Three-dimensional terrain model in GIS "Panorama"
A three-dimensional terrain model in the GIS "Panorama" is a surface built taking into account the terrain, on which an image of a vector, raster or matrix map can be superimposed, and three-dimensional objects located on it corresponding to the objects of a two-dimensional map. It is a full-fledged three-dimensional map that allows you to select objects on the model in order to request information about the object, edit their appearance and characteristics. On the three-dimensional model you can see both above-ground and underground objects.
Creating a 3D Model
Creating a three-dimensional model does not require lengthy preparation; it is enough to have a two-dimensional map and a height matrix. Using these data, it is possible to construct a three-dimensional model of the relief of the selected area. For building volumetric model Taking into account the objects located on a given map, a library of three-dimensional images of objects is needed, which is added to the classifier of any map.
Together with the classifiers of electronic vector maps, libraries of three-dimensional images for various scales are supplied. To obtain a three-dimensional view of existing electronic maps, it is enough to connect one or more libraries to the classifier and assign a suitable image to the selected objects. If you need a more detailed and individual display of objects, you can create your own three-dimensional images using Symbol editor .
Building a 3D model
To build a three-dimensional terrain model, the following can be used: a vector map, a height matrix, a triangulation relief model (TIN model), a map classifier, a library of three-dimensional images of objects, digital photographs of the terrain and digital photographs of terrain objects. The composition of the source data can be different and depends on what type of model needs to be obtained.
Types of 3D terrain models
Typical three-dimensional models are created from city plans, topographic maps or overview maps. Typical models contain terrain surfaces, buildings, road network objects, pipelines, wells, traffic lights, vegetation objects, hydrography and other objects of simple shape.
Building a standard model is the most in a fast way obtaining a high-quality three-dimensional terrain model. Typical models can be used for visual assessment of the relative position of objects, taking into account the features of the relief and their height (Figure 1.1), analysis of the relative position of power cables and pipelines for various purposes(Figure 1.2).
1. Detailed 3D models
Three-dimensional models of detailed views describe the terrain with objects, the appearance of which is customizable individually, and are created according to city plans. Detailed view models contain the terrain surface, typical objects and objects whose three-dimensional image approaches their real view on the ground (architectural buildings with entrances, pipes, elevator towers, design elements, etc.).
To configure models of the detailed appearance of individual objects, you can use the assignment of appearance textures through the semantic characteristics of these objects.
In the editor of the three-dimensional view of GIS "Panorama" objects, importing symbols from the VRML format is available, so some elements individual look objects can be created in third-party 3D editors and loaded into various display templates for these objects.
2. 3D models interior spaces
Three-dimensional models of interior spaces allow you to describe volumetric view interior and are created on the basis of floor plans (Figure 1.5).
When displaying three-dimensional models of interior spaces, individual objects and entire interiors can also be used, created in various programs for editing three-dimensional images in VRML format and imported into the library of three-dimensional images of the GIS "Panorama" vector map classifier.
3. Topic models
Thematic models are created from thematic maps and are used to design statistical diagrams. One example of using thematic model building technology can be the creation of a three-dimensional terrain model based on a map of the operational situation (Figure 1.8). Models imported from the VRML format and used to symbolically display map objects fit perfectly into the setting of a thematic map.
Google Maps and Google Earth are the most famous and popular mapping services in the world. They open the world to tens and hundreds of millions of people, making it more understandable and relatable. And now such maps will become more realistic - Google Corporation announced the transition Google Maps V three-dimensional format.
For many years now, the Google Street View online service has allowed us to see in three dimensions all the most interesting places the world - city streets, The White house in Washington, Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.
But Google recently announced an innovation that this mapping service will be equipped with. Thanks to this innovation, it will be possible to see in three-dimensional mode not only the streets of cities, but also these cities themselves as a whole.
This will happen thanks to the combination of satellite images, aerial photography and photographs from ground level. All these frames will be rendered in such a way that a complete 3D model of cities and buildings on their streets will be obtained.
Google promises that by the end of this year, everyone will more or less have their 3D models in the Google Maps service. big cities world, whose population is total amount is more than 300 million people. The main cities of Europe, America and Asia are already available in 3D format.
According to representatives of Google Corporation, their main goal in creating a three-dimensional service in Google Maps was the desire to provide users with the opportunity to look at the world from a bird's eye view. After all, every person dreamed of flying above the streets, and now this eternal dream person comes true. Albeit in virtual mode.
Satellite map of Russia - high-resolution images taken from space by orbital stations. The image that the user sees consists of many individual images. High quality used on orbital stations, equipment allowed us to achieve the highest quality shooting. As a result, on the screens mobile devices, on PC monitors we have access to high-precision, high-resolution photographs, the image on which is very accurate and clear.
The satellite map of Russia displays high-resolution images in real time. You can see almost all Russian cities on them. By zooming in and out of objects, moving the cursor over individual sections of the map, you will be able to view streets, buildings, individual designs and squares. The larger the city, the more detailed the satellite map section will be for it.
Satellite map online in real time 2016 - exploring the country together
High resolution satellite maps online 2016 - a set of high-precision images through which you can study populated areas different sizes specific point in time. The user, selecting the object and scale he needs, receives a snapshot of it at the same point in time. By selecting the appropriate parameters instead of the “satellite view” mode, you can display the image:
- landscape view;
- schematic representation of Russia and its individual cities;
- Satellite view - real image.
Online high-resolution satellite maps of 2015-2016 are the most user-friendly models of interactive map images from the website service. They will allow you to travel throughout the entire state, from anywhere in the world. Satellites make it possible to track current data on the location and condition of certain objects from different settlements vast Russia.
Navigation charts can be needed in a variety of situations. Either you are lost in the forest, or you are looking for the necessary street in the city. A service that can help you deal with this is Google Maps. It consists of a couple of applications. Namely: from the Google Maps website and Google Transit (routing program). Thanks to the fact that Google transmits data directly from the satellite, using these maps you can find out detailed diagram routes, house numbers, street names, and how you can walk or ride (by car, bus, bicycle) to your destination.
This service is a large reference book covering many areas of life: from traveling to planning a walk or going on vacation.
Appearance
The map can be displayed for users in two versions:- traditionally ( topographic map, analogue of Mercator);
- satellite images (not online, but taken some time ago).
A sister project to Google Maps, Google Planet (corresponds to a globe), complements the service of images of the Earth's poles.
Peculiarities
Not all countries disclose information about the location of their facilities. Therefore, places on the map where there are classified areas shaded. These include, for example, the White House, the Capitol.Maps have different resolutions different areas land. The lower the population density of an area, the less details are known about it. Some places on the map are hidden under clouds. Although not all objects were taken from the satellite. The images of some of them were obtained thanks to aerial photography from a height of 300 meters or more. In such places, the detail of the terrain reaches high values.
Service interface
Google Maps is very easy to use. This app was made for people and that's how it works. On the left side there is a button for switching the appearance of cards ( topographical or satellite view). And on the right side of the screen the user can find zoom buttons ( increase and decrease).The system allows its users to enter the address or name of an object and obtain information about its location, address, coordinates, appearance. For some areas, a “what’s there” recognition service is available, and Google Maps will show which object (gas station, museum, store, theater) is located there.
Google online maps javascript service is widely used. New areas of the map appear on the page as the user moves it around the screen. If the address of a specific object has been entered, the page is reloaded and the location of the desired place is displayed on the map with a dynamic red marker icon.
So that the map can be hosted by owners of other sites, Google has announced a free service: API Maps(Application Programming Interface) in 2005. This map can be added to any area of the site. them on this moment there are more than 350 thousand worldwide.
About Google Maps
As of 2011, Google announced that it provides its mapping service to more than 150 million customers. This makes the service one of the largest and most ambitious Internet navigation services.Interactive Google Maps is a free service, courtesy of Google Corporation, which does not contain advertising, but only provides high-quality and verified information about the location and purpose of objects around the world.
Google Virtual Map of Mars is an Internet application that is very similar to Google Earth, the map of Mars is also made on this engine. This color map of Mars is nothing more than a 3d topographic map of Mars. This gives us an idea of the heights of the area. This Google map of Mars also lets you switch between visible and infrared views in real time. The switch buttons are in the upper right corner.
Control
In Google Maps of Mars, you can move up, down, left, or right using the arrow buttons in the top left corner of the screen. To zoom in and out of the Google Mars map, simply move the tool's slider. It is also on the left side.
This map of Mars, based on images from the Mars Odyssey probe, is a mosaic of images obtained from orbit.
If you're wondering why Google Mars maps are clearer in infrared, it's because the planet's clouds and dust are transparent to infrared light.
Additional features
In the search bar, you can look for objects that interest you, for example Mount Olympus - Olympus mons and read its description and detailed photographs. To return to the map, press "Backspace". There is also a search for pre-selected groups: spacecraft, mountains, volcanoes, craters, canyons, etc. To do this, click on the corresponding link to the right of the Google icon.
Topographic map of Mars
Pyramids and Face on Mars
If you don't know how to Google Mars pyramids, it's pretty easy. The Google Mars program allows you to quickly search. You can view the coordinates on Google Mars, but searching for them does not work.
Region Cydonia
Cydonia, some translate as Cydonia, is a plateau located in the northern hemisphere of the planet and famous for the fact that the numerous hills of this region, according to the first images of the Viking 1 orbiter, resembled the Face (by the way, Google Mars, allows you to see in one click), the Sphinx and pyramids.
Subsequently, more detailed images of the Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft (the Google Mars service also uses their images) showed that these hills have nothing to do with the activities of supposedly intelligent representatives of the planet, and what previously seemed quite meaningful figures appeared in the form normal Martian landscape. However, interest in these formations does not fade and therefore pyramids on Mars are quite easy to find on Google Mars. Just type Cydonia in the search bar and switch to infrared mode. The Google satellite map of Mars shows the Face and just below the pyramid. We hope that with Google Mars you will constantly discover new finds for yourself.
The Google coordinates of the Mars pyramid are as follows - 40.75N, 9.46W. By the way, the Google planet Mars pyramid coordinates allow you to calculate the coordinates quite easily, just select the object you are interested in and the necessary information of interest will appear in the drop-down menu.
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris is the longest and deepest canyon in the solar system. She is her companion high mountain in the solar system - Olympus volcano, which is also located on the red planet. This couple demonstrates what extremes can be found using Google Mars online. To find a valley it is enough to command line cards type “Valles Marineris”.
Valley dimensions
The Valles Marineris is about 4,000 km long and 200 km wide, in some places the depth reaches 7 km. It runs along the equator and covers almost a quarter of the planet's circumference, or 59% of its diameter. The Google map of Mars shows that the Valles Marineris system is a network of interconnected depressions that start in the west and Google shows this well. Noctis Labyrinthus or “Labyrinth of Night” is considered the beginning of the Valles Marineris. The canyon passes through various areas of chaotic terrain (ridges, crevasses, and plains mixed together) before ending at the Chryse Planitia basin.
The most common theory for the formation of such a huge canyon is that it was formed by stretching of the surface layer. The theory is confirmed by erosion and destruction of the rift wall. Rift valleys usually form between and during the formation of two mountain ranges.
History of discovery
The mighty canyon is named after NASA's Mariner 9 spacecraft, which first photographed it at close range in 1971-1972. Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft, which entered the orbit of another planet, ahead of the Mars-2 and Mars-3 missions.
Valles Marineris on Mars has been the focus of many scientists' attention due to its geological past. It indicates that Mars used to be much wetter and warmer. If you are looking for interesting places on Google Mars, then this valley is rightfully in the TOP5.
Software updates
In 2012, the Google Mars program was significantly updated. The reason for this was that by that time there were as many as three orbiters circling the red planet in orbit, continuously imaging the surface in different ranges and with different resolutions.
Much of Google Mars' content is now captured by the Context Camera (CTX) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The Google map of Mars has a pretty good resolution - 6 meters per pixel - this is significantly better than most of the images of our Earth in Google Maps (about 15 meters per pixel) and significantly exceeds previous photographs of the planet.
Telescope in orbit
The latest Google Mars map shows individual areas of the surface with a resolution of 25-30 cm per pixel! This is thanks to the HiRISE camera, which is installed on the MRO satellite. The HiRISE camera is actually a telescope with a main mirror diameter of 30 cm! Despite the monstrous detail, it will take many years to completely map the planet with such resolution, so scientists are interested in the most relevant regions of the planet and the work sites of the Mars rovers, of which there are now two (Curiosity and Opportunity).
A collection of photographs captured by the HiRISE camera
To view in full screen mode, use the button at the top right.
Don't forget that so bright colors planets are due to the fact that the camera captures part of the infrared range. Images taken using different filters and wavelengths are necessary to identify various features surface and mineral deposits.
Google Mars has paid a lot of attention to Gale Crater. A new version Google Mars shows new satellite images in a gray scale, so they are easy to distinguish from old ones, and remember that these are not artifacts of Google Mars, despite the fact that quite a lot of interesting objects were discovered on the Google Mars map.
Lava tubes on the surface
Quite interesting formations are collapsed lava tubes - channels that are formed during the uneven cooling of lava that flows from the slopes of the volcano. So the virtual map of Mars allows you to look not only at well-known objects, but also at quite rare geological formations. However, the Google Mars map is just high-detail images, so we recommend Google Mars 3D maps, which quite well convey the feeling of being on an alien planet. I’m especially pleased that recently it has become possible to watch Google Mars in Russian. So the Mars app Google Mars is not only good tool visualization and demonstration of technologies, but also a whole multimedia entertainment center that allows you to make exciting trips around the red planet.
3D view
The Google Mars 3D map allows you not only to explore the planet, but also to make a virtual journey, because the relief map of Mars conveys the surface of the distant planet much more realistically. In 3D mode, users can enjoy a bird's eye view of the surface of the planet, and Google's 3D map of Mars makes it possible to virtually move to the most popular objects, consider the “Face on Mars” and Olympus Volcano.
This view from the Google Mars satellite was obtained using NASA's modern Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express, as well as from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft.
A little about the planet itself
After Earth, it is practically the only place in the solar system that could shelter people. But there are many things we must overcome on the red planet.
Orbit
The orbit of the planet of the “god of war” ranks second in eccentricity in the solar system. Only Mercury's orbit has a greater eccentricity. At perihelion it is located at a distance of 206.6 million km from the Sun, and at aphelion 249.2 million km. The average distance from it to the Sun (the so-called semi-major axis) is 228 million km. One revolution of Mars takes 687 Earth days. The distance to the Sun changes depending on the gravitational influence of other planets, and the eccentricity can change over time. As recently as about 1,350 million years ago, it had a nearly circular orbit.
At its closest point, it is located approximately 55.7 million km from Earth. The planets come closest to each other every 26 months. Due to the vast distance, a trip to Mars will take 10 months to a year, depending on how much fuel we use.
Size
Mars is very small and the global topographic map of Mars shows that its area is very small. Mars is only 6,792 km across, about half the diameter, and only 10% of the mass of Earth. Google's satellite map of Mars allows you to view the planet as if you could stand on its surface. Mars, but unfortunately does not convey to us that we would experience only 30% of the gravity on the surface of the Earth.
Seasons
Mars, like all planets solar system, has an axis tilt of about 25.19 degrees. This tilt is similar to Earth's, so it has seasons. Martian seasons are longer than Earth's because the year on Mars is almost twice as long as the Earth's year. The dramatically varying distance between Mars at aphelion and perihelion means its seasons are out of balance.
Day
One day on Mars is only a few minutes longer than on Earth. You can adapt quickly. Another advantage is that the tilt of the Martian axis is very similar to the Earth's; it is a pity that the online map of Mars from the satellite does not show this.
Conditions
But Mars has a very inhospitable environment. It is only 1% of the thickness of the Earth's atmosphere. It consists mainly of carbon dioxide. You won't be able to breathe in such an atmosphere. Night temperatures can drop to -100°C, even in the height of summer at the equator. Interactive map Mars in high resolution shows the huge polar ice caps at the planet's poles.
One of the most important problems lies in the absence of a magnetosphere on the planet. Here on Earth, radioactive particles from space are deflected away from the surface, but on Mars there is no protection.
Finally, I recommend watching the popular science film The Mars Underground.
Aerospace engineer and President of the Mars Society, Robert Zubrin dreams of sending humans to the red planet in the next 10 years.
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