the trolleybus can deviate in both directions from the axis of the contact wire up to 4.2 m, which allows it to be used on streets with heavy traffic.

Tram lines have a higher equipment cost than buses and trolleybuses. Therefore, the tram network is characterized by a relatively lower density.

The largest carrying capacity of a tram, compared to other types of street transport, is determined by the placement of tram lines along routes with large, stable passenger flows. Outbound tram lines are designed if a bus does not provide transportation in a given direction and the demand for transportation cannot be satisfied by the existing electric railway line, as well as if it is necessary to provide a direct tram connection between the city and the suburbs.

Tram lines are currently designed primarily as double-track lines with a central (relative to the axis of the street) or lateral tracks. On peripheral lines with small passenger flows, single-track lines are sometimes built with sidings every 0.5-2 km.

The concentration of passengers at tram stops located in the middle of the roadway forces the trackless transport to stop or reduce speed. In addition, the presence of a tram line reduces the possibility of overtaking. Thus, the overall efficiency of road transport operation is reduced. Because of this, a peculiar process of moving tram traffic from the central areas of old cities to peripheral areas, where traffic intensity is much lower, occurs.

Removing tram tracks from main streets improves traffic conditions in general and increases traffic safety. However, the removal of tram lines should be accompanied either by their transfer to parallel duplicate directions, or by the construction of a metro line in directions with high passenger flows. Sometimes the elimination of a tram line can be compensated by strengthening the work of trolleybus and bus transport.

Types and features of transport

When developing transport service strategies, it is necessary to rely on an analysis of cargo flows in this direction and on transportation methods, cargo devices and vehicles at the disposal of individuals and companies involved in transport transportation. This requires an appropriate classification of transported goods and Vehicle processes. yandex_direct_print()

There are five main types of transport: rail, water (sea and river), road, air and pipeline.

Railway transport. Provides economical transportation of large cargo, while offering a number of additional services, thanks to which it has an almost monopoly position in the transport market. And only the rapid development of road transport in the 70-90s. XX century led to a reduction in its relative share in total transport income and total freight turnover.

The importance of railways is still determined by their ability to transport large volumes of goods over long distances efficiently and relatively cheaply. Rail transportation has high fixed costs due to the high cost of rail tracks, rolling stock, marshalling yards and depots. At the same time, the variable part of costs on railways is small.

The main part of the freight turnover is provided by the railways with the export of mineral raw materials (coal, ore, etc.) from mining sources located far from waterways. At the same time, the ratio of fixed and variable costs in railway transport is such that long-distance transportation is still beneficial for it.

Relatively recently, there has been a tendency towards specialization of railway transportation, which is associated with the desire to improve the quality of the services they provide. This is how three-tier platforms for transporting cars, two-tier container platforms, articulated cars, trains appeared special purpose. A special-purpose train is a freight train, all of whose cars are designed to transport one type of product, for example, coal. Such trains are more economical and faster than traditional mixed trains, because they can bypass marshalling yards and go straight to their destination. Articulated cars have an extended chassis, which is capable of accepting up to 10 containers in one flexible coupling, which reduces the load on the car and reduces the time required for transshipment. Double-deck container platforms, as the name suggests, can be loaded with containers on two floors, doubling the cargo capacity of the rolling stock. Similar technical solutions help railways reduce the freight load of wagons, increase the carrying capacity of trains and facilitate loading and unloading processes.

Water transport. Here, a division into deep-sea (ocean, sea) shipping and inland (river) shipping is accepted. Main advantage water transport- this is the ability to transport very large loads. In this case, two types of vessels are used: deep-sea (they need ports with deep-water areas) and diesel barges (they have greater flexibility). The main disadvantages of water transport are limited functionality and low speed. The reason is that railroads or trucks must be used to transport goods to and from ports unless both the origin and destination are located on the same waterway. Water transport, therefore, with its large carrying capacity and low variable costs, is beneficial to those shippers for whom low transport tariffs are important, and delivery speed is of secondary importance.

Typical cargoes transported on inland waterways include ore, minerals, cement, grain and some other agricultural products. Transport options are limited not only by its connection to navigable rivers and canals, but also by its dependence on capacity for loading, unloading and storage of such bulk cargo, as well as by growing competition from railways serving parallel roads.

In the future, the importance of water transport for logistics will not decrease, since slow river vessels can serve as a kind of mobile warehouses if properly integrated into the overall logistics system.

Automobile transport. The main reasons for the active use of vehicles in logistics systems are their inherent flexibility of delivery and high speed intercity transportation. Road transport is distinguished from railways by relatively small investments in terminal equipment (loading and unloading facilities) and the use of public roads. However, in motor transport, the magnitude of variable costs (driver wages, costs of fuel, tires and repairs) per 1 km of travel is large, while fixed costs (overheads, depreciation of vehicles) are small. Therefore, unlike railway transport, it is best for transporting small quantities of goods over short distances. This determines the areas of use of vehicles - processing industry, trade, etc.

Despite certain problems in the motor transport industry (increasing costs of replacement and Maintenance equipment, to pay drivers, loaders and repairmen) in the foreseeable future, it is road transport that will retain its central position in meeting the transport needs of logistics.

Air Transport. Cargo aviation is the newest and least popular type of transport. Its main advantage is the speed of delivery, the main disadvantage is the high cost of transportation, which is sometimes offset by the speed of delivery, which makes it possible to abandon other elements of the structure of logistics costs associated with maintaining warehouses and inventories. Although air travel is not limited in distance, it still accounts for less than 1% of all intercity freight traffic (expressed in ton-miles). Air transport capabilities are constrained by the capacity and cargo capacity of aircraft, as well as their limited availability.

Traditionally, intercity freight transport has relied mostly on passing passenger flights, which was profitable and economical, but led to a loss of flexibility and delayed technical development. Chartering a jetliner is expensive and the demand for such services is sporadic, so the fleet of aircraft operating exclusively for cargo transport is very small.

Air transport has lower fixed costs compared to railways, water transport or pipelines. Fixed costs of air transport include the cost of purchasing aircraft and, if necessary, special cargo handling equipment and containers. Variable costs include kerosene, aircraft maintenance, and flight and ground personnel.

Since airports require very large open spaces, air transportation, as a rule, is not combined into a single system with other modes of transport, with the exception of road transport.

A wide variety of cargo is transported by air. The main feature of this type of transport is that it is used to deliver goods mainly in case of emergency, and not on a regular basis. Thus, the main cargo transported by air is either high-value or perishable goods, when high transport costs are justified. Potential objects of air cargo transportation are also such traditional products for logistics operations as assembly parts and components, goods sold through mail catalogs.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are an important part of the transport system and are mainly intended for pumping crude oil and liquid petroleum products, natural gas, liquid chemicals and dry bulk products (cement) converted into an aqueous suspension. This type of transport is unique: it operates around the clock, seven days a week, with breaks only for changing pumped products and maintenance.

Pipelines have the highest proportion of fixed costs and the lowest proportion of variable costs. The level of fixed costs is high, since the costs of laying pipelines, maintaining rights-of-way, building pumping stations and creating a pipeline management system are very high. But the fact that pipelines can operate with virtually no human intervention determines the low level of variable costs.

The obvious disadvantages of pipelines are the lack of flexibility and the limitation of their use to transport only liquid, gaseous and soluble substances or suspensions.

Speed ​​is determined by the time it takes to travel a certain distance. The fastest of all is air transport. Accessibility is the ability of transport to provide communication between any two geographical points. Road transport is the most accessible, since trucks can pick up cargo directly at the point of departure and deliver it directly to its destination. The reliability indicator reflects potential deviations from the expected or established delivery schedule. Because pipelines operate 24 hours a day and are immune to weather or overload, they are the most reliable form of transport. Loading capacity characterizes the ability to transport cargo of any weight and volume. On this basis, the highest rating belongs to water transport. Frequency is the number of transportations (transportations) in a traffic schedule. Since pipelines operate continuously, they take first place here too.

Trolleybus.

Trolleybus is the most economical and cheapest form of transport that does not pollute the environment. It is more economical than a bus, consumes less energy, is more reliable and easier to operate, does not “devour” oxygen and does not poison the air with exhaust gases. Use of trolleybuses in conditions big city, the elongation of route lines leads to direct fuel savings.

Today, trolleybuses are used mainly for passenger transportation in major cities and only in some cases for the delivery of goods. They are simpler in design than buses, their maintenance is less labor-intensive, and starting them up in the cold season does not create problems.

The noise level of trolleybuses is close to that of passenger cars. In terms of spectrum, it has a low-frequency character. Such noise is easier for humans to tolerate than the noise from trams, which is much higher and similar in level to the noise of freight transport.

First of all, the noise of trolleybuses is caused by the operation of the engine (traction gear), the rolling of the wheels on the road surface and the operation of auxiliary electrical machines. When moving and from engine operation and rolling wheels, vibration of the enclosing structures occurs; Loosely fitting windows and doors also produce noise. In this regard, reducing trolleybus noise can be achieved by balancing the engine and transmission mechanism (cardan shaft, armature, gearbox), and using elastic shock absorbers. Maintaining electric brushes in order, restoring and replacing worn parts of the contact network, sealing the fastenings of window glass, lighting fixtures, front and rear suspensions (shock absorber springs).

Industrial transport. Along with mainline transport, there is industrial transport, which carries out transportation at industrial enterprises, construction sites, and quarries. Industrial transport carries out technological transportation, and by and large, industrial transport carries out initial and final transportation.

Share of costs for industrial transport, production costs are very high and amount to 20% (food - 7%, and in open-pit mining - 60-65%, in manufacturing areas - 20-25%). About 8 million people work in industrial transport.

The average transportation distance on industrial transport is 6.5 thousand km, on the Ministry of Railways – 1000 km. That is why they do not use the freight turnover indicator, but use the indicator - transportation of goods in tons.

In industrial transport, only 20% of the tracks are electrified, and in mainline transport - 60%.

The first place is held by the railway and the road. Rail accounts for 32% and automobile 56%, with the remaining 12% coming from continuous modes of transport.

In terms of transport, the most convenient are 2 schemes: radial-circular and diagonal-rectangular, because they have the lowest coefficient of non-straightness of routes, i.e. the ratio of the distance between two points in a city to the distance along an air line. Average rectangular system gives a non-straightness coefficient of 1.27, and a radial annular one – 1.1.

Any enterprise interacts with the external environment. This interaction is especially important when organizing and managing material flows. The successful operation of a company that produces any goods comes down to the following scheme: purchase of raw materials - shipment finished products intermediary - sale of goods to the buyer. Each stage of this link is accompanied by transport logistics.

This type of logistics contributes to the high-quality and safe movement of goods. In this case, it is necessary to use resources sparingly and choose the most optimal route.

Logistics companies will help you comply with all the nuances. Thanks to experienced and qualified personnel, every stage of transportation is thought out to the smallest detail, the cargo arrives at its destination intact and at the right time.

Transport logistics is a complex science that requires special knowledge.

Transport logistics - what is it in simple words, its goals

The concept of transport logistics is in many ways similar to the concept of simple logistics. If we define it in simple words, then this is the organization of the delivery and movement of material objects and cargo along the optimal route using vehicles.

This subsection is extremely important. When an entrepreneur is just starting his business, with a small sales volume he can independently engage in transportation. But as your business grows, so do your sales volumes. Now it is problematic to move raw materials and finished products. In this case, it is rational to use the services of a transport logistics company.

Such an organization will ensure the safety of the cargo and select the optimal route to save money on transportation.

The main goal of transport logistics is to deliver goods to the appointed place and time with high quality indicators and in the required quantity. This means that punctuality must be observed, the goods must not be damaged and arrive in the same quantity as indicated in the documents.

Transportation costs occupy one of the main positions among other types of costs. For the purpose of the enterprise management, it is to make this figure smaller. That is why transport logistics is considered as:

• an effective way to influence costs thanks to the right choice of transport;
• rational organization of the entire transportation process from the point of departure to the point of destination;
• possibility of high-quality storage and handling of cargo.

Manufacturers and intermediaries are willing to pay transport and logistics companies for the fact that they:

1. They will select the optimal mode of transport for a specific cargo.
2. If necessary, they will be able to combine several modes of transport in one chain.
3. They will choose the optimal route.
4. They will use resources economically and reduce transportation costs.
5. Ensure cargo safety.

It is in the interests of a logistics company to perform its duties efficiently, because competition in this industry is high.

To reduce the company's transportation costs, it is necessary to select the optimal transport and logistics scheme.

History of the industry

Transport logistics dates back to the European Congress in Berlin in 1974. This term was uttered for the first time and its full definition, goals, objectives and development prospects were given.

Impressive spheres of influence of such logistics were outlined. The need for such a concept arose due to the development of the world economy. There was a need to systematize these processes, create competent scheme movement of goods and ensure their safety.

Transport logistics quickly found a response in the West, and the market for such services formed there back in 1990. Its capacity increases annually by 20%. Even during times of crisis and economic downturn, transport and logistics services are in demand.

In Russia, this type of service appeared only during the transition to a market economy. This industry is still actively developing and gaining momentum.

The following factors have a negative impact on this direction:

• instability of economic processes;
• slow production growth;
• poor condition of transport routes;
• low technical base indicators.

Two factors provide hope for process optimization:

• high level of training of specialists and personnel in this industry;
• the emergence of new organizations, sales and supply schemes.

Transport logistics- a very young direction that is undergoing transformation under the influence of external economic factors. No one doubts that this is an important industry. Especially positive features Large enterprises with large turnover will be noted.

Main types of transport, their definition

Transport logistics differs from simple logistics in that the movement of goods occurs using transport. Its wide variety allows you to optimally create a route and use several types at the same time, if this will reduce costs and save delivery time.

Transport should not be confused with a vehicle. This is a broader concept.

Transport- this is a set of vehicles, communication routes, various buildings and structures on these routes for the purpose of moving goods and people.

There are several types of transport. By purpose it is divided into:

1. Public transport (passenger, for moving goods, etc.).
2. Special purpose (military, medical).
3. Individual use (personal cars, airplanes).

Based on energy consumption, transport can be:

• driven by its own engine (thermal, electric, hybrid);
• propelled by wind (sailboats and various vessels based on this principle);
• powered by human power (bicycles);
• transport powered by animals.

There is also a gradation of transport according to the travel environment.

Ground transport is divided into:

• railway - transports goods and passengers by wheeled vehicles using rail tracks (trains, trams, subways);
• road transport - transports goods and people along trackless roads using motor vehicles that have at least 3 wheels (motorcycles and similar vehicles do not belong here);
• pipeline - a type of transport that moves liquid and gaseous substances through a pipe;
• air transport - consists of aircraft and the infrastructure adjacent to them (hangars, airports, control rooms);
• water - transports goods and passengers along natural or artificial waterways (sometimes sea and river).

You can also highlight specific types of transport:

• underwater;
• space;
• elevators and funiculars;
• elevators.

All these types are extremely important for the efficient transportation of goods. It is important to know their features, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages in order to be able to choose best option and combine them correctly to obtain maximum benefits.

Types of transport

Types of transport- this is a narrower concept. But knowing what types of transport help to move around, it will not be difficult to define them.

The following types of railway transport can be distinguished:

• locomotive;
• electric locomotive;
• electric train;
• locomotive;
• track machine;
• diesel train;
• passenger and baggage carriage;
• isothermal carriage;
• tank;
• gondola car;
• platform.

Types of road transport:

• passenger cars for general and special purposes;
• freight car general and special purpose;
• utility vehicle;
• car - tractor;
• tractor unit;
• passenger trailer with different technical characteristics;
• special and general purpose cargo trailer;
• caravan;
• passenger semi-trailer with various technical characteristics;
• cargo semi-trailer;
• general and special purpose bus;
• articulated bus.

Water and aerial view transport distinguish between watercraft and aircraft, respectively.

There is also a type of transport called a container. It is also often used in the transport of goods.

Each type of transport has its own precise definition, specifications and purposes of use. Using a broad classification of types, you can get a more holistic and comprehensive concept of modes of transport.

Types of transport transportation

Transport transportation- a complex process consisting of many links. An enterprise can cope with this task on its own or use the services of a logistics company. It all depends on the amount of work and the budget that the company has.

In the transport system there are two concepts: carrier and forwarder. They represent two sides of the same coin; without them, an effective process of moving goods is impossible.

Carriers physically move cargo from the point of departure to the point of arrival. At the same time, forwarders carry out a number of auxiliary functions: draw up documentation, help the cargo cross customs, control loading and unloading, insurance, and cargo storage.

Large companies that have the necessary funds always use the services of a forwarder. There is also the concept of a logistics partner. This is the person who specifies auxiliary services. These include: insurance and security companies, customs brokers, cargo packaging companies, and other important facilities.

There are the following types of transportation:

1. One-type- involves the use of one type of transport. Most often used when you need to deliver cargo from point to point without warehousing and processing.
2. Combined- when several modes of transport are used. This improves transport efficiency and reduces costs.

When it comes to international trade relations, the second type of transportation is most often used. For example, cargo is transported to the point of departure by rail, then it is reloaded onto trucks and taken to the airport, and then loaded onto an aircraft. Upon arrival, the goods are unloaded onto a vehicle and transported to their destination.

Types of transport logistics and its basics

Transport logistics is divided into internal and external.

Internal involves the movement of goods within the company and between its branches. External transport logistics allows you to transport cargo from the manufacturer to the consumer.

Also, this type of logistics differs according to the principle of process organization:

1. Logistic the principle assumes that there is only one transportation operator. This makes the process systematic and consistent. Thus, general transportation tariffs gradually appear.
2. Traditional- there is no single operator, but all participants interact with each other. The costs for certain services within the transport chain are known only to adjacent participants. Therefore, there are no uniform tariffs.

The first option is considered more universal and reliable. The company does not need to worry that some link will fail and the transportation will not take place. This is fraught with major losses for the enterprise, and the transport and logistics company will suffer damage to its reputation.

Tasks and functions of transport logistics

A complex system that forms transport logistics must perform the following basic functions:

• cargo delivery and forecast of the optimal process;
• preparation of documentation that accompanies the cargo;
• compliance with legal rules and regulations;
• payment for transportation services to individual participants in the process;
• loading and unloading work;
• proper packaging and storage;
• process optimization through automation and the introduction of technical innovations;
• information support of cargo;
• customs and insurance services.

The main task of transport logistics is to transport cargo on time with high quality and at minimal cost.

To do this, you need to complete a number of subtasks.

First, you should analyze the delivery points. The manager must take into account the characteristics of the cargo, terrain, landscape, type of transport, special conditions transportation (fire safety, cargo dimensions, etc.). Having summarized the information, he can decide to use several modes of transport, making intermediate points for unloading and loading.

Then the cargo itself should be analyzed. All characteristics are taken into account - fragility, weight, condition, influence of temperatures and other factors. For example, toxic substances cannot be transported through populated areas.

Now it's time to decide on transport. It is important to take into account its characteristics, tariffs and transportation time. All types of transport have their pros and cons. It is important to choose the best option for a specific cargo.

Building a route is also an important task in transport logistics. An experienced manager always selects several route options in order to have a backup option. You should also calculate the risks and costs in case of damage and delay of cargo.

Monitoring the implementation of the process allows you to inform the customer about the location of the cargo and its safety. For this purpose, navigation technology, mobile communications and the Internet are used.

Documentation accompanying the process

This industry is fully regulated by laws of various types and contents. The main document that is immediately drawn up between the customer and the contractor is the contract. It states that the logistics company undertakes to complete the task within the time period specified in the document, and the customer undertakes to pay for these services in full.

To transport cargo, the following documents must be drawn up:

• power of attorney for transportation;
• consignment note;
• cargo invoices;
• summary statements;
• invoices.

Depending on the type of transport that was chosen, the documentary base can be supplemented.

Conclusion

Transport logistics- an integral part of the functioning of enterprises of different forms of ownership, scale and profitability. Without this system, cargo delivery would be incomplete. Companies would constantly lose their income, lose goods and customers.

A positive feature in the development of transport logistics is that the field is being improved, automated and reaching new high levels.

Introduction

The progress of human society is inseparable from the history of transport development. If by the word “transport” we mean, first of all, the process of movement, then it can be argued that without the movement of tools and objects of labor and the person himself, it is impossible to obtain (produce) food, or make clothing and housing, or any other purposeful activity.

With the advent of private property and the division of people into classes, states began to develop, within which the purpose of transport increased even more. The settlement of people over larger territories, the construction of cities, the growth of exchange and trade - all this led to the further rapid development of transport.

Modern transport is a unified (in socio-economic terms) transport system, including a powerful network of railway, sea, river, road, air, pipeline, urban and industrial communications. Moving annually billions of tons of raw materials, fuel, materials, products, as well as many billions of passengers with enough high level comfort and speed, modern transport ensures mass industrial production, deep division of labor, internal and external trade, and promotes the development of culture and science.

But the economic and political instability the country is experiencing is complicating the financial situation of transport. The volume of cargo and passenger transportation continues to decline, which is associated with the economic decline in cargo-generating sectors of the national economy and the low solvency of the population.

In his course work I looked at the main problems transport complex on modern stage economic development of the Russian Federation, tried to conduct a comparative description of the main types of transport, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages, and also noted the shortcomings of the current legislative framework in the field of transport services.

1. Transport as a sphere of material production.

In modern society, very few human needs can be satisfied without the help of transport, which is used either to transport goods to places of use, or people to places of consumption of goods and services.

Transport is highly dependent on geographical conditions, especially the topographic features of mountain ranges, plains, valleys and coastlines, as a means of bridging the geographical gaps between production and consumption. Transport is designed to connect production and consumers and must create appropriate means for this and in many cases acts as a catalyst, increasing the level of economic activity. It allows you to expand the scale of production and connect production and consumers. Transportation is needed to achieve levels of personal well-being that were not possible in the past.

Transport occupies a special place in a single national economic complex. It is one of the industries that form the infrastructure of the national economy, designed to satisfy the ever-growing needs of society for the spatial movement of material products of labor and people.

In the new conditions, when it is necessary to achieve a material balance in the economy, the rhythm of the work of the entire national economy, the role of the transport link, interconnected with all material sectors and the non-productive sphere, acquires special significance. Society makes specific and very responsible demands on transport: complete, timely and high-quality satisfaction of the transportation needs of the national economy and population. It is very important to make maximum use of the reserves and capabilities of all modes of transport and rationally redistribute transportation between them.

Transport, as a special branch of material production, made possible a high level of development of production specialization in the most favorable geographical areas of countries and the world as a whole. In modern society, very few human needs can be satisfied without the help of transport, which is used either to transport goods to places of use, or people to places of consumption of goods and services.

Transport is part economic activity, which is associated with increasing the degree of satisfaction of people's needs through changes geographical location goods and people. It can transport raw materials to places where consumers can better utilize them.

The main thing in social production, considered from the organizational and technological side, an expedient, optimal connection of previously separate components (objects and tools, living labor). In the early stages of the development of productive forces, transportation was a single process with material production. As a result of the social division of labor, this type of activity was generalized, which caused the special production of transport products as an independent product, which always has a fairly high exchange value.

Specialization of districts and their comprehensive development is not possible without a transport system. The transport factor influences the location of production; without taking it into account, it is impossible to achieve rational placement productive forces. Transport is also important in solving socio-economic problems. The specificity of transport as a sector of the economy is that it itself does not produce products, but only participates in its creation, providing production with raw materials, materials, equipment and delivering finished products to the consumer.

Transport creates conditions for the formation of local and national markets. In the context of the transition to market relations, the role of rationalization of transport increases significantly. On the one hand, the efficiency of the enterprise depends on the transport factor, which in market conditions is directly related to its viability, and on the other hand, the market itself implies the exchange of goods and services, therefore, the market itself is impossible. Therefore, transport is the most important integral part market infrastructure.

Types of transport and their classification.

The main modes of transport in the Russian Federation are railway, road, aviation, pipeline, sea and river. Each of these types of transport performs a specific function within the Russian transport system in accordance with its technical and economic characteristics, carrying capacity, geographical and historical development features.

In Russian conditions, railway transport is most effective for transporting bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances with a high concentration of freight flows, as well as for transporting passengers over medium distances and in suburban traffic.

Road transport cannot compete with railway transport in mass inter-district freight transportation, primarily due to its high specific energy intensity and cost of transportation, long transportation distances and the lack of a modern high-tech road network.

The scope of application of road transport in Russia is intra-city, suburban and intra-district freight and passenger transportation, as well as medium- and long-distance transportation of low-tonnage valuable and perishable goods.

Maritime transport mainly carries out external, export-import transportation (including all freight transportation in intercontinental traffic). Its role is great in coastal (inland) transportation for the northern and eastern coastal regions of the country.

Inland water (river) transport is intended for the transportation of certain bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances, as well as for passenger traffic (especially suburban). However, in recent decades it cannot withstand competition with other types of transport and has practically turned into a specific type of technological transport intended for the transportation of minerals. building materials.

Pipeline transport, unlike those described above universal species transport still remains highly specialized, intended for pumping liquid and gaseous products of a limited range over long distances.

In terms of its functions, air transport is also highly specialized: it mainly carries out passenger transportation over long and medium distances, although it is of great importance in transporting a number of valuable, perishable, urgent cargo.

The leading place in terms of freight turnover among universal modes of transport belongs to the railway - 32.4%, and the share of road, sea and river accounts for less than 16% of the total freight turnover. The share of railway and river transport in total freight turnover has been falling over the past decades. At the same time, the share of highly specialized pipeline transport is constantly increasing and currently amounts to 52.5%. The share of air transport in cargo turnover is extremely insignificant.

In terms of the volume of cargo transported, the leading position is occupied by road transport - 79%, in second place is railway transport - 10.6%, and in third place is pipeline transport - 8%. Other types of transport account for less than three percent of the total volume of transported goods.

Role individual species transport in passenger transportation looks different.

In intercity transport, passenger turnover includes rail, air and bus transport. They account for over 99% of passenger turnover. Road transport is the undisputed leader in passenger transportation. The share of water and air transport is extremely insignificant.

In suburban traffic, 99% of passenger turnover and passenger transportation is accounted for by only two modes of transport: rail and bus.

In intracity traffic, the leading place in both passenger turnover (52.2%) and passenger transportation (48.0%) is occupied by buses. In second place is urban electric transport (tram, trolleybus, metro).

1.2 Unified transport system.

In the Russian Federation, all types of public transport constitute a unified transport system (UTS). It includes: railway, river, sea, road, air and pipeline transport.

The unified transport system of Russia has a very complex structure. The economic basis of this system is production and economic relations. Its material basis is a network of communications, technical means of transport and transportation services. The network of communication routes is formed by: inter-district highways, supporting the inter-district division of labor and cementing all regions of the country into a single economic organism; district transport networks, ensuring the development of intra-district production connections, connections between individual parts of the district complex; on-farm roads designed to carry out transportation functions in the process of production activities of individual industrial and agricultural enterprises.

Transport is a complex intersectoral system that occupies a key position in the territorial organization of productive forces. The economic and geographical study of transport is aimed at revealing the territorial features of the functioning of the transport system. Wherein special meaning has an assessment of the transport and geographical position of both individual elements of the UTS and various national economic objects that interact with each other using transport.

As part of the UTS, each mode of transport has its own rational areas of application. When establishing them, they take into account, first of all, operating costs, the required amount of capital investments, specific fuel and energy consumption, the capacity of cargo and passenger flows, transportation range, and type of cargo. For example, railway transport carries out the transportation of massive cargo flows, sea transport carries out intercontinental transport over long distances, as well as large and small cabotage. The importance of a particular type of transport in the Unified Transport System of the Russian Federation is determined, first of all, by its share in total freight turnover (see Table 1.2.1) and passenger turnover.

Table 1.2.1

Distribution of cargo turnover in the Russian Unified Transport System (million tons)

Types of transport
Railway
Automotive
Pipeline
Air

Recently, the share of railway transport in the total freight turnover has decreased, but it retains its leading importance in the UTS, which is primarily due to the compliance of the main highways with the main transport and economic connections, as well as its technical and economic advantages in the Russian Federation over other types of land transport. Waterways do not coincide with them everywhere; in addition, winter suspends navigation on many river and sea routes for a long period of time. The reduction in the share of river transport in the country’s cargo turnover is explained primarily by the presence of other, more effective types transport: pipeline and automobile. However, the collapse of the USSR and the increase in international economic relations led to an increase in the share of maritime transport in cargo and passenger turnover.

The role of pipeline transport is increasingly increasing, but it remains quite highly specialized, pumping crude oil, its refined products and natural gas. Road transport does not stand out in terms of freight turnover, since it is a short-distance mode of transport. However, its importance in the UTS of Russia is difficult to overestimate.

Rail transport is inferior in passenger turnover to motor transport.

Table 1.2.2

Distribution of passenger turnover in the UTS of Russia (million people)

Types of transport
Railway
Bus
Taxi
Tram
Trolleybus
Subways
Air

The share of motor transport in cities is especially high. The strengthening of its role is natural, since most of the passenger traffic occurs on routes between populated areas that do not have direct railway connections. In directions parallel to railway lines, only 1/4 of all passengers are transported by bus. Air transport accounts for less than 1% of total passenger traffic, but its exceptionally long range has pushed it into third place among all modes of transport in terms of passenger turnover. Behind last years the number of trips by rail over distances of over 1000 km is decreasing, while by air they are increasing.

An important element of the country's unified transport system is the transport network, which determines possible directions of transportation and points between which one or another type of communication is established. It consists of communications different types public and non-public transport. The formation of the transport network is determined by a number of socio-economic factors: development and location of the economy; urban settlements; the direction and capacity of the main transport and economic connections; location of major resort and tourist facilities.

2. Comparative characteristics of activities various types transport in a unified transport system.

Railway transport is the leading transport system in Russia. Its leading importance is due to two factors: technical and economic advantages over most other types of transport and the coincidence of the direction and capacity of the main transport-economic interdistrict and interstate (within the CIS) connections of Russia with the configuration, throughput and carrying capacity of railways (as opposed to river and maritime transport). This is also due to the geographical features of our country. The length of railways in Russia (87 thousand km) is less than in the USA and Canada, but the work they perform is greater than in other countries of the world. The main task of Russian railways is to provide reliable transport connections between the European part of the country and its eastern regions. It should be noted that the most important transport lines are overloaded. The average speed on railways is about 30 km/h and is constantly decreasing. The most dense and extensive network of railways is located in the European part Russian Federation. It is known that the railways of the Russian Federation, having 11-12% of the total length of the world's railways, carry more than 50% of the railways' freight turnover. In 1996, the freight turnover of our roads amounted to 1131 million tons/km, and the passenger turnover exceeded 417 billion passengers/km. The railways account for over 50% of all production assets of public transport. The industry employed, including non-production workers, about 3.5 million people. However, in general, the development of railways and the improvement of the economic indicators of their activities began to clearly lag behind the needs of the national economy. Despite this, railways remain the most economical view transport (as opposed to air and road transport), second only to pipeline and sea transport in terms of the cost of transportation. The advantage of railway transport is its independence from natural conditions (the construction of railways in almost any territory, the ability to rhythmically carry out transportation in all seasons, unlike river transport). The efficiency of railway transport becomes even more obvious if we take into account such advantages as high speeds of rolling car traffic, versatility, the ability to handle freight flows of almost any capacity (up to 75-80 million tons per year in one direction), many times less than other types of transport. Among the existing indicators, the following most accurately characterize the level of mobility of railway transport: meeting the transportation needs of the national economy for a certain period of time, meeting cargo delivery deadlines, car turnover, sectional and technical speed, sectional speed coefficient, average idle time of a car for one freight operation. In passenger transportation, the most important indicators are compliance with the schedule and timetable, implementation of the passenger transportation plan.

Automobile transport. By the beginning of the 90s, general use with hard surfaces exceeded 1,100 thousand km. The construction of roads in rural areas has been expanded. In terms of the amount of cargo transported, it surpassed the railway. In terms of cargo turnover, its share is relatively small - 26 million tons, since the average transportation distance for 1 ton of cargo is only 21 km. Of all types of transport, the car is most suitable for short distances. High maneuverability allows you to deliver cargo without intermediate loading and unloading operations. Along with this, it also has a big drawback: the cost of transportation is much higher than by rail and water transport. High cost is the result of the low carrying capacity of a rolling stock unit.

The scope of motor transport is wide. It carries out most of the short intra-district transportation, transporting cargo to railway stations and river piers and delivering them to the consumer. In the northern and eastern regions, where there are almost no other types of land transport, they carry out long-distance inter-district transportation. The basis of the road network of the Russian Federation is paved roads. With small freight flows and low intensity of passenger traffic, road construction is not economically justified. In such cases, communication between settlements is carried out along improved dirt roads. Large settlements and main cargo-generating points are connected by well-maintained year-round roads. The basis of the country's road network is made up of highways that provide high-speed travel for vehicles between the capitals of the republics and the centers of large economic regions.

The road network is characterized by a radial pattern near large cities and industrial cities. The main interdistrict routes run parallel to the railways, which is natural, since all types of transport as part of the Unified Transport System of the Russian Federation perform a common task - they carry out transport and economic connections. Motor transport is widely used for intra-production (technological) transportation and delivery of finished products to points of consumption. The structure of transportation includes construction cargo (including bricks and cement) - more than 13% of total transportation, overburden rock and soil, grain cargo, ferrous metals, coal, timber, and consumer goods. In some areas, transportation of agricultural goods is significant, for example, sugar beets in the Central Black Earth and Northern Caucasus.

Public transport carries out a large volume of passenger transportation (90% of passenger transportation by all mainline transport). However, the bulk of them - about 80% - account for intracity transportation. The share of commuter trips is 18%, and intercity trips are only 2%. In recent years, the fleet of individual passenger cars has sharply increased in large cities, which leads to an increase in their share in passenger traffic.

Maritime transport is important in the Russian transport system: it ranks third in terms of cargo turnover after rail and pipeline transport.

Unlike other types of transport, sea vessels transport mainly export-import cargo (46% of export and 70% of import). External cargo transportation predominates. Domestic transportation of great importance have none, with the exception of the coast of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Inland maritime transpositions are dominated by small cabotage, or navigation along the coast within one or two adjacent sea basins. Large cabotage is of lesser importance.

The maritime borders of the Russian Federation stretch for 47 thousand km and are more than 2 times longer than the land borders.

Maritime transport accounts for about 12% of cargo turnover. In many technical and economic indicators, sea transport is superior to others: the largest single carrying capacity, practically unlimited capacity of sea routes, relatively small specific capital investments, low energy costs for transporting 1 ton of cargo. However, its dependence on physical, geographical and navigation conditions, and the need to create complex port facilities on the sea coasts limit the scope of its application. In the maritime fleet, along with universal ones, a significant share is made up of specialized dry cargo and timber carriers, refrigerator ferries, railway ferries, etc. Container sea transportation has made it possible to create a single transport cycle - “from door to door”. Vessels of the “RO-RO” type (rockers) allow loading and unloading through bow and stern gates in a horizontal manner. Special sea vessels take on board shallow-draft barges - lighters - and launch them into the water own funds at river mouths or roadsteads they are then towed to their destination by actors.

The importance of sea ferry crossings served by railway ferries is great in ensuring the interaction of various modes of transport. In the harsh conditions of navigation in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, icebreakers are used. The Russian Federation has the world's most powerful icebreaker fleet. Nuclear icebreakers support year-round navigation in the western sector of the Northern Sea Route.

Specifics of transportation by sea transport predetermined the predominance of mass and volume cargo, primarily oil, ore, building materials, timber, coal, grain cargo. Dynamic development of the Russian economy, a steady course towards peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial cooperation with all countries, regardless of their social systems, are the objective basis for high and sustainable growth rates of transportation by the domestic maritime fleet.

Inland water transport is one of the oldest types of transport. The navigable waterways of the Russian Federation currently have a length of 93.8 thousand km and are the most important part of the state’s transport infrastructure. Transportation is carried out via inland waterways throughout the Russian Federation. Their importance is especially significant when delivering goods to the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East. River transport has a large and well-branched network of paths and lakes. Russia has unique inland waterways, the length of which is about 100 thousand km. But recently, the share of river transport in freight turnover has been declining, since it cannot withstand competition with other types of mainline transport, and above all with railway transport, the scope of which in comparison with river transport is almost identical.

The construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Volga-Baltic Waterway, the Moscow Canal, a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga and Kama, the commissioning of the Volga-Don Canal made it possible to create a single deep-water highway connecting the White, Baltic Black, Azov and Caspian Seas, to gain access to Mediterranean Sea. On the route St. Petersburg - Moscow - Perm - Astrakhan - Rostov, during the high-water period, a depth of up to 4 meters is provided, and in the low-water summer period - 330 -350 cm. This waterway corresponds international standards, laid down in Resolution No. 30 main working group UNECE on Inland Water Transport of November 12, 1992, concerning the classification of inland waterways, and is classified according to this classification in the sixth class.

To improve the reliability of the functioning of waterways, the Government of the country adopted a target Federal program“Inland waterways” for the period 1996-2000. The program, along with the technical re-equipment of hydraulic structures, the fleet, and navigation equipment, provides for a significant increase in the transportation of goods by river transport with the restoration of volumes to the 1992 level.

A special place in the waterway transportation system is occupied by mixed navigation vessels (“river - sea”). For more than 30 years, vessels of the Russian Federation fleet have been transporting foreign trade cargo overseas. These transportations gained wide popularity both in Russia and abroad and developed at a high pace. Currently, intermodal vessels transport about 27 million tons of foreign trade cargo. Of these, 2.5 million tons of foreign trade cargo are transported annually to the ports of Finland and back, including 500 thousand tons via the Saimaa Canal. In the Caspian region, transportation has reached 4 million tons and tends to increase annually due to the establishment of trade relations between Russia and Iran, transportation of oil and petroleum products from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Traditional regions for the operation of mixed navigation vessels leaving and entering inland waterways are the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea-Mediterranean basin, and the countries of the Far East. About 700 vessels of this type with a total carrying capacity of 1.7 million tons operate in overseas transportation. 35 shipping companies and shipping companies Russian companies. The North-Western Shipping Company (St. Petersburg), Belomoro-Onega Shipping Company (Petrozavodsk), Volgotanker (Samara), Volgo-Fleet (Nizhny Novgorod), Volgo -Don Shipping Company (Rostov-on-Don), Amur River Shipping Company (Khabarovsk). The Moscow (Moscow), Northern (Arkhangelsk), Irtysh (Omsk) shipping companies, and the Lena Association (Yakutsk) confidently comprehend the laws of the market.

Pipeline transport is a highly specialized type. According to their purpose, main pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, gas pipelines and product pipelines. In recent years, universal pipeline transport has been created.

The development of oil pipeline transport is closely related to the growth of oil production and refining. The existing system of oil pipelines generally corresponds to the directions of transportation of crude oil for a fairly long term and will be replenished with branches from new oil fields, as well as additional highways on existing routes.

Pipeline transport, which has received particularly rapid development in our country, has become a determining factor in solving one of the main national economic problems - the development of the fuel and energy complex. The network of gas pipelines is growing and improving especially rapidly. The main pipeline arteries leading from the north-eastern regions to the center of the country are being built in the so-called energy corridor, approximately 100 km wide. This makes it possible to achieve rates of commissioning of pipeline systems that are not known in any other country. Pneumatic and hydraulic transport allows you to move a wide range of goods. Pneumatic routes operate in the Moscow region.

Air transport in the Russian Federation is one of the main types of passenger transport. According to the length of regular air lines The Russian Federation ranks first in the world. Over 3600 cities and others settlements our countries are connected by air. Most of the passenger flows are concentrated at the Moscow air hub.

This type of transport is much smaller than others and is used for transporting goods. Its share in total cargo turnover is less than 0.05%. By cost transport cargo there are hardly any equals to them. After all, airplanes usually transport the most expensive cargo: various small-sized equipment, computers and televisions, jewelry, furs and expensive clothes, medicines and perfumes, high-quality perishable products (butter, chocolate, exotic tropical fruits), weapons, flowers and much more. The fastest delivery of such cargo sharply accelerates the turnover of significant material assets and contributes to trade income.

The main differences between aviation, the youngest and fastest growing mode of transport, from other modes of transport and its advantages over them are the highest ground speed of transportation and relatively less dependence on the condition and functioning of ground-based technical means (they are concentrated mainly at airfields). Such independence of aviation makes it an indispensable means of communication in hard-to-reach, sparsely populated areas of the country, especially with a harsh climate, such as in the northern regions of Siberia, the Far East and Kamchatka.

It is impossible not to note the independence of aviation, especially in intercontinental flights, from climatic conditions And seasonal changes seasons. Air transport does not have a pronounced seasonality according to the seasons, like, for example, water (river) transport.

Of course, air transport has its disadvantages. The main ones are the relatively high cost of transportation, the still insufficient level of safety and significant dependence on weather conditions, especially at landing sites.

In large areas of the Far North, Siberia and the Far East, helicopters are used to transport goods and people. Helicopter flight speed is up to 350 km/h, load capacity is up to 40 tons. It transports heavy transport equipment and large cargo to taiga and mountainous areas. In some areas, transporting goods by air is cheaper than other modes of transport.

Having compared all the main types of transport of the UTS of the Russian Federation, we can draw the following conclusion that each of the considered types of transport has both advantages and disadvantages, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Advantages and disadvantages of various types of transport.

Types of transport	Advantages	Flaws
Railway	Reliability and relatively high speed of delivery of goods and passengers, independence from weather conditions, regularity, mass, universality
	High carrying capacity, low costs for organizing transportation	Transportation range due to the tortuosity of the rivers, relatively low speed of movement, seasonality of work, low vessel load due to uneven depths
Automotive	High cross-country ability and great maneuverability, high speed of delivery of goods and passengers, rationality of transportation over any distance, ensuring the required frequency of traffic and placement of roads in all zones of the country	Relatively expensive type of land transport, lower labor productivity compared to other types of transport
	Use of long-distance natural communication routes, unlimited capacity of sea routes	Requirement for expensive port facilities, high share of costs for initial and final operations, dependence on weather conditions
Pipeline	Possibility of universal installation of pipelines, high throughput, low cost of transportation, small number of maintenance personnel, independence from natural and climatic conditions, continuity of the transportation process	Highly specialized in cargo transportation, pollution environment
Air	Shorter air routes, longer non-stop flight range, high speed delivery of cargo and passengers	Dependence of flights on weather conditions, high cost of transportation

3. Problems of development and the current state of the unified transport system.

In the context of the transition to market relations, the role of rationalization of transport increases significantly. On the one hand, the efficiency of enterprises depends on the transport factor, which in market conditions is directly related to its viability, and on the other hand, the market itself implies the exchange of goods and services, which is impossible without transport, therefore, the market itself is impossible. Therefore, transport is an essential component of market infrastructure.

First of all, the issues of increasing investment in this industry, attracting foreign capital, and establishing the work of suppliers of the transport complex need to be addressed - transport engineering, electrical and electronic industries, instrument making, construction industry, etc. In the transport complex itself, closer coordination of the work of all types of transport among themselves and with sectors of the national economy is necessary. One of the main tasks is the restoration of transport and economic relations with neighboring countries, since the transport complex of the USSR was formed as a single whole, and the isolated functioning of its individual parts led to degradation transport sector not only Russia, but all former republics of the USSR. There are acute problems of transport provision for rural settlements, passenger transportation in large cities, and reducing the negative impact of transport on the natural environment and people.

The transition to market relations of the Russian transport complex is also complicated by the fact that due to the previously formed highly centralized management structure and the previously created super-large transport monopolies. With the denationalization of individual parts of the transport complex, a main problem arose - the problem of legislative regulation of cargo transportation.

The variety of forms of ownership in market conditions has led to significant changes in intermodal and combined transportation. On the one hand, various transport organizations (sea and river shipping companies, ports, motor transport joint-stock companies, etc.) have gained economic independence in the implementation of these transportations and actively participate in them, on the other hand, the actions of railway transport are strictly regulated by the state.

New forms of vehicle ownership in market conditions have come into conflict with the legislative acts in force in the field of intermodal and combined transportation, which can no longer regulate the relationship between the parties various forms property, therefore, to solve this problem, certain actions are needed on the part of the legislative authorities. Some problems also arose when developing a new mechanism for managing enterprises in the transport complex. In market relations it should be based on the following provisions:

Transport occupies a central place in the national economy of the Russian Federation, providing solutions to various national problems of an economic, social and political nature, including the economic security and integrity of the state, strengthening its defense capability. Because of this, transport cannot be considered as a purely commercial structure and is under the influence of market regulators alone;

go to new model management, no matter what organizational and economic form it receives, must take into account the specific features of the UTS. It's about about technological unity and integrity of the network;

the reorganization of production and organizational and management structures of transport during the transition to a new management model should in no way become destructive. It should be viewed as a process natural development economic reforms taking into account practical experience and developments of recent years;

the new management model should not conflict with the fundamental provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and other legislative acts.

Conclusion

The statistical data presented in my course work clearly indicate that the entire transport system of the Russian Federation is in crisis. It faces a number of problems, the solution to which depends both on the complex itself and public policy in relation to each mode of transport and the transport system as a whole.

Market relations that have been introduced into the transport system force us to change our views on the goals, objectives, priorities and mechanism for managing Russia’s communication routes, that is, to consider the transport system from geopolitical, scientific, technical, organizational, managerial and national positions.

A state program for the revival of the transport system and its entire infrastructure should be developed: mechanical engineering, repair bases, research institutes, design bureaus, higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, warehouses, etc., and the development and improvement of the Unified Transport System of the Russian Federation should carried out on a regulatory basis.

The third leading branch of material production, it forms the material basis of the international division of labor, affects the location of production, promotes the development of specialization and cooperation, as well as the development of integration processes.

All communication routes, transport enterprises and vehicles together form the global transport system. Scientific and technological progress has affected all types of transport: speeds have increased, load capacity has increased, and rolling stock has multiplied. The emergence of containers underwater tunnels significantly expanded the possibilities of transporting various goods.

The ratio of modes of transport in the transport systems of regions and individual countries of the world is different. Thus, the transport system of industrialized countries has a complex structure and is represented by all types of transport, including electronic. Japan, the USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, etc. are distinguished by a particularly high level of development of transport infrastructure. It is developed countries that account for approximately 85% of the cargo turnover of global inland transport (excluding long-distance maritime transport). Moreover, in Western countries. In Europe, 25% of freight turnover is accounted for by railway transport, 40% by road transport, and the remaining 35% by inland waterway, sea (short-distance) cabotage and pipeline modes of transport.

Land transport

Railway - and today its role remains important, especially in the transportation of bulk cargo. About 50% of the total length of railways is in 10 countries - the USA, Russia, India, Canada, China. Western Europe leads in the density of railways.

Automotive is a leader in intracity and suburban passenger transportation. Based on the length of highways, the following are distinguished: USA, Russia, India; in terms of density - Europe and Japan.

In the USA and Canada, the shares of rail and road transport in cargo transportation are almost equal. In countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS, railways continue to lead in cargo transportation, but the importance of road transport is constantly growing.

Pipeline - has developed rapidly due to the growth of oil and gas production. The global network of oil pipelines currently has a length of more than 400 thousand km, the network (of gas pipelines is even greater - 900 thousand km). The cost of transportation through pipelines is three times lower than through railway. They ensure stability of transportation and less environmental pollution.

All in. In America, pipelines are laid from oil and gas production areas to industrial consumption centers in the east of the continent. In the West In Europe, they pass from seaports to industrial centers in the interior of the continent. In Russia, oil and gas pipelines are carried out from the Western regions. Siberia and the Volga region to the European part of the country and further to the East. and Zap. Europe. The length of the Druzhba oil pipeline is 5.5 thousand km, and the Urengoy-Western Europe gas pipeline is about 4.5 thousand km.

Water transport

Sea - of all types of global transport, the cheapest is sea. It provides more than 75% of transportation between countries (the total volume of cargo is about 3.6 billion tons per year), serves 4/5 of the total international trade, transports liquid, bulk, bulk cargo. The largest tonnage of the merchant fleet is in Japan, the USA, Greece, and Russia. The presence of large fleets in Panama and Liberia is explained by the fact that ships of other powers sail under the flags of these countries. The Atlantic Ocean stands out in terms of the size of maritime transport.

The world's largest ports (in terms of cargo turnover) include: Rotterdam (Netherlands), Singapore, Shanghai (China), Nagoya, Tokyo-Yokohama (Japan), New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco (USA), Antwerp (Belgium), Le Havre, Marseille (France), London, etc.

River - uses navigable rivers, canals and inland reservoirs. The largest shipping canals and river waterways in the world are the Intracoastal Waterway (USA), the Grand Canal (China), the Volga-Kama Waterway (Russia), the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway in Europe. River transport primarily serves the domestic needs of individual states, but sometimes also carries out international transportation (for example, along the Rhine and Danube rivers in Europe, etc.).

The largest river and lake fleet is in the USA. Among the leading countries in the world in terms of inland water transport cargo turnover, China, Russia, Germany and Canada should also be noted.

Air Transport

Air transport is the youngest and most dynamic. It ranks first in intercontinental transportation. The most developed countries have a dense network of airlines. The largest air fleet (aircraft) is concentrated in the USA, significant in Canada, France, Australia, and Germany. More than 1 thousand airports participate in international air services (there are about 400 in Europe alone).

The largest airports in the world: in the USA - Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Atlanta, New York (Kennedy), San Francisco; UK - London (Heathrow); Japan - Tokyo, as well as in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, France - Paris, etc.

Transport nowadays has become less dependent on nature. But at the same time, the negative impact of transport on nature (thermal, noise, chemical and other types of pollution) is growing. Many countries are taking measures to protect the environment from the negative impacts of transport.