Technical credit. Accounts payable of an enterprise: types and composition. Classification of accounts receivable

Accounts payable- These are debts to be paid. Accounts payable arise when an advance is received from buyers, but goods (work, services) have not yet been sold, or if goods (work, services) have been received from a supplier, and money for them has not yet been paid.

On the one hand, accounts payable are funds raised to conduct business activities, and, as a rule, without paying interest. This is the positive side of accounts payable.

At the same time, overdue accounts payable can lead to the need to pay penalties, bring lawsuits, and in the worst case, declaring the enterprise bankrupt.

Evasion of repayment of accounts payable in the amount of more than 1.5 million rubles. is a criminal offense.

Accounts payable that cannot be collected due to the expiration of the statute of limitations are written off to increase the financial result.

Accounts payable analysis

Analysis of accounts payable is aimed at determining the company’s ability to repay it, i.e. its solvency is analyzed.

To do this, liquidity ratios are calculated, which are the ratio of current assets to short-term liabilities (liquidity ratios differ in the composition of assets in the numerator).

The value of the liquidity ratio is less than the accepted standard, indicating possible difficulties in repaying short-term accounts payable. The higher the value of liquidity ratios, the higher the solvency of the enterprise.

Information on accounts payable is reflected in the financial statements:

According to line 1520 of the balance sheet;

In sections 5.3 and 5.4 of the explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss account (form recommended by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n).

More detailed information is reflected in accounting:

Accounts payable: details for an accountant

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• Checking settlements with suppliers and contractors

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To systematize the types of accounts payable, it is necessary, first of all, to group them into similar entities, since, depending on the main characteristics of the debt, different forms of its restructuring are required.

The proposed division is based on the main characteristics of accounts payable, namely:

• - period of occurrence;
• - supporting documents;
• - reasons for occurrence;
• - relationship with the creditor.

Such a classification is necessary in order to expand the tools for financial recovery by studying individual groups of accounts payable.

Types of debt depending on the timing of occurrence:

1. Current accounts payable - up to 90 days

Such debt may be of a technical nature (deferment of execution) or, if it arises at a time in a large volume, it may be an indicator of a deterioration in the situation in the company and the emergence of a risk of bankruptcy.

2. Short-term accounts payable - up to 1 year.

The presence of this debt, if it is not related to the normal activities of the organization, is a prerequisite for active actions aimed at forced collection by creditors.

3. Long-term accounts payable - from 1 to 3 years.

Typically occurs when a company's financial condition deteriorates and may indicate a high risk of bankruptcy.

4. Accounts payable to be written off - more than 3 years.

The existence of such debt is due to accounting errors in the company itself, errors in creditor companies, liquidation of creditors, lack of a documentary basis for collection and other factors.

Based on this classification, in order to achieve financial recovery, companies should service current liabilities, repay short-term accounts payable and restructure long-term debt.

Types of debt depending on documentary evidence:

• 1. Balance sheet debt. Displayed in the organization’s balance sheet, but there is no history of occurrence or documentary base
• 2. Debt according to the reconciliation report. There is a history of occurrence that is not confirmed by primary documents. The lender may have primary documents
• 3. Debt confirmed by primary documents
• 4. Bill, bond, other debt obligations. In this case, the debt is not only confirmed, but also formalized in the form of an indisputable obligation. This is usually how relations with investors are formalized.
• 5. Court decision on the collection of funds. The appearance of a court decision determines the possibility of enforcement of obligations.

Accounts payable based on their origin:

• 1. Wages arrears. In difficult times for an enterprise, it arises and grows very rapidly. Non-payment of wages may attract the attention of law enforcement agencies to the activities of the enterprise
• 2. Accrued and unpaid taxes and fees. May also attract the interest of law enforcement agencies. In addition, it is one of the most active lenders, using both civil and administrative methods
• 3. Obligations from loan and leasing agreements. In addition, this group includes all other types secured by the assets of the enterprise. Financial recovery that does not provide for the repayment of these obligations is not possible, since the main risk when it arises, in addition to the possibility of bankruptcy of the organization as a whole, is the risk of loss of assets directly involved in the company’s activities and, accordingly, creating its value. In addition, its presence reduces the possibility of subsequent debt financing of the company
• 4. Debt to strategic partners. Continuation or financial recovery during its existence is difficult, including due to the loss of confidence in the company itself on the part of suppliers, contractors and main clients
• 5. Unquestionable obligations. Debt to pay holders of bonds, bills, other debt instruments, as well as other debt, the collection of which is possible in an indisputable manner, poses a danger due to the short period between its occurrence and forced execution
• 6. Other debt. This group includes debt that represents the least danger and, therefore, is repaid last.

Depending on the relationship between the lender and the organization, there are:

1. Accounts payable to affiliates. Affiliated persons mean individuals and legal entities (often inspectors)

Those who have the right and ability to influence the activities of a business entity - another individual or legal entity (firm, company), since they own a share of its capital or are members of the organization’s management bodies. (member of the board of directors or supervisory board, member of the collegial executive body, executive director, etc.) Affiliated persons also include those who can manage 9or influence such persons) more than 20% of the company’s capital.

Most often, the concept of “affiliates” today is used with a negative connotation, since it refers to participants in a company who have effective sources of control (pressure) on a legal entity, but at the same time hide their presence in its economic activities. It is usually controlled by the enterprise itself or its owners , and, accordingly, poses a minimal threat to the company. In addition, during financial recovery, it gives the right to vote to owners at a meeting of creditors

• 2. Debt to dependent creditors (suppliers, contractors). Considering the interest of creditors in further cooperation, this debt does not pose a particular danger to the organization
• 3. Obligations to loyal creditors. May be a source of short-term financing for the organization. It is necessary to take into account the capabilities and needs of such creditors, since if urgent repayment is necessary, conflicts are possible. If the enterprise undergoes financial recovery, such creditors participate constructively in it
• 4. Neutral debt. It is necessary to service such obligations in strict accordance with contractual terms
• 5. Debt to creditors interested in its speedy repayment and taking actions in this direction. If there are available funds, the debt must be repaid
• 6. Debt to aggressive creditors. Carries with it the risk of loss of company assets. Increased risk. The debt must be repaid as soon as possible using any means of the organization. With the tough position of such creditors, the financial recovery of the organization is difficult
• 7. Debt to specialized organizations in the field of collection and acquisitions. The company should prevent such debt from appearing, and if it does, immediately take measures to protect assets and, in parallel, repay the debt, including by raising borrowed funds.

The presented classification is not complete and does not take into account other features of accounts payable, but it is of an applied nature. Its use will simplify the restructuring of accounts payable, without which the financial recovery of the company is often impossible.

The main types of accounts payable include: transfer of funds for enterprise insurance (deferred expenses); transfer of funds for insurance of employees of the enterprise itself; suppliers and contractors; subsidiaries or branches and employees of the organization; transfers of various taxes to budgets; to founders for payment of income; contributions to extra-budgetary social insurance funds, health insurance and pension funds, etc. Three groups of accounts payable:

• 1. The enterprise's debt to the budget and pension funds;
• 2. Debt of the enterprise to employees: debt for wages, debt for compensation, debt for sick leave;
• 3. Debt to shareholders, comrades under internal obligations, to suppliers and contractors. According to the period of payment, accounts payable can be: overdue (debts on obligations whose repayment dates have come at the time of drawing up the balance sheet); not overdue (debts of the enterprise for obligations, the repayment terms of which at the time of drawing up the balance sheet have not occurred).

Overdue accounts payable include the following types of debt:

• 1. Debt, the organization still has a chance of repaying it;
• 2. It is not possible to close the debt for any justified reasons. This situation is possible when the statute of limitations has expired.

The organization itself decides whether or not it is possible to repay debts, taking into account all the prevailing circumstances.

The composition of accounts payable includes debt of the organization:

1. debt from suppliers and contractors on account credit 3310 (60)

“Short-term accounts payable to suppliers and contractors”;

• 2. debt to the organization’s personnel under the credit of account 3350(70) “Short-term debt for wages”;
• 3. debt to the budget under the credit of account 3100(68) “Tax liabilities”. At the end of the calendar year, in order to submit the finished report, it is necessary to conduct a check with suppliers and buyers. During this check, it is necessary to confirm all available information and justify the amounts of accounts payable, the amount for which the statute of limitations has expired is no exception.

In addition to equity capital, the sources of formation of the organization's property are borrowed funds.

Borrowed funds include: bank loans, loans from third parties, accounts payable.

Bank loans include short-term and long-term bank loans. Loans are issued by banks for a strictly defined period and with the condition of repayment on the basis of an agreement. Therefore, loans and borrowings can be classified as urgent, for which the payment period has not yet arrived, and overdue - according to the repayment period of the agreement.

Short-term bank loans serve as the main source of additional funds for an enterprise for temporary needs. These include loans for inventories of inventory, for temporary replenishment of working capital, for major repairs of fixed assets and other justified temporary needs.

Long-term bank loans are a source of additional funds received by an enterprise for a period of more than one year, and intended for capital investments related to the development, modernization, rationalization of production, as well as improving its organization and increasing efficiency.

Loans from other enterprises are attracted by the organization on the basis of an agreement with specified conditions and a date for repayment of the debt.

Accounts payable are debts owed to suppliers and other creditors. It occurs in cases where inventory items arrive at the organization before they are paid for.

Supplier is a legal entity or individual who issued inventory items.

In accordance with the current system of payments for material assets, a short period of time passes between the time of receipt of the valuables and the moment of payment, during which the enterprise becomes a debtor to its suppliers.

As a result, debt to suppliers becomes a temporary source of some of the funds of the enterprise.

Other creditors include organizations or persons to whom the enterprise owes money for other transactions (other settlements).

Basically, this is the debt of the enterprise to buyers and customers for advances received, for bills issued, for wages not received on time by employees, for amounts withheld from wages in accordance with decisions of judicial authorities in favor of third parties.

Liabilities are a source arising from settlement relations with other organizations and persons (creditors). These include debts to the budget, wages, social and health insurance authorities, the pension fund, and the employment fund.

The enterprise periodically has these obligations within certain periods of time. From the moment they are accrued until the moment they are paid, they are at the disposal of the enterprise. This type of source is formed by accrual rather than receiving from outside.

All considered sources of funds for the enterprise are reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

If there is insufficient own funds for production and social development, enterprises can attract loans.

Depending on the repayment period, long-term and short-term loans are distinguished.

They can be received from banks, non-bank institutions in the country and abroad in foreign and national currencies. Loans are issued on the basis of a concluded loan agreement.

An integral part of assessing the liquidity of an enterprise is its ability to pay off its obligations.

To do this, it is necessary to compare the volumes and distribution of cash flows over time, analyze trends in the ratio of short-term debt and the total amount of debt obligations, the ratio of short-term debts and received income. The growth trend of these indicators indicates the possibility of problems with the solvency and liquidity of the enterprise. This conclusion is indirectly confirmed by the increase in terms of settlements with creditors.

Accounts payable are a source of financial receipts for an enterprise. It arises in most cases during settlements with suppliers and means the use in economic and financial activities of funds that do not belong to the organization, but for some reason end up in its circulation. Its essence is that the organization, due to various circumstances, has funds (assets) for which it must pay a certain amount of money or make accruals that involve payment of amounts of money in the future - for example, raw materials received but not paid for, accrued but unpaid mandatory payments to the budget, accrued wages, etc. Thus, until transfers of funds or other repayment transactions are made, the organization uses other people's financial resources.

This source significantly depends on the scale of financial and economic activity and changes spontaneously, i.e. in a sense, unpredictable.

Spontaneity lies in the fact that, for example, the volume of raw materials supplied and simultaneously arising accounts payable may vary depending on various circumstances.

Financing current activities consists, in essence, in optimizing the provision of working capital with sources of financing in the appropriate volume and structure.

These sources are:

• A) own working capital;
• B) short-term bank loans and borrowings;
• C) accounts payable (debt to suppliers and contractors, budget, employees).

Analysis of accounts payable according to the financial statements of the enterprise includes: analysis of the dynamics and structure of debt obligations; analysis of accounts payable turnover; analysis of the ratio of receivables and payables; analysis of the impact of debt obligations on the solvency, liquidity and financial stability of the enterprise.

When analyzing indicators characterizing debt claims and obligations, first of all, their dynamics, causes and prescription of occurrence, and compliance with the statute of limitations are studied.

Accounts payable are analyzed by: settlement documents for which payment is not due; to suppliers for payment documents not paid on time; goods; budget calculations; settlements in order to offset mutual claims; bills issued, the payment term of which has not yet arrived; overdue bills of exchange; used credit.

Accounts payable turnover ratio = (Revenue from sales of products/accounts payable); Indicator of the period of repayment of accounts payable = (Duration of the analyzed period in days/Indicator of turnover of accounts payable).

Duration of the analyzed period in days = 360 days. To further understand the financial position of the organization, it is necessary to compare receivables and payables.

Accounts payable refers to the short-term liabilities of an enterprise. The ratio of working capital and short-term liabilities is the working capital coverage ratio: Kp = Average amount of working capital/short-term liabilities. The ratio of working capital to short-term liabilities for an enterprise that has small inventories of inventory and easily sold shares may be much lower than for enterprises with a large share of working capital in inventories. Elimination of the causes of unmanageable debt is facilitated by further changes in the banking system, the development of paper circulation, and the stimulation of long-term investments and productive capital of banks.

The identification of patterns in the formation of the aggregate valuation of non-current and current assets is facilitated by financial analysis of the management of cash flow of organizations.

In the modern economic world, organizations must correctly assess their financial capabilities and be able to calculate not only profits, but also debts. That is why accounts payable is a relevant topic and allows you to realistically assess the capabilities of an enterprise. Knowing how to manage it correctly, write off debts, and also effectively analyze and draw conclusions, you can achieve good results in business.

Accounts payable - what is it?

So let's understand the terms. Accounts payable is the debt of any entity, be it an individual or an entire company, to creditors. It is important to make a reservation here that the subject must repay his debt, otherwise especially malicious delays will be punished by the court.

By the way, such debt appears when the date of receipt of goods or services does not coincide with the date when the goods should be paid for. Speaking about the responsibility that will inevitably overtake the subject in case of non-payment of debts, it is regulated by Art. 177.

But what is accounts payable in simple words? Simply put, this is money that the company owes from creditors, but was unable to pay at a strictly defined time.

Types of accounts payable

Speaking about the composition of accounts payable, you need to understand that it is determined by the absolute amounts of each type of debt. Well, if we talk about the structure of debt, then the main thing here will be the relative weights of individual types of debt.

So, let's talk about what exactly characterizes accounts payable and what classifications it can be divided into. This:

1. The initial debt the company has to organizations providing services, as well as organizations supplying goods. Debt can arise for material assets received but not returned in cash equivalent.
2. Debt accrued to the company to the organization's personnel. That is, the company has debts directly to the company’s employees.
3. Debt incurred by the entity to extra-budgetary state funds. That is, it arises from contributions for compulsory insurance, from insurance payments, and so on.
4. The subject owes the budget. That is, they did not make the necessary payments to the budget on time.
5. Debt on advances. That is, there is a debt for advances that were received by the enterprise for the upcoming delivery of certain services or goods.
6. Debt owed to other creditors. Many items fit here, from debts on accrued fines to debts to accountable persons.

By the way, this term can be classified in another way. In particular, accounts payable may be urgent or, conversely, non-urgent. Here it is worth explaining in more detail what this classification depends on. If we are talking, for example, about advances that were previously received from buyers, then they can be called non-urgent, since they do not lead to fines accrued daily for late payments. As a result, repayment of such accounts payable may wait a little until “happier times.” If, on the contrary, we are talking about the creditor as the budget, banks, various funds, then such loans can be called urgent, and such debts must be repaid first.

In what cases can a company get into a “debt hole”? There are two options here:

• in the event that the company does not fulfill its obligations on time, constantly delaying payments.
• if the debt appears due to the existing payment system, that is, the period allocated for payment does not coincide with the period when the payment was accrued.

In order to analyze accounts payable in more depth, it makes sense to consider the balance that you have at the end of the month. Find out exactly which payments were not repaid on time and why this happened. This will help you analyze the situation and “make ends meet” next month.

Debt management

To more effectively manage the company's accounts payable, their best structure in a given situation and for a particular organization should be determined. How to do it:

1. To begin with, we draw up a debt budget, analyze and implement the coefficients and accept them as planned.
2. We analyze what we got and compare it with the plan, and then determine where the deviations from the norm came from. Based on the results of the analysis, we draw conclusions and, possibly, discuss with creditors new deadlines within which you would have time to pay your debts.
3. Next, based on the analyzed actions, you need to develop a plan that will help you cope with your debts. Again, this will help you cope with the “debt hole” and quickly repay all debts to creditors that you have accumulated over the current period.

Don't forget about the strategic approach. Thus, in order for relations with existing creditors to correspond to the security of the enterprise, as well as its competitiveness and profitability, it is necessary to develop a strategic line, thanks to which new capital will be attracted to the company and effectively used.

How to account for debt

Unfortunately, when carrying out business activities, any company, as a rule, has at least a small misfire in front of its creditors. Of course, if you have certain funds and manage to quickly pay your counterparties, then no problems will arise. The topic will be closed as soon as the debt is paid off. However, how can you write off a company’s accounts payable if at the moment you do not have enough funds to pay it off?

To begin with, we can define debt as the debt of one company to another company for the purchase of various goods or services. This type of debt must be accounted for either until the date it is written off or before the debt is repaid.

Amortization

Only when the organization pays off all its debts will the long-awaited debt write-off occur. What does this look like in practice? You can either pay your debt by transferring funds to the creditor's account, or your debt will be offset against the debt the creditor has to you. By the way, funds can be transferred either to the supplier himself or to another person with the consent of the supplier. But here it is important that the recipient is authorized by the supplier to accept the transferred money, which they can inform you about personally or send information via letter. When your funds are transferred to the “intermediary” account, the obligation can be considered fulfilled.

However, if you are currently unable to pay the debt, in some cases you may have the right to have it written off. But there must be certain reasons specified in the law:

1. If the limitation period has expired, which is three years from the moment it arose. In most cases this is done through the court.
2. For other reasons established by law.

Debt write-off

Let's take a closer look at such a concept as debt write-off. What do you mean by this? And by this they mean transaction through which income is recognized and debt is eliminated from outstanding. Since in this case we are talking specifically about the recognition of income, the operation will be recognized in tax and accounting only if the following rules are observed:

• documentary evidence has been provided indicating the recognition of income;
• the amount that is meant by income is correctly calculated;
• the date on which the income was recognized was calculated correctly.

Unfortunately, in order for the debt to actually be written off, strong-willed desire alone is often not enough. To do this, you must follow certain criteria to recognize income. If we talk about tax accounting, then the norms of the Tax Code should be taken into account. If we talk about accounting, then we are guided by the norms of P(S)BU 15. In order for the debt to be written off, it is necessary that the debt has hopeless status.

So, what kind of debt can be called bad debt? Here the norms of the NKU should be taken into account. This:

1. First of all, the limitation period is taken into account. If three years have already passed since taking out the loan, then the debt can be considered bad.
2. Debt can also be called bad debt, when it comes to mortgaged property.
3. Sometimes a debt is considered uncollectible if it cannot be collected due to situations beyond the ordinary - for example, these could be force majeure situations characterized by a natural disaster (tsunami, earthquake, etc.).

That is, if we are not talking about force majeure circumstances or about pledged property, then in another way the debt can be called hopeless only if its statute of limitations has passed.

Borrowed capital

1. If you need borrowed funds, then such capital will be an excellent (and completely free) source of borrowed money. Thanks to it, you can not only increase the borrowed portion of funds, but also improve the overall financial condition of the company.
2. The amount of borrowed capital directly affects the duration of the financial cycle and affects the amount of money needed to finance current assets. The larger the amount of accounts payable, the less the organization needs to raise funds from outside in order to finance its activities.
3. The state of debt largely depends on the financial condition of the company. This takes into account trade turnover and the quantity of goods sold and purchased. If these factors increase, the company's costs accrued on accounts payable also increase, which inevitably leads to an increase in all debt, and vice versa. Conclusion: as trade turnover increases, so does the debt.
4. How much debt you have will depend on how often you repay the borrowed funds to creditors. This frequency of payments is regulated by the terms of contracts with partners, regulations from the state and only to a small extent - by the internal standards of the organization.

A constant increase in debt without periodic repayment leads to increasing accounts payable, which is undesirable for the organization. In addition, it spoils its overall financial condition and market value.

If we talk about the amount of debt, then the following points influence it:

1. Total number of purchases and share allocated for purchase on terms that require subsequent payment, as well as the conditions that were agreed upon in the agreement with counterparties.
2. Contractual obligations on which the company relies with those who provide them with services or supplies goods. It also takes into account how saturated the market is today with the supplied products.
3. Debt will also be influenced by the policy that is used to repay the debt, as well as how well the debt is analyzed and what is ultimately done with the results obtained. In addition, the payment system used by the organization is also taken into account. You should analyze your debts and draw the right conclusions.

When a company stops paying in cash and starts using non-cash payments, the quality of debt and overall turnover creep up, while the amount of debt creeps down. As a result, the company becomes more financially stronger, solvent and resistant to financial “jumps”. As for the debt, it can be terminated by the fulfillment of obligations or simply written off due to financial lack of demand.

Even those who have nothing to do with accounting, as well as financial accounting, quite often encounter such a concept as accounts receivable and accounts payable. The designations of these terms are quite different and “hide” a lot of information about the financial activities of the enterprise as a whole. Let's look at the concepts of debtor and creditor, what are they in simple words? Which accounts are displayed in accounting, what can they “tell” to a manager, potential investor, economist, financier, and other legal and physical entities of economic activity.

What are accounts payable and accounts receivable? Let’s try to explain it in accessible language, so that a person “not savvy” in economic terms will have an idea about these types of obligations.

Accounts receivable comes from the word “debet”, which is translated from Latin as “he owes”

Accounts receivable – is it owed to us or are we in debt?

First, let's break everything down. Accounts receivable, or as it is correctly called in accounting - accounts receivable, comes from the word “debet”, which is translated from Latin as “he owes”. Only knowing the translation it is not entirely clear whether it is owed to us or to us. To make it more clear, let us explain that In accounting, debtors are legal entities that owe us certain funds. From this follows the following concept: the totality of financial assets that are listed as obligations of legal entities and individuals to you is accounts receivable.

All accounts receivable are current assets, which do not have an accounting period (limitation period), since they can be repaid both in the short-term and over a longer period.

Receiving funds from a debtor to repay a receivable is called collection of receivables.

Notable examples of receivables include:

• the goods have been shipped, but payment has not yet occurred;
• an advance payment has been made, but material assets have not yet arrived or work has not been carried out;
• advances issued;
• overpayment to the budget.

Accounts payable, what is it?

There is no need to translate the word “kredit” from Latin, since even the most distant person in the world will say with confidence that this is our duty to someone. In simple words, this is the case when your enterprise has obligations in the form of a set of financial resources to a certain organization (firm, company). That is, we owe money to a supplier, employee, etc.

If everything is more or less clear with the concept of credit debt, then from the accounting side it is not entirely clear that the creditor is an asset or a liability? The answer is simple, once The creditor is the obligations of your company, then the debts are classified as liabilities.

Reflection of accounts payable and receivable in financial statements

Financial statements are set by the enterprise for each quarter and for the full operating year. It consists of statistical forms, and the main ones for analyzing activity are the first two:

• f.1 Balance. It consists of two parts: Active – Passive. Its completion is based on the principle of equality of the first part (asset) to the second (liability).
• f.2 Report on financial results. The company's income and the level of profitability at which the year ended are displayed here.

The creditor and debtor are displayed in the financial statements - form 1 Balance sheet

The display of creditors and debtors in financial statements is a key parameter for analyzing the financial stability of an enterprise.

Accounts receivable reflected in form 1 Balance sheet (the first part is assets). The entire second section is devoted to it, and the total amount of such obligations is indicated on line 1230. WITH The balance for the long-term debtor is displayed in line 1040. As for accounts payable, they can be found in liabilities. In balance it is line 1520 of the fifth section or the creditor may also be shown in the fourth section of the Balance Sheet.

Learn more about the types of receivables and payables

In accounting, both payables and receivables are divided by type, based on the source of their occurrence, the timing of repayment or non-repayment, and obligations assumed. Let's consider what a creditor and debtor can be.

How are accounts receivable classified in accounting?

Let’s delve into the “depths” of accounting and try to explain in accessible words what accounts receivable is. Conventionally, all receivables can be divided into two types:

1. Trade receivables- represents the amount of buyer obligations arising for the sale of goods and services produced as a result of the main activity.
2. Non-trade receivables appears as a consequence of other types of activities (advances issued to employees, dividends, budgetary obligations transferred in advance, etc.)

Based on the timing of receipt of obligations, we can distinguish:

• long-term accounts receivable enterprises with payment terms of more than a year;
• short-term, is repaid throughout the year.

Which receivable will “hang” is recorded in the accounting documents, and based on the fact of payments or delays in them, it can be divided into:

• normal;
• expired.

If everything is clear with the normal one, then with the expired one you should understand in more detail. The question logically arises: overdue accounts receivable is how many months of debt? With overdue obligations, it is not correct to talk about specific months, since the reasons for non-payment can be different and there are also subtypes of receivables for them.

1. Doubtful accounts receivable- these are obligations to the enterprise, the repayment of which is uncertain due to the unsatisfactory solvency of the debtor.
2. Unclaimed liabilities. This group includes debts that were unclaimed due to an error on the part of an accountant or other financially responsible person.
3. Moratorium receivables is a hanging liability that arises during a period when a business goes through bankruptcy proceedings and your company is unable to make financial claims.
4. Uncollectible accounts receivable– these are “dead” debts, the payment of which is reduced to zero. These are the obligations of a debtor declared bankrupt.

Of course, obligations to the enterprise cannot hang forever, therefore, after 3 years it is written off, according to paragraph 77 of the Order of the Ministry of Finance of July 29, 1998 No. 34n on the financial results of the organization as a loss.

After 3 years, accounts receivable are written off, increasing the company's loss

Other receivables of the organization should be noted. This concept includes various settlement items of both a commodity and non-commodity nature.

Recently, it has become increasingly common to reduce enterprise risks through accounts receivable insurance. This is a reliable tool for minimizing the possibility of a debtor becoming uncollectible.

Accounts payable: concepts and types

Now let’s understand the concept of a creditor, when it arises and what it is. The following types of creditor obligations are distinguished:

• to employees;
• to suppliers, contractors;
• before the budget, on taxes, fees.

Like receivables, payables can be:

• current– period up to three months;
• short-term– calculations are made for a period of up to one year;
• long-term– compensation is expected for more than a year;
• liquid– from 3 years (subject to write-off).

The presence of accounts payable significantly reduces investment attractiveness, since it significantly reduces the solvency of the enterprise and its liquidity.

Accounting of debts by creditor and debtor

We’ve sorted out the concepts, now let’s try to explain what a creditor and debtor “look like” in accounting (financial) accounting. First, let's look at accounts payable and receivable in the balance sheet - what are these accounts?

The receivable “settled” on accounts of 1st and 3rd classes:

1. Current debts are reflected in accounting on such accounts 37, 36, 34.
2. long term duties placed on count 18. Depending on the type, the corresponding subaccounts are used.

The calculation of accounts receivable for a certain number is as follows:

Receivable = Dt60 + Dt62 + Dt68 + Dt69 + Dt70 + Dt71 + Dt73 + Dt75 + Dt76 – Kt63

Why do you need to monitor accounts receivable? Often, business newcomers are perplexed and ask the question: why do we need control of accounts receivable for expenses, what kind of indicator is this? If the answer is accessible, then this is the amount of debts to your company. In other words, these are assets that can be used to grow the business. Lack of control in this area can lead to:

• loss of debt amounts with one-time debtors;
• financial instability;
• ineffective preparation of the expenditure side of the balance sheet;
• decline in competitiveness.

For creditor accounting the following are intended counts: 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76.

The creditor is calculated as the sum of the balances of all the above accounts.

Analysis of accounts payable and receivable makes it possible to assess the capabilities of the enterprise

Why do you need an analysis of accounts payable and receivable?

Working with bilateral obligations (we owe - we owe) makes it possible to objectively assess the financial, accounting, and economic capabilities of an enterprise (firm, organization). An integrated tracking approach helps to see the big picture, and the debtor to creditor ratio can “tell” about the state of affairs at the enterprise. Thus, an economically healthy organization should celebrate accounts receivable are an order of magnitude higher than accounts payable.

The debtor's balance has increased - this indicates the possibility of repaying one's debts using obligations reimbursed in the future.

An important indicator of the analysis is the turnover of receivables. It shows how many revolutions are made by funds over a certain period (year).

It is quite possible to turn receivables into financial resources, if necessary. How can this be “cranked out”? Sale of accounts receivable– this is the transfer of someone else’s obligations that have arisen before you to another person for money. The amount of liabilities itself is reduced by the discount amount.

Debtors and creditors are an integral component, without which an enterprise cannot function. Accounting for transactions on these business entities with subsequent analysis allows you to adequately assess the capabilities of the enterprise, its liquidity, solvency, and development opportunities. Therefore, every businessman should distinguish and understand what accounts payable and receivable are.

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