Smart city. Concept, standardization and implementation of a smart city. Energy of the future: “smart cities” Examples of implementation of the smart city concept

March 14, 2017

The growth of information and communication technologies, monitoring and control tools also influenced the development of cities, concentrating the bulk of innovations. Their implementation contributed to improving the quality of city management and the dissemination of new services that simplify residents’ access to city services. The editors of Strategy Magazine found out whether “smart cities” will appear in Russia in the near future and what are the capabilities of Smart City.

The Smart City concept involves the use of intelligent and information and communication technologies to manage city property. The main goal of the concept is to meet the needs of city residents. Smart City covers almost all areas of city management, including public administration, transport mobility, utility systems, healthcare, education, public safety, finance, trade, manufacturing and living environment.

An important element of the concept is intelligent innovation based on information technology and data analysis. Their spread impacts the economic landscape, creating new high-growth areas or radically changing existing ones. At the same time, data from the innovation generation process can come through two channels: from automated accounting systems that record various parameters of city systems, to city residents who create formalized requests for changes.

The level of development of a “smart city” can be determined by the number of management areas covered by smart technologies, the complexity of technologies and the complexity of their operation. The implementation of the “smart city” concept, as a rule, begins with the introduction of technologies in separate, unrelated areas, including e-government systems that improve communication between the city administration, various institutions and residents. This allows us to improve the collection and processing of information about the city. The development of technologies based on large-scale integrated platforms and the integration of city elements into a single system increases the efficiency of management and the development of “smart services” aimed at numerous user groups.

To date, the Smart City concept has received active development in the United States, developed countries of Europe and Southeast Asia. Based on the experience of these countries, two main approaches to implementing the concept are distinguished.

The first approach is the introduction of Smart City technologies by designing and creating new cities. This allows you to carefully consider the infrastructure of the future city and ensure maximum integration of all city systems. Examples of this approach are city projects being developed or implemented in South Korea, the UAE, and China.

In most cases, these are relatively small, compact settlements, where the infrastructure is initially created according to pre-developed, often quite strict standards. Often the development of such a city is considered as a single megaproject, which is detailed into individual projects and subprojects, and its effectiveness is initially assessed in terms of economic effects.

The second, more common approach, involves the implementation of the “smart city” concept in already existing cities, where, based on the existing infrastructure, local or complex projects for the introduction of smart technologies are implemented, which are then combined into systems. The leaders of this direction - Amsterdam, Stockholm, Barcelona, ​​Singapore - have connected vast areas of the urban economy with the help of intelligent technologies, significantly increasing the efficiency of urban systems and the quality of life of the population.

Wide interest in Smart City is associated with the possibility of obtaining various positive effects (economic, social, environmental). The use of information and communication infrastructure and technologies makes it possible to adapt the operation of urban systems to actual needs and loads, which results in a reduction in costs by reducing resource consumption, improving the quality of services, and creating new points of economic growth.

The introduction of smart technologies affects almost all areas. For the transport sector - this is increased mobility, reduced time costs, for healthcare - reduced costs due to better diagnosis of diseases, less burden on institutions, simplified access to medical care, quality control of services, improved public health, for education - control of the learning process, personalization programs, improving access to knowledge, for finance - reducing costs, increasing transparency, security and simplifying transactions, developing crowdfunding, new payment systems, increasing targeting in budget management, for the living environment - managing the quality of the environment and buildings, introducing new effective materials, for retail - more accurate identification of consumer needs, reduction of time costs; for production and construction - optimization of production processes, control of resource costs. Also, the Smart City concept increases the overall level of safety, including environmental safety, and reduces emissions and resource consumption. The achievement of significant effects is confirmed by the experience of cities that have been working on the implementation of Smart City for a long time. The use of smart technologies allowed them to achieve a reduction in energy consumption by 30%, street crime by 30%, traffic by 20%, and water losses by 20%. Indirect effects achieved as a result of adopting the best management decisions and the development of a better urban environment, manifest themselves in the form of increasing economic and social activity, economic growth, increased incomes of the population and budgetary funds.

The economic effects of the introduction of smart technologies include a reduction in the costs of city residents and budget expenses, as well as an increase in the income of local companies. Released financial resources at the same time, they can be returned to the economy through expenditures of households and companies in other areas, investments in improving services, which, taking into account multiplier effects, will have an additional impact on economic growth. Stimulating growth can also be achieved through more efficient use of the city budget (redirecting freed-up spending to other areas) or reducing local taxes for companies in priority sectors of the economy.

Smart City concept in Russia

Interest in Smart City is growing in Russia, but there are still relatively few examples of projects in this direction. Significant experience has been accumulated in a small number of Russian cities; the leaders in the development of intelligent systems are Moscow, Kazan and partly Skolkovo.

Today, the most advanced city in terms of implementing the Smart City concept is, of course, Moscow, moving from pilot projects in individual segments to comprehensive development based on the involvement of an increasingly wider range of data in the analysis, uniformity of platforms and active feedback from end users. The Smart City Kazan project is currently at early stage, the main efforts are focused on creating an infrastructure that allows monitoring and collecting data in areas such as transport, housing and communal services, security, control of the urban environment and environmental conditions. The creation of the Skolkovo Innovation Center is a Russian example of creating a “smart city” from scratch.

Initiatives to introduce individual “smart services” are also present in other Russian cities. Experience in the use of relevant technologies has been accumulated during the preparation Olympic Games in Sochi. In St. Petersburg and Tomsk, projects have been announced to introduce “smart systems” in the field of ensuring security and rational management of city utilities, and the authorities of the Moscow region have also expressed a desire to create a “smart city”. In a number of cities, it is planned to implement pilot projects to develop “smart energy”. A study of the potential for the development of “smart technologies” in 164 Russian cities with a population of over 100 thousand people, conducted by the Institute regional studies and urban planning of the National Research University Higher School of Economics, identified Moscow, Yekaterinburg, some cities of the Moscow region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug as potential leaders.

In practice, the development of smart technologies primarily affects cities with significant economic potential, the budgetary security of which allows the implementation of such projects, and the authorities are quite well aware of the advantages of a “smart city”.

The most attractive areas for the implementation of smart technologies in Russia are those where the benefits of their use are obvious. These include the energy sector, the modernization of which allows companies to achieve significant savings in resources and costs. As well as the introduction of intelligent transport systems that allow achieving complex effects - from optimizing traffic flows in the city, reducing the load on the road network to increasing safety traffic and improving the environmental situation in the city.

Experts also consider such areas as education, medicine, provision of social services. The introduction of smart city technologies in these areas makes it possible to individualize services and control their quality, adjusting them in accordance with consumer needs, improve safety and at the same time control budget costs in these areas.

Prospects for the development of Smart City in Russia

How can we stimulate the development of Smart City in Russia? To implement the “smart city” concept, a number of conditions must be met. Firstly, a progressive, modern and adequate regulatory environment, developed infrastructure, including IT infrastructure and its readiness to accept innovations, monitoring technologies, data collection, processing and control are important; secondly, clearly built city management systems in basis common standards, integration of all systems, clearly identified customers for changes, smart users ready for changes that ensure the consumption of services and stimulate the development of the system.

The absence of one of these elements can significantly complicate the process of creating and implementing smart technologies. In Russian cities, problems are often present in all of these areas, which creates serious barriers to “smart cities”. The main obstacles include the low priority of the topic on the agenda at all levels of government, the lack of clear incentives (including economic) to reduce the costs of innovation, the lack of benefits with high initial costs and expenses, insufficient experience in applying the Smart City concept in Russia, slow exchange of knowledge in this area. In addition, among the barriers are low coordination and fragmentation of infrastructure management systems, heterogeneity of interests of various departments, low quality of the physical infrastructure of Russian cities, limited demand for innovation from the population due to low knowledge of the capabilities of technology.

These problems lead to limited technology adoption in large cities with sufficiently large markets, where the concentration of high-income populations creates sufficient demand for innovation, while only local problems in narrow areas are solved. In cities with weak economic potential, the introduction of smart technologies is even more difficult, which leads to these cities falling behind, further losing their competitiveness and reducing their attractiveness. Overcoming these barriers could be partly facilitated by large complex projects providing for a radical change in the development paradigm of urban systems, but at the moment such initiatives are virtually absent in Russia.

International experience shows that the main customer for the development of the Smart City concept is most often the authorities, which ensure the formation of a long-term vision and A complex approach when introducing technologies. The state can be an independent customer of new technologies and solutions and create incentives for businesses to implement the necessary technologies. An important aspect The implementation of the concept is a clear understanding by the authorities of the goals to be achieved and the expected results, including those measured in economic metrics.

In Russia, in order to overcome the barriers mentioned above, it is the authorities that must formulate long term goals and create conditions for their achievement. The development of the necessary infrastructure can be ensured through the use of various public-private partnership models, and financing of key projects can be carried out through the provision of preferences, budgetary funds, banks and funds. The main functions in the implementation of smart city projects can be transferred to a specialized development institute.

The development and implementation of intelligent systems must be accompanied by the involvement of all parties interested in the sustainable development of the city (city residents, local communities, public and non-profit organizations, professional associations, representatives of large, small and medium-sized businesses). The state should act as a coordinator of such interactions, ensuring that the opinions and interests of all these parties are identified, as well as opening access to the process of managing and using data, services and infrastructure.

In Russia, where ¾ of the population lives in cities, the introduction of technologies that stimulate the economy, increase the efficiency of managing urban systems and the quality of life of the population should be one of the most pressing tasks. Together with the modernization of infrastructure, new technologies solve the most important task of eliminating the technological backwardness of Russian cities, and the use of intelligent systems creates a foundation for future sustainable development.

By 2050, Kazakhstan plans to increase the share of alternative and renewable energy sources to 50% of the country’s total energy balance. In this regard, EXPO 2017 and its main theme - “Future Energy” - turned out to be very opportune. As part of the exhibition, an international database of alternative energy sources was created, from which achievements of different countries can be gleaned. Archspeech selected future technologies that have already been implemented or are just waiting in the wings.

Kazakhstan

It is planned that the exhibition town after the exhibition will be a self-sufficient area, fully self-sufficient in energy. Moreover, with good sun and wind, it will be able to transmit it to the city power system of the left bank of Astana. For this purpose, along the perimeter of the town there are wind turbines and integrated “smart grids” - Smart Grids - developed by the German company Siemens. 42 substations are integrated into a network with a single control center and are able to automatically redistribute the load in the networks, taking into account the level of solar activity and changing wind strength, reducing losses during electricity transportation by up to 30%.

The project for the use of geothermal energy was innovative in its own way for the capital of Kazakhstan. The fact is that now there is no natural gas in Astana, so alternative technologies for heating residential buildings are being developed, including using underground geothermal sources. With the participation of the German company Petroline, an experimental house with an area of ​​190 square meters was built here. m, the heat for which is extracted from a well 130 meters deep and allows you to reduce monthly heating costs by almost 70% in winter.

Germany

Detailed information about the project was presented in the German pavilion, where architects from the gtp2 bureau, guided by the motto Energy on Track (“Energy on the right path”), created a real city of the future. The most memorable was the house with “living facades” Bio Intelligent Quotient (BIQ), the concept of which was worked on by several companies at once - Splitterwerk, Label für Bildende Kunst, Graz Arup (Berlin), B+G Ingenieure (Frankfurt) and Immosolar (Hamburg). Its façade panels are inhabited by algae and act as a bioreactor. The process begins by feeding the algae wastewater, growing through photosynthesis, absorbing and using thermal energy from the sun, for example to heat a home, and ending the cycle with harvesting the algae foam. Biomass, among other things, can be used to produce food products and cosmetics. The world's first algae-eating building was built as an experiment in Hamburg.

Construction technology according to the new energy consumption standard “Effizienzhaus Plus” has been more promoted. In Germany, 35 house projects have already been implemented that produce more energy than they consume, including through photovoltaic installations. New solar cell modules are being developed by the Institute of Solar Energy Systems (ISE).

Finland

Finland, which ranked first in the list of the greenest countries in the world last year according to the Environmental Performance Index, attracted attention in 2017 with a pavilion from the architects ATELJE Sotamaa. They created a modernist space made of wood under the motto “Sharing Pure Energy”, thereby recalling that 70% of their country is covered with forests. But Finland’s “green” status is largely ensured by “cleantech”, on which entire cities are developing, like Astana’s sister city Oulu.

A more special case is the PolarSol gel-air heat exchanger technology, which allows you to obtain heat and cold without connecting to centralized systems. Year-round autonomous solar energy storage devices are also one of the most efficient exhaust air heat recuperators and Wastewater, they pay for themselves in five years for multi-story construction. PolarSol was invented by Russian engineer Anton Serbin, Finland bought the technology, production is today located in Joensuu, and at EXPO the heat exchangers are presented in the Best Practices pavilion.

Best Practices Pavilion

The EXPO organizers selected 24 projects in the field of alternative energy from 13 countries and presented them in the Best Practices Pavilion. Here, as we already wrote, came Finnish technology PolarSol, as well as the German IceStorage from Viessmann. This development from Germany also proposes using heat exchangers to store energy, but built into a large underground reservoir filled with water. In a special ice storage facility, natural processes of freezing and thawing of water occur, which are converted into energy for heating and cooling buildings.

In addition to the life support of buildings, there are other tasks associated, for example, with energy-efficient lighting. The French startup Glowee was the first in the world to propose illuminating store windows and building facades from marine microorganisms. The project does not aim to completely replace electric lighting, but rather offers an alternative solution with the least environmental impact.

Singapore

Photo inform.kz

If Germany is famous for its achievements in the field of solar energy, and France for its wind parks, then Singapore cannot boast of anything like that. There is no strong winds, so it is impossible to develop hydropower; the sun is obscured by clouds and shadows of skyscrapers most of the year. But it is all the more interesting to understand how on an area of ​​700 sq. km, a national idea is being developed to establish Singapore as an environmentally friendly city with “zero waste” and a thriving “green” economy by 2030.

Experimental projects that ensure the sustainable development of the city-state are described in detail in the pavilion, which is called “Small city, Big ideas”. There are obvious projects here with solar panels on the roofs of skyscrapers, less obvious ones with the ability to cool neighborhoods using water released underground, and unique finds like the Capita Green tower from Toyo Ito and Takenaka Corporation engineers. The double-fronted high-rise is completely planted with greenery, including a high-rise forest on the roof - all together allowing it to retain solar energy by 26% better. Visitors to the pavilion are invited to choose the most interesting project, while the “vertical forest” is rightfully in the lead.

Smart technologies are becoming more accessible to cities

Smart technologies for a smart city

Today dictates new model development of Russian cities based on human capital, innovation and high technology. Cities are gradually turning into intelligent systems. Digital transformation affects all main areas of city functioning: healthcare, education, energy, transport, resource and urban space management.

75 percent of the Russian population are city dwellers. Increasing load and new requirements for the efficiency of urban infrastructure make its intellectualization vital. Therefore, a smart city today is not a luxury, but a condition for survival.

It is necessary to create a new quality of cities in the context of slowing economic growth and budget deficits. Therefore, the issues of developing financing mechanisms for smart city technologies come to the fore.

Electric power industry

Significant budget funds are being invested in the development of smart technologies. For example, 100 billion rubles have been invested in the electric power industry since 2007. from federal budget. Part of these investments was spent on the implementation of intelligent systems.

The main priorities in the use of smart technologies in the electric power industry are improving services to citizens, reducing costs, energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, integration and development of renewable energy sources in the urban environment.

Among the technologies used to intelligentize energy supply are smart grids. The purpose of this technology is to make the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity smart. Smart networks are saturated with modern diagnostic tools, electronic control systems, algorithms, and technical devices (for example, short-circuit current limiters of superconducting lines). The introduction of this technology in the city reduces losses during the transmission of electricity from the generator to the consumer, increases the reliability of energy supply, and provides additional features on optimal redistribution of energy flows and reduction of peak loads.

New opportunities for the development of smart networks will appear with the development and implementation of cost-effective energy storage devices, the development of electric transport and the corresponding charging infrastructure.

Investment programs of Russian network companies provide for the introduction of intelligent metering systems in networks. The volume of financing for such projects today reaches 2 percent of the total volume of the program.

The introduction of smart electricity meters with remote readings will improve the quality of service and reduce commercial losses for network companies. Today, legislative initiatives are already being prepared to encourage the installation of such metering devices

In the future, technologies for individual automatic weather control will become in demand. Thermal energy savings when implementing them amount to 20-30 percent. The quality of heating service improves: overheating in the warm season and underheating during periods of extreme cold disappear.

Of interest is the disaggregation of electricity consumption. This smart technology is currently being implemented in Moscow as part of pilot projects. It allows you to track how much energy each device within the smart home components consumes. As a result of households, the behavioral model of the consumer changes. He has additional motivation to save energy and develop a smart home.

It is impossible to imagine a smart city without the widespread use of renewable energy sources: sunlight, water flows, wind. Satisfying the need for electricity through solar thermal and power plants, wind generators is safe for environment. Such sources are inexhaustible and publicly available.

City lighting

Smart city lighting provides light on city streets in the right quality, quantity, at the right time and for a minimum investment. That's why smart cities choose energy-saving incandescent lamps. The energy saving potential when replacing incandescent lamps with energy-saving ones is up to 90 percent. Additional savings are achieved through the introduction of automation (motion sensors) and timely turning off and on of lighting, reducing the load.

The use of LEDs in city lighting saves energy up to 60 percent. The main problem when implementing the system LED lighting lies in its high initial cost. The system pays for itself only after a certain period of time due to energy savings. This is not always beneficial for city authorities due to insufficient local budgets and legal regulation. One of the ways to attract investment in lighting modernization could be preferential loans to municipalities for these socially significant projects.

LED lighting not only saves energy, but also decorates the city. LEDs can be used to illuminate buildings, parks, and festive street lighting (illuminations).

Transport

To improve the energy efficiency of cities, it is important to implement intelligent transport systems. They, combined with optimal road loading, can reduce energy costs by 5–15 percent.

One of the leaders is Moscow, where a corresponding program has already been adopted. It provides for the transition to intelligent control of traffic lights, giving priority to public transport, dynamic regulation of transport speed, and routing to prevent traffic jams.

Today, every traffic light in Moscow is equipped with an optical channel, which makes it possible to process huge amounts of data. Means have also been introduced in the capital to prevent violations of traffic rules. Sensors record intersections of solid lines and stop lines, and speeding. According to the developers' forecasts, in 5–10 years drivers will learn correct behavior on the roads.

Smart city technologies also include electronic payment systems for public transport. Such a system itself calculates a discount if a person often travels by public transport and constantly uses the same card for payment. The technology has already been implemented in many large cities of Russia - Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen.

Information Systems

A modern city consists of many subsystems - transport, telecommunications, electricity and water supply systems, etc. - that interact with each other. To control the operation of all city systems, ensure the safety of every resident, receive and archive information about important events and promptly provide it to interested services, a comprehensive information system is needed. It must be able to accumulate, combine, analyze and group data coming from many sources. This is exactly the system that the “Safe City” complex represents, which many administrations have successfully implemented. This is a system of software and hardware and organizational measures for providing video security and technical security in public places (schools, medical institutions), managing housing and communal services and other facilities on the scale of a modern city.

Internet of Things

The issue of connecting government bodies, organizations and enterprises to the Internet should be one of the first to be resolved in the city. Then such a city can claim to be called smart.

In Moscow, many things can be implemented using modern computer technologies:

– make an appointment with a doctor via the Internet;

– leave a request about a problem in your house or yard and monitor its implementation through the “Our City” portal;

– send documents for a passport, pay for electricity or telephone, pay taxes via the Internet, pay for parking via telephone.

– report illegal parking through a special application on your smartphone.

Electronic diaries have appeared in schools. With the help of information technology, it is possible to control the time of arrival and departure to and from school. Computer classes and modern training equipment will surprise no one: a driving simulator is used in a driving school, and a shooting simulator will be available to cadets.

There are plans to make free wi-fi not only in public transport, but also in city parks, at bus stops, and large pedestrian streets. Already in 2017, 1,100 such street access points will appear in Moscow.

Regulatory support

To introduce new technologies into urban space, regulatory, legal and methodological support is needed. The concept of a smart city, the components of its content, architecture, rules on payment for smart technologies - all this should be spelled out in legislation.

Today, regional authorities do not have the opportunity to allocate budget funds for innovative smart city projects. Therefore, it is important to provide government support for the implementation of at least pilot projects in cities. It is necessary to consolidate the mechanisms of this support at the legislative level.

For the emergence of smart cities to become a reality, it is necessary to make changes and additions to a number of laws:

– the federal law dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ, supplement it with tools for increasing energy efficiency at the regional and municipal level.

– Federal Law No. 224-FZ of July 13, 2015, supplement it with a description of the elements of the IT infrastructure;

It is necessary to introduce standards that allow or require the use of new, more efficient, economical and environmentally friendly solutions during major renovations of apartment buildings. Separately, at the legislative level, the following should be prescribed:

– rules of interaction between the actors of the smart city system (developer, management company, consumer, authority);

– requirements for equipping facilities with video surveillance systems and intelligent lighting.

Smart technologies make living in the city safe, comfortable and economical. These components form the demand for smart city facilities. The only downside is the high initial price. In this regard, government agencies and authorities local government are not ready to buy energy-efficient housing to resettle citizens from dilapidated and dilapidated houses. A square meter in energy-efficient housing costs more, which means fewer people will be able to be resettled under resettlement programs.

In other cases, demand problems for smart homes often disappear as consumer psychology changes.

Example.

Eight years ago, apartments appeared equipped with security and identification systems at the entrance. They were more expensive than other housing, and there was no demand for them. Now the situation has changed, a market has formed. The consumer is willing to pay a little more to get a clear benefit.

The situation is the same with energy-efficient housing. Demand for it is developing gradually. According to surveys, after the introduction of energy efficient technologies in the homes of residents, their energy consumption decreases by 40 percent. Communal expenses. Up to 85 percent of energy-efficient home buyers admit that they have consciously paid for its benefits.

Thus, consumer demand for smart technologies will increase due to the understanding of the benefits of their implementation.

Funding problems

Practice shows that people pay for the implementation of smart technologies in the city:

– developers – builders implementing projects. An agreement with the municipality must provide them with a refund;

– persons who own technologies and offer their services;

– city authorities in different proportions depending on the filling of local budgets;

– residents, if they are convinced of the effectiveness of smart technology.

To include the population in the system of financing smart technologies, authorities need to hold on-site meetings and participate in general meetings of owners of premises in apartment buildings. Without this, convince townspeople that entrances and places common use the house should be lit using a specific smart technology (for example, LEDs) will not work.

In buildings where apartment buyers are willing to pay for 1 sq. m is 20-30 percent more, no problems arise. It is much more difficult to get money for smart technologies to be allocated by residents of economy-class houses, where square meter costs 30 thousand rubles. In such housing, it will be difficult to introduce technologies that do not provide quick results. It is most advisable for such houses to choose technologies that correspond to the capabilities of the consumer.

It is important for city authorities to understand that smart technologies are necessary tools for solving problems, and not a fashionable novelty that must be purchased first. Therefore, you need to purchase them without compromising other important expense items.

Over time, many technologies become not only more advanced, but also accessible. For example, over the past three years, the price of LEDs in Russia has decreased three times, and solar panels - seven times. Therefore, today the authorities of many cities are ready to begin the mass implementation of technologies that were recently considered a pipe dream. A reasonable borrowing policy and attraction of private resources in the format of public-private partnership will help with this.

Megacities have more access to the entire range of technologies for a smart city, while small settlements have access to only individual solutions. However, it is important that it is not just big cities that are included in the competition to implement smart technologies. They are necessary for the livelihoods of small settlements. Today there are about 100 thousand settlements in the country, where no more than 200 people live. These people are not fully provided with high-quality infrastructure - educational, energy, telecommunications, medical, banking. In small cities, standard modular solutions can be implemented: autonomous energy supply, distance education, telemedicine, postal and banking services using modern information technologies. It is necessary to develop new standards for the formation of infrastructure in such “micro-settlements”. Then, with the active joint work of federal, regional and municipal authorities, and the implementation of infrastructure companies, by 2025–2030 these settlements will be able to compete with megacities in terms of the degree of implementation of smart technologies.

It is important to establish interaction between cities. For example, at the forum of the global organization United Cities and Local Authorities, one can summarize the work on the implementation of smart technologies and discuss best practices.

On a note

Smart technology financing schemes in the city

The following three effective financing schemes are common today.

1. Service model. The operator invests 100 percent of the funds in the project and guarantees the quality of service. For this he receives money from the state or municipality. The scheme allows saving budget funds and guarantees the operator a return on investment within a certain period. Risks arise due to the long payback period – from five to ten years. The public partner (authority) must mitigate these risks. For example, introduce preferential taxation for the operator.

2. Combined financing scheme for smart city projects with the participation of a public partner, operator and end consumer.

3. Direct financing scheme for smart city facilities. It allows you to sell smart products directly to consumers and get paid from them.

Authorities should see smart technologies primarily as a necessary factor in urban development. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the entire line of smart city tools where possible. There are expensive technologies that not all cities can afford. But there are also solutions that have already become available to many cities.

Investment of budget funds in various areas– education, healthcare, transport must be accompanied by the introduction of modern standards, providing for the introduction of smart technologies. This will create additional demand and speed up processes associated with commercialization and reducing implementation costs. Financing will become more realistic if resources are allocated within the framework of federal, regional and municipal targeted programs.

Local authorities can promote the introduction of smart technologies into the urban environment. Namely:

– explain to entrepreneurs how they can invest in the infrastructure of smart cities, on official city websites and in personal meetings;

– involve manufacturers of modern smart equipment in projects to introduce smart technologies into the urban environment;

– provide consulting and methodological support for smart city projects, invest budget funds in such projects;

– explain to consumers in an accessible form how they can pay less using more expensive but smart solutions.

On a note

Who is the smartest in Russia?

Russia has decided to compile the first rating of smart cities. For now, it will include only million-plus cities, of which there are 15 in Russia. They are more willing to invest money in intelligent management systems for transport, housing and communal services, energy and industry. The study will be carried out by the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications, the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Construction of Russia. In total, five key areas of a smart city have been identified: industry, transport, energy, housing and communal services and e-government. All of them must be effectively managed using smart technologies. We are currently collecting data for the rating. In April 2017, experts will discuss the results of the study in working group. Then a final list of smart cities will be compiled. Now the best city Russia, which could claim the title of smart, experts named St. Petersburg. Kazan and Ufa have good chances. These cities have a well-established automation system for water, heat and electricity supply networks. Intelligent transport systems are being implemented in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg, and Belgorod. Among the large cities with high potential for smart development are Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don. Best practices will be spread in other cities of Russia.

Within the framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept, one of the most popular areas of development is the “smart city” concept. The fundamental principle of a “smart city” is the introduction of information technologies and IoT objects into the urban environment. It is expected that this approach will improve the system of management and interaction between the state and society, improve the quality and efficiency of city services, and all together will qualitatively change the lives of the population.

The main assets of the city will be: people, processes and technologies.

The Smart City concept is characterized by three basic parameters:

Manufacturability.

Intellectualization.

Focus on lifestyle. A “smart city” must be environmentally friendly, safe, energy-intensive, open ample opportunities and ensuring the most comfortable life.

Among the priority sectors in need of intelligent modernization are public administration, city infrastructure and the economy. The main directions of development of these sectors are presented in the table.

Table - The most important directions for the development of a “smart city”

Innovation economy	City infrastructure	Public administration
Innovation in industry, clusters, city districts	Transport	Administrative services to citizens
Smart Workforce: Education and Employment	Energy/Utilities	Representative and direct democracy
Creation of knowledge-intensive companies	Environment/Safety	Services for citizens: quality of life

For example, a concept in these directions may manifest itself in the following features. An innovative economy must be self-sufficient and independent of natural carbon resources. It is necessary to introduce economical and renewable energy sources in urban infrastructure. The government branch should work to increase the competitiveness of capital, both financial, intellectual and human.

Roadmap for the development of a “smart city”

The road map for the development of a “smart city” offers the following way to implement the concept.

WHY is it needed?"smart city"?

First, cities should examine their communities. Success is impossible without a goal, so it is necessary to explore the needs of citizens and businesses, their interests, unique traits, way of thinking, level of education, age structure, etc., in order to understand why the population needs a “smart city”, what they want it to be and what it is must change in their environment.

HOW to implement the concept"smart city" ?

Secondly, once the “why” is determined, it is necessary to develop a strategy for “how” to implement the concept. Namely: how will smart city initiatives spread, what are the functions and goals of such a policy?

WHO is interested in creating a “smart city”?

The benefits of a “smart city” are aimed primarily at the population and at improving their living conditions. Therefore, the idea must be supported by citizens. They must be interested in its development and implementation and work must also be done to get them involved in the process. For example, increase the transparency of processes, expand management capabilities through e-government systems, etc.

However, before starting work in the above three areas, it is important to understand WHAT is an urban community. What is it like in the present, what are its geographical boundaries, how does it interact with the surrounding area.

The work carried out according to the presented algorithm will allow us to study the processes of society, determine the needs of the population and formulate goals and means for achieving them.

Standardization of the “smart city” concept in Russia

Creation Projects"smart city"are also being formed in Russia. The development of standards for “smart cities” is carried out by the National Center for Informatization (hereinafter referred to as NCI). The need for standards is dictated by trends: interest in the concept is growing significantly, more and more new projects are appearing, between which there is no consistency. Common criteria will allow us to generalize knowledge, combine efforts and ideas, prescribe which city is considered “smart” and speed up its construction. At the same time, standards must be dynamic, changing as the plan is implemented to meet the current needs of society.

Recently it became known that in the near future a technical committee for standardization “Cyber-physical systems” will be formed in Russia. Its tasks include, among other things, the standardization of the “Smart city”, and in addition to it the “Internet of things”, “Big data” and “Smart manufacturing”.

Within the framework of the “smart city” concept, the following national standards may appear:

GOST “Smart City. ICT reference framework. Part 1. Structure of Smart City business processes" (harmonization with ISO/IEC 30145–1);

GOST “Smart City. ICT reference framework. Part 2. Smart City Knowledge Management Framework (harmonization with ISO/IEC 30145–2);

GOST “Smart City. ICT reference framework. Part 3. Smart City Engineering Systems" (harmonization with ISO/IEC 30145–3);

GOST “Smart City. ICT Indicators" (harmonization with ISO/IEC 30146).

In Russia, they are taking the first steps to develop several Smart cities. For example, one of them in near Kazan is sold by JLL. Near St. Petersburg, work is underway on the satellite city of Yuzhny. There are several pilot projects to create “smart” districts in the Moscow region. M2M technologies and the modernization of education should contribute to the intellectualization of cities in Russia.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) is an inter-machine exchange of information or its one-way transmission. The technology has a great future and a wide range of applications in the “smart city” concept. For example, in smart home sensors to monitor such parameters as air temperature, lighting level, etc. In addition to the “smart” home, M2M solutions are built into many systems: payments, security and safety, navigation, housing and communal services, vending, healthcare, etc.

In education, work is underway to introduce the “Electronic educational environment of the Russian Federation”, and actions are also being taken to completely transfer specialized institutions to electronic textbooks. These events are part of a comprehensive program of the State information system(GIS) in the field of education in Russia. The information ecosystem will reduce costs in the field of education, and also contributes to the implementation of the federal all-Russian store of educational content and technologies (EDU.RuStore).

To improve the quality of life of Muscovites - the main priority of the Concept - a whole range of tasks must be solved in the planning and construction of urban infrastructure, accounting and distribution of housing and communal services resources, development of an ecosystem of personalized urban services with a unified and user-friendly interface for citizens.

According to forecasts Federal service state statistics, by 2030 the population of the Moscow agglomeration will be 22 million people (according to the average forecast). In the context of urbanization, specialized digital platforms will allow for optimal urban planning, which includes simplifying interaction between all participants in the process, improving the quality and efficiency of development, saving money and time.

The “Smart City 2030” concept in the field of urban planning is aimed at improving the planning and development of the city of Moscow based on next-generation analytics and digital technologies. The implementation of the principles of “green” construction and the introduction of “Smart Home” technologies will create a comfortable and healthy urban living environment and reduce the destructive impact on the environment.

The “Smart City 2030” concept in the housing and communal services sector provides for the continuation of the effective digitalization of city life, taking into account the state of utility infrastructure and with a special emphasis on providing Muscovites with comfortable housing and high-quality services, as well as on the validity of the use of innovative technologies. The development of AI-based technologies and the widespread use of the Internet of Things will make it possible to accurately determine the required amounts of funding and resource allocation. Housing and communal services management will be largely carried out on the basis of Big Data using predictive analytics, and individual energy, heat, gas and water supply schemes will form a common “System of Systems”.

The implementation of new urban solutions will be carried out on the basis of practical experience in piloting smart neighborhoods in Moscow. The principle of consistent implementation and gradual scaling will be applied based on pilot projects based on territorial and functional characteristics. This will ensure: continuous improvement of interdepartmental interaction, clarification of initiatives and plans, standards, documents at all levels, analysis and identification of promising areas for the implementation of the concept of the city of Moscow.

Direction goals « Urban environment»	Contribution of the direction to achieving the top-level goals of the concept
	Increased quality of life	Transparent city management	Efficiency of government spending
Effective digitalization of city life, incl. in the field of providing Muscovites with comfortable housing and high-quality housing and communal services.
Optimization of urban planning and development based on next generation analytics, Big Data and digital technologies.

Indicators of the direction “Urban environment”

• Share of urban facilities in the construction of which BIM technologies are used;
• Reducing the number of interactions between developers and authorities;
• Modernization of the infrastructure for the collection and disposal of industrial and solid waste (number of facilities);
• Quantity emergency situations at housing and communal services facilities.

2.1. Urban planning

Current status

• 94.4% of government services in the urban planning sector are provided in electronic form, most of them exclusively in electronic form;
• A Project Office has been formed for the implementation of information modeling technologies in the construction of BIM technologies, and active development of standards, classifier systems and requirements for information models is underway;
• A Smart standard has been developed and approved, which includes recommendations for the implementation of pre-design solutions for the use of advanced technologies in the framework of creating a comfortable urban environment;
• A comprehensive information and technological infrastructure of the executive authorities of the Construction Complex has been created, allowing for rapid automation internal processes executive authorities and organize effective interaction with construction participants;
• There is an information and analytical system for managing urban planning activities - the basic information system of the Construction Complex, which is a unified information environment for all construction participants.

• Planning for the development of territories based on intelligent analysis of urban data, improving the quality of development of territorial planning documents and urban zoning, documentation on territory planning;
• Reducing the time and costs of capital construction due to the digitalization of life cycle processes of objects and the introduction of BIM technologies;
• Reducing time and simplifying the implementation of procedures in the construction sector;
• Ensuring transparency of management, preventing and identifying offenses in the urban planning industry through the use of digital technologies, quality control construction work, as well as the introduction of effective mechanisms for verifying the developer’s fulfillment of its obligations.

Strategic directions

• Application of BIM technologies at all stages of the life cycle of construction projects:
  • Digitalization based on BIM will cover all processes of the life cycle of objects, from the stages of urban planning to the decommissioning of objects;
  • “Digital copies” of buildings will be able to be used by emergency services, for example, when rescuing people during a fire and during anti-terrorist operations;
  • The introduction of automated building management systems will ensure automatic control and dispatch of engineering systems, collection of statistics on the condition of structural elements and building systems based on an information model;
  • A database of digital models of buildings (structures) and other urban objects will be created;
  • Information modeling will be used in the planning and design of energy efficient buildings and urban transport infrastructure, reconstruction and major repairs;
• A unified digital platform in the urban planning sector is a platform for electronic interaction between developers, banks and authorities as part of the implementation of a construction project.
  • The Unified Digital Platform will include the following components:
  • Public map with information layers by land plots, areas with special conditions of use, utilities and possible points of connection to networks;
  • Personal account (including the developer, bank, etc.) with complete information on the construction project and the ability to access the project for all its participants;
  • Automated decision making segment;
• Introduction of Smart City technologies to organize a “smart construction site”:
  • Systems will be introduced to monitor the work of employees at the construction site − electronic passport a builder indicating all approvals, certificates and licenses, a “smart” bracelet for controlling access to the construction site;
  • Construction sites will be equipped with sensors to monitor environmental conditions and noise levels;
  • Construction equipment will be equipped with control systems for the materials used;
  • Technologies for end-to-end identification of building materials and individual factory-made structures will be introduced;
  • Monitoring of the construction process will be carried out, including through drones, video surveillance systems and sensors to reduce the cost of construction control and increase the level of safety;
• Creation of a comprehensive information system for handling all types of waste at construction sites:
  • Information from the construction site about the volumes and types of construction and demolition waste will be transmitted in real time;
  • Classification and intelligent selection of landfills will be carried out in order to further organize work on processing and reuse construction and demolition waste;
  • The formation of optimal routes for transporting construction and demolition waste and soil will be ensured;
• Application of smart contracts in construction:
  • Smart contracts will be defined as a type of fulfillment of obligations of construction participants;
  • Smart contracts will be concluded for the examination of project documentation and the supply of construction materials;
  • The use of smart contracts will eliminate the falsification of contracts and construction documentation;
• Applications of virtual and augmented reality:
  • The use of VR/AR/MR technologies in the design, modeling and construction of buildings and structures will provide access to detailed information about the parameters of materials and structural elements of the information model;
  • Using holographic projections in presentations architectural projects and holding public hearings will increase their attractiveness and the quality of their implementation in the urban environment;
• Innovative construction methods:
  • Three-dimensional printing of buildings and their individual elements, digital modular construction and preparation of infrastructure for the implementation of the Internet of Things will significantly speed up and reduce the cost of the construction process.

Strategic projects in the field of urban planning

2.1.1. Territory planning based on intelligent analysis of Big City Data and technologies Artificial Intelligence;

Technologies:

Planning of urban development activities in Moscow will be carried out on the basis of Big Data analysis and will be accompanied by the development of a digital three-dimensional model of the city. Alternative scenarios for the city's development will be developed, taking into account many parameters - including existing restrictions on the development of architectural and historically important areas. Discussions and referendums on urban development issues will take place on the platform of digital democracy (see paragraph 6.1.4). Analysis of Big City Data and the use of Artificial Intelligence will improve the quality of development of territorial planning and urban zoning documents.

2.1.2. Application of BIM technologies at all stages of the life cycle of an object - from planning to decommissioning;

Technologies:

The use of information modeling in the construction and operation of buildings (structures) will expand. The use of BIM (Building Information Model) methods and tools will become a common practice in Moscow, allowing to reduce the time and costs of capital construction. A city portal of information models of buildings (structures), road transport facilities, their structural elements and materials used will be created.
Digitalization based on BIM will cover all processes of the life cycle of an object, from urban planning to decommissioning of the object. “Digital twins” of buildings based on BIM models will allow you to monitor the condition of buildings and engineering systems, predict infrastructure breakdowns (elevators, pipelines, etc.) and calculate the service life before major repairs. “Digital twins” of buildings can be used by emergency services, for example, when rescuing people during a fire and conducting anti-terrorist operations.

2.1.3. Creation of a Unified digital platform in urban planning;

Technologies:

The launch of a platform for electronic interaction between developers, banks and authorities will increase the transparency of management in construction, will allow to prevent and identify offenses in this area, ensure quality control of construction work, and will also contribute to the introduction of effective mechanisms for verifying the fulfillment of the developer’s obligations. On this site there will be personal accounts of all developers/banks with complete information on the construction project and the ability to access the project for all its participants. The platform will contain a public map with information layers on land plots, zones with special conditions of use, utilities and possible points of connection to networks.

2.1.4. The use of smart contracts in urban construction as a type of fulfillment of obligations of construction participants;

Technologies:

In all areas of urban construction, it will be possible to conclude smart contracts, that is, agreements in electronic form, the execution of rights and obligations under which is carried out by automatically performing digital transactions in a distributed registry in a strictly defined sequence and upon the occurrence of certain circumstances.
Smart contracts will be defined as a type of fulfillment of obligations of construction participants and will be concluded for the examination of project documentation and the supply of construction materials. The use of smart contracts will eliminate the falsification of contracts, construction documentation, and work acceptance certificates.

2.1.5. The use of “smart” technologies in construction;

Technologies:

A number of measures will be developed to stimulate the use of smart technologies in construction. The principles of “green building” will be introduced in order to reduce the harmful impact on the environment, increase energy efficiency, and reduce emissions during the construction and operation of buildings. A comprehensive system for managing all types of waste on construction sites will be created, and waste recycling and reuse activities will be high degree automated/robotic. The amount of construction waste will be radically reduced due to three-dimensional printing of buildings (structures) and their individual elements.

2.1.6. Modeling of construction projects using end-to-end technologies: three-dimensional modeling, virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence;

Technologies:

Virtual, augmented and mixed reality (AR/VR/MR) technologies will be used in the design and construction of buildings (structures). Virtual buildings at a future construction site will make it possible to assess changes in the landscape and find out residents’ opinions about the planned buildings. AR/VR/MR glasses will allow foremen to get detailed information on the parameters of materials and structural elements of the building. During presentations and public hearings, holographic projections of architectural projects will enhance their attractiveness.

2.1.7. Creating conditions for citizens to use “smart” housing.

Technologies:

Standards and regulations for the use of smart housing technologies will be developed. A unified digital platform for smart housing in Moscow will provide connection of Internet of Things devices and sensors, including for remote collection, transmission, storage and analysis of data on the consumption of utility resources and services. A catalog of personalized solutions in the field of smart housing will be developed.

2.2. Department of Housing and Utilities

Current status

• All Moscow districts (except TiNAO) are connected to the Unified Dispatch Service - a centralized point for receiving all citizens' requests on the topic of housing and communal services;
• In 2017, the Unified Dispatch Service of the city of Moscow processed 8.3 million calls;
• Formation regional program major repairs and control of work execution are 100% automated;
• The total number of equipment connected to the GLONASS control system has reached 15.5 thousand units. For all courtyard areas in the city, automatic monitoring of the quality of sanitary maintenance is carried out using GLONASS tools;
• Current information on planned and completed major repairs of apartment buildings is available on the Moscow government services portal;
• The portal dom.site contains a current updated rating of organizations managing apartment buildings;
• An automated resource consumption accounting system (ASUPR) was put into commercial operation;
• A unified data warehouse of the ACS EIRTs was created, and data marts “Accruals and Payments”, “Housing Fund” and the subsystem “Working with Debt” were developed.

• Improving the accessibility and quality of housing and communal services provided through the introduction of digital technologies;
• Increasing the efficiency of resource use in housing and communal services and ensuring savings in the budget of the city of Moscow;
• Ensuring transparency of management, prevention and detection of offenses in housing and communal services;
• Increasing the level of safety, reliability, accessibility of housing and communal services infrastructure and reducing accident rates.

Strategic directions

• Application of BIM technologies at all stages of the life cycle of utility infrastructure facilities:
  1. • Digitalization based on BIM will cover all life cycle processes of municipal and housing infrastructure facilities, including operation, maintenance and provision of housing and communal services;
     • “Digital copies” of municipal engineering infrastructure objects will allow you to track the life cycle of objects and engineering systems, predict infrastructure breakdowns (elevators, pipelines, etc.), as well as the need for major repairs of buildings and apartment buildings;
     • The introduction of automated management systems for buildings and housing and communal infrastructure facilities will ensure automatic control and dispatch of engineering systems, collection of statistics on the condition of structural elements and building systems based on an information model;
• Formation of a common “System of Systems” based on the analysis of Big Data and AI:
  1. • Based on separate energy, heat, gas and water supply systems, a single integrated “System of Systems” will be developed;
     • The “system of systems” will contain data on the city’s housing and communal infrastructure, as well as relevant data from related areas (transport, telecommunications), geodetic information (for example, the condition and composition of the soil), etc.;
     • Housing and communal services management will be largely carried out on the basis of Big Data generated by citizens, businesses, executive authorities and Internet of Things devices; in the medium term, AI systems will be involved in management;
• Use of digital and Internet of Things platforms:
  1. • City-wide digital platforms and Internet of Things platforms will ensure accounting and saving of resource consumption, timely prevention of accidents and reduction of time to eliminate them, monitoring the degree of wear and tear. engineering communications, increasing the transparency of management and solving other problems of housing and communal services;
     • Metering devices connected to the Internet will allow, upon request, to fully automate the accounting and payment of all housing and communal services;
• Application of information and analytical tools for effective management of housing and communal services:
  1. • The use of information and analytical tools in housing and communal services will expand, including semantic analysis of text and speech for processing citizens’ requests, multidimensional statistical analysis, processing complex events;
     • New technologies will eliminate the human factor when determining the volume of funding for housing and communal services, monitoring the quality of work, identifying problem areas, identifying and preventing offenses in housing and communal services.