Trans-Siberian Railway. Photo: Alexey Zadonsky / Wikimedia Commons
The Trans-Siberian Railway (Trans-Siberian Railway; Trans-Sib), formerly known as the Great Siberian Way, is a railway across Eurasia connecting Moscow with the largest East Siberian and Far Eastern industrial cities of Russia. The length of the main line is 9288.2 km - it is the longest railway in the world.
In this fascinating article, we have outlined 30 short points, thanks to which you will learn the whole history of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Now, let's go!
1. In 1886, the Governor-General of Irkutsk, Alexei Ignatiev, sent a petition to St. Petersburg about the urgent need to build the Great Siberian Road.
2. In 1887, a decision was made to build a railway in Siberia, after which the first research work began.
3. In 1891, work began on laying the railway line at both ends - from Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok.
4. In 1893, the basic principles of construction were formulated - to build firmly, quickly and as economically as possible. The latter condition gradually superseded strength, and later, during times of increased traffic, additional work was required.
5. Cost-saving measures included reducing the width of the roadway, reducing or even eliminating the ballast layer, lighter rails with reduced service life, excessive ascent and descent angles that imposed certain speed restrictions on the train and the qualifications of the drivers. Bridges across rivers were allowed to be built from wood, and station buildings were allowed to be built without foundations, which subsequently led to additional investments in the infrastructure of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
6. At the same time, the construction of the railway line became a testing ground for new construction technologies: the use of electricity during drilling operations, special standards of explosives for new types of blasting, which greatly facilitated the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
7. In 1894, construction began on the Chelyabinsk-Omsk section - the first train started moving. In 1895, the railway reached the Ob River, the birthplace of the city of Novosibirsk.
8. In 1898, the Trans-Siberian Railway had already reached Irkutsk. In the same year, the railway reached Lake Baikal and... stalled for 6 years.
9. In 1896–97 catastrophic floods washed away at least 400 kilometers of the Amur railway - many villages were simply destroyed.
10. Traffic on the Transbaikal Railway resumed only in 1990.
11. In 1899, a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk (on the other side) was put into operation.
12. The height of the required embankment in the Krasnoyarsk region reached 17 meters, and on the Trans-Baikal Railway the height of the mound reached an unimaginable 32 meters!
13. The unique Amur Bridge, 2,600 meters long, completed in 1916, was the last structure on the Trans-Siberian Railway.
14. The railway bridge over the Yenisei River in Krasnoyarsk was built taking into account the characteristics of the powerful ice flows of this river. The length of this bridge was 1 kilometer. The distance between the supports reached 140 meters, the height of the metal trusses was up to 20 meters. Construction of the bridge was completed in 1899. In 1900, at the Universal Exhibition in Paris, the bridge was awarded a gold medal, as was the Eiffel Tower.
15. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was accompanied by the construction of cities serving the railway with stations, warehouses, station buildings, houses, schools, colleges and even churches.
16. 90 thousand people took part in various stages of railway construction.
17. Exiles and prisoners also worked during the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway - for this their sentences were commuted.
18. During the reforms of the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire, Pyotr Stolypin, farmers were given the opportunity to receive a plot of Siberian land and some money. At the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Siberia grew by half a million people annually. The development of Siberian lands dramatically increased agricultural production in Russia - by approximately 60% in the first 15 years of the 20th century. Siberia became a food supplier for Europe, resulting in the need for a second line for the Trans-Siberian Railway.
19. The construction speed of the Trans-Siberian Railway was 500–700 kilometers annually. The line passed through several rivers, mountains and permafrost - all this seems fantastic even in our time.
20. The Trans-Siberian Railway, which originates at the Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow and ends in Vladivostok, is the largest railway line in the world. Its length is 9288.2 km.
The main course of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Angasol loop. Photo: Slava Stepanov / geliovostok.ru 21. The Angasol loop, 7 km long, is the steepest descent of the Trans-Siberian Railway (to Lake Baikal from the west) - 27 km.
22. The only railway station in the world made of marble is the Slyudyanka I railway station (5311 kilometer).
23. The longest tunnel of the Trans-Siberian Railway is across the Amur River - 7 km (not working). The longest tunnel in operation is Tarmanchukansky - 2 km. A total of 15 tunnels were built.
24. On the section to Nakhodka, there are stations more distant from Moscow than Vladivostok - Cape Astafiev and Vostochny port.
25. The Trans-Siberian Railway crosses 16 major rivers in Europe and Asia, including the Volga, Kama, Yenisei, Amur and Irtysh.
26. In 2000, after the reconstruction of the railway bridge over the Amur River near Khabarovsk, the Trans-Siberian Railway became completely double-track.
27. In 2002, the railway from Moscow to Vladivostok was fully electrified.
28. New Great Silk Road. There is an agreement between several countries on direct freight transport from Beijing (China) to Hamburg (Germany) via the Trans-Siberian Railway.
29. The world's longest train along the Trans-Siberian Railway ran from Kharkov (Ukraine) to Vladivostok. Travel time - 7 days 6 hours and 10 minutes (9.714 km). The train has now been removed from the route.
30. The branded train “Russia”, going from Moscow to Vladivostok, spends 6 days and 2 hours along the Trans-Siberian Railway.
If you know any other interesting facts about the Trans-Siberian Railway, please report them in the comments under this article, and I will definitely add to it!
For a century, the Trans-Siberian Railway was the main “window” to the Far East, linking together vast Russia, from its western to eastern borders. Its construction, despite the fact that almost a hundred years have passed since its completion (the anniversary will be celebrated next year, 2016), is the largest (in terms of effort and time spent) and most expensive project in the history of Imperial Russia.
Construction background
Russia's access to the shores of the Pacific Ocean occurred back in the 17th century, but the remoteness of these places with the then means of transportation was simply incredible - just remember the tragicomic story of the many years of travel to the capital, for the coronation of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, “pretty Kamchatka girls.” Only by the time of their arrival, Elizabeth had long been crowned, and the “slightly late” girls categorically refused to go back.
This problem became practical only in the 19th century. The “Age of Steam” greatly reduced the time required to move people and goods over long distances. There was, however, one catch left - to lay the rails and run trains along them.
Railway construction was caused by the needs of the industrial era and itself became its locomotive: after all, for the construction of hundreds, or even thousands of kilometers of rail tracks, powerful metallurgy, and developed mechanical engineering, and many other related things were needed - the production of construction equipment and the building materials industry, communication systems, personnel training and so on.
At the same time, railway construction became the largest source of super-profits and phenomenal scams in the era of primitive accumulation. When the United States decided to connect the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by railroad, paying contractor companies for every kilometer of the laid track, it turned out that the railroad “on the ground” turned out to be twice as long as it should have been under normal construction conditions. The Trans-Siberian Railway, alas, did not escape this fate either: with an initial estimated cost of half a billion rubles, it ended up costing a full one and a half billion rubles. For clarity, let us point out that a million rubles of that time was more than a ton of gold.
Construction and modernization
Having acquired a network of railways in the European part of the country in the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire was ready for larger-scale projects. After preliminary survey work, in the spring of 1891, Alexander II the Peacemaker signed a decree on the start of construction of the “Great Siberian Road” (as the Trans-Siberian Railway was originally called). Moreover, construction began both from European Russia and from Vladivostok.
Incredible difficulties in constructing the highway - despite the fact that the main “mechanism” was a shovel and a wheelbarrow, and the road passed through a sparsely populated, or even completely uninhabited, area, through all sorts of obstacles created by nature. It was necessary to build bridges and make tunnels, tear down hills and erect embankments, and make our way through the dense taiga. However, construction - section by section - was completed mainly within the project time frame. And this record - both the duration and speed of construction in the most difficult conditions - has not yet been broken!
The Trans-Siberian Railway includes the following sections:
- Ussuriyskaya road;
- West Siberian road;
- Central Siberian Road;
- Transbaikal road;
- Manzhurskaya road;
- Circum-Baikal Road;
- Amur road.
Its importance for Russia is most clearly evidenced by the fact that work to increase capacity did not stop even in the “roaring nineties”, and in 2002 the complete electrification of the highway was completed. And “Russia’s turn to the East” will be carried out, as it was a hundred years ago, precisely along the rails of the Great Siberian Road.
The Trans-Siberian Railway is strongly associated with the word “most”. The longest railway in the world (9288.2 km), the largest and most expensive project of its time. The construction of the highway took 25 years, 1.5 billion rubles in gold were spent (approximately 25 billion US dollars at the current exchange rate).
If you stretch the Trans-Siberian Railway into a straight line, its length will take up 73% of the diameter of the Earth. The road passes through 7 time zones and 87 cities. Today, the full route along the highway from Moscow to Vladivostok takes 6 days. Train No. 1 with the self-explanatory name “Russia” runs between the two cities. This symbolic unity is emphasized by the similarity between the Yaroslavsky station in Moscow (from where the train departs) and the station in Vladivostok (where it arrives).
In the mid-19th century, Siberia and the Far East were sparsely populated and poorly developed territories. Until 1883, the Russian population here did not exceed 2 million people. And without the railway it was impossible to develop the land. Plans for construction were hatched for a long time, but things got off the ground only at the end of the century.
On February 5, 1891, Emperor Alexander III issued a decree on the construction of the Great Siberian Road. On May 19 of the same year, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich (future Emperor Nicholas II) personally drove the first wheelbarrow with earth onto the railway track and laid the first stone in the foundation of the Vladivostok railway station.
Historically, the Trans-Siberian Railway is considered to be the eastern part of the road, about 7,000 km long. It stretches from Miass in the Chelyabinsk region to Vladivostok. This particular site was built from 1891 to 1916. Construction was carried out simultaneously from Vladivostok and Chelyabinsk.
The builders faced many difficulties: they had to dig tunnels through the mountains, make embankments under the roadbed up to 30 m high, build bridges across deep Siberian rivers, lay paths through dense taiga, vast swamps and permafrost. It was especially difficult in the area near Lake Baikal. In 1897, a powerful flood washed away railway embankments for 400 km, and the city of Doroninsk was completely destroyed by water. The following year there was a severe drought, and an epidemic of plague and anthrax broke out. As a result, train traffic on the Trans-Baikal Road began only in 1900.
On the contrary, in the steppes of Western Siberia it was easy to build a road, but there were no suitable building materials. Therefore, timber for sleepers was transported 400 km from Tobolsk, gravel for the embankment - 750 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1913-1916, a railway bridge more than 2.5 km long was built across the Amur River. At the time of completion, it turned out to be the second longest bridge in the world.
At the same time, more than 100 thousand people were employed in construction. They built not only hired workers, but also attracted local residents, soldiers and convicts. Much was done by hand, the tools were primitive - an ax, a saw, a pick and a wheelbarrow.
But, despite all the difficulties, the railway was built at an accelerated pace. At least 500 km of railway track were laid per year. Already in 1903, long before the end of construction, regular railway communication between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok began. Some sections of the highway were then laid using simplified technology. And trains were transported across Lake Baikal on a special ferry.
By the end of construction, the population of Siberia almost doubled (from 5.8 to 9.4 million people). Since 1906, the growth rate has been astonishing - the region's population has grown by 500 thousand people per year. According to the Stolypin agrarian reform, settlers were allocated plots of land and given numerous benefits. The Trans-Siberian Railway was not just a road - many schools, hospitals, colleges and churches were built along the way.
The Trans-Siberian Railway still retains its strategic importance. Every year, more than 100 million tons of cargo are transported along it from east to west. It is also the shortest route for goods from China to Western Europe. The journey takes 11-15 days by rail, and 20 days longer by sea.
Left a reply Guest
1) 9298.2 km - this is the longest railway in the world
2) Northern - Moscow - Yaroslavl - Kirov - Perm - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Vladivostok.
New - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kirov - Perm - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Vladivostok.
Yuzhny - Moscow - Murom - Arzamas - Kanash - Kazan - Ekaterinburg - Tyumen (or Petropavlovsk) - Omsk - Barnaul - Novokuznetsk - Abakan - Taishet - Irkutsk - Ulan-Ude - Chita - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok.
Historical - Moscow - Ryazan - Ruzaevka - Samara - Ufa - Miass - Chelyabinsk - Kurgan - Petropavlovsk - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Krasnoyarsk - Vladivostok.
4) Moscow, Nizhny-Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Ufa, Tyumen, Perm, Omsk, Bratsk, Ust-Kut, Kirov, Lipetsk, etc.
5) The composition and direction of cargo flows along any line, and not just along the Trans-Siberian Railway, is determined by what and where it is mined, produced and consumed in the gravitational zone of the highway, and by where this extracted product is sent, and from where the consumed product is imported.
For example, pollock is constantly transported along the Trans-Siberian Railway in a western direction, and timber is transported from Siberia to the direction where it is scarce.
6) The Government of the Russian Federation and JSC Russian Railways have developed and are implementing a set of measures to further increase the transit potential of the entire transport corridor between Europe and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, formed on the basis of the Trans-Siberian Railway, namely:
large-scale investment projects are being implemented in the eastern part of the Trans-Siberian Railway to ensure the growth of railway traffic and transit between Russia and China;
the necessary development of railway stations on the border with Mongolia, China and the DPRK is being carried out;
approaches to seaports are being strengthened;
Container terminals are being modernized in accordance with international standards.
A comprehensive reconstruction of the Karymskaya - Zabaikalsk section is underway to ensure increasing volumes of cargo transportation to China (primarily oil).
Until 2015, JSC Russian Railways plans to allocate about 50 billion rubles for the reconstruction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
In accordance with the “Strategy for the Development of Railway Transport in the Russian Federation until 2030,” it is planned to specialize the Trans-Siberian Railway for the passage of specialized container trains and for passenger traffic.
Natural conditions for the functioning of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the influence of these conditions on the functioning of transport
Natural conditions for the functioning of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the influence of these conditions on the functioning of transport
- The Trans-Siberian Railway is a powerful double-track electrified railway line with a length of about 10 thousand km.
km, equipped with modern means of information and communication. It is the longest railway in the world, a natural continuation of the pan-European transport corridor No. 2. The technical capabilities of the Trans-Siberian Railway now allow transporting up to 100 million.
tons of cargo per year, including 200 thousand twenty-foot equivalent containers (TEU) from the countries of the Asia-Pacific region to Europe and Central Asia. In the future (using the capacity of BAM), the volume of these transportations can reach up to 1 million units per year.
The highway passes through the territory of 20 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 5 federal districts. There are 87 cities on the Trans-Siberian Railway with a population ranging from 300 thousand to 15 million people. The 14 cities through which the Trans-Siberian Railway passes are the centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These resource-rich regions have significant export and import potential.
In the regions served by the highway, more than 65% of the coal produced in Russia is mined, almost 20% of oil refining and 25% of commercial timber production are carried out. More than 80% of the country's industrial potential and basic natural resources are concentrated here, including oil, gas, coal, timber, ferrous and non-ferrous ores, etc.
In the east, through the border stations of Khasan, Grodekovo, Zabaikalsk, Naushki, the Transsib provides access to the railway network of North Korea, China and Mongolia, and in the west, through Russian ports and border crossings with the former republics of the Soviet Union - to European countries.Currently, JSC Russian Railways is ready to increase the volume of container traffic on the Trans-Siberian Railway by 2-2.5 times, and subject to an increase in the fleet of specialized cars and the capacity of port terminals - by 3-4 times.
Since 1999, the volume of container traffic on the Trans-Siberian Railway has been constantly increasing by an average of 30-35% per year. In 2004, the total volume of container traffic along the Trans-Siberian Railway amounted to 386.95 thousand twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU), incl.including transit 155.4 thousand TEU, export - 118.6 thousand TEU, import - 113 thousand TEU. In the international communication for 2004.
3247 container trains traveled. The total volume of cargo transportation in containers along the Trans-Siberian Railway from the Asia-Pacific countries to Western Europe amounted to 155.7 thousand containers in TEU compared to 117.2 thousand in 2003 and 70.6 thousand in 2002.
In 2005, the total volume of transportation amounted to 388.3 thousand TEU containers (including 139.2 thousand imports, 124.8 thousand transit and 124.3 thousandExport). The Russia-China route transported 134.9 thousand containers (2004).
Characteristics of the Trans-Siberian Railway according to plan:
– 121.1 thousand containers). More than 65% of them were transported through the Vostochny port, 25% - through the Zabaikalsk border crossing
Attention, TODAY only!
One of the biggest achievements of the 19th and early 20th centuries was the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway
Learn the history of the Trans-Siberian Railway
History of the Trans-Siberian Railway
INTRODUCTION
The main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway starts from Moscow and goes to Vladivostok, however the Trans-Siberian Railway has several branches:
Trans-Mongolian Highway was built in 1940 - 1956. between the city of Ulan-Ude, located just east of Lake Baikal, and the capital of China.
From Ulan-Ude the road goes south through the whole of Mongolia, crossing the Gobi Desert, and ends in Beijing. The length of the route from Moscow to Beijing is 7867 kilometers.
Transmanchurian Railway branches off from the main Trans-Siberian route at Karymskaya station, located east of Baikal. After Karymskaya, the railway line turns southeast and through Zabaikalsk and Manchuria goes through Chinese territory to Beijing. The length of the route from Moscow to Beijing is 9001 kilometers.
3. Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) was officially opened in 1984. This road begins in Tayshet and stretches to Sovetskaya Gavan, a city on the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
BAM is located several hundred kilometers north of the Trans-Siberian Railway and runs parallel to it. This area is practically not used for tourist trips, because
there are no trains that run along the entire highway from beginning to end. If you decide to take this railway, you will have to make several transfers and possibly take a bus to get to your destination.
STORY
The impetus for the creation of the Trans-Siberian Railway was mainly economic considerations related to the size of our country. But in the end, the developed project became a source of national pride.
Despite these worthy motivations, the railroad project remained in the works for a long time, and road construction proceeded even more slowly.
The idea of creating a railway to the outskirts of Siberia arose in the mid-nineteenth century. But that was just the beginning of the story. Among those who proposed various road construction projects were foreign companies. But the Russian leadership did not want to increase foreign influence in Siberia and the Far East. Thus, it was decided to build the road using funds from the Russian treasury.
In 1886, 25 years after the idea of creating the Trans-Siberian Railway was first raised, Emperor Alexander III finally decided that he had heard enough ideas about this project.
It's time to act. Thus, in 1887, three scientific research expeditions were formed and sent to study the lands through which the road was supposed to pass. Continuing the policy of refusing foreign participation in the creation of the road, the authorities announced that “The Siberian Railway, this great national undertaking, must be carried out by Russian people and from Russian materials.” Construction began in February 1891 simultaneously from Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok.
Starting point - Vladivostok
Alexander III, inspired by the idea of the Trans-Siberian Railway, commissioned his son to begin the construction of a large railway across Siberia to “connect the abundant gifts of nature of the Siberian regions with a network of internal rail communications.”
Young Nikolai Alexandrovich, following the orders of his father, on May 31, 1891, took part in a solemn prayer service on the occasion of the start of construction of the road, as well as in the ceremony of laying the first stone of the railway station and a silver plate in honor of the start of construction. Construction has begun.
Difficult task
The implementation of the project was difficult due to harsh climatic conditions.
The railway ran through sparsely populated areas through impassable taiga. Additional problems were created by large rivers that crossed the route of the new road, wetlands and areas of permafrost that lay in the path of the builders. The most difficult part was construction near Lake Baikal, because... here builders had to blast rocks to build tunnels and build railway bridges across canyons washed by many mountain rivers flowing into Lake Baikal.
But the difficulties in laying the road were associated not only with nature.
In addition to the enormous cost of construction, there was a major problem with personnel and labor. The specialists needed to implement the project were recruited in all major cities. Prisoners and soldiers, Siberian peasants and townspeople worked as ordinary workers at the construction site.
Despite these problems, up to 600 km of railway were put into operation annually. The incredibly fast pace of construction of such a complex road - it was completed in just 12 years - amazed the world. The Trans-Siberian Railway finally connected Europe with the Pacific coast.
Incentive for improvement
Immediately after construction, the Trans-Siberian Railway began to have a significant impact on the economic development of the region and contributed to the growth of goods turnover.
However, the Russo-Japanese War (1905-1906) began, and then the insufficient capacity of the highway became obvious. At that time, the railway carried only 13 trains a day. After the war, steps were taken to modernize the road. Then it became obvious that the train speed was insufficient to implement this plan.
The rails were made more durable, some parts of the railway track were replaced from wood to metal, and the number and size of cars and trains were increased. The Russo-Japanese War prompted the government to make the line continuous (until the section of the Circum-Baikal Railway was completed, crossing Baikal was carried out by ferry).
The final stage
Continuous railway communication from Chelyabinsk to the Pacific Ocean across the territory of the Russian Empire was officially opened in October 1916, after the completion of the Amur Mainline and the Amur Bridge.
During World War I, the condition of the Trans-Siberian Road deteriorated, but the greatest damage was done to the road during the Civil War. A huge number of trains and structures were destroyed, many bridges were burned and blown up. However, immediately after the end of the Civil War, restoration of the road began. Major repair work was completed in 1924 - 1925, and in March 1925 train traffic along the entire length of the mainline resumed.
TRANSSIB TODAY
Road to the future
The Trans-Siberian Railway not only connected Siberia and the Far East with the rest of Russia, it created a whole chain of new cities and towns in the most remote parts of the country.
The significance of the Trans-Siberian Railway today is evidenced by the fact that its 100th anniversary in 2001 was celebrated very widely.
And this gave a new impetus to the development of the road.
To mark the centenary of the road, measures were taken to modernize the Trans-Siberian Railway, designed to increase the throughput of the highway. Experience has shown that delivering goods from Japan to Germany via Vladivostok takes less time than the sea route. And it is most advisable to use this route.
Trans-Siberian Railway
Also, the importance of the Trans-Siberian Railway is undeniable when it comes to trade with South Korea.
The thousandth train trip to Finland along the Trans-Siberian Railway was timed to coincide with the centenary.
The train departed from Nakhodka (a city in the Far East) and arrived at the Finnish border nine days later. This is an impressive time for such a distance.
Currently, the Trans-Siberian Railway is the longest railway in the world and is registered in the Guinness Book of Records.
Regardless of Kipling's popular expression: “East is East and West is West, and they will never meet,” the Trans-Siberian Road facilitates just such a meeting.
Sitemap TransSiberianExpress.net 2018
Abstract on the disciplines “History of bridge and tunnel construction” and OKPS
Completed by: Yakimenko M.K. (MT-111)
Siberian State Transport University
Novosibirsk 2010
Introduction.
The Trans-Siberian Railway or the Great Siberian Way is a well-equipped rail track across the entire continent, connecting European Russia, its largest industrial areas and the country's capital, Moscow, with its middle (Siberia) and eastern (Far East) regions.
This is the road that binds Russia, a country stretching across 10 time zones, into a single economic organism, and most importantly, into a single military-strategic space.
Background.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the gigantic regions of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East remained socio-economically, politically and culturally backward outskirts of the Russian Empire, isolated from its European part.
Russia transformed into a more or less unified economic organism with the development of transport, and primarily railway transport. In the second half of the 19th century, rail lines cut through the European part of Russia in different directions. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when the needs of the development of Russian capitalism in breadth aggravated the problem of developing new territories, the need arose to build a rail track through Siberia.
The Trans-Siberian Railway was intended to open Siberia to Russian capitalism. Its construction was dictated by the foreign policy goals of the tsarist autocracy - the desire to strengthen both economically and politically in the Far East.
In 1857, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov-Amursky raised the question of building a railway on the Siberian outskirts of Russia. He instructed military engineer D. Romanov to conduct research and draw up a project for the construction of a railway from the Amur to De-Kastri Bay.
In the fifties and seventies of the 19th century, Russian specialists developed a number of new projects for the construction of railways in Siberia, but all of them did not find support from the tsarist government, which only in the mid-eighties of the 19th century began to resolve the issue of the Siberian railway. Representatives of foreign capital put forward many options for construction and financing of the road. But the Russian government, fearing the strengthening of foreign influence in Siberia and the Far East, rejected the proposals of foreign capitalists and decided to build the road using treasury funds.
In 1887, under the leadership of engineers N.
P. Mezheninov, O.P. Vyazemsky and A.I. Ursati organized three expeditions to explore the route of the Central Siberian, Transbaikal and South Ussuri railways, which by the nineties of the 19th century had almost completed their work. In February 1891, the Committee of Ministers recognized the possibility of starting work on the construction of the Great Siberian Route simultaneously on both sides - from Chelyabinsk and from Vladivostok. On the nineteenth of May 1891 in
In Vladivostok, a solemn ceremony of laying the foundation of the Ussuri Railway, the first link of the Trans-Siberian Railway, took place.
Construction.
In 1894, the construction of the North Ussuriysk road began. The line passed through very rough terrain, crossed many rivers and watersheds. Three and a half years later, after the start of work in December 1894 on the South Ussuriysk road, temporary traffic was opened from Vladivostok to Grafskaya, and two years later the first train arrived from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk. The entire Ussuri railway with a total length of 769 kilometers with thirty-nine separate points entered into permanent operation in November 1897. It became the first railway line in the Far East.
Construction of the West Siberian Road began in June 1892.
The railway to the Ob River entered permanent operation in 1896, a year ahead of schedule. At the same time, less money was spent than was provided for in the estimate.
In 1893, under the leadership of engineer N.P. Mezheninov, construction of the road from the Ob to Irkutsk began. The road was mainly built along mountainous sections. Such terrain required the construction of high embankments, the development of deep excavations, and work in rocky soils.
In January 1898, a section of the road from the Ob to Krasnoyarsk with a branch to Tomsk went into operation, and a year later trains went to Lake Baikal.
Traffic along the Trans-Baikal Railway was opened in 1900.
According to an agreement between Russia and China, construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) began in 1897, connecting the Siberian road with Vladivostok. In 1903, it became operational. The new road, 6,503 kilometers long, allowed through railway traffic to open from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok. Over eleven years, 7,717 kilometers of track were laid, more than one hundred million cubic meters of earthwork were completed, bridges and tunnels were built on sections with a total length of up to 100 kilometers.
In 1900, it was decided to build the Circum-Baikal Railway along the southern shore of Lake Baikal.
The construction was headed by engineer B.U. Savrimovich. The construction of the most complex sixteen-kilometer section of the road between capes Aslomov and Sharazhangai was headed by engineer A.V. Liverovsky. The length of this section is an eighteenth of the total length of the road, but its construction required a fourth of the total cost of the road.
At this site, for the first time in the practice of railway construction in Russia, electricity was used to illuminate the barracks of builders, as well as during drilling and other work.
A.V. Liverovsky conducted research on the selection of optimal explosives, determining the size and placement of wells during blasting operations in rocks of various strengths. The total length of the drilled wells exceeded 700 kilometers, and the consumption of explosives was two thousand four hundred tons. The builders put the road into permanent operation in 1905 - a year ahead of schedule.
In 1906, surveys of the Amur Road route began. Surveys on the Western section of Sretensk were carried out under the leadership of O.D. Drozdov. On the Eastern section from Amozar to Khabarovsk, a group of E.Yu.
Podrutsky. The work was carried out in winter, frosts reached -50 degrees. People lived in tents and often got sick.
At the beginning of 1907, the State Duma, regardless of public opinion, rejected the bill on the construction of the Amur Road, but a year later it was decided to build a railway along its entire length with branches to Nerchinsk and Blagoveshchensk. Work on the first section, 193 kilometers long from Kuenga station to Uryum station, was completed in 1910.
Transsib, Trans-Siberian Railway
This 636 kilometer section was named the West Amur Railway.
In 1911, construction began on a 675-kilometer section of the Middle Amur Railway from Kerak station to the Burey River with a branch to Blagoveshchensk. In 1912, the construction of the last section of the Great Siberian Route from Bureya to Khabarovsk was headed by A.V. Liverovsky.
Here, on the way of the builders, they encountered many difficult mountain ranges and water obstacles.
The bridge across the Amur River, 2600 meters long with spans up to 130 meters, was built according to the design of L.D. Proskuryakov.
In 1915, when the track was laid along the road, the bridge over the Amur was not yet ready. Carriages were transported across the river on ferries in the summer, and horses pulled them across the ice crossing in the winter.
In October 1916, the bridge over the Amur was put into operation.
Now, throughout the entire Great Siberian Route, trains passed through Russian territory.
Present and future.
Currently.
Currently, a significant part of cargo flows in the East-West direction goes by sea. The dominant or almost monopoly position of sea carriers in this direction does not allow shippers to count on a reduction in the transport component of their costs.
In this regard, rail transportation is a reasonable economic alternative to sea transportation.
In addition, transportation along the Trans-Siberian Railway has a number of objective advantages compared to sea transportation:
— the possibility of halving the transit time of goods: as the experience of container transportation shows, the transit time of a container train traveling from China to Finland via the Trans-Siberian Railway can be less than 10 days, while the usual travel time by sea is 28 days;
— low level of political risks, because
up to 90% of the route passes through the territory of the Russian Federation - a state with a stable democratic system of government, a stable political climate and a confidently growing economy;
— reducing to a minimum the number of cargo transshipments, which reduces costs for cargo owners and prevents the risk of accidental damage to cargo during transshipment.
The Trans-Siberian Railway is included as a priority route in communication between Europe and Asia in the projects of international organizations UNECE, UNESCAP, OSJD.
More than 50% of foreign trade and transit cargo is transported via the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The technical capabilities of the Trans-Siberian Railway now make it possible to transport up to 100 million tons of cargo per year, including 200 thousand containers (TEU) of international transit. In the future, the volume of transportation of the latter could be up to 1 million units per year.
The quality of transport services on the Trans-Siberian Railway meets the highest international requirements:
The Trans-Siberian Railway successfully uses modern information technologies, providing full control over the passage of trains and informing customers in real time about the location, progress along the entire route, and the arrival of a container or cargo at any point in Russia.
Our program is an excellent opportunity to travel through the vastness of Russia along the Trans-Siberian Railway - from Moscow to Vladivostok. We have selected the best regular trains, good hotels and compiled a varied excursion program to the most interesting cities along the way. On the route: Ekaterinburg - Novosibirsk with Academgorodok - Krasnoyarsk with a trip to the famous Stolby National Park - two days of rest on Lake Baikal - Ulan-Ude and the Ivolginsky datsan - a picnic on the Chita hills - taiga outside the window - Blagoveshchensk with the Amur - and, finally, Vladivostok.
The program is designed so that we spend approximately half of the nights on trains, and half in good hotels.
Excursions alternate with active recreation; a short break in movement is planned at Lake Baikal - a day of rest surrounded by magnificent nature.
Departure is possible at any time for a group of 2 people.
Tour program:
| Day 1 | Departure from Moscow to Yekaterinburg from Kazansky station at 13.18 by train 118 or 56. |
|
Day 2 |
We're moving hilly Ural Mountains and arrive at Ekaterinburg at 18.03. Meeting, transfer to the hotel. Founded in 1723 as factory city, Ekaterinburg During its history, it has been the center of the Ural mountain district, the capital of the Ural region, which united gigantic lands from the Arctic Ocean to Kazakhstan, a closed military city and even the capital of the virtual Ural Republic. |
|
Day 3 |
In the morning - start of a city tour: the 18th century dam on the city ponds, the quaint mansion of the merchant Sevastyanov, a walk through the pedestrian center of the city - a good opportunity to buy a souvenir and have lunch in some beautiful place. Visit a famous Church on the Blood at the site of the execution of the royal family. Optional: Mineralogical Museum, where a representative collection is collected Ural gems. Visit conditional Europe-Asia borders. Transfer to the station, departure at 17.39 to Novosibirsk. Outside the window open woodlands and swamps Western Siberia. Night on the train. |
|
Day 4 |
Arrival at Novosibirsk at 15.00. Meeting, accommodation at the hotel. Excursion program (on this day or the next morning): Akademgorodok, central streets and Krasny Prospekt, inspection of the city’s iconic buildings: the opera house, the “hundred-apartment building” of the Stalin era - an architectural monument of federal significance, built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries mansions of Siberian merchants: stone and wooden - the wonderful architectural heritage of Novonikolaevsk. If desired, attend a performance in the evening at the most famous opera house in Siberia. Overnight at the hotel. |
|
Day 5 |
Departure by train number 100 at 13.29 to Krasnoyarsk. A good opportunity to trace how swampy birch woodlands western Siberia are replaced by the real one taiga.
Arrival at Krasnoyarsk at 01.20 the next morning. Meeting, transfer to the hotel. |
| Day 6 | Day in Krasnoyarsk. City tour, trip to Stolby National Park and a walk along the pedestrian tourist route, a visit to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station (inspection from the outside) and the Tsar Fish observation deck over the Yenisei. Night in Krasnoyarsk. |
| Day 7 | Transfer to the station, at 12.47 – departure to Irkutsk by train number 78. Day and night on the train. |
|
Day 8 |
Arrival at Irkutsk at 08.32 am. A short sightseeing tour of the city with a walk along the embankment of the Angara River and a visit to “one-story Irkutsk” - wooden houses, richly decorated with traditional wooden carvings. Moving to Baikal, to Listvyanka, one of the oldest Russian settlements on the shores of the great lake. Day holidays on Baikal. Optional excursion program: visit to the art gallery and the shaman stone on the Angara, visit to the Taltsy architectural and ethnographic museum; transfer by boat to Port Baikal, short walk along the Circum-Baikal Railway along the shore of Lake Baikal: we will pass several tunnels made in the rocks. From the steep shore there are stunning views of Lake Baikal, its far shore and the Khamar-Daban ridges. Return to Listvyanka in the afternoon (the entire excursion program on this day is additional, for an additional fee). |
|
Day 9 |
Free day on Lake Baikal (hotel room must be vacated by 12.00). In the evening, transfer to Irkutsk, departure by train number 362 to Ulan-Ude at 21.32. |
| Day 10 | Arrival at Ulan-Ude at 06.00 am. We are in Buryatia. Departure to Ivolginsky datsan- the center of Russian Buddhism. Presentation on the topic “Characteristics of the transport route”Walk through the territory of the monastery, communicate with the monks. Lunch at a cafe Buryat cuisine: we will definitely try “poses” - a type of large dumplings or manti, a national dish (pay on the spot). Return to the city, excursion “Getting to know Verkhneudinsk”: the old center, the famous monument “Lenin’s head”. Boarding the train, moving Ulan-Ude - Chita. Train number 70, departure at 18.10. |
| Day 11 | Arrival at Chita at 06.20 am. Meeting, time for breakfast. A short sightseeing tour of the city and a trip out of town. We will climb one of the hills surrounding Chita, picnic lunch in nature with a view of the birch and larch taiga. Return to the city, transfer to the railway. station, departure at 18.00 by train number 392 "Chita-Blagoveshchensk" to Blagoveshchensk. |
| Day 12 | A day on the train and only the next morning we arrive in a city on the Chinese border. On this day we pass such famous villages of the Trans-Siberian Railway like Shilka, Erofey Pavlovich, Skovorodino. Outside the window is the taiga. |
| Day 13 | Arrival in Blagoveshchensk at 08.01 am, meeting and transfer to the hotel (accommodation guaranteed after 12.00). Blagoveshchensk is a cozy, well-kept city. Late morning - sightseeing tour of the city: the Triumphal Arch, which was originally built in Blagoveshchensk in honor of the arrival of the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Nikolai Romanov, the future Emperor Nicholas II, in 1891 (the arch was later destroyed during a flood in 1928, and was restored in 2005 on the old foundation). Area. Lenin and Victory Square, embankment of the Amur River- a favorite vacation spot for city residents. Departure to the observation deck, from where you can see city panorama. From here you can also see the Chinese Heihe - a large trading zone on the Amur. If possible: a boat trip along the Amur (tickets about 500 rubles, payment on the spot). |
| Day 14 | Transfer to Belogorsk station, departure to Vladivostok at 07.30 am on the company train number 2 "Russia" or by train number 8. Another day on the train. |
| Day 15 |
Distance from Moscow - 9288 km." The second half of the day is free: you can buy the last souvenirs and prepare for departure home. |
| Day 16 | Transfer to the airport, flight to Moscow on one of Aeroflot’s daily flights (at 14.00 or another). Arrival in Moscow on the same day an hour later (local time). |
Accommodation and rest.
“The Great Trans-Siberian Railway ends here.Cost of the program per person (without train tickets): 118,000 rubles
(the price is valid for a trip of at least 2 people)
Total cost of tickets for all trains (approximate):
Coupe, top shelf: 38,000 rubles
Coupe, lower shelf: 44,000 rubles
Included in the tour price: accommodation in 3-4* hotels along the route (double occupancy, list of hotels is below); meals - breakfasts in hotels, all excursions according to the program (except for additional ones), tickets for boats and ferries along the route, all transfers to trains and to the airport, entrance tickets to the Stolby park, picnic lunch outdoors in the Chita region.
Not included in the tour price: airfare Vladivostok-Moscow (from 12,000 rubles), meals (except for breakfast in hotels and 1 lunch), entrance tickets to museums and photography fees, train tickets (the program indicates the approximate cost of tickets), excursion around Listvyanka, personal expenses.
Accommodation along the route:
Ekaterinburg: Park Inn by Radisson 4* hotel
Novosibirsk: Marins Park Hotel 4*
Krasnoyarsk: Novotel 4* hotel
Blagoveshchensk: hotel "Asia" 3*+
Vladivostok: hotel "Pearl" 3*
Listvyanka: "Krestovaya Pad".
Draw your attention to: Depending on the day the journey starts, the numbers of trains along the route may be different, because
Some trains run on even days, some on odd days, and some on certain days of the week. Therefore, the train number and its departure time may vary very slightly; your final program may differ slightly from the stated basic one.
We accept tour requests 65 days in advance before departure - in this case, we can, with a high degree of probability, buy exactly those tickets that you are counting on (for example, only the lower shelves, or seats in one compartment for a family).
Ticket sales begin 60 days before train departure. In the summer, the desired tickets must be purchased exactly on the day the sale opens, otherwise you will have to make changes to the route if there are no seats.
Optional:
Overnight in Chita (so that there are no three nights in a row on trains).
In this case, we can offer accommodation in a 3* Mont Blanc hotel (from 7,000 rubles per room per day) and an extended excursion program (fishing on Lake Arakhley, 100 km from Chita, including lunch of freshly caught fish over a fire, from 25,000 rubles per person ),
Organization of recreation in 5* lodge hotel "Baikal Residence" not far from Severobaykalsk.
Located in the northern part of Baikal on one of the cliffs between the Baikal and Barguzin ridges, the Baikal Residence Lodge Hotel is an ideal secluded place to explore Lake Baikal.
Room rates start from 19,000 rubles per day (+ road: train Irkutsk-Severobaykalsk or flight Irkutsk-Nizhneangarsk or in the summer - the motor ship "Kometa" from Irkutsk or Port Baikal to Severobaykalsk).
Excursion day and overnight in Khabarovsk, one of the largest cities in the Far East.
Presentation on the topic “Trans-Siberian Railway”
About company
The Trans Magistral Komplekt company is located in Moscow and is located at Krasnobogatyrskaya street, 6с8. The company's areas of activity include the following types: Logistics, Construction and repair of railway tracks.