Installation of plastic windows and doors: step-by-step instructions. Arrangement of window and door openings in frame houses: features of the frame, arrangement of the crossbar and header, tips for arranging openings Door and window openings in a wooden house

The only way to do without designing window and door openings is to build a tower. However, you and I are thoughtful, modern and tasteful people.

When determining the size of windows, it is advisable to adhere to the maximum height for a room of a given nature. Thus, the height of window sills above floor level in rooms with central heating- from 0.8 m. Accordingly, the width of the window leaf is determined by the design capabilities of the partitions. The smallest distance between bindings is 130 mm.

Our designers are highly competent in all window design norms and standards. Any of your wishes regarding the original placement of openings will be taken into account with special attention.

Features of door design

When determining overall dimensions door leaf, the following factors are taken into account:

The purpose of the house and each of its premises;
Requirements to bandwidth doors (including when removing objects): for example, a door standard of 650 mm is absolutely inconvenient for carrying and passage, and 1000 mm entails the installation of a heavy leaf and difficulties in opening the door.
Indoor ceiling height; distance between ;
Selecting the door opening direction based on safety requirements and the purpose of the premises. As a rule, in living rooms oh the doors open inwards, in the bathrooms with geysers, attics, basements and narrow spaces - outwards.
Architectural and design design.

They will help in designing both standard dimensional openings and individual solutions: arches, cabinets and service doors, will select profiles based on compliance with a single architectural ensemble.

If during the replacement of old windows with new plastic windows PVC problems almost never occurs, then only an experienced builder can insert windows into the openings of new buildings. In this case, the list of construction work, and it is beyond the capabilities of a non-professional to perform them.

We will consider two options for performing the work:

First, window openings have standard sizes.
Second - for some reason you have to change linear dimensions openings, give original geometry, expand or make window sills and drainage systems narrower.

we will call you back

How to finish window openings in brick buildings

Standard finishing of a window opening in a brick wall includes the following operations:

Plastering slopes and caps
First, the entire light opening is plastered around the perimeter, then a rule is attached at the top of the opening (with nails or plaster dough) and the solution is leveled along it. We must remember that the “dawn angle” should be made: in the depths of the boxes, the distance between the sides of the slopes should be greater than at the surface of the walls outside. First you need to make the bottom plugs, check the dimensions according to them, and only then install the side and top ones.
Low tide device
Flashings can be plastic, galvanized sheet steel, stone or concrete. The tide inclination angle is at least 8°.
Installation of window sills
The installation technology does not depend on the material of the window sill itself. First, the window sill is installed on wedges and adjusted in height and vertical position, then the gap is foamed polyurethane foam or the window sill is placed on the mortar and inserted into place in the groove of the frame.

This is finishing work after installing the boxes and openings. How to install boxes correctly?

Installation of window frames in brick houses

There are no big differences between the installation of plastic or wooden boxes; all work must be performed in the same sequence. Can only be used various materials insulation.

Algorithm of actions:

Measure the openings, check the parallelism and perpendicularity of the planes, and if necessary, increase or decrease them.
Prepare the window frame - remove the sashes, beading, and remove the double-glazed windows.
Snap connection profile and insert the frame into the opening, check the gap between the window and the opening. It should be within 2–3.5 cm around the entire perimeter of the window and door openings. Use a level to check for correct installation. See the photo for an example of the set gaps.
Mark with outside frame quarter (the border of its location), make marks in the places where the dowels are attached.
If necessary, strengthen the fastening - increase the number of dowels.
Drill holes in the wall and frame, insert and secure dowels. Carefully tighten the dowels, making sure that the shape of the window is not disturbed.
Fill the gaps with polyurethane foam; you can use any other insulation. But lately, foam has been used in most cases - working with it is much faster and easier. In this case, the brickwork must be damp. Unfortunately, not everyone pays attention to this factor, but in vain - foam adhesion to dry masonry is significantly reduced.
On the sides and top, GOST 30971-2002 recommends filling the cracks with a butt cord, which will compensate for linear expansions, but many builders skip this operation.
Insert the window sill and ebb in place, secure them with foam and self-tapping screws, check the angles of inclination and horizontal position.
The final cladding of the walls can be done only after the foam has completely hardened.

SECTION 7. WINDOWS AND DOORS

Windows are designed for lighting, insolation and ventilation of rooms. For normal lighting of living rooms, the window area is taken to be within the range of 1:8 - 1:5.5 of the floor area.

The shape and location of windows depends on the architectural design of the building. In addition to the above, windows are subject to thermal, acoustic, and environmental requirements, as well as ease of use.

Elements that fill the opening left in the wall, and sometimes in the roof, are called filling the light opening. It consists of a window frame, glazed window sashes, a window sill board, an external drain and glazing (Fig. 7.1). The set of elements filling the light opening in assembled form is called a window block. The vertical side edges of the window opening are beveled inward for better illumination.

Rice. 7.1. Window filling elements:

1 - window box; 2 - binding sash; 3 – transom; 4 - window sill board; 5 – impost; 6 – mullion; 7 - external weir; 8 - glass

Elements for filling a window opening can be made of various materials: wood, metal (from steel and aluminum profiles), wood-aluminum, plastic (with or without reinforcement, from various synthetic materials). Each material has its own application characteristics, has positive properties and disadvantages. For example: metal ones - strong, durable, easy to use, but they are heavy and require a lot of metal consumption. Filling openings with synthetic materials are: light weight, do not rot, beautiful appearance, but expensive, to ensure the required durability, their material must correspond to climatic conditions. The minimum warranty period for plastic windows according to GOST is 3 years. Wooden ones are light, beautiful, resistant to temperature changes and direct sunlight, environmentally friendly, but do not provide a tight fit of the porches, require periodic painting to prevent rotting, etc.

Wooden window blocks for civil buildings are produced in accordance with GOST, which provides two versions of blocks: with separate external and internal sashes (P series), and with paired sashes (C series), where both sashes are connected to each other by bolts and can only be separated to remove dust (Fig.). Paired bindings are widely used in modern mass construction. */1 Windows with separate sashes are typical for buildings old building and for buildings built according to individual projects. */2

Plastic windows are mainly made with paired sashes. In addition to traditional opening, plastic windows have tilt-and-turn sashes, controlled by one handle.

Rice. Separate-paired wooden casement with triple glazing.

a - vertical section; b- horizontal section along the impost.

______________

*/1.Note: Modern windows with paired wooden sashes and double glazing have a heat transfer resistance of 0.38 m 2o C/W, which is insufficient, since the required heat transfer resistance (according to SNIP II-3-79 and SP No. 232/13 ) should be about 0.60 m 2o C/W for the central part of Russia.

*/2. For new construction and major renovations with the replacement of window units, window units must be used that provide the required heat transfer resistance (0.60 m 2o C/W). This design is: paired sashes with triple glazing (Fig. 4). For thermal reasons, wood is preferable as a box material (metal and plastic conduct heat strongly and condensation can form on them), but the use of technologically advanced extrusion profiles (plastics with a steel core or aluminum alloys) is also allowed. More durable and durable than profiles made of PVC and aluminum are profiles made of polyurethane and polyolefins.

Rice. Wooden window blocks with separate and sashes

a - ordinary; b – with floating;

1- glazing bead; 2- drip trench; 3- low tide; 4- floating;

Rice. Wooden window blocks with paired sashes.

a- ordinary; b- wood-aluminum; 1 – window frame; 2- glazing beads for fastening glass; 3- slot for condensate drainage; 4- insulation pad; 5- floating; 6 – internal binding; 7- outer binding; 8- coupling screw; 9- screws; 10 – aluminum facing profiles.

Window sashes consist of opening, fixed or combined sashes. The number of sashes determines the type of window. Depending on the number of sashes, the bindings can be single-leaf, double-leaf, or three-leaf. In some cases, windows are combined with a balcony door. Window sashes consist of vertical elements - sashes and horizontal elements - transoms. The shutters and transoms open into the room; this creates convenience and safety for hanging them, as well as changing and wiping glass; open doors are not damaged by rain and wind; broken glass does not fall onto the street. Opening the doors in different directions is permissible only in one-story buildings.

If there are no opening transoms to ventilate the rooms in cold weather, vents are installed in the doors, at least one in each room. With separate frames, vents represent an independent element and are hung directly on the window frame. (Rice.)

Depending on the number of glasses, windows can be single, double or triple glazed. Triple glazing improves the thermal and sound insulation properties of windows (for example: they can be used in residential buildings facing a railway or a busy highway with a high noise level and also to provide the required heat transfer resistance).

Rice. Window blocks for residential and public buildings.

a – single-leaf; b – double doors (with a window); c- two-leaf (with unequal doors); d- double-leaf (with transom); d – tricuspid; e - blind with non-opening doors and ventilation valve; 1- leaf; 2- window; 3- narrow sash; 4- transom; 5- louvered grille; 6- box; 7 - door for ventilation.

Used for glazing windows ordinary glass thickness 2-6 mm. or glass with special properties, for example, patterned, tinted, ultraviolet-transmitting, armored, etc. in accordance with the requirements of the premises in which they are installed.

*/Note: windows with paired sashes provide more light, save 30% of wood, are 10% cheaper and 1.5 times lighter in weight than separate sashes, but have more heat loss up to 25%.

Infill designs window openings.

Wooden window frames installed in the window opening are nailed to antiseptic embedded parts in the window openings of stone walls. The gap between the frame and the masonry of the opening is carefully caulked with tow soaked in gypsum mortar.

Plastic windows are attached to the opening, and the gap is sealed with construction foam. The design of transom doors consists, as a rule, of four contour bars that form a frame. The bars are connected at the corners with through tenons on glue and fastened with wooden dowels. Sometimes slabs are introduced into designs - narrow intermediate bars that reduce the size of individual glasses. From the room side, the harnesses and slabs are given rounded bevels, and from the outside quarters for inserting glass (rebates) are selected in them. The glass is inserted onto the putty, and on top of the second layer of putty is reinforced with wooden glazing beads (trapezoidal strips). In the lower bars of the external sashes and transoms, ebbs are provided to drain rainwater flowing from the glass.

According to the cross-sectional shape of the bindings, bindings can be overlaid (Fig.) and simple (Fig.). Fused is the protruding edge of the binding that closes the gap between the binding and the box. In order to seal the perimeter of the internal sashes and transoms, gaskets made of porous rubber or half-woolen cord are reinforced. The same gaskets should be used in the vestibules of internal bindings without overlap. Fused bindings are more expensive than simple ones, but have low airflow and are easier to use (do not require putty for the winter).

In paired sashes (Fig.), the inner sashes are hung on the window frame, and the outer sashes are hung on the inner sashes. The doors are fastened with special screws.

Rice. . Window blocks for residential (a) and public (b) buildings.

1- window box; 2- vertical impost; 3- horizontal impost; 4- sashes of bindings; 5- window; 6- croakers; 7 – transom.

Rice. .Sections of separate bindings

a, b - with fusion; c, d - simple; 1- external transom; 2- internal transom; 3- outer binding; 5- bars of horizontal impost; 6- glass; 7- low tide; 8- glazing bead; 9- floating; 10- sealing gasket; 11- transom loop; 12- flashing; 13- croakers; 14- block; 15- window trim.

Rice. . Sections of paired bindings.

a, b - vertical section; c - horizontal section; 1- inner binding; 2- outer binding; 3- slot for water drainage; 4- sealing gasket; 5- loop; 6-window sill board.

Standard GOST window blocks for individual and brick buildings not suitable for chopped walls. The design of the window frames should fasten the crowns of the log houses at the openings. Such boxes are called wells; they are much more massive than GOST ones. On the back sides of the side and bottom bars of the box, grooves are selected, which are put on the ridges at the ends of the logs that form the side faces of the opening, and in the bottom log of the opening. The window block must be greater than the thickness of the walls by the thickness of the internal and external cladding (if provided, see the wall).

The frames are supplied with window fittings. These include hinges (hinges), window latches (top and bottom), brackets (handles), window wraps, devices for opening and closing transoms, etc.

Window sill boards in windows with wooden filling are made of wood or reinforced concrete with a textured front surface. The overhang of the window sill board from below must have a drip groove to remove condensation moisture from the walls. Window sill boards are installed in the opening on a layer of gypsum mortar with a slight slope towards the room.

The designs of steel frames are similar to those used in industrial buildings.

Instead of wooden ones, it is possible to use window frames made of precast reinforced concrete (Fig.), which makes it possible to partially or completely abandon the installation of lintels and window sill boards. To attach window frames to such boxes, they are equipped with embedded wooden plugs.

Rice. Reinforced concrete window frame.

Dormer windows

For lighting attic premises Windows located in the plane of the roof can be used. They give 30-40% more light than dormer windows the same size. An example of such a window would be skylights, developed by VELUX (Fig).

Rice. .VELUX window in the attic roof.

The design of the window block consists of a window frame and window frame, made of high quality wood with a painted aluminum exterior. The frame is a double-layer glass unit with the ability to rotate 180° when opening (Fig.). Installing a window unit in mansard roof shown in Fig.

Rice. .The window can be opened 180 degrees.

*/Note: A double-glazed window consists of two glasses with the space between them hermetically filled with dry air.

Rice. Installation diagram of a VELUX window in a mansard roof.

1-window block; 2, 3-waterproofing apron.

These windows are designed for use in roofs with a slope from 15° to 90°. Fastening the frame windows to the load-bearing roof structures (rafters) is carried out using mounting angles with screws.

Rice. . PVC windows

1- leaf; 2- four chamber frame; 3- seals; 4-chamber double-glazed window without additional profile; 5- reinforcement with corrosion-resistant steel profiles; 6-figure glazing bead.

*/Note: To ensure sufficient illumination, a window to floor area ratio of 1:10 is recommended.

Glazing of large surfaces of public buildings (shops, sports facilities) is carried out using glass display cases. They can be the entire height of the floor or form strip glazing. (Rice. .)

Rice. . Showcase. General form.

Special display glass is used for display cases. They are thicker than regular windows (6-8m) and can have special properties, for example, being mirrored, bulletproof, etc. They are installed in wooden, metal and plastic frames. Metal bindings are the most common for display cases, as they are strong, durable, and easy to use. The design of showcases should provide winter time absence of condensation, fogging and freezing of glass (Fig.).

Rice. . Shop window.

a - vertical section; b- glass fastening parts; 1,2- vertical

imposts; 3- mounting angles; 4- display glass; 5- rubber gaskets; 6- welded rivets; 7- screws.

A special type of filling of window openings is masonry made of glass hollow blocks. These blocks have good light transmission, but are not transparent, as they have a corrugated surface. They are used in sports medical institutions and industrial construction. They are laid on cement mortar and form a transparent filling of the window opening with the thickness of a glass block. (Rice. .)

Rice. . Filling windows with glass blocks.

Based on their location in the building, they are distinguished between external and internal. External doors are divided into entrance and balcony. The filling of a doorway consists of a door frame and opening door leaves. Doors can be single-leaf, double-leaf or one-and-a-half - with two leaves of unequal width. Based on material, door leaves are divided into wood, glass and metal. Wooden ones are divided into panel and paneled ones and can be made solid or glazed to illuminate auxiliary rooms with second light; for the same purpose, they are sometimes made with a transom installed in a common door frame. Balcony doors are always glazed (Fig. .).

Panel sheets are solid or hollow panels with a thickness of 30-40mm. with or without perimeter linings (Fig. a). Solid panels are glued together from wooden slats or made from particle boards. Hollow panels usually have a frame-sheathing structure. The outside of the door panels is lined on all sides with veneer, plywood or solid fiberboards.

a) d)

b) c)

Rice. Door panels.

A - general form single panel door; b- also a double panel door; c - also a double-leaf panel door; d – also a paneled door.

Paneled door leaves (Fig. b) consist of a frame, one or more mullions and panels, i.e. shields filling the frame formed by the trim and mullions. Panels can be glued from boards or plywood.

Doorways are filled with door blocks, consisting of a frame with hanging leaves, equipped with devices. Door sizes are selected taking into account the required throughput and the dimensions of furniture and equipment. Blocks internal doors are standard and manufactured in accordance with GOST. (Fig. .)

Rice. . Installation of door blocks.

a- in the openings of stone walls; b- in the openings of the partitions; 1-balcony slab; 2-door frame; 3- roofing felt pad; 4- antiseptic wooden liner; 5- partition; 6- block framing the opening; 7- platbands.

The door frame consists of a frame with quarters for hanging the door leaf. If there are transoms, a horizontal impost is inserted into the box. In boxes interior doors bottom beam strapping (threshold), as a rule, is absent. Balcony door frames, the leaves of which are made double for thermal reasons, are made like window ones.

Installation of door frames in openings of stone walls with quarters (in external walls) and without quarters is shown in (Fig.). When installing door frame in the partition, the width of its strapping is made equal to the thickness of the partition. The boxes are fastened with nails to the vertical bars framing the opening or (with stone partitions) to wooden plugs embedded in the masonry. The seams between the frame and the partition for sound insulation are caulked and covered with platbands (profiled boards).

Rice. . Door frame elements.

a- sections of bars and sections of the door frame; b-detail for installing the box in openings with quarters; c - the same in openings without quarters; 1- upper beam; 2- impost (with transom); 3- bottom beam (threshold); 4- board (in the absence of a threshold); 5-door frame; 6- wooden plug; 7-caulking.

*/Note: Standard dimensions are established for internal door leaves: height 2000 and 2300 mm, width for single-leaf doors 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1100 mm, and for double-leaf doors 1200, 1400 and 1800 mm.

Glass doors are used in public buildings (shops, cinemas). They are made from thick tempered glass 10~15mm. without strapping. Such doors are installed on metal thrust bearings, which, like door handles, secured to the glass with bolts. Metal doors are fireproof and are made of 1 or 2 layers of sheet steel. The frames and frames of such doors are made from rolled profiles or tubular sections. Fire-resistant ones include one, two, three-layer fabrics with asbestos gaskets and cladding on all sides with roofing steel. The frames of such doors are also sheathed with roofing steel. Fireproof and non-combustible doors are installed in firewalls, from stairwells to the attic, and metal entrance doors are also now widespread.

Door devices are: hinges (hinges), mortise and rim locks, halyard locks that combine mortise locks and handles in one device, staples (handles) of various shapes and sizes, mortise latches for holding one half of a double-leaf door in the closed position, etc.

An opening in the wall is needed to install one or more window units. The design of the opening should also provide for the installation of seals, slopes, window sills and drains. Are common technical specifications for window blocks are prescribed in GOST. However, this is purely professional documentation that is difficult for the average user to understand.

Let's take a closer look at the features and structure of the window unit in this article.

Peculiarities

The characteristics of window blocks largely determine the purpose of the premises inside the building. Through window openings, not only the sun's rays enter inside, but also cold temperature and humidity. Therefore, when improper installation mold and dampness will settle inside the house.

In the manufacture of window openings great importance paid to the material used to make the walls.

Window opening in brick or concrete wall is manufactured according to the same parameters, and in log house must meet completely different standards.

Established standards and restrictions on window openings are of little demand in housing, especially in private construction. Owners of private housing under construction often choose their shape and size according to personal preferences.

Focusing on your own taste leads to the fact that finished windows turn out to be too small or too large. Sometimes they are installed in in the wrong places. This approach causes the frames to skew, the sashes not to fit tightly, and condensation to form. Sometimes rain gets inside the window, and dew even appears on the walls of the apartment.

According to the rules, a window opening must appear in the wall during the construction process. These blocks are very rarely made in solid masonry.

The window opening must provide:

correct installation of frames;
reliability of fastening of the window structure;
sealing;
humidity output;
heat and sound insulation;
decorativeness of the main part of the exterior and interior of housing.

The window frame should easily fit into the window opening. Internal and external window sills should not be fixed with thick mortar. There must be a niche for cladding.

The horizontal and vertical lines of the structure must be precisely measured. The top bar should not bend under weight wall material. The type and location of windows must be selected according to standards.

To make the right choice, it is enough to study the typical parameters for window openings installed in residential or utility rooms.

IN modern construction Prefabricated PVC windows are mainly used. It turns out that initially it is wiser to choose products of standard sizes. It is easier and cheaper to adjust openings to standard structures.

Individual production of structures for existing openings is always an expensive pleasure. Finished windows and PVC in factories are manufactured according to the state standard, since builders at the construction of multi-storey buildings make openings according to the same state standard.

A generalized concept for modern GOSTs is mandatory presence of quarters for openings. These are projections from the outside of the wall that must be of a certain size.

The presence of quarters will close the gap on the outside between the window frame and the wall. This will hide the mounting seal. The windows will receive better protection from blowing and moisture, the whole structure looks more beautiful.

Window position in brick house calculated taking into account the size of the brick used.

A quarter is a corner facing bricks, which protrudes a quarter of its own size. Usually mounted inside the opening. A larger protrusion will interfere with the design of the side slopes. A smaller corner size will not guarantee frames falling out. Building standards assume a matching accuracy of up to one centimeter.

Let us examine in more detail the parameters of window openings for walls made of different materials.

Standards

The renovation of the housing stock is not happening as quickly as we would like. The standards of “Stalinka”, “Khrushchevka” and “Brezhnevka” buildings are generally accepted today. These houses were built thoroughly. Many similar objects have thick brick walls, high ceilings and rooms with large footage.

The standards for window openings with quarters have the following dimensions:

single-leaf window: 85*115 cm, 115*190 cm;
double-leaf window: 130*220 cm, 115*190 cm, 15-*190 cm;
three-leaf window: 240*210 cm.

The conceptual style of the project should not be disrupted by inappropriate sizes and the wrong number of window openings. Experts take into account the height of the ceilings, the total number of storeys, and the area of each room., other architectural features.

The appearance of the building facade largely depends on exterior finishing and window shapes. Exterior decoration can be made of any materials - just remember the exquisite facades of panel houses in classic ceramics.

If we recall the stages of construction, the period from 1930 to 1960 is the time beautiful houses, decorated with red brick, stucco facades with monumental sculptures. In the period 1950-1985 to replace brick building a panel building has arrived. Wall coverings were often made of frames. IN panel house plasterboard was widely used.

The rooms in such a house were made small and the ceilings were low. The standard window opening also changed its dimensions, which depended on which wall (brick or panels) this opening would be mounted in.

The Brezhnevkas had a slightly improved layout. The houses were mostly nine-story, with warm apartments, an elevator and a garbage chute. The dimensions of windows in houses were determined by GOST series. The largest window openings were made in houses of the 600 series.

Standard dimensions Windows in modern new buildings are regulated by GOSTs, but the width and height of the openings vary significantly. Modern state standards also take into account the area of premises. That is, the required level of illumination is obtained due to the difference in openings.

Window openings of apartments in high-rise buildings - part load-bearing walls building. It is strictly prohibited to change the structure in such a house.

At the same time, manufacturers plastic windows are not limited to standard sizes and shapes, since non-standard window openings may be present in frame housing and in houses made of aerated concrete. The nuances are related to the design capabilities of the profile, as well as the weight of the glass unit.

The installation of plastic windows is a large-scale phenomenon that is observed everywhere. Standard plastic block only approximately fits the existing openings in the house, so the replacement of the structure usually begins with a surveyor visiting it. The dimensions of window openings in private houses are completely different from state standards adopted for residential buildings.

You still need to know the GOST requirements; they will serve as a guarantee of safety in the apartment. In addition, any deviation from the standards leads to an inevitable increase in the price of the product. Standard models may not make the apartment warmer, but they will be cheaper.

Device

The construction of openings begins with the creation of a design design for the entire house. An architectural office will help you calculate the correct position of the openings. According to the rules, the base for the opening should include 10 rows of regular brickwork . This approach will provide the best rigidity and strength of the opening.

At the end of the device, a kind of plane should be made. The bricks for it are laid out perpendicular to the axis of the wall with a protrusion outward.

The sides of the opening are completed with whole bricks, which are laid around the perimeter. At the same time, thermal insulation is installed, which should close the gap in the wall and planks.

As a ceiling for the opening, a corner is often used, which is laid at a distance of the dimensions of the masonry material. The outer corner should be slightly recessed into the wall. When decorating the facade, it must be hidden under a layer of facing material.

Before lining the edge of the opening, you must first make a concrete cushion. A reinforcing mesh is installed on this pillow.

In addition to the metal corner, builders use the following types of floors:

I-beam;
concrete block;
brick lintels.

The ceiling in the wall should be half the height of the structure plus about 15 cm. Under the design of the opening in the wall there should be an understatement. The details of the opening in the wall are provided with a frame. Window decoration should be done after installing frames.

Rules for designing an opening for wooden or metal-plastic window, in general, the same.

The width of the opening in the house can be made slightly wider than the size of the window frame. During the installation process, both plastic and wooden structure must be installed from inside the house. It should rest against the slope with its front part.

The frame should rest against the back of the quarter, thus ensuring the quality of thermal and waterproofing of the structure. Rain and cold winds will not be able to get into the gap of the external slope and the window frame.

After laying the sidewalls, the ceiling is laid on the top row. This is a horizontal jumper that will take the load from everyone else brick rows, as well as from ceiling beams. The lintel is a concrete beam, the width of which is 25-30 cm. It can also be a metal channel or a steel corner with dimensions of 12*12 cm. Sometimes this lintel is replaced with a monolithic reinforced concrete block.

Steel lintels have one drawback - increased thermal conductivity. As a result, cold bridges appear over the windows. This increases the likelihood of low temperatures entering the house. That's why decorative finishing at home must be made with thermal insulation materials.

Please note that the length of the lintel must exactly match the parameters of the window opening. It can even extend onto the sides of the opening by about 10 cm on each side.

After laying the lintel, you can check the compliance of the opening dimensions. Next, proceed to laying the next rows. Window units are usually installed at the very end of construction– after installing the roof and sealing all gaps in all openings.

Openings in walls made of log materials require the installation of an additional element called casing. The pigtail is made because wood materials prone to changes in size.

Opening strength in wooden wall small, therefore a certain pressure is created on the window, as a result of which the glass can simply burst and the frame bend.

Dry wood is selected for casing and must be properly assembled. A special connection between the casing and the wall is provided by a special groove made along the outer perimeter of the frame. He sits on a ledge that is being prepared inside the wall.

The casing structure can be made of:

array;
several slats that are connected or glued using a special technology;
combined materials.

For example, a popular combination is when the window sill is made of stacked wood, and the sides and top crossbar are made of solid wood.

To connect parts of the frame casing, special spikes are often used, and less often glue is used. Expansion for installation of the frame is carried out depending on the window design. No extension required for cashing out. On the contrary, caulking is done around the entire perimeter, which will ensure a tight seal.

Window decoration is carried out only after shrinkage. Usually it is selected in accordance with the dimensions of the house and the design style.

For example, a window sill can be galvanized or plastic. If necessary, installed carved frames and kokoshnik. Plastic frames can be edged with wood overlays. The pads will act as additional sealing.

Cashing of house windows with log walls performed from the inside and usually attached to the casing. This also provides additional sealing of the joints.

Please note that expanding the slopes is only possible if in the future the walls are finished with plaster and covered with additional decorative materials.

If in wooden house If plastic windows are installed, you can use ready-made cashing made from the same plastic.

Plastic cash will play a role:

functional sealing;
noise absorber;
protection against mold formations;
decorative interior design.

To complete the last point, it is important to choose the color of the cash. Wood-look options are most often recommended.. In addition, the planks must be of a width that will cover all existing gaps. But it is worth considering that massive platbands will be appropriate as a design only in large room. They can also play the role of a certain stylistic design of the home.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the stages of constructing an opening in a house made of aerated concrete. It is recommended to install special supports inside the window opening in such a house.. These can be cuttings of thick bars or steel pipes. It is attached to them on top flat board, and then additional blocks are laid out, which form the top of the window opening.

The resulting opening is strengthened reinforcement mesh. Then the entire structure is filled with liquid concrete.

Installation of PVC windows in aerated concrete houses can only begin after hardening concrete mixture . This period sometimes extends to a month, as it is associated with the grade of concrete, as well as external weather conditions.

How to increase and decrease?

Sometimes it becomes necessary to install windows in a solid wall.

In this work, it is also necessary to comply with certain requirements:

First, cut a hole in the wall for the ceiling. Next, lay the block or lintel structure. Laying reinforcement and filling with concrete is also allowed. In this way, the reinforcement of the structure is prepared.
If the opening needs to be insulated, choose materials only with quality certificates.
The hole in the wall for windows must be equipped taking into account the mandatory presence of a lower support and side quarters.
The opening is filled from below next to the transverse bricks. Then the sides of the opening are laid out.
The frame can be installed in the opening only after the solution has completely dried, as well as the initial shrinkage of the structure.
Expansion, reduction, or increase in openings is possible, because even standard sizes according to GOST vary widely.

GOST allows up to 17 different dimensions only for double-hung windows. The designs may have windows with one sash or three sash. Modern developers have access to GOST standards for more than 40 series. Dimensions are often regulated by the area of the room.

The glazed area, in particular, the standardization of window openings in private houses is regulated by SNiP P-A862. The standard requires the total area of the light opening to be at least 1/8 of total area everyone separate room apartments.

For utility rooms, the total area can be reduced or increased up to 4 times. The window area in a bathroom, pantry, or boiler room can be about 3 percent of the total area of the room.

Choosing technical indicators for a window opening, be guided by the purpose of the room in which it will be located. The purposes for which the premises are used are of no small importance.
The overall glazing performance of one or more openings in the room should provide a sufficient amount of natural light. sun rays should be enough to avoid turning on the lamps during the day.

For a country house, the aesthetic side of the issue is of no small importance. It is important not only to choose the right location for installing windows, but also to think about the style of exterior decoration of window openings. They have a significant impact on the appearance of the facade.
If your region has cold weather conditions and short daylight hours, it is best to make windows on the south or southwest side.
If in the region climatic conditions warm, sufficient sunshine, place windows from the north or east.

Ease of use and functionality of windows when different conditions often associated with the height of the window sill from the finished floor level. Experts recommend focusing on the following values:
1. If the room is a living room, bedroom, or children's room, optimal height the window sill will be at a level of 70-90 cm. If the window is placed at this distance from the floor, it will provide good review, as well as maximum transmission of sunlight.
2. If this is a kitchen or dining room, it is better to increase the distance from 80 to 120 cm. The dimensions should be primarily determined by the dimensions of the countertop, which is usually placed on the same level as the sink and other kitchen furniture.
3. If the room is a bathroom, the height of the window sill must be increased to 160 cm. A window in the toilet and bathroom is needed to provide ventilation, but at the same time the room should not be accessible to unauthorized persons who can observe hygiene procedures.
4. The height of the window sill board in utility rooms can be from 160 cm or more. Here the window is often a small window.
5. If the windows are installed on an insulated veranda, balcony or summer terrace, the window sill board can be positioned at 70 to 100 cm.

To learn how windows are installed according to GOST, see the following video.

Doorways are essential elements of any room, and their size determines how convenient it is to enter the room and move large objects. With a few exceptions, the premises also have window openings, the dimensions of which must provide the required level natural light and access fresh air. The dimensions of doors and doorways, as well as windows, are regulated by standards (GOST), as well as building codes and regulations (SNiP).

This avoids confusion during design and construction to create normal conditions during the operation of residential, industrial and public buildings and structures. The size of the doorway is selected based on the ease of passage of people, as well as in accordance with the intensity of movement inside and outside the room. There are criteria by which standard window sizes are determined.

Dimensions of openings for interior doors and a standard doorway for an entrance door

Speaking of standard doorway It is also necessary to take into account the size of the door leaf. These are interrelated parameters that affect the convenience of entering and exiting a room. In accordance with GOST 6629-80, the width of the opening is taken from 670 to 1872 mm, and the door leaf from 600 to 1802 mm. At the same time, solid doors have a slightly smaller width than glazed ones. The height of the openings can be 2071 and 2371 mm, and for the canvas this value is 2000 and 2300 mm, respectively.

There is a dependence that is taken into account when choosing conventional swing doors. First, the final dimensions of the door opening are determined, the dimensions of which are 70-80 mm larger than the door leaf. Based on this ratio, the door is selected. The height and width of interior doors, in accordance with existing standards and requirements, is less than entrance doors. This is due to the need to provide freer passage and carry large items.

Opening dimensions for sliding doors are regulated by the same standard, while door leaf has slightly different dimensions. Unlike conventional doors, sliding doors are 50-60 mm larger than the corresponding opening parameter. This is due to the fact that in this case the canvas moves parallel to the wall and must completely block the entrance to the room.

Standard sizes of window openings: how are the width and height of a window opening determined?

For window openings, the dimensions are regulated by GOST 11214-86. This standard also determines the dimensions of balcony doors. In accordance with it, the width of windows can be from 870 to 2670 mm, and the height from 1160 to 2060 mm. The value of these parameters is influenced by the area of the room, the required level of illumination, as well as the architectural features of the building in general and the room in particular. As a rule, the window area is selected in proportion to the area of the room, as well as the size of the entire house.

The size of the opening affects the glazing pattern of the window, the number of sashes and transoms. GOST 11214-86 also determines the dimensions of doors for access to a balcony or loggia. Balcony doors have a standard height of 2755 mm, but depending on the number of leaves and the characteristics of the leaf, they can be 870, 1170 and 1778 mm wide.

Windows are one of the important constituent elements, influencing the architectural appearance of the building, and therefore they are selected in such a way that they look organically and proportionately on its facades. Standard window dimensions are used for all standard solutions, although in individual projects It is allowed to use other sizes to highlight the original architectural solution.

And a little more about GOSTs

What are the standard window sizes used in residential buildings?

Today, standard window sizes are established by GOST 11214-86 and GOST 23166-99 "Wooden windows and balcony doors with double glazing for residential and public buildings." It clearly states technical requirements to structures, types, types, markings and standard sizes of windows and window openings in residential buildings. According to GOST, the standard size of windows is influenced by the dimensions of the opening, the material from which the window is made, and its type. Therefore, standardization was carried out in all directions and standards for opening and window sizes were determined for heights of 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180 cm, and widths of 60, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180. For example, GOSTs offer such dimensions: 560x870 (opening 610x910); 560x1170 (opening 610x1210); 860x870; 860x1170; 860x1320; 860x1470; 1160x870(1170, 1320,1470); 1460x(1170, 1320,1470).

What door sizes can be used in residential premises?

GOST 6629-88 states that the minimum width of an internal blind door is 670 mm, while the door leaf is 600 mm, and for a glass door it is 740 mm. As practice shows, this is not always enough for comfortable stay. It is worth remembering that you may have to bring furniture through the opening, and therefore it is advisable to increase the dimensions of the opening. Thus, for the bedroom and other living rooms, the door dimensions must be at least 90 cm, and the clearance must be at least 80 cm, and for the bathroom you can use the door dimensions according to GOST.

Standards for balcony doors

Standard width balcony door depends on the type of building. For example, the standard width of a balcony door for structures of the Khrushchev era was 680 mm. IN this moment there are no strict SNIP (construction norms and rules) that establish certain minimum standards for a balcony door. Therefore, one should proceed from technical capabilities. For example, the minimum leaf width of a plastic balcony door is 450 mm, but if you install such a structure, it will be problematic to pass through it. And therefore the best option an opening with a width of 610 mm is considered. The figure shows various options for installing a balcony door in residential premises.

The width of the window opening during design. What do you need to consider?

When designing a future home, you need to pay attention to the width of the window opening, its height, geographical position home and the direction the window will face. First of all, the opening area must ensure normal light transmittance of the window unit, sunlight must enter the room for 2.5 hours with continuous lighting, and the ratio of the room area to the window area must be at least 1:8. After the area has been calculated, you need to select the dimensions of the opening. It is best to refer to GOST 11214-86 and use standard sizes for country houses, since non-standard values will lead to additional costs and problems.

Standard window sizes in a panel house. How to take measurements?

The standard sizes of windows in a panel house have long been known. For example, if the house is P-49 series, then the typical window dimensions are 1310 by 1520 mm, if P-46, then 1470 by 1420 mm. But very often the builders made mistakes, and even in the same house the windows can differ in size from each other. This is why it is important to take accurate measurements. To do this you will need a tape measure and a metal ruler. We use a tape measure to measure the width and height of the window, and we push a ruler under the slope and measure its depth. Thus, the sum of the width of the window and the depth of the slope on both sides is the width of the opening. Then you need to check the diagonals, and if they are the same, you can start calculating the window sizes. As a rule, 2-4 cm are subtracted from the width of the opening. As for the height, we subtract 2 cm from the height of the window from above, and from the bottom the height of the profile strip under the window sill.

How to choose the size of the front door?

In order to choose the right size of the entrance door, you need to know the size of the opening, after which you can use the table values of the standard sizes of the door and doorway and choose for yourself suitable option. If the size of the entrance door is different from standard values, then you will have to use a double-leaf or half-leaf front door. It is also necessary to remember that a door that opens outward not only saves space in the hallway, but is also safer.

Dimensions of doorways. What do you need to remember?

When choosing door and window openings, you need to remember certain subtleties. First of all, I would like to point out that it is best to design door and window sizes that meet the standards. There is a misconception that more is better. The larger the connector, the heavier the structure will be, and this becomes a problem, especially in drafts. Also very often the fittings fail. As for the window, the main thing here is also not to overdo it, since huge windows in small rooms create a feeling of discomfort and insecurity. When calculating dimensions, do not forget to take into account the installation gap and the material of the box, since the thickness depends on it.