Central Scientific Research
and design and experimental institute
engineering equipment cities, residential and public buildings
(TsNIIEP engineering equipment) State Committee for Architecture

Reference manual forSNiP

The series was founded in 1989

HEATING AND VENTILATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

MOSCOW

STROYIZDAT

Recommended To publication section heating, ventilation And conditioning air Scientifically-technical council TsNIIEP engineering equipment State Committee for Architecture

PREFACE

The manual was developed in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings. The microclimate parameters in the premises of residential buildings and the air-thermal regime established by SNiP are determined not only by the operation of heating and ventilation systems, but also by the architectural, planning and design solutions of these buildings, as well as by the thermophysical characteristics of enclosing structures. In addition to the above, in residential buildings the microclimate is greatly influenced by the characteristics of the use of apartments by residents. The combination of these factors determines the operating costs of heat and the level of air-thermal comfort. Taking this into account, organizing and rationally maintaining air-thermal conditions in residential buildings is a complex task. However, the current system of regulatory documents, specialized in individual sections of design, does not take this complexity into account.

The design of heating and ventilation systems is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-86. In this case, reference manuals for SNiP, reference books, advisory and other literature are used, containing methods for thermal and hydraulic calculations of systems, instructions for their design, and equipment characteristics. The listed documents, aimed at specialists in the field of designing heating and ventilation systems, do not address the entire range of issues of ensuring standardized air-thermal conditions in the premises of residential buildings with minimal thermal energy consumption. Therefore, in compiling this Manual, the main attention is paid to the questions that most often arise among designers and indicate not only the lack of clarity of certain provisions of the standardization, but also the lack in some cases of understanding of the significance of various elements of residential buildings in their air-thermal conditions.

The manual was developed by the TsNIIEP of engineering equipment of the State Committee for Architecture (candidates of technical sciences A.Z. Ivyansky and I.B. Pavlinova).

1. CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING SOLUTIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

1.1. Air-thermal regime indoors is one of the main factors determining the level of comfort of residential buildings. An unsatisfactory microclimate makes them unsuitable for living.

1.2. Optimizing the air-thermal conditions of apartments requires their isolation from adjacent rooms in order to minimize the amount of flowing air.

The flow of air into apartments from adjacent apartments and (or) stairwells is one of the main reasons that reduces the efficiency of the ventilation system and leads to an unsatisfactory state of the air environment in apartments. Taking this into account, the construction part of the residential building project must include planning, design and technological solutions that minimize the possibility of air flowing through entrance doors into apartments, places of junction of enclosing structures, passage through them engineering communications and etc.

1.3. As experience in the operation of modern mass residential buildings shows, one of the most common reasons for underheating of premises at the calculated heat transfer of the heating system is the actual underestimation of the air permeability resistance of the window filling compared to the regulated SNiP II-3-79 ** for the window design provided for by the project. This underestimation occurs due to the low quality of manufacturing of window blocks; poor-quality sealing of window blocks into the wall panel; absence of gaskets sealing the rebates or their non-compliance with the design, etc.

To avoid underheating of the premises of residential buildings at low outside temperatures as a result of the above-mentioned factor, it is recommended to conduct random full-scale tests of windows in order to determine their actual resistance to air permeation, characteristic of a specific building area, for example, according to the method of full-scale air exchange tests of residential buildings TsNIIEP engineering equipment.

1.4. The dimensions of light openings determine not only the calculated heat loss of the premises, but also the thermal regime in them due to negative radiation and falling flows of cold air in winter and overheating in summer. Therefore, one should strive for the minimum permissible dimensions of light openings from the conditions natural light, but no more than with a ratio of their area to the floor area of ​​the corresponding premises of 1:5.5.

1.5. When choosing constructive solution in attics, preference should be given to sectional warm attics used as a static pressure chamber for a natural exhaust ventilation. Open attics with exhaust air vented into them require further research and structural improvement, and are currently not recommended for use in mass housing construction. In buildings with a height of less than 5 floors, in which the installation of a warm attic is impractical, exhaust ducts should directly exit into shafts located above the roof level.

1.6. Zoning of apartments is associated with an increase in the number of utilities, which leads to an increase in material consumption and operating costs. Availability of exhaust ducts in different places apartments significantly reduces the reliability and efficiency of the natural exhaust ventilation system.

1.7. The connection of sanitary units and ventilation units to the external walls of apartments makes it difficult to ensure satisfactory humidity conditions in sanitary premises and requires special solutions to increase the temperature of their enclosures, which are subject to development and testing in mass construction.

1.8. Planning solutions for apartments from the point of view of organizing ventilation should primarily be aimed at eliminating horizontal air ducts within the apartment; to ensure direct air flow from the kitchen, bathroom and toilet into the ventilation unit; to provide access to ventilation units during installation, as well as for inspection and sealing of joints during operation.

1.9. In basements and ground floors Apartment buildings and dormitories with heating systems connected to centralized heating networks, if the estimated heat loss of buildings during the heating period is 1000 GJ or more, a room should be provided to accommodate an individual heating point (IHP).

The ITP room must have a height (clean) of at least 2.2 m, in places where service personnel can access it - at least 1.9 m; must be separated from other rooms, have a door that opens outward, and lighting. The floor must have a concrete or tiled surface with a slope of 0.005. A drain should be installed in the floor of the ITP, and if it is impossible to drain water by gravity, a drainage pit with dimensions of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.8 m should be installed, covered with a removable grate. To pump water from the pit into the sewerage system, a drainage pump should be installed.

It is recommended to determine the estimated heat loss of the building during the heating period in accordance with Section. of this Manual.

1.10. The use of kitchen niches with mechanical exhaust ventilation is allowed only in residential buildings, all apartments of which are equipped with mechanical exhaust ventilation.

1.11. The construction of loggias with floor-level exits from the staircase is associated with significant additional heat consumption and is not recommended unless it is related to fire safety requirements.

1.12. When conducting a feasibility study for the design of an attic, in addition to traditional factors, one should also take into account the costs of insulating the utilities located in them and their operation.

2. CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS

2.1. Estimated heat losses compensated by heating should be determined from the heat balance. The heat balance of a residential building as a whole and each heated room is found from the equation

Q tr + Q in + Q c.o + Q ins + Q life = 0, (1)

Where Q tr - transmission heat losses through the fences of the building (room); Q c - heat costs for heating the outside air in the volume of infiltration or sanitary norm; Q s.o - thermal power heating system, which is the desired quantity when determining the heat balance; Q ins - heat gain due to solar radiation; Q household - total heat input from all internal heat sources, with the exception of the heating system (domestic heat generation conventionally includes heat generation from household electrical and lighting appliances, kitchen stoves, hot water supply pipelines and directly consumed hot water, people in the apartment).

2.2. Calculation of transmission heat losses through external enclosing structures is carried out according to the appendix. 8, SNiP 2.04.05-86. In this case, the calculated indoor air temperatures tcalc are accepted in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 Residential buildings.

2.3. When calculating transmission heat losses through the internal fences of residential buildings, heat transfer should be taken into account:

a) through attic floors in houses with a warm attic;

b) through ceilings above unheated basements and underground spaces (including when placing heat pipes in them);

c) through the internal fences of the staircase (including smoke-free ones).

In this case, the coefficient P taken equal to 1.

The air temperature in basements (undergrounds) and warm attics should be determined from the heat balance of these premises (when compiling the heat balance of a warm attic, Recommendations for the design of reinforced concrete roofs with a warm attic for multi-storey residential buildings / TsNIIEP housing, 1986 can be used).

After determining the air temperature according to paragraphs. A And b For given building structures, compliance with the standardized value Dtн should be checked according to the table. 2 SNiP II-3-79 ** Construction heating engineering.

In stairwells of houses with apartment heating, the calculated air temperature is not standardized.

2.4. The heat consumption for heating the outside air entering the premises is determined twice:

a) based on the amount of air infiltrated through leaks in external fences;

b) based on the sanitary standard of ventilation air of 3 m3/h per 1 m2 of floor area in living rooms.

For living rooms, the larger one is taken from the two values ​​obtained, for kitchens - according to paragraph. A.

2.5. Heat consumption Qi, W, for heating the infiltrating air is determined by the formula

Qi= 0.28 S Gikic(tp - ti), (2)

Where Gi- the amount of infiltrated air, kg/h, through the enclosure of the room, determined by the formula (); With - specific heat air, equal to 1 KJ/(kg×°C); ki- the coefficient for taking into account the influence of counter heat flow in structures is taken according to adj. 9 to SNiP 2.04.05-86; tp, ti- estimated air temperatures, °C, indoors and outdoors during the cold season (parameters B).

Calculation of heat consumption for heating infiltrated air for all premises of residential buildings (including staircases, elevator halls, floor corridors), taking into account the generalized results of full-scale tests of various elements of fencing for air permeability and the results of machine calculations (in tabular form), can be carried out using materials TsNIIEP engineering equipment.

2.6. Heat consumption Q in, W, for heating the sanitary standard of ventilation air is determined by the formula

Q in = ( tp - ti) A n, (3)

Where A n - floor area of ​​the living space, m2.

2.7. The amount of air infiltrated into the room S Gi, kg/h, should be determined by the formula*

* Interpretation of formula (3) adj. 9 SNiP 2.04.05-86 for residential buildings.

where A1, A2 are the areas of the windows, respectively ( balcony doors) and external doors, m2, l- length of joints of wall panels, m; R 1 and R 2 - air permeability resistance of windows (m2×h (daPa)2/3/kg) and doors (m2×h (daPa)0.5/kg); determined according to SNiP II-3-79 ** (Appendix 10) and SNiP 2.04.05-86 (Appendix 9) or based on the results of full-scale tests; Dp - calculated pressure difference on the outer and inner surfaces of the external enclosures of the room, daPa; Dp1et - pressure difference Dp, determined for the premises of the 1st floor, daPa.

2.8. For residential buildings with natural exhaust ventilation, the calculated pressure difference DR found by formula*

2.11. Heat consumption, GJ, for the heating period S Q found from the expression

(7)

Where Q- estimated heat consumption of a heated building (facade); tp- design temperature of internal air, °C; - average outside air temperature during the heating period, °C, taken according to SNiP 2.01.01-82; ti- estimated outside air temperature (parameters B), °С; P- the number of days of the heating season (the duration of the period with an average daily air temperature of £ 8 °C), adopted according to SNiP 2.01.01-82.

With a sufficient degree of accuracy it is possible to take

(tp - )/(tR - ti) = 0,5.

Table 1

Q d - additional heat losses associated with cooling of the coolant in the supply and return lines passing through unheated rooms, kW. Size Q d is recommended to be determined with an efficiency coefficient, insulation of 0.75, according to table. .

table 2

	Heat transfer of 1 m of insulated pipe, W/m, with nominal diameter, mm
* t d - temperature of the coolant at the entrance to the heating system (for supply pipelines) or at the exit from it (for return pipelines), °C; t c - air temperature of the rooms in which the pipelines are laid, °C; determined by the heat balance of these rooms (see section).

3.2. Estimated coolant flow in the risers (branches) of the heating system G st, kg/h, should be determined by the formula

Where Q st - total heat loss of the premises served by the riser (branch) of the heating system, kW; With c - specific heat capacity of water, kJ/(kg×°C); D t- difference in coolant temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the riser (branch). When calculating D t It is recommended to take 1 °C less than the calculated temperature difference of the coolant in the heating system.

3.3. Heat flow Q heating device is determined by the formula

(10)

Where Q n.p - rated heat flow of the heating device, kW; P And R- exponents, respectively, at relative temperature pressure and coolant flow; b3 - dimensionless coefficient taking into account the number of sections in the radiator (only for cast iron sectional radiators); b4 is a dimensionless coefficient that takes into account the installation method of the heating device; b- dimensionless coefficient for the calculated atmospheric pressure; Wed- correction factor taking into account the connection diagram of the heating device and the change in the exponent R in different water flow ranges; y1 - coefficient that takes into account the decrease in heat flow when the coolant moves according to the “bottom-up” scheme; M- water flow through the heating device (for convectors - for each tube), kg/s; q- temperature difference, °C.

, (11)

Where t n and t k - coolant temperature at the inlet and outlet of the heating device, °C; D t pr - temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the heating device, °C; t c - estimated air temperature of the heated room, °C.

Values Q n.p., P, R, b3 , b, Wed, y1 should be taken from information releases of institutes of the USSR Ministry of Construction Materials, reference books, catalogs, etc.

For the most popular heating devices, the necessary information is contained in the following literature:

Methodology for determining the nominal heat flow of heating devices using water as a coolant/Research Institute of Plumbing, 1984.

3.4. The ratio of equivalent square meters (ecm) and kilowatts is recommended to be taken:

for radiators and convectors without casing 1 ecm - 0.56 kW,

for convectors with a casing of 1 ecm - 0.57 kW.

The nominal heat flow of heating devices in kW is determined at a difference in the average temperatures of the coolant and air of 70 ° C, the coolant flow through the device is 0.1 kg/s, atmospheric pressure 1013 GPa.

The actual heat flow from heating devices in the heating system, depending on the values ​​of the listed factors, will differ from the nominal one up or down. As a result, there is no formal correspondence in kilowatts between the heat loss of the premises and the nominal heat flow of the heating devices installed in them (for example, in a room with a heat loss of 1 kW, according to calculations, a heating device with a nominal heat flow of 1.3 kW should be installed), which is a defect of the new heating meter, and not calculation errors.

3.5. Heating systems for residential buildings with a heat consumption during the heating period (see paragraph of this Manual) of 1000 GJ or more should be designed per-facade to allow automatic separate control of each facade. When heat consumption during the heating period is less than 1000 GJ (240 Gcal), automatic control of heat flow is provided for during justification.

3.6. Automatic control of heat flow in heating systems should be designed based on the “General provisions for equipping with metering devices and automatic regulation gas supply systems, heating, ventilation, hot water supply, heating networks and boiler houses”, approved by the resolution of the USSR State Construction Committee.

Since 1989, the Moscow Thermal Automation Plant of the USSR Ministry of Instrumentation began producing Teplar-110 microprocessor regulators, designed to regulate two façade heating systems and a hot water supply system for residential buildings (with one device). "Teplar-110" is the most effective specialized regulator.

3.7. When automating heating systems, internal air temperature sensors should be installed in the air flow in the center of the main ducts of ventilation units (with separate ventilation units - kitchen units) 700 - 800 mm below the junction of the satellite channel with the collection duct in the upper floor ventilation unit. For façade-by-façade regulation, it is recommended to use ventilation units for placing sensors in apartments whose rooms are oriented primarily toward one façade of the building. In houses with meridional orientation, it is recommended to install at least one sensor in the ventilation unit of the apartment adjacent to the northern end of the building. In other cases, one should strive for the minimum length of connecting lines of sensors with control devices.

3.8. For multi-storey residential buildings, the main heating solution is single-pipe water heating systems made from standardized units and parts, with top or bottom filling and artificial circulation stimulation. For buildings up to 10 floors high, single-pipe systems with U (T)-shaped risers can be used. The parameters of the coolant in water heating systems should be 105 - 70 °C, if these parameters are not provided by heat sources (individual or group boiler rooms) - 95 - 70 °C.

Cast iron is preferred as heating appliances. sectional radiators type MC and steel convectors of the “Universal” type, which provide regulation of heat flow “through the air” due to the air valve included in their design, which makes it possible not to install control valves in front of them.

3.9. Panel heating systems with heating elements in single-layer and three-layer external wall panels, compared to traditional central heating systems, are a progressive technical solution, which, if executed well, allows for increased industrialism installation work, reduce the cost of construction and reduce metal consumption when high level thermal comfort in serviced premises.

Along with this, it should be taken into account that the large volume of “hidden” work characteristic of panel heating systems places increased demands on production culture and adherence to technological discipline. In large-scale emergencies, panel heating systems require more precise actions by operating personnel. In this regard, decisions on the use of panel heating systems in specific cities (districts) are made by state construction authorities of the Union republics, regional (city) executive committees, taking into account the preparedness of house-building plants, heat supply and operating organizations.

When designing panel heating systems, the “Guidelines for the design and implementation of panel heating systems with steel heating elements in the external walls of large-panel buildings” (SN 398-69) can be used with changes arising from the current regulatory documents.

3.10. In residential buildings connected to centralized heating networks with a design coolant (water) temperature of 150 °C with parameters B outside air and a guaranteed pressure drop, a system with stepwise heat recovery (SRT) can be used, which allows reducing the consumption of heating devices.

The design of the SRT system is carried out in accordance with the “Norms for the design of heating systems with stepwise heat recovery” (RSN 308-85 Gosstroy of the Ukrainian SSR).

3.11. When designing heating systems for residential buildings erected in the Northern construction-climatic zone, in addition to the current regulatory documents, it is additionally recommended:

a) design heating systems with local heating devices with dead-end routing of main pipelines with the number of risers connected to one branch not exceeding 6. With a larger number of risers, as a rule, provide for the passing movement of the coolant;

b) for heating staircases, provide:

high steel convectors in the lobbies, including their heating system, installed on both supply lines in places inaccessible to accidental closing of shut-off valves. The load of high convectors should be taken equal to the heat loss of the lobby, taking into account heat loss through the entrance doors;

steel convectors on the floors, connecting them to independent risers via a single-pipe flow diagram. The risers of staircases within 1 - 2 floors should be laid in apartments, elevator halls or other rooms heated by the main heating system of the buildings. The estimated air temperature in the staircases should be 18 °C;

c) heating of waste collection chambers should be provided, as a rule, with coils made of smooth pipes, connected to the heating system according to a flow-through circuit, with the installation of shut-off valves on both connections. The estimated air temperature in the waste collection chamber should be 15 °C;

d) take unaccounted circulation pressure losses in the heating system equal to 25% of the maximum pressure losses;

e) when installing mixing pumps in heating systems, provide a backup pump;

f) in heating systems of residential buildings with 3 or more floors, provide shut-off valves for shutting them off and drain valves with a fitting for emptying on each riser;

g) lay risers at intersections of floors using sleeves;

h) for risers and connections to heating devices, use ordinary steel pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 *.

All of the above is aimed at increasing the reliability of heating systems constructed in the Northern construction-climatic zone and reflects the experience of field surveys.

4. VENTILATION

4.1. In mass housing construction, the following apartment ventilation scheme has been adopted: exhaust air is removed directly from the zone of greatest pollution, i.e. from the kitchen and sanitary premises, through natural exhaust duct ventilation. Its replacement occurs due to outside air entering through leaks in the external fences (mainly window filling) of all rooms of the apartment and heated by the heating system. This ensures air exchange throughout its entire volume.

When apartments are occupied by families, which is what modern housing construction is aimed at, interior doors, as a rule, are open or have door panels trimmed to reduce them. aerodynamic drag in closed position. For example, the gap under the doors of the bathroom and toilet should be at least 0.02 m high.

The apartment is considered as a single air volume with the same pressure.

Air exchange is regulated based on the minimum required amount of outside air per person according to hygienic requirements (approximately 30 m3/h) and is referred to the floor area conditionally. An increase in the occupancy rate, as well as an increase in the height of the premises, is not associated with the indicated amount of air.

It is not recommended to remove air directly from rooms in multi-room apartments, since this disrupts the pattern of directional air movement in the apartment.

4.13. Increasing the operational reliability (preventing “tipping over” of the air flow) of the natural exhaust ventilation system and at the same time reducing material consumption and labor costs are achieved when using one vertical exhaust ducts per apartment through the use of combined ventilation units. An example of a solution for a combined ventilation unit combined with a sanitary cabin is shown in Fig. .

Rice. 3. Combined ventilation unit combined with a plumbing cabin

1 - “hood” with ventilation block; 2 - the bottom of the technical cabin; 3 - sealing gasket; 4 - wire stops, 5 - interfloor covering

The use of two combined or combined and separate ventilation units in zoned apartments leads, as a rule, to excessive intensification of air exchange and is therefore undesirable.

When using two ventilation units in the same vertical of apartments, it is necessary to ensure the same conditions for the exhaust of ventilation air into the atmosphere (in particular, the emission mark in the case of independent mines).

4.14. The use of identical ventilation units along the height of the building determines the unevenness of air removal along the vertical of the apartments.

Increasing the uniformity of air flow distribution is achieved by increasing the resistance of the entrance to the ventilation unit or ensuring that the resistance value of the entrance to the ventilation unit varies along the height of the building. The latter can be done using ventilation grilles with mounting adjustment (for example, the design of TsNIIEP engineering equipment) or special linings (for example, made of hardboard) with holes of different sizes at the entrance to the ventilation unit.

Expanding the scope of application of ventilation units for buildings of different heights and changing their nominal performance (see paragraph) is possible with the help of specially designed linings.

4.15. The design and installation technology of ventilation units must provide for the possibility of sealing their interfloor joints.

The tightness of the ventilation network is of particular importance for natural exhaust ventilation. The presence of leaks leads not only to excessive air exchange in the apartments of the lower floors of multi-story buildings, but also to the emission of polluted air through them from the collection channel into the apartments of the upper floors. Projects must include a special technology for sealing interfloor joints of ventilation blocks using elastic gaskets.

4.16. Sustainable removal of air from apartments on the upper floors is ensured by making the right choice ventilation blocks for buildings of a specific number of storeys and attic design.

The installation of exhaust fans at the entrance to the ventilation unit of the two upper floors, provided for by SNiP, worsens air exchange in apartments, since the fans are not designed for constant operation, and during periods of inactivity they make it difficult to remove air due to excessive resistance.

4.17. The structures of transit sections of ventilation units passing through cold or open attics, as well as ventilation shafts on the roof, must have a thermal resistance not less than the thermal resistance of the external walls of residential buildings in a given climatic region. To reduce the weight and dimensions of these structures, as provided for in this paragraph, thermal resistance can be achieved through effective thermal insulation. The same applies to the ventilation sections of sewer risers and garbage chutes.

Our well-being depends on the effectiveness of ventilation. Therefore, every residential building must be equipped with an air exchange system. Ventilation of a residential building is always organized according to the same scheme: fresh air is supplied to the rooms and removed through supply openings in the kitchen, bathroom and pantry. There are several ways to organize air exchange in a residential building.

Types of ventilation

Natural air exchange system

Ventilation systems come with forced and natural impulse. In natural ventilation systems, air flows are driven by draft, which occurs under the influence of temperature differences, pressure differences and wind load. IN coercive systems air exchange is carried out using fans.

Classification of ventilation by purpose:

• Supply air – supplies air to the room;
• Exhaust – remove exhaust indoor air from the house;
• Supply and exhaust systems - perform the functions of both supply and exhaust systems.

Supply systems

Forced ventilation

Supply ventilation is designed to supply fresh air into the room using air blowers. Such systems may have different configurations and prices.

Types of devices for supplying air to the house:

• Supply valve;
• Supply fan;
• Supply unit.

The valve provides air flow in a natural way. Depending on where the valve is installed, they can be window or wall. For window ventilation they are mounted in top part plastic window. To install a wall valve, a through hole is drilled in the wall; the optimal location is between window frame and a battery so that the incoming air warms up a little in winter.

Fans for air supply are installed in outer wall or window frame. Such simple devices as valves and fans have a number of disadvantages, namely: weak filters, lack of air heating in winter and cooling in summer. Type-setting and monoblock installations do not have these disadvantages.

Exhaust systems

Exhaust forced ventilation

Exhaust ventilation provides air removal from the room; it can be natural or forced. Air masses are removed naturally through a vertical exhaust pipe, the upper end of which is located outside the roof. Air ducts from different rooms (kitchen, bathroom, pantry) can be connected to the central exhaust pipe, but only if they are located next to each other. For rooms located in different parts at home, you need to install separate exhaust pipes.

Important! For the system to work effectively, the air ducts cannot be positioned parallel to the ceiling (permissible angle is 35º), and sharp turns should also be avoided.

Exhaust pipe installation rules:

• The efficiency of traction depends on the height of the pipe; the upper end of the channel should protrude above the level of the ridge by at least 1 m;
• Exhaust pipes should be installed strictly vertically;
• To avoid the formation of condensation, the junction of the pipe and the roof must be carefully sealed using cement mortar or sealant.

If you choose the right model and type of fan, taking into account the purpose and size of the room, the exhaust device will function especially efficiently. Such fans are installed in the kitchen or bathroom. There are devices for installation in round and rectangular air ducts.

Supply and exhaust ventilation

Natural supply and exhaust system

Supply and exhaust ventilation simultaneously performs the functions of a supply and exhaust unit. In systems Special attention It is necessary to pay attention to the installation of the exhaust pipe, since it provides draft, and therefore the flow of air into the room. As already mentioned, fresh air flows into the house through gaps in building structures or supply valves. Air exchange in forced supply and exhaust ventilation can be provided in several ways: fans, monoblock or stacked air exchange systems.

Stacked and monoblock installations

Elements of type-setting ventilation

Stacked and monoblock installations, according to the type of action, are divided into supply, exhaust and supply and exhaust devices. The stacked ventilation consists of a powerful supply fan, filters, air humidifiers, air heaters, noise absorbers and air ducts, ventilation grilles. Placing stacked ventilation requires a lot of space; usually the main components are installed in separate room(ventilation chamber) or in the attic. In addition, the routing of air channels that is not hidden in any way does not look aesthetically pleasing. That's why it's hidden behind suspended structures, which is difficult to do in a room with low ceilings.

Monoblock installations are characterized by quiet operation and small in size. They do not require a special place for installation; they can be attached to the wall in the corridor or loggia. All elements (filter, fan, heat exchanger) are enclosed in a housing made of noise-absorbing material. Monoblocks are suitable for installation in small cottages and apartments.

Air flow

Properly organized air exchange

For any ventilation, both natural and forced, it is important to properly organize the movement air flow in room. Air should move freely from supply to exhaust.

The free movement of air masses is often hampered by sealed interior doors. To avoid stagnation, it is recommended to leave a two-centimeter gap between the floor and door leaf or embed a special overflow grid.

Recuperation systems

Ventilation system with recovery

Ventilation systems with recovery are becoming increasingly popular. This is explained by the fact that during the cold season, a huge amount of energy is spent heating the room. The recuperator allows you to save from 40 to 70% of heat by heating the incoming flows with escaping, warmer air.

Important! In winter, recovery is not enough to bring the air temperature to a comfortable level (20º). It is necessary to additionally heat the air flows with heaters built into the system.

The recuperator is a heat exchanger through the body of which the incoming and outgoing heat from the house passes. Air masses are separated by thin metal plates, through which heat exchange occurs. In summer, the air will be partially cooled in the same way.

Based on the above, we see that it is possible to organize comfortable air exchange for a particular room in several ways, and everyone chooses for themselves the type of design that suits their particular needs or type of building.

Most modern housing complexes are built immediately with the installation of multifunctional low-noise roof fans. Special shafts for individual ventilation equipment, as well as ready-made natural or forced ventilation complexes, are immediately equipped.

On the other side, ventilation in a residential building old buildings (not in the last 10-15 years), most often based on natural draft, as was implemented in the residential complex in Devyatkino “My City”, more details here. Therefore in standard apartments it is necessary to carefully monitor the compliance of temperature and humidity indicators with generally accepted standards to ensure a healthy atmosphere.

Ventilation in private houses

Apartment buildings: possibilities for creating effective air exchange

The necessary ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings implies the following options for arranging specialized systems:

• When the number of rooms in the apartment is 4 or more, and they do not have cross ventilation, general ventilation in a residential building can be supplemented by air exchange from other living rooms (as long as they are not adjacent to the kitchen or bathroom);
• Houses with a height of three floors or more, located in a climatic zone characterized by a temperature drop to -40°C during the week, are equipped with a forced supply ventilation system with mandatory heating of the incoming outside air;
• If a residential building is located in a natural area characterized by an increased likelihood of strong winds mixed with dust and a hot climate, built-in ventilation is supplemented with cooling devices (air conditioners). With the help of this equipment, the air temperature that is optimal for life is maintained in residential premises.

Possibility of combining ventilation ducts

Functional exhaust ventilation in a residential building is carried out using equipping with channels rooms such as bathrooms and toilets, kitchens and pantries. According to generally accepted standards, when drawing up a ventilation scheme for a residential building, it is allowed to combine the ducts of bathrooms and kitchens in certain cases:

• When the ventilation ducts of the bathroom and toilet are adjacent;
• You can combine the kitchen drain channel with the horizontal channel of the bathroom or shower;
• When installing a prefabricated ventilation duct from a toilet, utility room, or bathroom. In this case, the height distance between the combined ducts must exceed 2 meters, and the local ventilation ducts connected to the prefabricated one must be equipped with louvered grilles.

Features of the louvered grilles used

The standards also regulate the dimensions of the louvered grilles used: for toilets and bathrooms - within 150x200 mm, for kitchens not equipped with exhaust fans - at least 200x250 mm. For living rooms and bathrooms, it is rational to install exhaust grilles adjustable type, and for kitchens – fixed elements. Separately, the installation of ventilation shafts for the purpose of ventilating staircases is also taken into account.

It should be borne in mind that when equipping residential premises with sealed door and window structures becomes widespread among the population, natural ventilation in a residential building is not a sufficient measure. In this regard, experts recommend rationalizing the air exchange in the apartment through the use of additional devices, for example, supply valves, which represent the segment of improved mechanical ventilation.

Video review - ventilation of a private house

The regulation of the microclimate of residential buildings is given great attention in construction and engineering sciences. After all, a person’s well-being, performance and health largely depend on the quality of indoor air.

Air comfort engineering systems

Optimal air exchange in rooms is ensured by such combined systems as residential building ventilation, air conditioning, heating. Moreover, if you combine air heating and ventilation, a satisfactory microclimate is created in the rooms, subject to saving energy costs. The air conditioning system, in turn, unlike heating and ventilation, regulates the internal temperature depending on seasonal climate changes.

Combination of ventilation and air conditioning

When arranging ventilation in a residential building, a system is often created where, depending on the purpose of the room, the air supplied at different pressures. In order not to disturb the existing interior of the rooms, indoor air conditioning units are placed behind suspended ceilings. If you equip the system with an additional air duct leading to the street, fresh air will be mixed during air conditioning, but, naturally, this measure will not replace full supply and exhaust ventilation.

The main advantages of introducing duct or cassette air conditioners into the ventilation system in a residential building are the provision uniform distribution heated or cooled air flows. A cassette air conditioner, installed at any convenient point in the room, is capable of blowing air in 1-4 directions, that is, optimizing air flow even in rooms complex shape. When using duct models, heated or cooled air can be supplied at 2-10 points, that is, a person will not feel the functioning of the air conditioner physiologically. If necessary, temperature-regulated air is blown out simultaneously in several rooms.

Types of air conditioners in demand in the residential sector

When creating complete ventilation for a residential building and choosing an air conditioner for it, it is necessary to take into account the purpose of each type of equipment presented on modern markets. Two of them will be discussed next.

Split systems– a large group of popular air conditioners, giving big choice equipment depending on the requirements for the location of internal devices. Systems with an internal wall unit are most in demand, as they are cheap, do not need to be masked by a suspended ceiling, are compact, and do not disturb the harmony of the interior. Floor-ceiling split systems are also common.

Mobile air conditioners optimal for those who often change their place of residence. The most common example is the addition of such a device to the natural ventilation of a residential building outside the city, say, a dacha. In this case, there is no need to leave expensive built-in climatic equipment for the winter period unattended, the mobile air conditioner can be taken away in the car along with other property. But with the help of such an air conditioner it will not be possible to cool the air in all rooms of a large house.

In any case, no matter what climate control equipment is chosen, you should carefully consider its combination with the ventilation system of the house. The air conditioner is not able to fully improve the microclimate; only full ventilation will provide access to fresh air of a certain temperature and humidity.

Why does a modern home need to have effective ventilation? What does the natural and mechanical ventilation system consist of and how does it function? What system should you organize at home? How to choose and order efficient ventilation? We will answer these questions today.

What can ventilation do?

My home is my castle. Every year buildings become more reliable and economical. It is not surprising, because developers now have access to innovative energy-saving technologies and new ones with previously unattainable characteristics. Moreover, the market does not stand still: inventors, manufacturers, marketers and sellers work tirelessly. High-quality waterproofing of structures, multi-layer walls, insulated floors and roofs, sealed window units, efficient heating - all this does not give the slightest chance for precipitation and groundwater, city noise, winter cold and summer heat.

Yes, man has learned very well to tightly isolate himself from unfavorable environmental conditions, but at the same time we have lost contact with the outside world, and now the natural, natural mechanism of air self-purification has become inaccessible to us. The average person has fallen into another trap - moisture, carbon dioxide, substances harmful to health and chemical compounds allocated by the person himself, building materials, household items, household chemicals. Even in developed countries, the number of autoimmune and allergic diseases caused by the proliferation of bacteria, fungi, mold and viruses in the home is steadily growing. No less dangerous is dust, which consists of tiny particles of soil, plant pollen, kitchen soot, animal hair, scraps of various fibers, skin flakes, and microorganisms. Dust is not necessarily a guest from the street; it is formed even in a tightly closed non-residential apartment. Recent scientific studies have shown that in most cases, home air is many times more toxic and dirtier than outside air.

A decrease in oxygen concentration in the room significantly reduces the level of performance and has a detrimental effect on the well-being of residents and their health in general.

That is why the issues of ensuring ventilation and air purification have become incredibly relevant, along with hydro- and thermal insulation of buildings. Modern ones must effectively remove stagnant, “waste” air, replace it in the required volume with fresh air from outside, and, if necessary, clean, heat or cool it.

How do air flows move in ventilated rooms?

As we have already noted, the composition of the air inside a dwelling in use is not homogeneous. Moreover, gases, dust, and vapors released in the room are constantly moving due to their special properties - density and dispersion (for dust). Depending on whether they are heavier or lighter than air, harmful substances rise or fall, accumulating in certain places. The movement of convective jets of heated air, for example, from working household appliances or kitchen stove. Convective currents, rising, can carry even relatively heavy substances with them into the upper zone of the room - carbon dioxide, dust, dense vapors, soot.

Home air jets interact in a special way with each other, as well as with various objects and building structures, due to which clearly defined temperature fields, zones of concentration of harmful substances, and flowing streams of various speeds, directions and configurations are formed in the home.

It is quite obvious that not all rooms are equally polluted and have excess humidity. Kitchens, toilets, and bathrooms are rightfully considered the most “dangerous”. Precisely because the primary task of artificial air exchange is to remove harmful substances from places with the highest concentration of harmful substances, ventilation ducts with exhaust holes are installed in the kitchen and bathroom areas.

The influx is arranged in “clean” rooms. So, stronger than other flows of substances, “long-range” inflow jets, moving, involve in movement large masses exhaust air, and the necessary circulation appears. The main thing is that due to the direction of the air precisely towards the “problem” rooms, unwanted substances do not get from kitchens and bathrooms into living rooms. That's why in tables building codes Regarding air exchange requirements, the office, bedroom, living room are calculated only by inflow, and the bathroom, restroom and kitchen only by exhaust. Interestingly, in apartments with four or more rooms, it is recommended that the rooms farthest from the bathroom ventilation ducts be provided with separate ventilation, with its own supply and exhaust.

In this case, corridors, lobbies, hallways, smoke-free staircases may not have supply or exhaust openings, but only serve for air flow. But this flow must be ensured, only then is there a channelless ventilation system will function. Interior doors become in the way of air flow. That’s why they are equipped with transfer grids or arranged ventilation gap 20-30 mm, raising the blank sheet above the floor.

The nature of the movement of air masses depends not only on the technical and construction characteristics of the premises, the concentration and type of harmful substances, and the characteristics of convective flows. An important role here belongs to the relative position of the air supply and exhaust points, especially for rooms containing both supply and exhaust openings (for example, a kitchen-dining room, laundry room...). In ventilation systems of residential premises, the “top-up” scheme is most often used, in some cases - “top-down”, “bottom-down”, “bottom-up”, as well as combined multi-zone ones, for example, supply at the top, and a two-zone exhaust - at the top and bottom . The correct choice of the scheme determines whether the air will be replaced in the required volume, or whether a ring circulation will be formed inside the room with the formation of stagnant zones.

How is air exchange calculated?

To design an effective ventilation system, it is necessary to determine how much exhaust air should be removed from a room or group of rooms and how much fresh air should be supplied. Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to determine the type of ventilation system, select ventilation equipment, and calculate the cross-section and configuration of ventilation networks.

It should be said that air exchange parameters in residential buildings are strictly regulated by various state regulatory documents. GOSTs, SNiPs, SanPiNs contain comprehensive information not only about the volume of replaced air and the principles, parameters of its supply and removal, but also indicate what type of system should be used for certain premises, what equipment to use, where to be located. All that remains is to properly examine the room for excess heat and moisture, and the presence of air pollution.

The tables, diagrams and formulas set out in these documents are created according to different principles, but ultimately give similar numerical indicators of the required air exchange. They can complement each other if certain information is lacking. Calculations of the amount of ventilation air are made on the basis of research, depending on the harmful substances emitted in specific premises and the norms of their maximum permissible concentration. If for some reason the amount of pollution cannot be determined, then air exchange is calculated by multiplicity, according to sanitary standards per person, and by room area.

Calculation by multiplicity. SNiP contains a table that indicates how many times the air in a particular room should be replaced with new air in one hour. For “problem” rooms, the minimum allowable volumes of air replacement are given: kitchen - 90 m3, bathroom - 25 m3, toilet - 50 m3. The amount of ventilation air (m 3 / hour) is determined by the formula L=n*V, where n is the multiplicity value, and V is the volume of the room. If you need to calculate the air exchange of a group of rooms (apartment, floor of a private cottage...), then the L values ​​of each ventilated room are summed up.

Another important point is that the volume of exhaust air must be equal to the volume of supply air. Then, if we take the sum of the air exchange indicators of the kitchen, bathroom and toilet (for example, the minimum is 90 + 25 + 50 = 165 m 3 / hour), and compare with the total single volume of inflow of the bedroom, living room, office (for example, it can be 220 m 3 / hour), then we obtain the air balance equation. In other words, we will need to increase the hood to 220 m 3 / hour. Sometimes it happens the other way around - you have to increase the influx.

Calculation by area is the simplest and most understandable. The formula used here is L=S room *3. The fact is that for one square meter of space construction and sanitary standards the replacement of at least 3 m 3 of air per hour is regulated.

The calculation according to sanitary and hygienic standards is based on the requirement that at least 60 m 3 per hour is replaced for one person constantly staying in the room, “in a calm state.” For one temporary - 20 m 3.

All of the above calculation options are legally acceptable, although for the same premises their results may differ slightly. Practice shows that for a one-room or two-room apartment (30-60 m2) the performance of ventilation equipment will require about 200-350 m3 / hour, for a three- or four-room apartment (70-140 m2) - from 350 to 500 m3 / hour . It is better to entrust calculations of larger groups of premises to professionals.

So, the algorithm is simple: first we calculate the required air exchange - then we select a ventilation system.

Natural ventilation

How does natural ventilation work?

The natural (natural) ventilation system is characterized by the fact that the replacement of air in a room or group of rooms occurs under the influence of gravitational pressure and wind influence on the building.

Usually the indoor air is warmer than the outdoor air, it becomes more rarefied and lighter, so it rises upward and exits through the ventilation ducts to the street. A vacuum appears in the room, and heavier air from outside penetrates into the home through the enclosing structures. Under the influence of gravity, it tends downwards and puts pressure on the upward flows, displacing the exhaust air. This creates gravitational pressure, without which natural ventilation cannot exist. The wind, in turn, helps this circulation. The greater the temperature difference between inside and outside the room, the greater the wind speed, the more air gets inside.

For many decades, such a system was used in Soviet-built apartments of 1930-1980, where the influx was carried out through infiltration, through structures that allow large amounts of air to pass through - wooden windows, porous materials of external walls, entrance doors that do not close tightly. The amount of infiltration in old apartments is an air replacement rate of 0.5-0.75, which depends on the degree of compaction of the cracks. Let us remind you that for living rooms (bedroom, living room, office...) the standards require that at least one air change occur in one hour. The need to increase air exchange is obvious, which is achieved by ventilation - opening vents, transoms, doors (unorganized ventilation). In fact, this entire system is a duct exhaust system with a natural impulse, since the construction of special supply openings was not intended. The exhaust of such ventilation is carried out through vertical ventilation ducts, the entrances to which are located in the kitchen and bathroom.

The force of gravitational pressure that pushes air out largely depends on the distance between ventilation grilles located indoors, up to the top of the shaft. On the lower floors apartment buildings usually the gravitational pressure is stronger due to the greater height of the vertical channel. If the draft in the ventilation duct of your apartment is weak or the so-called “draft reversal” occurs, then polluted air from neighboring apartments can flow to you. In this case, installing a fan with a non-return valve or a grille with shutters that automatically close when the back draft can help. You can check the draft force by holding a lit match to the exhaust opening. If the flame does not deflect towards the channel, then it may be clogged, for example with leaves, and requires cleaning.

Natural ventilation may also include short horizontal air ducts that are installed in certain areas of the room on the walls at least 500 mm from the ceiling or on the ceiling itself. The outlets of the exhaust ducts are closed with louvered grilles.

Vertical exhaust ducts for natural ventilation are usually made in the form of shafts made of bricks or special concrete blocks. Minimum permissible size of such channels is 130x130 mm. Between adjacent shafts there must be a partition 130 mm thick. It is allowed to manufacture prefabricated air ducts from non-combustible materials. In the attic, their walls must be insulated, which prevents the formation of condensation. Exhaust ducts are installed above the roof, at least 500 mm above the ridge. The exhaust shaft is covered with a deflector on top - special nozzle, increasing air draft.

How to improve natural ventilation? Supply valves

Recently, owners of old housing stock have become seriously involved in energy saving. Almost hermetically sealed PVC or Euro-window window systems are installed everywhere, and the walls are insulated and vapor-insulated. As a result, the infiltration process practically stops, air cannot penetrate into the room, and regular ventilation through the window sashes is too impractical. In this case, the problem of air exchange is solved by installing supply valves.

Inlet valves can be integrated into the profile system plastic windows. Very often they are installed on Euro-windows. The fact is that the ability of modern wooden windows“breathe” is a bit exaggerated; you won’t get any influx through them. Therefore, responsible manufacturers always suggest installing a valve.

Window valves are installed at the top of the frame, sash, or in the form of a handle-valve; they are made of aluminum or plastic; they can be various colors. Supply valves for windows can not only be built into new windows, but also mounted on already installed window systems, without any dismantling work.

There is another way out - installing a wall supply valve. This device consists of a pipe passing through the wall, closed at both ends with gratings. Wall valves may have a chamber with filters and a noise-absorbing labyrinth. The internal grille is usually manually adjusted until completely closed, but automation options using temperature and humidity sensors are possible.

As we have already said, air movement should be directed towards contaminated rooms (kitchen, toilet, bathroom), so supply valves are installed in living rooms(bedroom, office, living room). Supply valves are placed at the top of the room to ensure that the relative arrangement of ventilation openings “from top to top” is effective for most apartments. Practice shows that venting the influent into the radiator area in order to warm up outside air- Not The best decision, since the circulation of flows is disrupted.

Pros and cons of natural ventilation

Natural ventilation is practically not used in modern construction. The reason for this is low air exchange rates, dependence of its power on natural factors, lack of stability, strict restrictions on the length of air ducts and the cross-section of vertical channels.

But it cannot be said that such a system does not have the right to exist. Compared to forced “brothers”, natural ventilation is much more economical. After all, there is no need to purchase any equipment or long air ducts, and there are no costs for electricity or maintenance. Premises with natural ventilation are much more comfortable due to the absence of noise and the low speed of movement of the replaced air. Moreover, it is not always possible to install ventilation ducts for mechanical ventilation and then cover them with plasterboard boxes or false beams, for example, with low ceiling heights.

Mechanical ventilation

What is mechanical ventilation?

Forced (mechanical, artificial) ventilation is a system in which air movement is carried out using any blowing devices - fans, ejectors, compressors, pumps.

It's modern and very effective method organization of air exchange in the premises of the most for various purposes. The performance of mechanical ventilation does not depend on changing weather conditions (air temperature, pressure, wind force). This type of system allows you to replace any amount of air, transport it over a considerable distance, and create local ventilation. The air supplied to the room can be prepared in a special way - heated, cooled, dehumidified, humidified, purified...

Disadvantages of mechanical ventilation include high initial costs, energy costs and maintenance costs. It is very difficult to implement duct mechanical ventilation in a residential area without more or less serious repairs.

Types of forced air ventilation

The best indicators of comfort and performance are shown by the general supply and exhaust air mechanical ventilation. The balance of supply and exhaust air exchange allows you to avoid drafts and forget about the effect of “slamming doors”. This type of system is most common in new construction.

For certain reasons, either supply or exhaust ventilation is often used. Supply ventilation supplies fresh air to the room instead of exhaust air, which is removed through enclosing structures or passive exhaust ducts. Supply ventilation is structurally one of the most complex. It consists of the following elements: fan, heater, filter, silencer, automatic control, air valve, air ducts, air intake grille, air distributors.

Depending on how the main components of the system are designed, the supply unit can be monoblock or stacked. The monoblock system is somewhat more expensive, but it has greater installation readiness and more compact dimensions. It just needs to be secured in in the right place and supply power and a network of channels to it. Monoblock installation allows you to save a little on commissioning and design.

Often in addition to filtering supply air requires special training, therefore ventilation unit equipped with additional equipment, for example, drying or humidifying. Energy recovery systems that cool or heat the supplied air using electric heaters, water heat exchangers or household split air conditioning systems are becoming increasingly popular.

Exhaust ventilation is designed to remove air from rooms. Depending on whether the air exchange of the entire home or individual zones is carried out, exhaust mechanical ventilation can be local (for example, an exhaust hood over kitchen stove, smoking room) or general exchange (wall fan in the bathroom, toilet, kitchen). General exhaust ventilation fans can be placed in a through hole in the wall, in a window opening. Local ventilation is usually used in conjunction with general ventilation.

Artificial ventilation can be executed with the use of ventilation ducts - duct, or without the use of them - ductless. A duct system has a network of air ducts through which air is supplied, transported or removed from certain areas of the room. With a ductless system, air is supplied through enclosing structures or supply ventilation openings, then it flows through the interior of the room into the area of ​​exhaust openings with fans. Ductless ventilation is cheaper and simpler, but also less effective.

Whatever the purpose of the room, in practice it is impossible to get by with just one type of ventilation system. The choice in each specific case is determined by the size of the room and its purpose, the type of pollutants (dust, heavy or light gases, moisture, vapors...) and the nature of their distribution in the total volume of air. The issues of economic feasibility of using a certain system are also important.

What do you need to know to select ventilation?

So, your calculations show that natural ventilation will not cope with the tasks set - too much air needs to be removed, and there are also problems with the supply, since the walls are insulated, the windows have been changed. Artificial ventilation is the solution. It is necessary to invite a representative of the company that installs climate control systems, who will help you select the configuration of mechanical ventilation on site.

In general, it is better to design and implement ventilation at the stage of building a cottage or major renovation of an apartment. Then it is possible to painlessly solve many design problems, for example, installing a ventilation chamber, installing equipment, routing ventilation ducts and hiding them with suspended ceilings. It is important that the ventilation system has a minimum of intersection points with other communications, such as heating and water supply systems, electrical networks, and low-current cables. Therefore, if you are undergoing renovation or construction, to search for common technical solutions it is necessary to invite representatives of the contractor to the site - installers, electricians, plumbers, engineers.

The result depends on the correct setting of tasks collaboration. Experts will ask “tricky” questions that you need to answer. The following circumstances will be important:

1. The number of people staying in the room.
2. Floor plan. It is necessary to draw up detailed diagram location of rooms indicating their purpose, especially if redevelopment is possible.
3. Wall thickness and material. Features of glazing.
4. Type and height of ceilings. The size of the interceiling space for suspended, hemmed, tension systems. Possibility of installing false beams.
5. Arrangement of furniture and heat-producing household appliances.
6. Power and location of lighting and heating devices.
7. Presence, type and condition of ventilation shafts.
8. Features and performance of infiltration, natural ventilation.
9. Availability of local exhaust ventilation - closet, umbrella.
10. The desired configuration of the supply system is stacked or monoblock.
11. The need to use sound insulation.
12. Is supply air preparation necessary or not?
13. Type of distributors - adjustable or non-adjustable grilles, diffusers.
14. Installation locations for air distributors: wall or ceiling.
15. The nature of the system control - keys, panel, remote control, computer, smart home.

Based on the data obtained, equipment of a certain performance, ventilation network parameters, and installation methods will be selected. If the customer is satisfied with the presented developments, the contractor provides him with a working design of the ventilation system and begins installation. And all we can do is pay the bills and enjoy clean air.

Turishchev Anton, rmnt.ru

Organized natural ventilation in a residential building is air exchange that occurs due to the difference in air density inside the building and outside, through specially designed exhaust and supply openings.

For ventilation of premises in a residential apartment building, a natural ventilation system is provided. Let's figure out how it works and how it works.

Natural ventilation device

In each entrance from the first floor to the last there is a common ventilation duct that runs vertically from below, upward with access either to the attic or directly to the roof (depending on the project). Satellite ducts are connected to the main ventilation duct, the beginning of which is usually located in the bathroom, kitchen and toilet.

Through these satellite channels, the “exhaust” air leaves the apartments, enters the common ventilation shaft, passes through it and is discharged into the atmosphere.

It seems that everything is extremely simple and such a mechanism should work flawlessly. But there are many things that can interfere with the normal operation of ventilation.

The most important thing in the operation of natural ventilation is that sufficient air must enter the apartment. According to the projects, according to SNiP, this air must enter through “leaks” window openings, and also by opening the windows.

Excerpt from SNiP 2.08.01-89 (minimum air exchange parameters for an apartment).

But we all understand that modern windows, when closed, do not allow sound, much less air, to pass through. It turns out that you need to keep the windows open all the time, which naturally is not possible for a number of reasons.

Causes of disruption of natural ventilation

• Re-equipment of ventilation ducts

It happens that ventilation stops working due to active neighbors who could simply break the ventilation duct to expand the living space. In this case, the ventilation will stop working for all residents whose apartments are located below.

• Debris in the ventilation duct

It often happens that something gets into the ventilation shaft and simply does not allow the air to move freely. If this happens, then you need to contact the appropriate structure; it is prohibited to climb into the ventilation duct yourself.

• Not correct connection exhaust hoods

Another common problem is connecting high-power kitchen hoods (hoods) to a satellite channel that is not intended for this purpose. And when such an exhaust hood is turned on, an air plug forms in the common ventilation duct, which disrupts the operation of the entire system.

• Seasonality

Unfortunately, the operation of the natural ventilation system is also affected temperature regime, in the cold season it works better, and in the summer, when the temperature outside rises, it works weaker. Add to this several negative aspects described above, and the work of the entire system comes to naught.

And of course, there are mistakes during construction made by the contractor for one reason or another... Only the installation of supply and exhaust ventilation equipment will help here.

Natural ventilation works all year round 24 hours a day. Therefore, a round-the-clock air flow into the room is necessary. If it doesn’t exist, then in winter when closed windows Condensation may occur, humidity may increase, and even mold may form. To avoid this, install supply valves, this will improve ventilation in the room and get rid of excess moisture.

To organize good air exchange in the apartment all year round. A ventilator will need to be installed. Thanks to this device, you will not have to open the windows, and fresh and clean air will always flow into your apartment.