Copper pipes are a universal material that is used almost everywhere: in the creation of water supply systems, gas pipelines, and heating systems. They are not afraid of chlorinated water, which makes them especially attractive for installing city water supply networks. Copper is not afraid of corrosion and has a very long service life.
Installation of a copper pipeline is carried out using a variety of different types connections, and this is not only welding and soldering, but also the use of compression (crimp) elements.
Advantages and disadvantages of compression fittings
Compound copper pipes Compression fittings are convenient because they do not require high temperature and special equipment.
This means that they can be used to install pipes in hard to reach places, the only tools you will need are:
- spanners,
- calibrator,
- cutter.
The work time is reduced, labor costs are reduced, and the resulting system turns out to be completely sealed and durable.
However, this design is not without drawbacks. Compression fittings need to be checked and tightened periodically, so they should not be concreted.
They are designed for low pressure in the system, and therefore are considered less reliable than soldering. The design is reusable, that is, it can be disassembled and reassembled, but in practice, reconnection is unreliable, and it will soon have to be replaced.
Design and principle of operation of a compression fitting
A compression fitting for copper pipes consists of several parts:
- housings;
- crimp nut;
- ferrule ring.
Ferrules (usually one or two) are designed to create a sealed connection and make it resistant to high blood pressure and durability. Thanks to them, the structure becomes resistant to vibration fatigue and can serve for many years.
High-quality crimp fittings for copper pipes can last up to 50 years.
Advice!
It is better to choose parts in which special EPD M material is used for connecting rings, rather than ordinary rubber, as they will last much longer.
Compression fittings are made from:
- brass,
- copper,
- plastic,
- metal
In this case, brass connecting elements are most often used, since this material is easy to process and costs less than pure copper. It is inferior in strength of stainless steel, but on the other hand, it is much easier to install.
Sometimes brass fittings are additionally treated with nickel to increase resistance to various influences.
When choosing, pay attention to the weight of the product; this indicator should not be too light. You can ask the seller for a quality certificate; in addition, professionals advise immediately choosing parts from a well-known manufacturer.
This ensures that you do not waste your money and that the installed system is reliable. Many people advise using a brass fitting for HDPE pipes, as it is not subject to corrosion, but provides a greater margin of safety than plastic.
Types of compression fittings
IN various systems pipelines, several types of connecting devices are used, which you can see in the photo:
- tees(used when creating a one-way branch);
- crosses(installation of double-sided branches);
- couplings(connect two sections of pipe of the same diameter);
- bends(used to create 45 degree turns);
- stubs(installed at the end of a pipe section).
If it is intended to connect pipes of the same diameter, then direct connecting devices are used, and if they are different, transitional ones are used.
Installation of compression fittings on copper pipes
Since this type of connection does not require special equipment, it is quite possible to do it yourself.
In the European classification, there are two types of components, marked with the letters A and B.
- Type A used only for the installation of above-ground piping systems made of semi-solid copper or stainless steel.
- Type B used for underground and above-ground communications, it is designed for soft and semi-hard copper grades with a thick wall.
Installation instructions for different types require strict adherence to certain rules to ensure the connection is as reliable as possible.
Installation of Type A compression fittings
- Pick up right size element. This is not difficult to do, since all connecting structures are manufactured according to a single European standard in accordance with the nomenclature;
- Cut the pipe and remove the burrs. Check the cut with a gauge. Make sure there is no dirt, rough edges or scratches on the surface. A crimp ring is placed on the pipe; you can moisten the joint with water to prevent the seal from tearing or slipping;
- Insert the pipe into the fitting until it stops. Tighten the clamp nut by hand first and then use a wrench.
Advice!
Excessive use of force is not required here, since this will not make the connection more airtight. When using cheap parts, the ring may be squeezed out, in which case the fitting will have to be completely replaced.
As a result of the actions taken, the pipe should be only slightly deformed, and this confirms that the connection is made airtight. The video in this article will show in detail in practice all the stages of work to create a durable structure.
Installation of Type B Compression Fittings
Fittings of the second type are mounted in approximately the same way. The cut is cleaned of dirt; it is important to ensure that the threads in the new fitting are clean. You can just grease it a little with machine oil to make it easier to wrap. The seal cone must be pressed against the inner edge of the tube; the edge of the tube itself must be flared.
It is important to choose the right wrench and make sure that it is not loose, otherwise you can easily damage the nut. For example, if a connection with a diameter of 54 mm is required, it is better to take a wrench 750 mm long.
Features of connecting copper pipes
The price of a copper pipeline is quite high, so it is recommended to follow several rules when choosing materials.
- It is better that they are uniform, this will increase the service life of the entire structure.
- Copper cannot be combined with unalloyed steels. Because of this, electrochemical processes begin between metals that are detrimental to the connection. Steel elements and even galvanized steel in this case begins to suffer from corrosion.
- As a last resort, if a dissimilar connection cannot be avoided, they are installed in front of the copper ones in the direction of the water flow.
- Copper pipes combine well with PVC pipeline parts, in this case there will be no negative consequences for the connection.
- PVC pipes for sewerage are increasingly replacing metal pipes, as they are cheaper, easier to install and at the same time practically not inferior to them in strength and durability.
Conclusion
Compression fittings for connecting copper pipes are used quite often, as it is both convenient and profitable. But it is important not to skimp on the quality of parts, otherwise the need for repairs will arise very soon. The more responsible you are in selecting and installing components, the longer they will ultimately serve you.
Copper pipes are widely used in various engineering systems houses and apartments. The main advantages of the material are its resistance to corrosion and exposure high temperature, and ultraviolet radiation. In addition, copper pipes can be easily bent at any angle, making DIY connections easier.
As a disadvantage, it is often pointed out that the material has a high cost, but with such excellent characteristics of the metal, its price cannot be low. Installation of copper pipelines is carried out using fittings. They can be crimped or soldered; depending on this, the connection of copper pipes differs. Compression fittings create a detachable connection, while solder fittings create a permanent connection.
The main advantages and uses of copper pipelines
Copper pipes have operating temperature from -200 to +250 degrees, as well as low linear expansion, which allows them to be successfully used for such systems:
- Heating;
- Water supply;
- Air conditioning;
- Gas transportation;
- Obtaining alternative energy, for example, solar systems.
When installing copper pipelines for supplying cold and hot water, you don’t have to worry about overgrowing or silting of the internal section. They are also not destroyed under the influence of chlorine, which is added in high concentrations to tap water. On the contrary, chlorine creates the thinnest protective layer on the inner wall of pipelines, which significantly extends the life of the pipelines. In turn, a small amount of copper is released into drinking water, which has a beneficial effect on human health.
Features of installing water pipes
Installation of copper water supply for cold and hot water does not differ in technology. However, attention should be paid to appearance pipelines and related fittings: parts intended for hot water are insulated with PVC film. Installation of copper pipes for water supply can be carried out in one of the following ways:
- Using threaded fittings.
- Using soldering.
Push-in connections with threaded fittings are the easiest and most accessible connection method for DIY installation.
Threaded fittings create detachable connections, which can be unscrewed or tightened repeatedly if necessary. In order to carry out installation, you must:
- Place the crimp nut on the pipes.
- Place the crimp ring on top.
- Connect the elements together.
- Tighten the nut.
The crimp ring is responsible for the tightness of the connection, and therefore cannot be reuse. If the connection had to be unscrewed, a new rubber ring should be installed. Copper pipes can be bent in any direction, and therefore it is possible to save on the number of fittings.
Connection by soldering is a slightly more complex installation method, however, it is quite doable with your own hands. You must be careful and follow all safety precautions when working with open flames. The connection itself consists of the following steps:
- Cleaning pipe ends and fittings sandpaper to pure metal.
- A thin layer of soldering flux is applied with a brush.
- The pipe is inserted into the fitting up to the maximum mark.
- The connection point is heated by a gas burner or construction hairdryer.
It is very important to evenly heat the elements to be joined; for this it is recommended to use blowtorch with two burners. - When the heating temperature is sufficient to melt the solder, it is introduced into the joint.
- After hardening, excess flux can be removed.
Available for sale copper fittings with pre-provided solder in a special groove. This simplifies DIY installation: you just need to insert the end of the pipeline lubricated with flux and heat it to the required temperature. The solder will melt and flow into the gap between the pipe and the fitting, creating a secure connection.
Features of installing a heating system using copper pipes
Installation of copper pipes for the heating system begins with preparatory work. The material can be easily bent and cut, but this must be done in the correct way. Basic recommendations:
- Before installation, it is necessary to cut the pipes into pieces of the required length.
- It is better to cut heating pipes with a pipe cutter or a hacksaw.
- The inner surface of the pipelines must be cleaned of burrs and metal shavings. To complete this task you will need a file and scraper.
- The cutting site must be leveled, especially in cases where the cutting was carried out with a hacksaw for metal, which slightly deforms the pipe.
- You can bend a tubular product manually or using a special tool.
- If the heating system has curved sections, especially complex shape, it is recommended to use a pipe bender. Such a bend will protect the material from unwanted creasing, which can subsequently become a site for corrosion.
- Products should be bent with the minimum permissible radius.
- The bending radius when performing work with a pipe cutter must be at least 3.5 times the diameter of the pipeline. If you bend pipes by hand, you should have a bend radius of at least 8 diameters.
The connection of copper heating system elements is carried out in two already known ways:
- Compression fittings;
- By soldering method.
Because copper can be easily bent, installation is simple and requires only a small number of fittings. However, it is necessary to remember some rules for combining materials in the heating system.
Copper pipes cannot be connected to aluminum radiators.
If use aluminum radiators cannot be avoided, it is necessary to cross over a steel pipe. This will help avoid the onset of corrosion when joining copper and aluminum. As for radiators made of other materials, for example, steel or cast iron, such problems do not arise.
Copper communications are today a rare, but extremely reliable option for water supply and heating of a private home. The prevailing opinion about the difficulties of installing copper pipelines is not absolutely confirmed in reality. Independent soldering of copper pipes is accessible to a non-professional if he knows the process technology and owns the tools. Master the intricacies of connecting copper pipes, assemble your own personal water supply and you will never have to deal with communications again.
Copper pipes are good because they are: not susceptible to corrosion, have a service life of more than half a century, and are soft enough not to be afraid of water freezing in them. Copper is a perfectly smooth material, this prevents the formation of plaque in pipes, and the material also has bactericidal properties.
Note! The composition of copper pipe material for home communications must be 99% pure copper. Alloys with “additives” form poorly soluble oxides on the surface, which prevents high-quality soldering.
There are two types of copper pipes, depending on the method of their manufacture:
- annealed;
- unannealed.
These pipes may have the same composition, but differ sharply in physical properties.
Annealed pipes are an elastic pipe material. The degree of flexibility can be judged by the fact that they are sold in coils, wound like a hose. The flexibility of annealed pipes is a big advantage during installation. They can be formed into different configurations without using additional parts. This provides material savings on fittings and consumables. Reduces labor costs and uses fewer connections.
And although these pipes are considered less strong than unannealed ones, their safety margin is quite sufficient for communications in individual houses.
Unannealed pipes are not subjected to additional processing - they remain rigid. You can purchase such material in straight runs, like conventional steel ones. The wiring of unannealed communications is carried out using fittings.
Copper pipes can be connected in the most different ways. All these methods have their own characteristics. This article explains each of the methods for connecting copper pipes.
Connecting copper pipes using soldering
This method of connecting pipes is used when the joint is intended for further sealing. Soldering when connecting copper pipes can be of two types:
1. High temperature soldering. It is produced using the following gases: propane - air, acetylene - air, propane - oxygen, acetylene - oxygen. At the same time, the copper pipe at the junction heats up to 600-750 degrees Celsius. Particular care should be taken when soldering copper pipes using an oxygen-acetylene torch. If the pipe is heated to a temperature of more than 800 degrees Celsius, then ruptures are likely to occur in it.
2. Low temperature soldering. This type of soldering is used if the operating temperature of the pipeline is no more than 110 degrees Celsius. When low-temperature soldering, the connection heats up to a temperature of about 200-250 degrees Celsius. Acetylene-air and propane-air gases are used to heat copper pipes. Electric heaters can also be used.
Technology for connecting copper pipes by soldering
1. According to the measurements taken, the copper pipe is cut. Then it needs to be calibrated.
2. Using a special sponge designed specifically for copper, as well as a brush, you need to clean the outer edge of the copper pipe to be connected. The inside of the capillary fitting also requires cleaning.
3. After this, the pipe is inserted into the socket of the capillary fitting. You need to insert it all the way.
To remove excess flux, use a clean rag.
4. The place where the pipe will connect to the fitting must be heated using gas burner. As soon as the flux changes color, solder can be introduced into it.
5. Once the solder has hardened, it is necessary to remove the remaining flux from the surface of the fitting.
Connecting copper pipes using fittings
Copper pipes are connected without soldering using fittings. Depending on the type of connection, fittings can be crimped (collet) or welded. Connecting copper pipes with compression fittings is of two types: for semi-hard and soft copper pipes and for hard and semi-hard pipes. The collet connection of copper pipes is made as follows:
1. First you need to select the right size collet fittings.
2. After this, the pipe is trimmed and the burr is removed.
3. Then you need to insert the copper pipe into the prepared fitting. The clamping nut is first tightened all the way by hand, and then pulled with a wrench until the pipe is slightly deformed.
Copper pipes are used during installation DHW systems, cold water supply, air conditioning, heating, gas supply. They are expensive, but durable, flexible, and resistant to corrosion. But to engineering Communication of which have served for decades, the connection of copper pipes must be done correctly.
We will tell you how to install copper pipelines that ensure the tightness of the transported medium or circulating coolant. The article presented for review describes installation technologies in detail. Taking into account our advice, the construction of the systems will be completed “perfectly”.
To install internal pipelines in the house, you can choose a pipe made of plastic, metal-plastic or stainless steel. But only the copper analog can last for more than half a century without problems or major repairs.
Properly installed copper pipeline systems in practice work properly throughout the entire service life of a cottage or apartment building.
According to accident statistics, the fittings and solder joints used during installation are more reliable than the copper pipes themselves - if a breakthrough in the system occurs, it is only on the wall of the pipe product
Copper pipes are not afraid of long-term heat loads, chlorine and ultraviolet radiation. When they freeze, they do not crack, and when the temperature of the internal environment (water, wastewater, gas) changes, they do not change their geometry.
Unlike plastic analogues, they do not sag. This plastic is subject to expansion at high temperatures; this does not happen with copper by definition.
Copper pipe products have two disadvantages - high price and softness of the metal. However, the high cost of the material pays off for a long time operation.
And to prevent the walls of the pipes from being damaged from the inside by erosion, filters must be installed in the system. If there are no contaminants in the water in the form of solid particles, then there will be no problems with the destruction of pipelines.
Requirements for pipe processing and welding
When working with copper pipes, the following rules must be observed:
- When installing hot water supply or hot water supply by soldering, you should avoid using lead solder - lead is too toxic.
- The water flow speed should be no higher than 2 m/s, otherwise the smallest particles of sand or other solid gradually begin to destroy the walls of the pipe.
- When using fluxes, after completion of installation, the pipeline system must be flushed - flux is an aggressive substance and will contribute to corrosion of copper pipe walls.
- When soldering, do not allow the joint to overheat - this can lead not only to the formation of a leaky joint, but also to a loss of strength of the copper product.
- Transitions of pipes from copper to other metals (steel and aluminum) are recommended to be made using brass or bronze adapter fittings - otherwise steel and aluminum pipes will quickly begin to corrode.
- Burrs (metal deposits) and burrs at cutting sites must be removed - their presence leads to the formation of turbulent turbulence in the water flow, which contributes to erosion and reduces the service life of the copper pipeline.
- When preparing copper pipes for connection, it is strictly forbidden to use abrasives - particles remaining inside after installation will lead to damage to the metal and the formation of a fistula.
If in the plumbing or heating system in a house, in addition to copper, there are also pipes or elements made of other metals, then the water flow should go from them to copper, and not vice versa. The flow of water from copper to steel, zinc or aluminum will lead to rapid electrochemical corrosion of the latter sections of the pipeline.
Copper pipes can be cut and bent without problems; even a novice master can handle connecting them into a single pipeline system. You just need to select the appropriate tools and follow the instructions
Due to the ductility and strength of the metal, copper pipes can be cut and bent without problems. Rotation of the pipeline can be done either by using a pipe bender or using fittings. And for the installation of branches and connections with various devices, there are many parts made of heat-resistant plastics, brass, stainless steel and bronze.
On the interaction of copper with other metals
In most private houses, domestic water pipes are made of steel and aluminum pipes. Heating systems also contain radiators made of steel or aluminum. Incorrect insertion into such copper pipe routing is fraught with considerable problems.
By building regulations In order to eliminate corrosion processes in the pipeline from pipes of different metals, the water flow should be directed towards the copper
Most best option installation is the use of pipes and devices exclusively made of copper and its alloys. Nowadays you can easily find bimetallic aluminum-copper radiators, as well as corresponding fittings and shut-off valves. It is worth combining different metals only in extreme cases.
If combination is inevitable, then copper should be the final element in the chain of pipeline elements. It is impossible to rid it of its ability to conduct electric current.
And in the presence of even a weak current, this metal creates galvanic pairs with steel, aluminum and zinc, which inevitably leads to their premature corrosion. When installing a water supply system, bronze adapters must be inserted between them.
Another potential problem is oxygen in the water. The higher its content, the faster the pipes corrode. This applies to pipelines both made of the same metal and those made of different ones.
Often, cottage owners make a serious mistake by frequently changing the coolant in heating system. This only leads to the addition of completely unnecessary portions of oxygen. It is best not to completely change the water, but to add it when the need arises.
Mounting choice: detachable vs permanent
To form a single pipeline system, you can use several methods of connecting them. Various plumbers use crimp and press fittings, welding or soldering. But before you start work yourself, you need to decide whether the pipeline should be permanent or detachable.
There are three installation technologies for connecting copper pipes:
- electric welding;
- soldering using a torch or electric soldering iron;
- pressing.
All these technologies can be used in the formation of both detachable and one-piece systems. Here it is more a matter of using a variety of fittings and adapters or refusing them.
If a structure cannot be disassembled without destroying its individual parts, then it is considered one-piece - it turns out cheaper, but it is more difficult to repair.
If the pipeline system needs to be detachable, and also easier to repair and add new elements, then the connections must be made detachable.
Fittings are used for this:
- compression;
- threaded;
- self-fixing.
It is easier to make detachable connections yourself; you can even do without soldering. They do not require excessively high qualifications from the master.
However, such units require constant inspection and tightening of the nuts to prevent leaks. Changes in pressure and temperature in the system lead to weakening of the fasteners. And from time to time it is recommended to tighten them.
If access to copper pipes is planned to be tightly closed with finishing or concrete screed, then it is best to connect them into a one-piece structure by soldering or welding. This system is more reliable, durable and resistant to abrasions.
Carvings are prohibited on copper products. This metal is too soft in its structure. When installing a detachable pipeline, all threaded connections must be made using fittings. The latter can be connected to a copper pipe by pressing or soldering.
Before making connections, copper pipes are prepared in a special way:
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Cutting a copper pipe is done with a hacksaw or pipe cutter. The cutting line must be exactly at a right angle
After cutting, the end of the pipe must be processed with a deburring tool to remove the slightest irregularities and burrs
The part of the pipe immersed in the socket prepared for soldering is thoroughly cleaned of dirt and degreased
It is mandatory to clean and degrease the socket of the coupling, elbow or tee that will be soldered to the pipe
Cutting copper pipe before joining
Removing burrs with a deburring tool
Degreasing and cleaning the external surface
Cleaning the bell of the coupling and fitting
Three main connection methods
Before connecting sections of copper pipes, they must be cut in accordance with the wiring diagram and prepared. You will need a pipe cutter or hacksaw, a pipe bender and a file. And for cleaning the ends, fine-grained sandpaper will not hurt.
Only having a diagram of the future pipeline system in hand can you calculate the required amount of consumables. It is necessary to decide in advance where and what diameter the pipes will be installed. It is also necessary to clearly understand how many connecting elements are required for this.
Option #1: Welding copper pipes
To perform automated or manual welding of copper pipes, electrodes and gas are required to create a protective environment (nitrogen, argon or helium). You will also need a DC welding machine and, in some cases, a torch. The electrode can be graphite, tungsten, copper or carbon.
The main disadvantage of this installation technology is the significant differences in the characteristics of the resulting seam and the pipe metal. They differ in chemical composition, internal structure, electrical and thermal conductivity. If welding is performed incorrectly, the joint may even separate later.
Due to the alloying of copper as a result of the action of the deoxidizer present in the electrode, the weld seam is in many respects very different from the base metal being welded
Only a qualified craftsman can properly weld copper pipes. This requires certain knowledge and skills.
This installation option has a lot of technological nuances. If you plan to do everything yourself, but have no experience working with a welding machine, then it is better to use a different connection method.
Option #2: Capillary soldering
In domestic conditions, copper pipes are rarely connected by welding plumbing fixtures. It is too complex, requires specialized skills and is time consuming. It is easier to use the capillary soldering method using a gas torch or blowtorch.
The technology of soldering copper pipes with solder is based on the capillary rise (seepage) of the latter after melting along the gap between two pressed metal planes
Soldering of copper pipes happens:
- low temperature - soft solders and a blowtorch are used;
- high temperature - refractory alloys and a propane or acetylene torch are used.
These methods of soldering copper pipes do not make much difference in the final result. The connection in both cases is reliable and tear-resistant. The seam with the high-temperature method is somewhat stronger. However, due to the high temperature of the gas stream from the burner, the risk of burning through the metal of the pipe wall increases.
Solders are used based on tin or lead with the addition of bismuth, selenium, copper and silver. However, if pipes are soldered for a supply system drinking water, then it is better to abandon the lead version due to its toxicity.
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To implement low-temperature welding, it is not necessary to have special equipment and special skills of the performer. It can be done on our own
Low-temperature soldering connections are mainly used in the assembly of pipelines from soft pipes R 220. They can withstand a pressure of 220 N/mm², which does not exceed the operating parameters in domestic heating and water supply networks
To perform low-temperature soldering, pipes and solder just need to be heated with a standard blowtorch.
To create a melt that fills the capillaries and the gap between the connected pipes, low-melting solder is used, which quickly melts and flows freely along the socket
Low temperature welding at home
Coil with soft copper pipes
Blowtorch for low-temperature soldering
Using low melting point solder
There are two methods for soldering copper pipelines:
- bell-shaped;
- using fittings.
The first option involves expanding the end of one of the connected pipes with a special expander. Then this socket is put on the second pipe, and the joint is soldered using solder.
The end is expanded so that there is a gap of 0.1–0.2 mm between the outer and inner walls of the connected products. No more is needed. Solder on it, due to the capillary effect, will still fill the entire available gap.
In this technology, it is important not to damage the pipe during expansion. If it is made of solid copper (R 290), it will have to be pre-fired. In this case, the metal at the joint acquires the properties of a soft analogue. It is important not to forget about these changes when calculating operating pressure parameters in the pipeline.
The use of special fittings for capillary soldering eliminates errors with the degree of expansion of the pipe when forming the socket; they are initially adjusted to the required dimensions
To simplify the soldering of copper pipeline elements with your own hands, it is enough to purchase ready-made couplings, turns, tees and plugs. They already have the necessary bell. The use of these parts increases the cost of installation work, but greatly simplifies it.
To clean the metal at the soldering site and lubricate the solder, the ends of the connected pipes are coated with flux. It should only be applied to the outside of pipe walls. It does not treat sockets and fittings from the inside. This is simply not necessary.
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To perform high-temperature soldering, the use of a gas propane or acetylene torch is required
To quickly carry out low-temperature melting, fittings with low-melting solder fused into them are used. They can be used for high-temperature soldering
To improve the quality of the solder, the connected sections of pipes are coated with flux, which acts as a lubricant and etching of the metal. In high-temperature soldering, borax is used as a flux.
To produce high-temperature soldering, you will need refractory solder made of bronze or a silver-copper alloy. It is supplied in the form of rigid rods with a diameter of 3 mm
Propane or acetylene gas torch
Using Fused Solder Fittings
Treating the joint area with flux
Rod refractory solder
To perform soldering, the pipes are inserted into the socket and heated with a burner. Upon reaching desired temperature Solder is applied to the gap. It begins to melt and flow inside.
If too much of it gets into the joint, it will leak out from inside the pipeline, which will lead to a narrowing of the internal diameter of the pipe. And if the flow rate is low, the connection will be insufficiently soldered.
If problems arise with the use of solder, then you can use fittings that already have it in the required volumes. To simplify the work, a capillary belt made of the appropriate alloy is now inserted into these connecting elements at the factory from the inside. This part just needs to be put on the pipe and heated with a burner.
Option #3: Push-in fittings and press couplings
Permanent connection of copper pipes can also be made using press couplings or compression (collet) fittings. They use an O-ring instead of solder. The first option is clamped onto the pipe with special pliers, and the second - with union nuts and a wrench.