Methods for laying wiring in a wooden house. Correct hidden electrical wiring in a wooden house. Making a wiring diagram

One of the most important activities when building a house made of wood is its electrification in compliance with the rules fire safety. Usually, professional electricians are involved in installing the house and further laying cables to each point, although some homeowners tend to take responsibility themselves by doing this not an easy task. To help those who decide to install electricity in the house themselves, step-by-step instruction accompanied by mandatory rules.

Rules for laying electrical cables in wooden structures

Before you start in wooden house, you should study some of the features of this event, characteristic of buildings made of timber or logs. The rules for electrifying a wooden structure differ from the wiring and installation of equipment in houses built from stone, brick or building blocks. The main difference is the flammability of wood, which requires special care when carrying out all work related to supplying power to each point.

The second feature of a building made from lumber is its significant shrinkage, the degree of which must be taken into account when installing electrical wiring. These features of buildings built from wood building materials dictate the following rules that must be followed when installing electrical wiring with your own hands:

preference is given to an electrical cable with a copper power core, as it is more flexible and less susceptible to damage from bending and stretching;
priority is given to the open (external) method of laying wires;
use of metal (non-flammable) socket boxes and distribution boxes;
holes in the walls for routing cables between different rooms and when entering the house, they are fenced off from the wood with metal cases (sleeves);
When installing electrical wiring in a closed way, the cable is laid only in a continuous metal tube, the use of corrugated cable ducts for these purposes is strictly prohibited;
It is recommended to use a wire protected by several layers of non-flammable braiding, outside diameter which is at least 40% smaller than the internal cross-section of the case or mounting tube;
special attention is paid to protection from short circuit(installation of automatic machines and RCDs), grounding of all electrical appliances with connection to the appropriate circuit, creation effective protection from lightning strikes;
The electrical distribution panel is mounted to a wooden wall using a reliable dielectric non-flammable plate.

These rules will ensure you maximum safety during the operation of the electrical supply, because more than half of the cases of fires in wooden buildings are caused by problems with electrical wiring. Due to fire safety, to the detriment of aesthetic preferences, experts recommend using an open cable installation method when wiring around the house.

If, however, hidden (internal) laying of wires is preferred, the laying of metal cases for electrical cables must be done during the construction of walls. This is a labor-intensive process that also requires accurate calculations when designing power supply, in order to minimize the likelihood of channel deformation from pressure building structures when shrinking the house. For this reason, preference is often given to open mounting wiring in a wooden house, as safer and more controllable during operation.

With the open method of laying cables, two options for installing wires are used. The first, considered somewhat outdated, involves fixing the wiring to special dielectric insulators, which are installed with a certain step according to the wiring diagram. This method is less aesthetically pleasing, but at the same time it is the easiest to install, safest and least expensive in terms of material investments. Open wiring on insulators is now used less and less, preferring to lay electrical cables in special closed cases that are mounted on top of a wooden wall or ceiling. Laying wires in wall cable channels is convenient, functional and allows you to implement complex circuits wiring corresponding modern requirements for power supply of private houses.

Electrical design - highlights

Any complex installation work precedes design, including the installation of wiring in a wooden house. But first, it is necessary to coordinate the provision of electricity to housing with the organization providing electricity supply services, whose specialists must develop technical specifications - the basis for further design. At the same time, the total energy consumption and the set of necessary electrical equipment for introducing a power cable into the house are assessed.

For private households, according to approved standards, it is considered acceptable to consume electricity within 15 kW at a time, which corresponds to an installation at the input of 25 A. If consumption exceeds the indicated figure, it is necessary to install an additional electric current converter.

Design begins with marking the location of electricity consumers on the construction diagram. Some of them will be powered from the general network (lighting and appliances connected to regular sockets), others will be connected to the distribution panel via a separate cable. This is how devices with increased power consumption are connected (electric stoves, hot water boilers, electric boilers heating). Each of the powerful electricity consumers is connected through an individual circuit breaker.

Depending on the number of devices and their power that will presumably be powered from a particular room, the number of required sockets and the cross-section of the supply cable are calculated. In order to prevent overheating of the conductors, a cable with a core cross-section of at least 1.5 mm is used. Provide at least 2.5 mm to the sockets. The use of tees and electrical carriers is not recommended; it is advisable to install more power consumption points than the number of electrical appliances expected to be used.

Also, during the design, the locations of distribution boxes and their communication paths with lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are noted. This takes into account minimum distances from laid cables to door and window openings(at least 10 cm), floor and ceiling. The cable routing diagram, especially when installed hidden, will help in the future not to damage the wiring when carrying out various installation and finishing works.When designing electrical wiring, not only personal ideas about the convenience of the location of electrical points and cables are taken into account, but also requirements dictated by considerations of safety and expediency, which include the following rules:

It is unacceptable to connect power supply points along the shortest path - cables are laid only vertically and horizontally, forming direction transitions at right angles;
switches are installed in the range of 0.6-1.2 m from the floor surface, for sockets the permissible height range of 0.4-0.8 m is determined;
switches, sockets and distribution boxes must be freely accessible for use, inspection or repair work;
direct contact of passing wires with metal objects and with each other is excluded (the distance between adjacent cables should not be less than 50 mm).

The connection of copper and aluminum conductors, if any, is prohibited by twisting. To avoid rapid oxidation of such contacts, it is recommended to use special terminal blocks.

Wiring - widely used methods and diagrams

Installation of wiring in a wooden house begins with choosing a wiring diagram and method of laying cables. But first it is necessary to install external electrical equipment, which includes an electric meter and circuit breakers. Typically, the meter and the main circuit breaker are installed by specialists from the electricity supply organization; further wiring is done by hired electricians or independently.

It is recommended to install additional circuit breakers, through one of which the lighting is powered, the other breaks the circuit going to the sockets, the third - for electrical appliances located outside the building . Individual machines are installed on cables that supply electricity to utility and technical buildings, as well as high-power electrical appliances installed in the house and powered using individual wires.

The main power cable is brought inside through a case mounted into a wooden wall and brought to the first junction box, where it connects to the next main wire going to other rooms. When installing open wiring in a wooden house, before routing the wires from the distribution boxes to the power consumption points, you need to install insulators (for the retro version) or lockable cases (boxes) in accordance with the electrical wiring diagram, designed to accommodate the appropriate number of cables. If the method of installing wires in boxes is chosen, the subsequent steps are performed in this order.

1. We put wires in cases fixed to the walls (fastening spacing 50-60 cm), one end of which is inserted into the distribution box, the other into the corresponding socket box. In the box we leave a cable reserve of up to 20 cm, in the socket box - about 10 cm. After laying the electrical wires, we close the box with a lid.
2. According to the wiring diagram and connection of electrical consumers in the box, we connect the wires. The easiest way is twisting followed by insulation. We clear all conductors from the braid by about 40 mm, twist them along the entire length of the protected conductors, and then insulate them with special caps.
3. A more reliable way to connect wires is using terminal blocks of the appropriate cross-section. We strip the wires to about 7-8 mm, insert them into the corresponding connector of the block and tighten them with a screw. This connection method prevents sparking and oxidation of contacts.
4. Next, we connect the contacts of switches, sockets and lighting sources to the corresponding wires. We install sockets and switches in socket boxes and securely fix them with special unclenching “whiskers”.
5. Only after installing all elements of electrical equipment can the distribution boxes be integrated with each other and with the central power cable.

For wires supplying high-power electrical appliances, we lay separate boxes designed for one wire. The cable coming from an electric stove, boiler or other powerful electrical installations must be continuous and open only at an individual circuit breaker installed in the distribution panel. To install wires into the house for individual electrical appliances, you can use the same case as for the main cable of the main wiring. But at the same time, it is necessary to protect each conductor from each other with dielectric non-flammable material.

This is how open electrical wiring is done in wooden houses, and its installation is available for independent practical implementation. If you want to carry out wiring hidden in a building made of logs or timber, it is better to contact specialists, since this is a troublesome task, requires accurate calculations and involves a labor-intensive installation process with the installation of complex communication units.

All electrical installation work requires the performer to be careful, increased attention, strict compliance technical rules and established standards. When planning and carrying out electrification of a wooden house, it is necessary to obtain advice from a qualified electrician and become familiar with regulatory documents, the basic requirements and sequence of laying the electrical wire.

Requirements for electrical wiring in a wooden house

Installation of electrical wiring in wooden houses has some differences and features from the electrification of stone houses. Safety must be a priority when designing and installing cables. There are a number of basic rules that require strict adherence:

Careful insulation of electrical conductors by means of non-combustible materials(NYM, VVGng, VVGng-LS).
Aluminum conductors must be replaced with copper conductors with a cross-section of at least 16 mm2. The cable must enter the house through a metal sleeve. The transition of the wire from one room to another is carried out through a rigid metal pipe.
It is advisable to carry out electrification of a wooden house using the “open” method.
It is necessary to accurately calculate the cable thickness, leaving a margin of at least 30%.
Particular attention should be paid to the quality of the materials used. You need to choose a cable with non-flammable insulation.
If it is necessary to install hidden electrical wiring, it is necessary to use a metal pipe. Laying cables in corrugated pipes is prohibited.
Installation of an RCD, ground loop and lightning rod is required. In this case, not only electrical appliances are subject to grounding, but also metal pipes in which the cable is laid.
The input unit - electrical panel should be isolated as much as possible from the wooden structures of the house. Sometimes you have to build brick wall, and the floors should be made of cement/concrete screed.

Electrical wiring options in a wooden house

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house, namely cable routing, can be done in three ways:

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house: diagrams

According to current standards when electrifying a private house without installing a transformer, the power consumption cannot be more than 15 kW. This indicator is calculated by summing the power of simultaneously switched on electrical appliances. If the result obtained is less than 15 kW, then install a 25A input circuit breaker, otherwise an additional transformer will be required.

When developing a wiring diagram, connection points are divided into different consumption groups. For example, lighting devices are powered from one machine, a separate device is required for sockets, and an additional device is required for street lighting.

It is advisable to equip personal automatic machines and a separate power supply branch for powerful electrical equipment: an electric stove, a boiler or an electric boiler. Separate power supply circuits are also required for detached outbuildings.

Important! For safety reasons, it is better to increase the number of power supply branches - this measure helps to reduce potentially dangerous connection sections.

Below is an approximate do-it-yourself electrical wiring diagram in a private wooden house.

Some nuances when developing a scheme:

The input machine and meter of the energy supply organization require to be placed outside for easy control of electricity consumption.
For outdoor placement, the meter and circuit breaker must be in a sealed housing that prevents the ingress of moisture, dirt and dust. The box's protection class is at least IP-55. The requirements for boxes installed inside a wooden structure are slightly lower - IP-44, the main condition is that the body is made of metal.
For an emergency power outage, it is necessary to place an RCD - the device will operate in the event of a short circuit in the network.

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house: step-by-step instructions

Development of a power supply project

To develop an individual project, it is necessary to obtain technical specifications from the electricity supply organization (RES), which will become the basis for further work.

Designing the power supply of a wooden house is carried out in the following sequence:

When organizing power supply and drawing up a project, you should be guided not only by personal wishes, but also by certain requirements:

Only vertical or horizontal arrangement of wires is allowed.
All turns of the wire are performed strictly at right angles.
Sockets, switches and distribution boxes must be freely accessible.
According to the rules, the installation of switches is carried out at a distance of 0.6-1.5 meters from the floor level, the cable is fed from above.
The optimal placement of sockets is 0.5-0.8 m from the floor, the recommended number of sockets is 1 pc. for 6 sq.m. In rooms with a lot of household appliances There will be more sockets.
Wires should not be placed closer than 10 cm from door/window openings. It is necessary to exclude contact of wires with metal elements and adjacent wires (minimum permissible distance - 0.5 cm).

Selection of equipment and cables

To avoid complex calculations to determine the appropriate cable, you can use an electrical engineering reference book. The cross-section of the wire core directly depends on the expected loads.

The power consumption of equipment and electrical appliances is indicated in the technical data sheet or operating instructions. Based on these values, a wire with cores of the required cross-section is selected. To determine the size of the input cable, it is necessary to sum up the power of the installed electrical appliances.

Advice. For a wooden house, you should choose a cable marked “NG” (non-flammable) and “LS” (low smoke emission). Typically, wires with a cross section of 2.5 mm and 1.5 mm are used for internal wiring.

The input circuit breaker is selected with a rating sufficient so that at maximum load the power to the house does not turn off, but the circuit breaks, preventing a short circuit.

For single-phase power supply, the circuit breaker is selected as follows:

When choosing switches and sockets, take into account some parameters:

the amount of current for which the equipment is designed;
installation option: external/hidden wiring;
the number of keys - for switches, the number of places - for sockets.

High power household appliances (electric stoves, washing machines, boilers, fireplaces, refrigerators, etc.) are subject to mandatory grounding. In such situations, it is advisable to use sockets with a terminal for connecting the ground wire.
"Tees" should be avoided. To simultaneously connect several electrical appliances, install a group of sockets or dual models.
The choice of switches is determined by the lighting mode. To simultaneously turn on several light sources or one lamp, set the switch to one key, for different modes- two- and three-key.

Installation of the machine and input of power supply

According to the developed diagram, distribution boxes are installed, mounting points for switches, sockets and lighting devices are marked. Mount the electrical panel housing in the designated location and perform the following actions:

Installation in the meter panel housing.
Installation of an introductory machine on metallic profile(din rail). Connection to a two-pole circuit breaker, phase and neutral.
The terminals (output terminals) of the meter are connected to the input of the input circuit breaker.
Installing a cable into the house and connecting it to the input terminals of the meter.
A voltage relay, RCD, and circuit breakers for various power groups (lighting, sockets) are installed on the DIN rail.

Cable entry into the house is carried out underground or over the air. The second option will be cheaper, but this supply is considered less reliable. With “air” input, self-supporting insulated wires are used. The main condition is the installation of a fireproof sleeve at the input site in the house.

With the underground method, a metal pipe is used for entry, protecting the supply cable from various influences. Cable laying using this method must be agreed upon with the power distribution company.

Cable laying, installation of switches and sockets

The wire of the selected cross-section according to the layout plan is laid closed or open method.

Do-it-yourself internal wiring technology in a wooden house:

Let's look step by step at how to do electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands using wall-mounted cable ducts:

Important! The number of connections affects the system's ability to carry loads - the more there are, the worse the load capacity.

RCD and grounding

Arranging a grounding loop involves performing the following actions:

Preparation of metal rods diameter 3 cm/length 3 m.
Digging a trench 30 cm deep in a triangular shape, where the length of each side is 1 m. Install metal rods at the corners of the formed triangle.
Connecting reinforcement to each other with metal corners using welding.
Weld an eye (loop) to one corner and fasten a steel rod 1 cm thick to it.
The rod is laid so that it is connected to the grounding conductor in the electrical panel. The insulation of the grounding conductors of the cables is yellow-green.

It is advisable to place an RCD in the panel after the metering device. This device will protect a person from electric shock if it leaks onto the equipment body. The RCD parameters are selected based on the rated current in the network. This protective device especially relevant for rooms with increased level humidity (bathroom, bathhouse, swimming pool, etc.).

DIY electrical wiring in a wooden house: video

Common Newbie Mistakes

Electrification of a wooden house is a responsible undertaking. According to statistics from firefighting organizations, most wooden structures catch fire primarily due to faulty electrical wiring. Some novice masters may ignore the advice of professionals and make a number of serious mistakes:

Hiding wiring under wooden ceiling structures.
Laying cables under the baseboard.
Use for laying corrugated wires PVC pipes. Despite the practical qualities of the material and the ease of its installation, PVC pipes are prohibited for use for the electrification of wooden buildings.
The location of the insulated cable in the groove without the use of a metal pipe.
The use of plastic boxes for sockets and switches.

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house is installed to ensure full functionality of the system. Installation of wiring in wooden structures should ensure the safety of the structure from fire. Installing electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands is quite acceptable, but you should carefully familiarize yourself with the standards and regulations this process. Every owner of a wooden building wants to create and provide comfortable and favorable living conditions for their household.

Modern installation of electrical wiring in a wooden house can be divided into the following main stages:

Development project documentation with an appendix on calculating the power required for electrical equipment;
Security necessary materials for installation (cables, sockets, electrical appliances, sockets, lamps, distribution board, etc.);
Inserting automatic machines, an electric meter and a distribution panel into the house;
Laying and distributing cables and wires to electricity localization points;
Installation of additional devices (sockets, switches, lamps, etc.);
Providing grounding and protective shutdown;
System connection;
Startup and testing of wiring.

Wiring in houses wooden structure must prevent any fire. Cable wires and other elements must have the following characteristics:

cable wires must be treated and insulated with fire-resistant materials;
for external installation, aluminum or thermal pipes are used;
cables with copper conductors and the required cross-section to withstand the power load are used;
grooves (grooves) for laying cables are treated with fire-resistant substances (fucam, frizol).

Details of the development of an electrical installation diagram in a wooden house

Detailed power calculation electrical equipment is the key to a well-designed project. Such a project is based on the following points:

drawing up a drawing of a house indicating the points of lighting devices, sockets and electrical equipment (electric stoves, ventilation systems etc.);
location of electrical equipment locations, determined taking into account power consumption;
creating blocks to provide lighting. In small houses, one block is enough;
creation of a separate block to control street lighting. It is recommended to install street lighting on a separate automatic circuit breaker, as this ensures the possibility of de-energizing the house during the absence of the owners of the house;
household appliances (electric boilers, water heaters, electric stoves) that require high electrical power are connected through a special machine. When installing these devices, it is necessary to provide for the use of special cables that are laid separately;
To calculate the power, you need to write down all the devices used, after which you select the machines to turn off.

Additional materials used for electrical installation work

Electrical wiring in a wooden house with your own hands should ensure a continuous process; you need to stock up on tools and equipment. For this work, pliers, screwdrivers, a hammer, a chisel, a screwdriver, and a knife for electrical work are used.

There are two types: metal and plastic. For wooden buildings Experts recommend installing metal shields inside the house. Most often, the following types of cables are placed in the shield:

to provide current to lighting devices;
for sockets;
for electric stoves;
for meters that monitor electricity consumption;
for RCD.

Electrical supply stores sell switchboards to accommodate 12 pieces of electrical equipment. For houses standard dimensions With the usual arrangement of electrical wiring elements, panels with 9 places are used.

In addition, to install electrical wiring you must prepare:

electrical wires of a certain cross-section. In wooden houses, a three-core VVG cable with a cross-section of 2.5 millimeters is used;
sockets, switches, the number of these devices is calculated according to the diagram. Basically, when choosing, they pay attention to quality and combination with the colors of the interior. Sockets and switches equipped with brass and bronze contacts are used;
cables and skirting boards with grooves;
distribution boxes, insulating clamps and tape;
electric meter, today there are two types of meters: one-tariff and two-tariff. At current electricity prices, it is more rational to use a two-tariff meter, since it records the tariff depending on the time of day;
self-tapping screws, aluminum tape, fasteners - clips, clothespins, clamps.

The above list should be collected before initial stage workflow.

Specifics of selection of cables and electrical appliances

The main specificity of the choice of cables is the cross-section of the wires and their power. First you need to clearly define the groups of electrical equipment and the voltage of electricity required for full operation of the system.

To install electrics in wooden houses, marked VVG copper cables are used. Cables of this type are more affordable. NYM brand cable is more expensive, but has a number of advantages - reliable insulation, ease of use and safety. Aluminum cables can also be used, but they are not as reliable because their structure is more brittle and prone to kinks.

A three-core cable with a grounding effect is supplied to the sockets. When using electrical household appliances, grounding is mandatory.

According to the Electrical Installation Rules, during installation lighting fixtures Grounding is a mandatory attribute.

Electrical wiring in a wooden house is carried out according to two types:

external, characterized by installation through the use of cable channels;
hidden laying of wires is carried out in cases where plastering of the wall surface is envisaged.

Wires are laid inside walls using pipes or metal sleeves to provide insulation and protection from mechanical damage to integrity.

Electrical appliances (sockets and switches) used in wooden houses must meet the following parameters:

must match the current voltage;
by type of installation - internal or external.

The number of sockets and switches is determined using the compiled project. At the discretion of the owner, it is allowed to install joint switches, for example, in the bathroom and toilet, corridor and pantry.

Installation process of the introductory machine

For the right choice input cable, it is necessary to calculate the entire power consumption in the house. At repair work, if you decide to increase the ratings of the switches, do not forget about replacing the input cable. It is necessary to select the input cable for the total power of the devices in the house, because an incorrect cross-section will not provide sufficient functionality of the electrical wiring.

When choosing a machine, you should proceed with special care: if the machine is worn out, then short circuits and overvoltages often occur. If the house uses a three-phase network, then it is necessary to ensure the use of a three-pole circuit breaker. Accordingly, when single-phase network For electricity, a single-pole or double-pole switch with a zero-phase input is used.

For a single-phase network, the machines must have the following properties:

it is necessary to calculate the optimal voltage in the circuit breaker. A single-phase electrical network requires the use of switches with a 25-amp current;
in wooden houses, category C switches are often used, which have a certain current ratio;
The switch at the input is mounted after installing the electric meter; it is needed to ensure correct calculation for consumed electricity;
automatic machines, RCD, electric meter - all these devices are elements of the distribution panel. The shield consists of a housing, and installation necessary elements occurs through the use of a DIN rail.

To correctly calculate voltage network power indicators, specially developed formulas are used.

Cable wiring, installation of sockets and switches

In accordance with the diagram. To do this, routes are determined in kind, that is, on the surface of the wall of the house, after which distribution boxes are installed and installation points for sockets, lamps and switches are marked. The cables used must have the appropriate cross-section to ensure full use of the system.

When laying cable wires metal boxes or pipes require finishing of the interior walls. For hidden wiring, the use of corrugated pipes is prohibited, as this can lead to fire.

Laying cable wires in a pipe includes the following steps:

preparation of channels (grooves). External distribution boxes are installed at the junction points of the wires to ensure open access;
When laying cables between rooms, holes are made in the walls using metal sleeves with plugs. Metal sleeves suppress the fire, ensuring the circuit is closed.

When laying cable wires externally in pipes, the wires should not fit tightly to the surface of the pipes. They should be filled halfway. Electricians recommend using copper pipes because such products have greater flexibility, which is important during installation. Cut wires must be processed and stripped. The pipes are installed on the wall surface using clamps.

Grounding and RCD

Installation of grounding in wooden houses is mandatory in accordance with all requirements and standards for the operation of household electrical appliances.

When grounding, perform the following actions:

Dig a hole (40 centimeters) in the shape of an equilateral triangle with sides 1 meter long;
Metal products or corners are dug into the corners of the recess, then they are fastened to each other using a welding machine;
A grounding conductor is passed through the pin hole, and then secured with a nut;
All grounding elements of the cables are connected to a bus bar, which has greenish colored wires.

Installing an RCD in a private house plays the role of protection against damage electric shock in cases of leakage.

Starting and checking the electrical wiring

When all electrical appliances are connected and the installation is complete, it is necessary to measure the resistance of the electrical wiring in the wooden house. This process is necessary to ensure that the insulation is not damaged.

Resistance measurements are carried out regularly, approximately once every three years. Resistance measurements will help identify deficiencies and help protect the structure from short circuits leading to fire.

After completing the installation of electrical wiring, it is necessary to independently inspect the entire complex of installation work. Electricians measure the insulation resistance and grounding conductor.

After the work, specialists issue a protocol that confirms the functionality of the entire system. This document must be presented when sealing the electric meter. Most often, for clarity and to facilitate repairs, a diagram indicating the location of the main circuit breakers is pasted onto the electrical panel.

Conclusion

Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in a wooden house must be done taking into account all the rules. Carefully executed wiring installation quality materials will provide long term services. In order to competently complete the entire volume electrical installation work, read the diagram and correctly calculate the amount of materials and cable footage.

If you are not sure that you can handle the work yourself, invite specialists, because your safety and the safety of your property depend on proper installation and connection of the electrical network in your home.

Most houses being built cannot boast of the environmental friendliness of the materials used in their construction. For interior decoration Chemicals and synthetics are increasingly used.

Despite the availability and prevalence artificial materials, more and more owners prefer to build houses from wood. Such buildings are attractive on the outside, cozy on the inside, and most importantly - environmentally friendly!

Having decided to build a wooden house, future owners will inevitably face a difficulty: what are the rules for laying wiring in a wooden house?

As you know, wood is a highly flammable and fire-hazardous material. For safety reasons, you should follow the rules for electrical installations, especially if you are not a professional.

What not to do

Problems often arise due to violations of instructions regarding how to conduct wiring. All technologies and methods relevant for laying electricity in stone or concrete walls, not suitable for wooden buildings. It is strictly forbidden to attach an unprotected cable to timber or clapboard!

The main line is not sewn up or hidden under flammable interior elements. The home electrical network should not be subject to overvoltage. Protective insulation should be protected from moisture, steam, dust and cable deformation.

A mouse can easily chew through a wire, and damaged wiring inside the walls will inevitably lead to a fire. From practice: even a small fire is extremely difficult to extinguish.

Selecting the wiring type

There are the following types of wiring in a wooden house:

Open. This option involves laying wires in special protective channels. It has a number of advantages. Quick access to wiring. Better cooling of laid wires. There is a possibility of laying a new line. This method is more preferable for smooth walls. Laying such boxes, even though they are decorative, on walls made of timber would be at least inappropriate.

Note! Protective cable channels are available not only in white, but also in wood color.

On isolators. The installation principle is quite simple. First, ceramic insulators are installed. Afterwards, the wiring itself is installed. An excellent option if you are planning a retro design.

For retro wiring, you can select special wires of the desired color and texture. To appreciate the newly revived style, pay attention to the photo of retro wiring in a wooden house.

Hidden. The advantage of the open method is the possibility of installation upon completion of finishing work. Hidden wiring laid at the construction stage.

The wiring is placed in metal corrugated hoses and pipes.

All wiring is hidden. According to its characteristics, it is considered a more reliable option. Among the disadvantages are the high cost of work and more complex installation.

The choice of installation type is influenced by two factors: price and design.

Making a wiring diagram

When drawing up a wiring diagram in a wooden house, you must adhere to the requirements of GOST.

The key points of the diagram are electrical components - meter, sockets, switches and distribution boxes. When drawing up the diagram, all the listed points are placed in places quick access. This will simplify further operation and repair.

Switches are located depending on needs and preferences; there are no strict requirements for the placement of these points. A universal solution is one meter from the floor. This placement is convenient for most people.

Sockets are located as close as possible to electrical appliances. This minimizes the need for extension cords. Installation height - from 250 mm to 400 mm from the floor.

The number of sockets in a room is calculated based on the square footage of the premises. For every 4 square meters- one socket. In the hallway there is 1 socket for every 10 square meters. There are more sockets in the kitchen than in other rooms.

Power lines are located strictly vertically and horizontally. Upper and lower wiring of networks is allowed. Regardless of the option chosen, the distance from the floor or ceiling will be 150 mm. All cables are brought together and connected into distribution boxes.

Power cable entry

Another important aspect is the input of the power cable. There are two input options.

Underground. A more thorough and safer way. The cable is reliably protected from external influences. Minimal risk of mechanical damage. The depth of laying the power cable in the ground is 800 mm. The ground part is marked with a warning sign.

The cable running under the house is reliably protected by a sleeve made of durable metal. This method is carried out at the stage of initial construction work.

Air. SIP cables are used. They are characterized by durable insulation that is resistant to weather influences. The cable service life is up to 30 years. According to the requirements, the power cable does not enter the house. From the distribution panel, a VVGng cable, laid in a corrugated sleeve, is run into the room. At the entry point, a sleeve (metal) is installed in the wall for cable entry.

Selection of materials

When deciding which wiring to use, you need to take into account a number of features of the future home. Will standard 220V be sufficient, or will 380V be required? Electric stove - if electric, at least 8.8 kilowatts of power will be required.

To calculate the required wire cross-section, calculation tables are used. In wooden houses, VVGng, VVGng-P, VVGng LS, VVGng-P LS wires and cables made according to German technology NYM. This copper cables, having solid cores and at least double insulation. The outer insulation is fireproof, flexible and at the same time durable. Operating temperature range from -50 to +50 degrees.

The electric meter is selected according to its accuracy class, but not less than the second class. Options are available based on different tariffs. Standard single-tariff and economical two-tariff.

In most cases, sockets are selected according to design and type of wiring. Preferably switches and sockets with a ceramic base, bronze and brass contacts.

Installation

You can install the wiring yourself. The action plan is as follows:

The first stage is the installation of wiring cables. The wires are cut according to the number of future sockets and switches with a margin of 200 mm for each point. Depending on the selected type of wiring, they are laid in cable channels, internal systems wire linings, mounted on ceramic insulators, secured to brackets.

The second stage is the installation of distribution boxes.

The third stage is the installation of switches and sockets. Outdoor installation Switches and sockets are installed through aluminum or asbestos gaskets. Wires are connected with color coding.

The fourth stage is the installation of chandeliers and lighting shades. Chandeliers and shades with a metal base are ideal for a wooden house.

The fifth stage is installation of the electrical panel. The electricity meter is mounted in a plastic or metal panel. It is better to choose a shield with a small amount of free space. Ground loop: optimal diameter reinforcement for the circuit -16 mm per 3000 mm length. The cross-section of the wire removed from the grounding bus must correspond to the cross-section of the input cable.

Installation of hidden wiring

More complex process. Wiring pre-hidden in metal sleeves or pipes is laid behind walls or under the floor.

It is important to minimize the occurrence of corrosion in places where the wiring runs. To avoid this, all structures are painted with durable paint.

The sharp edges of pipes and sleeves protecting wiring are smoothed. Another option is to use plastic plugs. If the house is not planned to maintain constant temperature regime, pipes are installed at a slope. This technique allows the condensate to drain and evaporate.

A wiring diagram with additional notes can be pasted inside the switchboard for memory.

Electrical wiring done according to the rules will become a safe and reliable source of energy for many years!

Photo of wiring in a wooden house

In terms of electrical installation, wooden buildings are the most complex objects. We have prepared for you a set of rules for installing wiring in a wooden house, which discusses in detail issues regarding the choice of materials and cable laying systems, as well as the installation of installation products.

1. Wiring in strict accordance with regulations

The organization of an electrical network in a wooden house is second in complexity only to buildings on permanent polystyrene foam formwork. Laying on combustible substrates is permitted only in an open manner or with 100% localization of the conductor inside the protective shell.

This requirement is not so strict for frame internal partitions with non-flammable filler. In the most correct version the passage of the cable through the frame racks is accompanied by the sheathing of the latter; in practice, most often the conductor is completely wrapped in corrugation or a metal hose, ensuring replacement.

Open laying is also a good solution. A number of fittings and installation techniques are provided that make open wiring aesthetically acceptable and even add some color to the interior. In addition to plastic cable channels, it is possible to lay PV-1 wire wound on ceramic insulators and use non-recessed housing installation fittings. In cases of hidden installation, non-flammable cable grades are used: VVGng or KGng.

Due to the complexity of installation, cable routing along the walls should be kept to a minimum. But for this you will need to thoroughly think through the layout of cable lines.

2. Wiring diagram for walls and ceiling

In the most acceptable version of the electrical network around the house, each electrical point is connected along one straight line to the frame floor, ceiling or sub-ceiling, covered by a suspended or tensioned covering. All the main wiring is carried out along the technological cavity, hidden from view, although more often the lines simply stretch one at a time to the panel panel. Naturally, the bulk of sockets and switches should be placed on interior walls, and on fencing - only if necessary.

A reasonable solution would be to run the lighting wiring from the switches to the ceiling, and lead the wires for connecting the sockets down to the floor. Due to their low load, lighting network lines can be organized using junction boxes that are inaccessible for maintenance. It is enough to connect the power line from the circuit breaker to such a box, and from it run a switching wire to the key and a power line to each lighting group.

Lines of sockets and groups general purpose allowed to be combined into so-called garlands. It is important that no more than two wires are fixed on each terminal clamp of the sockets. Otherwise, each socket and group are connected in hidden distribution boxes, and lines with particularly high loads from household appliances and heaters follow to the group panel without breaking.

It is recommended to cover the cables that are collected on the wall near the panel panel with a decorative casing. When laying cables in groups, it is also recommended to separate the base with a non-flammable substrate, for example, a piece of drywall.

3. Localization of conductors and branches

For some reasons, installing exposed wiring may not be acceptable. In this case, the task becomes many times more complicated, despite the fact that the part of the wiring laid along the walls is only 15-20% of the total length lines.

The possibility of hidden installation should be included at the stage of preliminary assembly of the log house. According to the internal power supply plan, technological channels for the cable are made in the walls as they are laid. For this purpose, use either electric chisels or core drills. The approximate channel width is 30-50 mm.

In cross section frame system outlet holes are drilled into the floor or ceilings. Installation of electrical fittings is possible using the recessed method; for this, the channel is found with a feeler gauge and a 60-80 mm hole is drilled in the solid timber using a core drill. Installation boxes for sockets and switches should be made of steel, preferably with a fiberglass liner.

Pipe sections laid inside walls must be localized from environment. A smooth pipe is used for this: metal with a wall thickness of 2.5 mm or steel - from 1.2 mm. These values are approximate, more exact calculation requires taking into account the load and voltage on the line, as well as the type and number of conductors inside the sheath.

For branching power lines hidden in the cavities of frame structures, it is recommended to use metal boxes. For indoor installation Protection against wood dust of a degree of at least 3 is desirable, moisture protection is not taken into account. The entry of cable line sheaths should be flared or equipped with a restrictive ring or nut that does not allow uncoupling.

4. Protective devices

Electrical installation in a wooden house can be complicated by the design features of group and distribution boards. The difference is observed both in the method of mounting the housings and in the selection of protective equipment.

The electrical panel housing must be installed on a non-combustible base. Therefore, under the central panels with ASU, it is recommended to cover the surface with tin, and when installing group panels, use linings made of textolite or fiberglass.

It is convenient to connect group panels with the ceiling and floor using a cable channel, in which usually 3-4 lines are laid for each room. It is not recommended to place shields close to the ceiling or floor.

Circuit breakers are selected according to the permissible continuous current for the cable on the outgoing line; the choice is always made towards a lower rating. Equipment that does not have internal short circuit protection, as well as lines with a fixed maximum load (ovens, air conditioners), are connected through a circuit breaker with a power consumption rating and a low response delay in case of overload (characteristics B and A).

In wooden houses, it is customary to lay wiring according to a three-wire circuit, where the protective conductor is not connected to the neutral conductor. For this reason, the installation of differential protection against electric shock may be accompanied by false alarms. But a fire-diffautomatic device that monitors leaks in insulation will be very useful.

5. Installation of installation products and fittings

At the final stage, the finishing electrical installation is carried out. This is most easily done using non-recessed fittings. It is quite easy to screw it to a wooden wall with a pair of screws, after inserting it into the housing and connecting the wires.

Much more time and effort is spent on installing hidden (recessed) fittings. To tightly fit the frames, a flat surface is required, so the logs are pre-ground with a plane. Next, a hole is made connecting the surface with the hidden channel. It is used as a centering tool when drilling an installation niche with a core cutter.

It is characteristic that installation boxes can be embedded in the same way as in stone walls - by planting them on alabaster. Otherwise, the area must be contained and connected to the cable duct with a non-flammable rigid sleeve.