INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1. Social protection of the population as an element of policy.
1.1. Necessity social protection in modern economics.
1.2. The essence of social protection of the population.
Chapter 2. Forms and types of social protection of the population.
2.1. Forms of social protection of the population.
2.2 Types of social protection of the population.
Chapter 3. Problems of social protection of the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the global financial crisis.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Human life is full of dangers and surprises. At any moment you can lose your health, and with it your salary - the main source of existence. Loss of the main and often only source of livelihood, which is wage, puts the employee and his family in an extremely difficult financial situation, bringing with it deprivation, poverty, poverty, and illness.
Reasons for loss of livelihood include: illness, old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner, etc. It is often impossible to overcome such circumstances on your own. The state comes to the rescue. The state took upon itself to solve the problem of a sharp decline in the level of material security of the economically inactive part of the population (the elderly, disabled and unemployed). It has created a social security system and provides pensions, social benefits and services in cases where a social event occurs - old age, death, illness, disability, maternity, unemployment. The development of social security for the country's population has been and remains one of the priority areas of social policy and government activity.
In any industrially developed state where market relations exist, social protection of the population is important place in the system of guarantees of the rights and freedoms of citizens. However, market relations by themselves do not generate a mechanism for social protection of the population. The peculiarity of social protection of the population is that it requires very large material costs and does not bring any profit at all. Due to this feature, the problem of solving social protection of the population is taken upon by the state.
The history of social security goes back more than a century. During this time, the functions, forms and methods of financing have changed repeatedly. But the purpose of social security has never changed - to improve people's lives.
Social protection is a system designed to provide a certain level of access to vital benefits and a certain level of well-being of citizens who, due to circumstances (old age, health status, loss of a breadwinner or job, and other legal grounds) cannot be economically active and provide themselves with income through participation in decently paid work.
The quantitative indicators of the social protection system are largely determined by the level economic development, and the degree of solidarity between individuals, the participation of government institutions and the level of incentives are related to the chosen socio-economic model.
The purpose of the course work is to study the concept of social protection of the population, as well as its current state in the Republic of Kazakhstan:
Coursework objectives:
1. Study the need and essence of social protection of the population.
2. Study the current state of the system and the basis for the direction of development of the social protection system for the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2. Determine the features of social protection of the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan during the World Financial Crisis.
3. Study the forms and types of social protection of the population.
4. Study the works on social protection of foreign and domestic authors.
The first chapter of the course work examines the place of social protection of the population in state policy.
The second chapter is devoted to consideration of the types and forms of social protection.
The third chapter discusses the problems of social protection of the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
And in conclusion, it should be noted that the social protection system, etc., should be well developed.
The methodological basis for writing this work was the works of foreign and domestic authors.
Chapter 1. Social protection as an element of social policy.
1.1. The objective need for social protection of the population and its place in state policy
Integral factors of any normally functioning social system are social protection and socio-economic support of the population.
Social assistance in maintaining the physical life of people, satisfying them social needs already existed in initial period development of humanity and was carried out on the basis of customs, norms, traditions, and rituals. This helped people adapt to unfavorable conditions natural conditions and social environment, preserve the integrity and continuity of the culture of the family, clan, and community. Mutual assistance and revenue were a natural attribute of people's life together.
With the development of civilization, technological progress and culture, the disintegration of family, kinship and community ties, the state increasingly actively assumed the function of a guarantor of human social security. The formation and development of a market economy led to the separation of social protection of the population into an independent type of activity, which acquired a new meaning and significance, primarily as protection from the adverse effects of market relations.
The social protection system, as practice shows, is involved in the market system and is its integral element. Through it the principle of social justice is realized. Social support for those who objectively do not have the opportunity to provide themselves with a decent standard of living is, in essence, a necessary payment for the opportunity to do business and generate income in a stable society.
Objective reality, conditioned by the logic of the development of market relations, brings to the fore the formation of a scientifically based system of social protection and social support of the population and its most vulnerable layers. The need to create this system is due to a number of factors. One of the fundamental factors operating within society and determining the content of social support for the population is “a certain system of relations of property and law.” It is private property that, according to Hegel, determines the independence of civil society from the state, makes a person a full-fledged subject and guarantees the necessary conditions for his social life.
With the transition to market relations in Kazakhstan, there is a change in forms of ownership, and, consequently, in socio-economic relations. Along with state and public property, private property is acquiring an increasingly significant share.
With the change in forms of ownership, the dismantling of the system of distribution of material goods and services begins. New relationships are formed between members of society, into which they enter in the process of appropriation. Relations of appropriation in the narrow sense should be understood as the relations of people to the conditions of production and material goods.
The emergence of new forms of ownership of the means of production leads to the problem of their alienation. This problem is directly related to the category of satisfying human needs (material, social, economic, spiritual, cultural, etc.), to expressing the interests of the individual. Here we are talking primarily about wages, the level of which must be sufficient to ensure the reproduction of the labor force.
In market conditions, a person can ensure the satisfaction of his needs only by receiving income from property or in the form of wages for his labor.
However, in every society there is a certain part of the population that does not have property and is not able to work due to objective reasons: illness, disability due to old age or age that does not allow a person to enter the sphere of production relations (children), consequences of environmental, economic, national, political and military conflicts, natural Disasters, obvious demographic changes, etc. These categories of the population will not survive without the protection and social assistance of the state, when capital is increasingly becoming the main factor of production and distribution.
The state is objectively interested in supporting socially vulnerable segments of the population for several reasons:
1) a state that has declared itself civilized is guided by the idea of humanism and is obliged, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to “provide the population with a decent standard of living”;
2) every state is interested in the expanded reproduction of qualified labor;
3) socio-economic support for the poor levels the economic condition of various groups and segments of the population, thereby reducing social tension in society.
That is why market relations inevitably give rise to their opposite - a specialized institution for social protection of the population. The market and social protection of the population are closely interconnected. Social protection is involved in the market system and serves as a necessary payment for employers and businessmen for the possibility of normal economic activity, for the stability of society.
The social protection system primarily involves the protection of constitutional human rights.
The development of a civilized market can only be carried out normally together with the expansion and deepening of social protection. The elementary requirement of fair exchange in market conditions is that the more someone wants to make a profit, the more he must pay for social protection of the population.
In a broad sense, social protection is the policy of the state to ensure constitutional rights and minimum guarantees to a person, regardless of his place of residence, nationality, gender, age, otherwise all constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual need social protection - from the right to property and freedom of enterprise to personal integrity and environmental safety.
A narrower concept of social protection is that it is the corresponding state policy to ensure rights and guarantees in the field of living standards, satisfaction of human needs: the right to minimally sufficient means of life support, to work and rest, protection from unemployment, health and housing, social security for old age, illness and loss of a breadwinner, for raising children, etc.
The interaction of market relations and social protection must be taken into account not only at the level of the entire society, but also at the level social groups, family and individual.
The main goal of social protection is to provide the necessary assistance to a specific person in a difficult life situation.
Life requires new economic approaches in order to strengthen the social security of citizens. It is necessary to create legal and economic conditions For:
Ensuring a decent standard of living through your work;
Using new incentives for work and economic activity: entrepreneurship, self-employment, ownership of property, land, etc.;
Creation of civilized mechanisms for income distribution (joint stock and other forms of population participation in the distribution of profits, social partnership, non-state social insurance, etc.);
Formation of an economic system of self-defense and equalization of starting opportunities for this on the basis of civil legislation.
The state participates in the mechanism of free enterprise through its economic policies. The economic policy of the state is part of its general policy, a set of principles, decisions and actions aimed at ensuring the optimal functioning of the market mechanism with the greatest economic efficiency.
The difficulties of the transition period negatively impact the state's attempts to make a rapid transition to the market and market relations. When developing and implementing economic policy, the state must conduct it so smartly that, while preventing uncontrolled growth of inflation, it does not disrupt the connections within the developing market mechanism through directive planning, natural distribution of production resources, administrative control over prices, etc.
While not allowing administrative interference in the competitive market system, the state is at the same time called upon to influence it economic methods. At the same time, economic regulators themselves should be used very carefully, without replacing or weakening market incentives (for example, tax policy, preferential lending systems, etc.). In other words, do not politicize the economy, but exercise constant flexible control using methods of economic regulation.
The social orientation of the economy is expressed, first of all, in the subordination of production to the consumer, satisfying the social needs of the population and stimulating these needs. At the same time, it presupposes the necessary redistribution of income between wealthier and less wealthy segments of the population, accumulation in budgets different levels and various funds to provide the population with social services and provision of social guarantees.
The influence of economic factors on social well-being and meeting the needs of members of society in the context of the transition to market relations is increasing enormously. The degree of satisfaction of the needs of a person and various segments of society, as is known, is the main criterion for the economic efficiency of social work.
Social needs are influenced by the volume and structure of production, the size and age and sex composition of the population; his social structure and cultural level; climatic, geographical and national-historical living conditions; changes in human physiological characteristics.
The effective demand of the population depends on the size of the distribution of national income, the monetary income of the population and their distribution between social groups, prices for goods and services, commodity funds, and the size of public consumption funds.
Analysis of changes in these factors during the transition period reveals the reasons for the increase in social tension: the fall in production in general and consumer goods especially; unfavorable demographic situation and aging society as a consequence; structural changes in the economy and military cuts leading to a widening base of unemployment; inflation and depreciation of savings of the population; an increase in the cost of energy resources, causing an increase in the cost of utilities, transport, etc.
It is important to note that capitalism has learned to combine the market and social protection through the development and implementation of economic policies, going through several stages of this interaction.
The period of classical liberalism is characterized by the dominance of free competition. The main goal of production during this period was to obtain maximum profit, and the individual was viewed as an “economic man.” The state pursued a policy of non-interference in the economy.
This was the heyday of entrepreneurship and rejection of political reforms, the heyday of the bourgeois-parliamentary system and bourgeois “freedoms” in the economic sphere. Charity (and this was the basis of social work) was carried out mainly by pious people, guided by the ideas of altruism and philanthropy.
The idea of economic liberalism as a consistent and comprehensive political-economic concept was developed by A. Smith and other representatives of the English political economy. They actively supported the slogan “Laisserfaire” put forward by trade and economic circles - “don’t interfere with action”: full scope for private initiative, liberation of economic activity from the tutelage of the state, ensuring conditions for free enterprise and trade. The “equality of opportunity” of agents of commodity-capitalist production was proclaimed. As L. von Mises wrote, in the “circular economy” the central role is played by the market, in which each person, pursuing his own goals, at the same time acts in the interests of everyone.
The consumer has sovereign power; the demand that he places on the market, like a ballot dropped into a ballot box, forces the entrepreneur to take into account his desires.
Liberalism defended the idea of a social system in which the regulation of socio-economic relations would be carried out spontaneously, through the impersonal mechanism of the “free market”.
The function of the state was limited to protecting the private property of citizens and establishing a general framework for free competition between individual producers.
In the 20th century, with the entry of capitalism into the monopolistic stage, the concept of “neoliberalism” arose: the mechanism of one market creates the most favorable preconditions for effective economic activity, regulation of economic and social processes, rational distribution of economic resources and satisfaction of consumer demands.
Like A. Smith, the “neoliberalists” believed that free economic policy should be governed by moral standards of personal and public responsibility in traditional religious concepts of charity. But this was no longer philanthropy. Aid must be rational, with clearly defined goals and expected results, and not based on political economy that can solve social problems. At this time, among economists, the idea was established to focus attention on a large group of the population that had not yet become a beggar, but was already on the verge of it.
By the 30s of the XX century. Progressive political changes took place when it became clear that in the name of the development of society as a whole, it was necessary to introduce some restrictions on personal freedoms and abandon the policy of free competition.
After the crisis of the 30s, the so-called “Keynesian” period began, when society recognized the need for government intervention in the market economy, the need for social protection of the poor: the state has the right and must intervene in the redistribution of income towards the social protection of the poor.
The influence of J. M. Keynes on public opinion turned out to be the strongest after A. Smith, D. Ricardo and K. Marx. His main work is “The General Theory of Employment; percent of money" (1936) showed that to satisfy the modern class and economic needs of society, government measures are necessary: a satisfactory level of prices and employment must be established by government regulation, public policy.
Thus, the period of Keynesianism is characterized by the fact that the state takes responsibility for providing social assistance, although it is of a bureaucratic nature.
The post-Keynesian stage came after the Second World War and was characterized by the concept of a “social market economy”. One of its authors, L. Erhard, put forward a model of social protection of the population based on a strong social policy.
Unlike Keynesianism, social protection is implemented not by state-bureaucratic methods, but through policies aimed at creating conditions that allow a person to earn his own living and, moreover, aimed at increasing the number of owners.
The process of recognizing the fact that the state must level out the unfair market regulation of income was complex and ended with the expansion of the economic functions of the state, which was actively involved in the redistribution of income, expressed in its economic and social policies. This was facilitated by the spread of socialist ideology in the world, political pressure from left-wing parties, and the interest of governments in easing social tensions and reproducing a high-quality workforce.
In the mid-70s, a new stage began, characterized by an aging population in developed countries.
The idea of the welfare state was a resounding success as a means of social planning and innovation in the 1950s and 1960s. But the active participation of government bodies (in the presence of various models) in the organization of social protection systems has acquired a character that contradicts the existing diversity of people and their views, the consideration of which is a necessary condition for social progress. The individual characteristics and uniqueness of each person do not tolerate the same, equal treatment of everyone. In addition, the idea of a “welfare state” did not resolve many economic and social problems that arose acutely in the 70-80s, namely:
Constantly high levels of unemployment in many countries of the world;
Strengthening migration processes;
Serious changes in the social stratification of society;
Falling birth rates, aging populations and much more.
This led to the need to revise the entire system of protecting the population, adopting the concept of social innovation, which is based on joint actions of the central government, local authorities, and the public.
Thus, in a society of market relations, there is objectively a part of the population that is not able to provide itself with a decent life. The main prerequisites for the need for social protection of the population in a market economy society are dictated by the laws of the market, stem from its essence and determine the formation of a social protection system as a specialized public institution. Social protection of the population becomes the most important integral part economic and social policy of the state.
1.2. The essence of social protection of the population
The system of social protection of the population as a special social institution is in the process of its development. The term "social protection" has different meanings. In the new economic conditions, it replaced the term “social security” used in the Soviet economy, where it characterized a specific organizational and legal form of social protection carried out directly by the state. The right to social security is enshrined in Article 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which states:
“A citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan is guaranteed minimum size wages and pensions, social security for old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner and for other legal reasons"
The term “social security” can be used in different senses;
firstly, social security is understood as a special form of distribution relations;
secondly - as a function of the state;
thirdly - as a state system and form of material support for citizens in old age, loss of a breadwinner, disability and in other cases;
fourthly - as a branch of law;
fifthly, as a right of citizens.
Social security is carried out at the expense of funds socially allocated for these purposes. Depending on the source of funds, two types of social security can be distinguished:
State social security, which is carried out at the expense of state and local budgets;
Non-state social security, which is carried out at the expense of legal entities and individuals - pension fund investors.
The essence of social security is manifested in the following functions:
Political;
Economic;
Social;
Labor;
Demographic;
Rehabilitation.
Economic function Social Security is that it replaces wages or other income lost due to age, disability, or survivors, or in providing assistance to the poor.
Political function social security is to maintain social stability and ease social tension in a society in which there are significant differences in the standard of living of different segments of the population.
Social function social security is to support socially vulnerable, most needy categories of citizens by allocating them additional funds.
Labor function social security is expressed in the fact that the source of funds for all types of social security are labor Relations in a given society. All parts of the social security system depend on their level of development
Rehabilitation function social security is to create normal conditions to restore the social status of people with disabilities and other socially weak groups of the population, which allows them to feel like full members of society
Demographic function social security is aimed at stimulating the reproduction of the country's population, which is necessary for normal development states.
The increase in concern for a person and his social protection is dictated not only by ethical and moral considerations, but also has a pragmatic basis, since on the threshold of the 21st century. The role of “human capital” as the main driving force of economic growth has increased immeasurably. Based on the analysis of national wealth 192 countries, World Bank experts calculated that the share of production assets in the mid-90s accounted for 16% of national wealth, natural resources-20%, “human capital” - 64%.
The social protection system involves ensuring minimum living standards for all members of a society. The theoretical basis for this approach was first outlined by John Rawls. The essence of his philosophy is the assertion that since every citizen is unable to predict his future with certainty, insurance against poverty or loss of source of income can be very effective. On the scale of society, such insurance can take the form of caring for its least affluent members: by giving part of their current income for these purposes, each citizen, as it were, insures himself against unfavorable circumstances in the future.
According to Rawls's criterion, the well-being of society as a whole is determined by the level of well-being of its poorest sections. However, policies aimed at increasing equality may be seen as too expensive a public good (or as a loss of efficiency) that only wealthy societies can afford. Compliance with the principle of reasonable sufficiency is especially important here.
On empirical level In most developed countries, the term "social protection" refers to social programs organized by the government that provide funds to needy people in cash and in kind.
In the social science literature of post-Soviet countries, the term “social protection” appeared relatively recently - in the 90s as a symbol of a socially necessary and socially significant process due to a sharp decline in living standards and lumpenization of the population. It is used by politicians, lawyers, sociologists and economists mainly in the everyday sense of the word. Despite its apparent simplicity, the concept of “social protection” is extremely polysemantic and contradictory.
In the broad legal sense of the word, we are talking about a system of social relations, and the content of social protection practically coincides with an extensive system of guarantees of individual rights. In human civilization, the mechanism of social protection has constantly evolved from class and family ties to legitimized examples of modern democracy, where the social protection of citizens is ensured by a complex set of economic and legal institutions.
Thus, when considering the category legally, the general framework of social protection of the population sets the social guarantees of citizens provided for by constitutions and other legislative acts. This is the legal aspect of the problem.
At the same time, the state’s desire to provide all citizens with comprehensive social guarantees (free housing, healthcare, education, guardianship of the entire education system for the younger generation, the right to work, guaranteed pension provision etc.) leads to a disruption of normal objective-subjective connections between society and the individual.
The latter ceases to strive to take care of himself and create appropriate conditions for his own life and the life of his children. The phenomenon of social dependency arises, which refers to a person’s unconscious orientation to rely not on one’s own strengths, but on the support of society. He ceases to act as a free and conscious subject, that is, he deindividuates and turns into a passive object. This is the main negative social consequence of over-guaranteeing.
Society does not benefit from this either. The socialist state was unable to provide the social protection rights it proclaimed, as evidenced by the several times different indicators of the standard of living of the population in developed capitalist countries and the USSR. This situation persists in most post-socialist states, including Kazakhstan - legislative social guarantees cannot be implemented, since there are no necessary financial resources for this.
The social possibilities of the budget are not unlimited and are determined by the extent of tax withdrawals, the excessiveness of which has a depressing effect on production. At present, it is more reasonable to raise the question not about increasing social spending, but about more rational use collected taxes in order to maximize the resulting social effect and achieve acceptable social standards. Thus, the problem of social protection begins to acquire an economic meaning, an economic aspect. It should be noted that the concept of “social protection” is not limited to the adoption of material (economic) measures, but also includes other “human aspects”. For example, in a family where parents do not want or cannot take responsibility for raising children, the child is daily faced with extreme forms of antisocial behavior: drunkenness, prostitution, parasitism, theft and is essentially neglected. Such children first of all need a normal upbringing, which in this case is a form of social protection.
When the question of social protection of women is raised, it means, first of all, their protection from difficult and harmful working conditions, wage discrimination, sexual harassment, violence, beatings and other actions that degrade human dignity. Other categories of the population: the unemployed, pensioners, disabled people, and the sick also need complicity, compassion and other non-economic measures of social support.
However, in most cases, legal and social aspects taken by themselves in the narrow sense of the word do not exhaust the content of social protection of the population. The main thing, the main thing in it is the economic component. Thus, in a broad sense, social protection of the population is a system of legal, political, social, organizational and economic measures to improve the life of the population, its individual groups, strata and classes, and increase the level of human development.
Highlight in social protection in " pure form» “political”, “legal”, “social” or “economic” is not always possible, because the same measure (for example, a legislative increase in salaries for scientists, medical workers, teachers) can have great political, social and economic significance. In theory and practice, social protection is most often viewed in a narrow sense as the social policy of the state, striving to ensure an acceptable (tolerable) existence for the so-called marginal segments of the population who are in a particularly difficult situation and are unable to improve their livelihoods without external support (old people, orphans, unemployed and others).
In our understanding, the mechanism of social protection of marginal (socially vulnerable) segments of the population is only a part and does not cover the whole, that is, the entire social protection system. It (the mechanism of social protection of marginal groups) can be characterized as social welfare or social assistance (the latter term is more convenient to pronounce, but less precise). Social protection, in addition, includes the protection of incomes and wages, improvement of distribution relations, etc. Perhaps, social protection of businessmen who cannot be classified as marginal segments of the population.
It is customary to distinguish the following levels in the social protection system:
From the state and municipal authorities;
On the part of employers, administrations of firms, enterprises;
On the part of trade unions, various kinds of non-governmental organizations and labor collectives;
Family protection and self-defense.
The following forms of social protection can be distinguished by object:
Childhood;
Low-income families and citizens;
Women and mothers of many children;
Unemployed;
Persons of retirement age;
Sick and disabled people;
Support for social sectors: healthcare and education.
The listed levels and forms are interconnected and interdependent. Children born into the world at first are exclusively under the social protection of the family (except for a one-time benefit on the occasion of the birth of a child). Currently, many families cannot provide their children with adequate living conditions, especially if there are a large number of children in the family. Hence the need arises for social protection of children and mothers of many children by the state and municipal authorities.
An example of social protection for orphans is the activities of the Bobek Children's Fund under the leadership of S. Nazarbayeva. In particular, with her participation by the international fund " SOS - Kinderdorf International" the first children's village was built in Almaty (opened in 1999), kindergarten, which will be sponsored by friends of the Bobek Children's Fund. A town similar to the one in Almaty will be built for orphans in Astana.
All other things being equal, the more means of subsistence a particular family (individual) has, the less it needs social protection. Therefore, constant, fairly high current income, as well as savings (in the form of property, securities, bank savings and other valuables) are the most effective means self-defense of the population.
The experience of developed Western countries shows that the social protection system as a whole is capable of effectively fulfilling its tasks through the interaction of social insurance, social assistance and trusteeship. The principle of social insurance focuses on the preliminary financing of social assistance provided through contributions and the close relationship between contributions and the volume of services provided.
In providing assistance, both individual contributions and a system of partial solidarity redistribution play a role. In case of trusteeship, standard assistance is provided regardless of previous contributions, incidental income or financial status of the recipient. It is provided in the event of loss of wages or family income at the expense of other taxpayers.
Not a single, even the most advanced insurance system can provide for all cases of social risk, as a result of which a person (or family) may find themselves in a difficult situation. Therefore, social assistance component social protection is focused on the individual needs of people and is provided if the recipient is unable to get out of a difficult situation own funds. Since the source of financing social assistance is the budget, its scale is determined by the financial situation of a particular state.
To the most general principles social protection include:
Social responsibility of society and the state for ensuring acceptable living conditions for all segments of the population;
Carrying out medical, social and professional rehabilitation when necessary;
The universal and mandatory nature of protecting the working population from social and professional risks;
The tendency to expand the scope of application of the social protection system to an increasingly larger part of the population.
The reason for providing cash benefits is a decrease in income as a result of aging, permanent disability, short-term illness or work-related injuries, as well as due to the loss of a breadwinner, the birth of a child, or unemployment. Natural forms of social protection include hospitalization, medical care, rehabilitation care, assistance with food, fuel, etc.
Most social benefits are provided through social insurance, which covers pensions and benefits for disability, sickness and unemployment. The benefit amount is often related to previous earnings (income). If an individual is not eligible to use social insurance services, and his actual income (as determined by social verification) is below the guaranteed minimum income in the country, a social assistance program in the form of low-income benefits comes into force. This should also include social benefits for special expenses associated with marriage, birth, death, etc.
In many countries, in addition to social insurance and low-income benefits, child benefits are paid to all families with children, regardless of household income (sometimes instead of these benefits, parents are given the right to defer payment of taxes). Child benefits are part of demographic policy, and, as a rule, they have the goal of stimulating fertility rates. Elements of the social protection system also include legislation on minimum wages.
The legal framework of national social protection systems of industrialized countries is based on generally recognized international norms and standards in the field of human rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Standard Rules for Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, etc.).
Foreign theory and practice have developed the following main directions for rationalizing the provision of social benefits:
Introduction of unified targeted benefits instead of many duplicating each other;
Tightening the regulation of the category of those in dire need, combined with strict verification of their financial situation;
Transition of the social protection system from the principle of universality to the principle of selectivity;
Preservation of the public sector in leading sectors of the social sphere (health care, education) with expanding co-payments from the population for services previously provided to everyone at the expense of the state budget;
Transfer of the main financial burden for providing social programs from the state budget (center) to local budgets (territories and local governments);
Development of private market forms of management and non-profit organizations in sectors of the social sphere;
Transition to programmatic financing of the social sector, the use of social standards and public control over the expenditure of financial resources, personalized financing of budget funds through the implementation social orders, expanding competition and opportunities for consumer choice of social services;
Maintaining the provision of some social services in enterprises, especially those that stimulate labor (social costs are lower in countries, such as Japan, where firms play an important social role).
Thus, social protection in any state, it is a complex system of socio-economic relations designed to provide comprehensive assistance to disabled or limited able-bodied individuals, as well as families whose income of able-bodied members does not provide a socially necessary standard of living for the family.
Effective social protection presupposes the implementation of a policy that adequately responds to the social well-being of people, capable of detecting the growth of social discontent and social tension, and preventing possible conflicts and radical forms of protest.
Chapter 2. Forms and types of social protection of the population.
2.1. Forms of social protection of the population.
There are forms of security necessary to support and provide minimal benefits to the population.
Forms of social protection of the population.
The minimum wage is the lower threshold of the subsistence level;
The subsistence minimum is the minimum set of food products, industrial goods and services necessary to provide basic physiological needs of a person.
Pensions, scholarships;
Unemployment benefits, child benefits;
Compensation for losses from inflation (indexation of household income in conditions of inflation);
Compensation payments to employees on forced leave due to temporary closure of the enterprise,
Social and health insurance,
2.2. Types of social security
Regardless of the source of funds, state social security can be provided in the following forms:
Cash payments (pensions, benefits, compensation, financial assistance, etc.);
In-kind assistance (medicines, food, technical devices for the disabled);
Benefits and services (maintenance in boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, in orphanages, social services at home
Compensation for additional expenses associated with treatment, rehabilitation and health improvement of disabled people (inpatient, outpatient, in sanatoriums, boarding homes for the elderly and disabled), travel to and from the place of treatment, retraining (retraining) of the unemployed;
One-time monetary and non-monetary types of support for certain categories of citizens;
By subjects of social security we can distinguish:
1) citizens of disabled age:
Pensioners, including the disabled and single people;
Children, including teenagers;
2) citizens of working age:
Unemployed;
Temporarily disabled;
Disabled people;
Large families;
Low-income.
Chapter 3. Problems of social protection of the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The most ambitious task of the socially oriented economy of the state in the emerging market economy is the social protection of all segments of society and the development of an effective social policy strategy. The form of its implementation is the actual mode of action of the state, embodied in social policy, which covers all areas of economic relations in the country.
The more difficult the situation in a particular country, the more and louder the calls for social protection of the population sound.
To correct this situation, people’s desire to receive social protection from the hardships of a deteriorating life is not enough, just as the government’s intentions and promises to improve life are not enough. The problem can be completely solved only when the economy goes up and begins to create the minimum benefits that people need. This is ultimately what salvation consists of. But what to do before that, during a period when the economy is in decline and is unable to satisfy the needs of the entire population for goods and services? How to help people in serious distress and who exactly needs to be helped?
You should first of all understand that if you reduce the production of goods and services in the country and at the same time help from abroad, if import purchases are not able to compensate for such a decrease, and stocks and reserves are brought to a minimum, then it is almost impossible to prevent a decrease in the standard of living. Equally unrealistic in these conditions is the task of complete social protection of the entire population from a decrease in the consumption of goods and services in general and per person. Worse, if we try to provide benefits in the required, desired quantity to some, then others will certainly suffer, who will not receive these benefits.
Therefore, both the government and the people must realize that universal social protection of the population from a decline in living standards in an economic recession is impossible. It would be more correct to talk about social support for individual layers and groups of the population who are most in need of it.
In the broad sense of the word, socially vulnerable people are considered to have an income below the subsistence level. The subsistence minimum is the minimum set of food products, industrial goods and services necessary to provide basic physiological needs of a person. Strictly speaking, when classifying certain groups of people as socially vulnerable, one should take into account not only their current cash income, but also cash savings, accumulated wealth, and the so-called property qualification. However, since it is difficult to obtain reliable information about people’s property status, it is necessary to use his official monetary income as a criterion characterizing a person’s financial situation.
In current practice, families with a low monetary income per family member (most often large families), families who have lost a breadwinner, mothers raising children alone, disabled people, the elderly, pensioners receiving insufficient benefits, students living on a scholarship, the unemployed, individuals are considered socially vulnerable. victims of natural disasters, political and social conflicts, and illegal persecution. In some cases, children are considered socially vulnerable groups. All these people need social support from society and government authorities.
Social support can manifest itself in a wide variety of forms: in the form of monetary assistance, the provision of material goods, free food for a shelter, shelter, medical and legal psychological assistance, patronage, guardianship, adoption.
The question of who, in what types and forms, and to what extent to provide social support is one of the most difficult in the social economy. Since it is simply impossible to help everyone who wants to receive help and those in need of it, a number of economists and sociologists recommend such a recipe : “Help only those who cannot help themselves.” Of course, it is not easy to identify who is and who is not able to help themselves, but the recipe is worth attention. During the transition to a market economy, the problem of social protection of the population from rising prices (inflation) and unemployment is most acute. To ensure that rising prices for goods and services do not lead to a catastrophic decline in consumption and living standards, income indexation is partially used. This means that wages, pensions, scholarships, and other types of income increase as retail prices rise.
Unfortunately, when production declines, neither the government nor enterprises have the opportunity to increase incomes exactly as much as prices rise. Since the quantity of goods decreases, paying out an excessive amount of money will lead to flooding the market with money supply and, as a result, inflation.
Social security and social guarantees. The transition of our country from an administrative to a market economy inevitably entails an increase in the social risk of people, which ultimately can lead to the stratification of people according to their standard of living, the enrichment of a few and the impoverishment of certain groups of the population, primarily low-income groups (pensioners, disabled people and children ). Therefore, reliable social protection mechanisms are needed (recall that the first social protection mechanisms were created in Germany in 1883) for these population groups.
We are talking about an integral system of legislatively enshrined economic, legal and social guarantees that counteract the destabilizing factors of life, and, first of all, such as unemployment, inflation, poverty of the population, while it is important that the social protection of the population does not lead to dependency and equalization.
In the system of social security in the context of the transition to a market economy, strengthening social guarantees is of paramount importance.
Forms of social security.
- minimal salary - the lower threshold of the subsistence level;
- pensions, scholarships;
- unemployment benefits, child benefits;
- compensation for losses from inflation(indexation of income of the population in
399 "inflationary conditions);
- compensation payments employees who are on forced leave due to a temporary cessation of work at the enterprise,
-social and health insurance,
- State social protection against unemployment:
1. assistance in finding employment;
2. vocational training, advanced training, retraining;
3. Unemployed low-income citizens have the right to receive targeted social assistance.
In addition, in many countries of the world, including the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is legislation on social partnership? which provides for social protection of employees in terms of pay, conditions and labor protection.
Social protection of low-income citizens.
- Indexation of income in conditions of inflation. The social protection system of the population includes, as an essential element, the indexation of its monetary income. Its purpose is to serve as a compensation for the damage caused by inflation.
In terms of its economic content, indexation of household income is a mechanism for adjusting the amount of cash income of the population, allowing them to partially or fully compensate for the rise in prices of consumer goods and services caused by inflation. Indexation is widely used by the civilized world as one of the mechanisms for social protection of the population in a market economy. It is aimed at maintaining the purchasing power of the population and monetary income. The population's cash income received from budget sources(benefits, pensions, scholarships, salaries, etc.).
The following types of indexing are distinguished:
- indexation of cash income,
- indexation of cash savings and indexation of the cost of living.
IN general view The mechanisms for indexing cash income are as follows. Bodies of state statistical agencies monitor the movement of prices for goods and services. This observation allows us to calculate consumer price indices. They are the guidelines in determining the size of population losses and, consequently, the amount of compensation for these losses.
Indexing can be retrospective or prospective. In the first case, compensation is given in accordance with the price increase that has taken place, and in the second, compensation covers the expected price increase.
The most important area of social protection is supporting the poorest segments of the population. Poverty itself in social practice is measured using the subsistence minimum.
What is a living wage and how is it measured? Living wage - This is the minimum amount of money needed to maintain a person’s life and restore his workforce. The cost of living determines; the lower limit of the socially necessary standard of living in the given conditions of social development.
Economists try to determine the cost of living in two ways.
The first method of calculation is based on constructing a minimum consumer budget, which is a balance of family income and expenses (family budget), compiled on the basis of the need to normally satisfy the basic physiological and socio-cultural needs of a person. It is developed in monetary terms per person or per employee. The minimum consumer budget includes expenses for the purchase of a set of goods and services in quantities that ensure the reproduction of the labor force. The value of the minimum consumer budget is reviewed at least once a year or quarter, taking into account the growth of the consumer price index, and at least once a year or quarter - the composition of consumer baskets. Data on the structure and value of the minimum consumer budget are regularly published in official publications.
The second method of determining the living wage takes into account the fact that poor families spend 1/3 of their income on food.
Unlike a rational consumer budget, the subsistence budget is not designed to fully satisfy reasonable needs, but in the amounts necessary to ensure normal reproduction of the ability to work and activity.
In world practice, there are two main forms of indexation of income of the population:
- automatic, ;
B) semi-automatic (sometimes called contractual).
The first form means that wages automatically increase in proportion to the increase in the price index, fully compensating losses. But such a system of wage recalculation negatively affects the efficiency of its organization, because an increase in wages is in no way related to its results.
The second form of indexation is as follows: at the country level as a whole, a decision is made on the recommended wage increase, taking into account rising prices. This form of indexing is widely practiced in the countries of the European Economic Community. (EEC), in which special collective agreements of workers are drawn up with the participation of trade unions, employers and the state, with the involvement of scientific experts. Then enterprises (firms) sell them in sizes acceptable to them. This procedure allows you to adapt the indexation mechanism to specific conditions, financial capabilities and labor relations.
To determine the consumer price index, a set of “consumer basket” is established, consisting of essential goods. The consumer basket is a set of consumer goods and services that provide a person with consumption at the minimum acceptable level accepted in society.
The set includes food, clothing, shoes, linen, sanitary and hygiene items, medicines, furniture, dishes, cultural and household items, housing, public utilities, cultural and educational events and recreation, domestic services, transport, communications, keeping children in preschool institutions and other social needs that a person cannot do without.
Considering that the consumption of goods and services in different socio-demographic groups of the population is not the same, consumer baskets are calculated for each of them separately - for children, working women and men, pensioners, city and rural residents.
In the Republic of Kazakhstan and Russia, the composition and structure of consumer baskets includes 19 items of goods and services.
In developed countries, the minimum consumer budget, which represents the poverty line, includes over 300 items of vital goods and services.
According to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the consumer basket of 19 basic food products per month per person was estimated at the beginning of 2001, on average for the Republic, at 4573 tenge per person with a minimum monthly wage of 3484 tenge.
This ratio, according to economists' calculations, between the cost of the consumer basket and the minimum monthly wage will remain in 2002. The cost of the consumer basket will be approximately 30% higher than the minimum wage.
In November 1999, the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted the Law “Law on the Living Wage”, which reveals the essence of the concepts: “living wage”, “minimum consumer basket” and “poverty line”.
Table. Poverty indicators in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1996-2002,%
Based on the practice of developed countries, we can say that a 5% change in the cost of living during the year is completely normal. If the standard of living increases during the year, this is a good indicator, but if it decreases by 5%, then this is not yet dangerous. If the cost of living increases by more than 5% (in other words, the standard of living decreases), this phenomenon is considered undesirable in developed market economies, and the government must take appropriate measures in such cases: increase wages and benefits or reduce taxes.
The government of our country cannot yet agree to a permanent increase in the minimum wage for all categories of workers, since this increase inevitably entails an increase in pensions, scholarships, benefits and other social payments, which requires additional funds, primarily from the budget. Meanwhile, budget capacity is limited and further increases in wages without a real increase in goods and services lead to increased inflation. According to specialists from the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, one of the ways to solve problems in the current conditions is to move to “targeted” social protection (that is, one should move from protecting all categories of the population to protecting specific individuals whose income is below the average per capita minimum wage ).
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Italian scientist Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) established that when income is distributed according to its value, significant inequality appears. To determine the level of inequality of income distribution in society, the Lorenz curve is used in world practice. Max Lorenz (1876 -1959), American statistician, economist.
The level of inequality in income distribution in a society can be seen on the Lorenz curve (E) shown in Fig. 1.
The horizontal axis shows the percentage of families with a certain level of income falling on the corresponding part of families. It has been theoretically established that if income were distributed evenly in a society, then the possibility of such absolute equality could be reflected by the straight line K, which indicates that any given percentage of families receives the corresponding percentage of income. This means that if 20% of all families receive 20% (or 1/5) of the total income, 40% - 40%, 60% - 60%, etc., then points A, B, C, D , E will be located on straight line K.
The area (M) between the straight line K., denoting absolute equality, and the Lorenz curve (L) reflects the level of inequality in the distribution of income. The larger the area "M" or gap, that is, the curve is further from the straight line K, the higher the level of income inequality. If the actual distribution of income were absolutely equal, then the Lorenz curve and straight line K would coincide and the gap would disappear.
To characterize the distribution of total income between population groups, the Gini coefficient, named after the Italian scientist Corrado Gini (1884-1965), is used.
The Gini coefficient is determined by the formula:
 |
Using this coefficient, you can determine how the differentiation of income of the population changes; the higher the coefficient, the higher the inequality in income distribution.
The Gini coefficient in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1997 was 0.338, and in 1998 - 0.347, which indicates a tendency towards increasing inequality in income distribution. In Western European countries, this coefficient ranges from 0.27 to 0.36. This comparison suggests that from this point of view, the Republic of Kazakhstan has moved significantly closer to European countries with socially oriented economies.
Table. Inequality indicators 1996-2002
| Year | Gini coefficient |
| 1996 | 0,319 |
| 1997 | 0,338 |
| 1998 | 0,347 |
| 1999 | 0,340 |
| 2000 | 0,343 |
| 2001 | 0,348 |
| 2002 | 0,312 |
Closely related to the problem of inequality is the issue of poverty. How to determine whether a person is poor or not? For this purpose, an indicator such as the poverty line has been developed. It reflects the income limit that is necessary to maintain an acceptable minimum standard of living.
According to the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 43% of the population of the Republic live below the poverty line.
Based on statistical studies of family expenses (budgets), the German economist Ernst Engel (1821-1896) formulated a pattern named after him: the ratio of the portion of the population’s income intended for the purchase of food to total income decreases with the growth of this income. Studying statistics different years and different countries, he came to the conclusion: the higher the family income, the less its share is spent on purchasing “lower-ranking” goods, primarily food; Let us quote his words: “The study of various budgets showed not only that the lower the income, the larger part of it is spent on food, but also that nutrition, in addition, deteriorates; it further showed that the lower the income, the larger part of it goes to physical maintenance and the less is left for spiritual development.”
This relationship was later called “Engel’s first law.” Already in the 20th century, based on statistical research materials, it was noted that this law is valid not only for rich and poor families, but also for rich and poor countries. Thus, by the share of family expenses (budgets) spent on food, one can judge the level of a person’s well-being. This indicator is still used in international statistics (a family is considered poor if it spends more than 50% of its income on food).
To reduce poverty, the state must take such measures, develop a mechanism for social protection of certain groups of the population, as well as finance programs to support the income of low-income segments of the population.
There is still no consensus among scientists and specialists regarding measures to combat poverty. Some economists (J. Keynes and his followers) believe that the above measures should be expanded. Representatives of the neoclassical school believe that programs to combat poverty need to be reduced, because such programs increase the tension of the state budget.
As is known, the market itself cannot provide a fair distribution of income and does not provide social protection for the population. In this regard, there is a need for government intervention in the area of income distribution. The state redistributes income through the state budget. In countries with developed market economies, among the total government expenditures on social needs, a significant share is occupied by the costs of training and retraining of personnel (on average, about 5% of GNP). This is caused by the objective needs of modern production for a qualitatively new workforce in connection with the transition to a new technological basis.
The problem of social security of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan is given a special place, it is a priority for its solution and it is reflected in the most important strategic program document “Kazakhstan-2030”, which states that economic growth in itself cannot guarantee the well-being of our citizens, therefore for The state's fight against poverty, unemployment, strengthening social justice, and improving the economic well-being of the population in the coming years is a priority.
CONCLUSION
Today, the principles of distribution of the social product have almost completely changed, and in connection with this, the role of the state in the activities of the social protection system has changed, and to a lesser extent its activities are provided at the expense of the state budget.
There should be a well-developed social protection system, which would include another important element - the provision of services and payments within the framework of social assistance. Only when efficient work These two forms of social protection can achieve the purpose for which they are created.
But it is necessary to clearly understand that social benefits, or welfare, and social insurance are various forms of social protection of the population, both employed and unemployed. Accordingly, within the framework of these forms, many issues of social guarantees, including financial ones, are resolved differently.
Final provisions and stages of implementation of the concept of social protection of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
Stage I (2001-2002): carrying out current calculations; preparation and adoption of legislative acts on compulsory insurance of employer liability for harm to the life and health of an employee in the performance of work duties from July 1, 2002; preparation and adoption of legislative acts regulating the introduction of social insurance for disability and loss of a breadwinner and its implementation since the end of 2002; introducing amendments and additions to legislation on social protection of the population, including legislation on pensions and taxation; development of pension annuities; Preparation regulatory framework regulating the activities of the state social insurance fund; implementation of an information support system.
Stage II (2003-2005): inclusion of the risk of job loss in the list of social risks subject to compensation through compulsory social insurance; transition to the assignment of social benefits based on a single registration code of an individual; improving the methodological basis for recording citizens' income; gradual approach of the minimum wage to the subsistence level; development of new forms of targeted assistance to low-income citizens, inclusion in mandatory types of assistance from the budget of one-time benefits for the birth of a child, payments to families raising minor children.
Bibliography:
1. Baimagambetov S.Z., Modern socio-cultural policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Historical analysis, Astana: Elorda, 2001
2. Dubrova N.B., Social protection law of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Textbook, Karaganda: Vocational education, 2002
3. Zholdasbaev S.I., State Social Insurance Fund: development and prospects: scientific publication, Astana: Parasat Alemi, 2006
4. Zhumagulov G.B., Social security law: textbook, Almaty: Legal literature, 2006
5. General economic theory: textbook - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - Almaty, Aktobe: Laser, 2002
6. Collection of regulatory legal acts on labor in the Republic of Kazakhstan: as of November 1, 2002, Almaty: Zheti Zhargy, 2002
7. Human development in Kazakhstan: textbook / ed. N.K. Mamyrova, F. Akchury, Almaty: Economics, 2003
8. Panteleeva T.S., Economic foundations of social work, Vlados, 2001
9. Dobrynin A.I., Tarasevich L.S., Economic theory. Microeconomics. Macroeconomics. Megaeconomics: a textbook for universities, St. Petersburg, 2004
Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Employment”, Article 13. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, January 30, 2001.
3 Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On Social Partnership in the Republic of Kazakhstan”. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, December 23, 2000.
The concept of social protection of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, April 13, 2001.
Public policy Russian Federation in the field of social support for citizens is formed in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
According to Art. 7 of the Constitution « The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. (Article 7., paragraph 1.). And also in the Russian Federation, the labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, paternity and childhood, the disabled and elderly citizens, the system is developed social services, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established (Article 7.Clause 2.).
The Constitution of the Russian Federation also establishes that coordination of issues of family protection, motherhood, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security, is under the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Thus, all of the above guarantees are implemented through the social protection system. The basis of state social guarantees are minimum social standards- that is, established by the laws of the Russian Federation or decisions of representative bodies state power for a certain period of time, minimum levels of social guarantees, expressed through social norms and standards reflecting the most important human needs for material goods, publicly available and free services, guaranteeing an appropriate level of their consumption and intended to determine the mandatory minimum budget expenditures for these purposes.
Social protection of the population is a practical activity to implement the main directions of social policy.
When developing and implementing social policy, the question inevitably arises about social priorities, that is, social tasks that are recognized by society at this stage of its development as the most pressing and urgent, requiring priority solutions. At the same time, it is necessary not only to support, but also
In a broad general sociological sense, the term “social protection” first appeared in the United States in the 1930s. and gradually became widespread in Western sociology to designate a system of measures that protect any citizen from economic and social disadvantage due to unemployment, loss or sharp reduction in income due to illness, birth of a child, work injury or occupational disease, disability, old age, loss of a breadwinner, etc. etc., and also became the main attribute of the social policy of any civilized state.
Social protection of the population is considered by Russian social law as a system of legal guarantees and protective measures that protect members of society from economic, social and physical degradation. It acts as a process of provision by state and municipal bodies of existing guarantees and rights that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests.
In practical terms, social protection is represented by a complex of legal, economic, social guarantees, enshrined in legislation and in by-laws at the state level using a two-tier system of legal acts - federal and regional legislation.
At the same time, social protection also acts as a process of ensuring by state or other bodies the guarantees and rights existing in society that protect the individual, his economic, socio-political, social needs and interests in all spheres of society. In its action it extends to all members of society, but its functional manifestation in relation to different groups is not the same.
Social protection models(according to Antropov V.V.)
The economic model of social protection can be understood as the established principles of organization and functioning of its programs in a particular country. Four main models dominate in the countries of the European Union: continental or Bismarckian, Anglo-Saxon or Beveridge model, Scandinavian and Southern European.
Continental model (Bismarck model) establishes a strict connection between the level of social protection and the duration of professional activity. It is based on social insurance, the services of which are financed mainly by contributions from employers and insured persons. This model is based on the principle of professional solidarity, which provides for the existence of insurance funds managed on a parity basis by employees and entrepreneurs. They accumulate social contributions from wages, from which insurance payments are made. Financing of such systems, as a rule, is not carried out from the state budget, since the principle of budgetary universality is the opposite of such a model of social protection. However, in modern conditions existence of a social state in Europe with its extensive network of social programs, this model of social protection, as a rule, is not always based only on this principle. Therefore, for low-income members of society who do not have the opportunity to receive social insurance payments for a number of reasons (for example, due to the lack of the necessary insurance experience), national solidarity is realized through social assistance systems. In this case, we can talk about auxiliary mechanisms that are deviations from the main logic of the “Bismarckian” model. Despite the existence of the principle of compulsory social insurance (for example, in Germany, compulsory social insurance is prescribed by law), it is not fully observed. This is due to the existence of salary limits, above which membership in social insurance regimes is not mandatory (it is only possible voluntary insurance), or limiting contributions (in this case, within the framework of compulsory social insurance, contributions are made only within the limits of the maximum salary, and social payments are calculated in relation to this level). Thus, this model is based on the principle of actuarial justice, when the amount of insurance payments is determined primarily by the amount of insurance premiums. At the time of his birth in Germany at the end of the 19th century. The German social protection system reproduced precisely this model. Today, the significant development of the social assistance system (built on the principle of welfare, not insurance) leads to a modification of this model and an increase in the share of budget financing of social protection.
Anglo-Saxon model (Beveridge model) represented in Europe by Great Britain and Ireland. It is based on the report of the English economist W. Beveridge, presented to the British government in 1942. Keynes’s ideas that the dynamics of social production and employment are determined by factors of effective demand, and therefore the redistribution of income in the interests of social groups, had a significant influence on the provisions put forward by Beveridge. , receiving lower incomes, can increase the money demand of mass buyers. The model is based on the following principles: the principle of universality of the social protection system - its extension to all citizens in need of financial assistance; the principle of uniformity and unification of social services and payments, which is expressed in the same amount of pensions, benefits and medical care, as well as the conditions for their provision.
The principle of distributive justice is fundamental in this model, since in this case we are not talking about professional (as is the case with the Bismarck model), but about national solidarity. Such social protection systems are financed both from insurance contributions and from taxes. Thus, family benefits and healthcare are financed from the state budget, and other social benefits are financed from insurance contributions of employees and employers. Unlike the continental one, this model includes social insurance with fairly low social payments and social assistance, which plays a dominant role in this system.
Scandinavian model of social protection typical for Denmark, Sweden and Finland. Social protection is understood as a legal right of a citizen. Distinctive feature The Scandinavian model is a wide coverage of various social risks and life situations that require public support. Receipt of social services and payments, as a rule, is guaranteed to all residents of the country and is not conditional on employment and payment of insurance premiums. In general, the level of social security offered by this model is quite high. This is achieved not least through an active redistribution policy aimed at equalizing income. A necessary precondition for the functioning of this model is a highly organized society, built on the basis of adherence to the principles of an institutional welfare society.
Financing of social protection systems related to this model is carried out primarily through taxation, although insurance contributions from entrepreneurs and employees play a certain role. The only part of social protection separated from the general system is unemployment insurance, which is voluntary and administered by trade unions. Until recently, employed people were practically exempt from paying insurance premiums and participated in the social protection system by paying taxes. However, in the last decade of the 20th century. There has been a trend toward a gradual increase in the share of employees participating in the financing of insurance programs and an increase in insurance deductions from wages. The same trend can be seen in relation to entrepreneurs, while government social spending has noticeably decreased in recent years.
Southern European model social protection is represented in Italy, Spain, Greece and Portugal. Only in recent decades, under the influence of socio-economic and structural changes, social protection systems have been created or improved in these countries. Unlike the previous ones, this model can be interpreted rather as developing, transitional, and therefore not having a clear organization. That is why the “rudimentary” nature of this model is noted as its main feature by various Western researchers. As a rule, the level of social protection characteristic of this model is relatively low, and the task of social protection is often seen as the concern of relatives and family. Therefore, the family and other institutions of civil society play an important role here, and social policy is predominantly passive in nature and focused on compensating for losses in the income of certain categories of citizens. Characteristic feature This model is also an asymmetrical structure of social expenditures. Thus, in Italy, this is manifested in the fact that the largest part of social expenditures is pensions (14.7% of GDP at the average European level - 12.5%), while relatively insignificant funds are spent on supporting the family, maternity, education and employment policy (about 1%).
The formation of modern social protection systems is associated with the process of industrialization, strengthening state regulation of social processes, and the complication of the socio-demographic structure of society. The peak of development of social protection systems occurred in the 1960-1970s, when many states assumed high obligations to ensure social protection of the population. This was facilitated by the accelerated pace of economic growth, the strengthening of the role of the state in socio-economic processes, and the formulation of the theory of the “welfare state”. Subsequent economic crises changed the situation, as a result of which in 1980 - 1990. the main problems have been identified modern stage development of social protection systems. They were caused by a number of reasons of a demographic, political and economic nature. By the 1980s, the trend to expand social protection had exhausted its possibilities, approaching threshold values.
Principles of social protection
Social protection is based on the following principles:
- Social partnership– the state solves practical social problems together with interested bodies and organizations.
- Economic justice – socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons.
- Adaptability – the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.
- Priority of state principles - the state acts as a guarantor of ensuring a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.
- Preventive measures for social protection – forecasting and preventing social risks at the regional level for their more effective elimination, in particular through a flexible combination of paid and free services.
Social protection objects
Federal and regional legislation identifies the following categories of the population protected by certain legal acts, since without protective measures they will be in difficult life situation:
- elderly citizens who are single and living alone;
- disabled people of the Great Patriotic War and families of fallen military personnel;
- disabled people, including those disabled since childhood, and disabled children;
- citizens who suffered from the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and radioactive emissions in other places;
- unemployed;
- forced refugees and migrants;
- orphans, children left without parental care and the families in which they live;
- children with deviant behavior;
- low-income families;
- large families;
- single mothers;
- citizens infected with HIV or suffering from AIDS;
- persons without a fixed place of residence.
For these categories social protection is considered as a system of permanent or long-term measures guaranteed by the state, providing conditions for overcoming a difficult life situation. These measures are aimed at creating protected categories of the population equal opportunities to participate in the life of society with other citizens. These include social assistance and social support.
Social help- periodic or regular activities that help eliminate or reduce a difficult life situation.
In accordance with Art. 1 Federal Law No. 178-FZ of July 17, 1999, state social assistance is understood as the provision of social benefits, subsidies, compensation or vital goods to low-income families or citizens living alone at the expense of the budget. A person is considered low-income if his monthly income is less than the minimum subsistence level established in the region of his residence.
Benefit– This is a sum of money provided free of charge. It is non-targeted. That is, its recipient can dispose of the money at his own discretion. Payment of benefits is an auxiliary measure; its purpose is to support a person, and not to fully provide him with material resources.
Unlike the benefit subsidy has a specific purpose and represents payment for material goods or services provided to citizens.
Compensation- this is compensation to citizens for expenses incurred by them, and not any, determined arbitrarily according to their needs, but established by the state. The appointment and payment of benefits and compensation is also carried out by the relevant departments of the territorial bodies of social protection of the population.
Social support- one-time or episodic measures of a short-term nature, not directly aimed at eliminating a social problem, but helping to reduce it.
Social protection provides all disabled and socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population, in accordance with the procedure established by law, with advantages in the use of public consumption funds, direct social assistance, and tax reduction. Social protection not only has a clear targeted focus, but is also distinguished by the diversity of its methods and forms and is complex in nature. Along with social security, various forms of social assistance and support are used, including various forms of social services, counseling and psychological assistance.
For able-bodied citizens, social protection guarantees equal opportunities for life support through personal labor contribution, economic independence and entrepreneurship.
Principles of social protection declared by a number of regulations.
The leading principle of social protection is social justice, according to which all members of society are provided with equal access to social benefits and guarantees on a legal basis.
Targeting of social protection is a means of ensuring social justice, as it takes into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person. The criteria for providing targeted social assistance are:
The contingent of protected people in legislative practice is limited to those categories of the population who are completely or partially deprived of the ability to work and self-sufficiency. Targeted assistance to those in need is provided in accordance with social criteria. The criteria are based on social standards, which are scientifically based indicators of the level of consumption of the most important goods and services, the amount of monetary income and other data characterizing human living conditions.
The principle of economic efficiency focuses on a positive ratio of the costs of social protection and its socio-economic effect. The volume of social expenditures must be in such a ratio that receiving benefits does not become preferable to wages. Contributions to finance the social sphere must be correlated with all economic indicators, including GDP, wage fund, personal income, etc.
Based on the principle of an integrated approach, the tasks of supporting marginalized sections of the population and stabilizing the economic and social development- leading goals of social policy. Complexity is ensured by the coordination and consistency of the actions of the subjects of social policy, the unity of goals and directions of their activities.
The principle of social partnership focused on solving practical social problems by the state together with business, public organizations, representatives of various levels and branches of government.
The principle of solidarity, the essence of which is the redistribution of income from one socio-demographic group to another.
The principle of adaptability presupposes the ability of the social protection system to self-development and self-improvement.
Principle of economic justice is to protect all participants labor activity by maintaining the ratio of wages between budgetary organizations and subjects of market relations. This principle is implemented in two forms: fair exchange and fair distribution. Social justice presupposes socio-economic support for those who cannot participate in economic relations for objective reasons (disabled people, children, adolescents, students, pregnant women, mothers of many children, etc.) or who have lost their ability to work due to various circumstances.
The principle of priority of state principles assumes that the state should act as a guarantor of economic provision of a socially acceptable standard of living for those who cannot achieve this on their own.
The principle of economic independencelocal authorities authorities highlights the role of local authorities. Social benefits and other payments at the federal level are guaranteed in a minimum amount. All payments above this level are made from the local budget and local funds so that the population of the region and its administration are interested in the development of the economy of their own region.
The right to preventive measures for social protection makes it possible to predict social risks at the regional level in order to more effectively eliminate them. Prevention of social risks is carried out by various mechanisms (for example, in case of job loss - assistance in finding employment). The combination of paid and free services makes it possible to satisfy a wide range of people's social needs.
Social law identifies a numbersubjects of social responsibility for the quality of life of the population.
The most important subject of social protection of the population is the state, which develops and implements social protection measures. It provides a minimum level of social guarantees, creates conditions for people’s livelihoods, develops a legal basis for social protection and organizes the work of non-budgetary state social insurance funds.
Public organizations actively influence the improvement of social security of citizens. 49% of non-profit organizations belong to the category of public associations and carry out their activities in the social sphere.
The role of employers in the social protection system is increasing, which is associated with the development of the domestic economy. Successful enterprises and firms with significant financial resources are increasingly providing their employees with additional social benefits: payment for rest, treatment, long-term interest-free loans, food, payment for transport. .
The modern concept of social protection proceeds from the fact that it should not be reduced to free assistance. The main subject of social protection of able-bodied citizens is a person who realizes his needs and interests in the field of social and labor relations.
Social protection means are:
Regulatory restrictions that prevent the consequences of market mechanisms from reaching socially dangerous levels. To achieve this, the state regulates the minimum level of wages, guarantees the minimum permissible tax rates, guarantees a minimum free education and medical care;
A system of social incentives in the form of benefits, subsidies, installment plans, free or partially paid services and incentives for philanthropists.
Taking into account the results of a comprehensive analysis of the level of social and economic living conditions of population groups in need of support;
Organization of pension provision for citizens, including the creation of a non-state pension system;
Development of measures for material and everyday services for disabled and other citizens in need of social protection;
Creation of a targeted, differentiated support system on a state and charitable basis;
Organization and implementation of new forms and types in-kind assistance, humanitarian, technical, extreme assistance.
Structure of social protection bodies
The structure of social protection bodies consists of the following elements:
- The state represented by its representative and executive bodies operating at the federal, regional and local levels. They formulate general concept, determine the main directions of social policy, its strategy, tactics, provide a legislative and legal basis, and implement specific provisions on the ground.
- Structures of the emerging civil society (public associations, organizations, enterprises, firms).
- Great importance in solving social problems of certain categories of the population, social activities carried out within enterprises and firms are acquired; activity of political, trade union and public associations, charitable and voluntary organizations. They implement social policy within relatively narrow limits corresponding to their competence. The management of the state social protection system depends on the level at which it is implemented.
For management and control, a unified system of executive bodies in the field of social protection is created, which is formed by social protection management bodies and subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, territorial bodies.
An important goal in improving this system is to establish stable, orderly connections between all its levels and social infrastructure institutions that ensure its functioning.
At the federal level, the management of the social protection system is carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation (see: www.rosmintrud.ru).
The management of the social insurance system is carried out with the help of specialized funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Mandatory Medical Insurance Fund.
At the regional level, management is carried out by the executive authorities of the subject of the federation. Thus, in Moscow, the functions of implementing state policy in the field of social protection of citizens are carried out by the capital’s Department of Social Protection of the Population (see: Regulations on the Department on the website www.dszn.ru).
The department, its subordinate enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as territorial bodies of social protection of the population form a unified state system of social protection of the population, providing state support for families, elderly citizens, veterans and disabled people, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, development social service systems, implementation of state policy in the field of pensions and labor relations.
At the local level, the department of social protection of the population most often operates under the district administration. Let us consider, for example, the management structure in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow Region:
MANAGMENT STRUCTURE:
District departments of social protection of the population are territorial structural divisions of regional ministries or departments of social protection of the population and implement social protection functions in relation to the population of a particular municipality.
Understanding the peculiarities of the organizational structure of social protection bodies is necessary for a church social worker in view of the fact that he will be able, saving effort and time, to directly contact a competent specialist to resolve a specific problem. The difficulty of studying this topic lies in the fact that each region forms a system of bodies and institutions independently, and even the regional body that manages the entire social sphere can be called completely differently, which somewhat complicates the understanding of the functions and tasks of these bodies. So, if in Moscow it is the Department of Social Protection of the Population, then in Leningrad region- this is the Committee for Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Social Policy - in Sverdlovsk region, Social Security Committee - in the Kursk region.
Organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population
Leading organizational and legal forms social protection of the population are:
The right to social security is one of the basic socio-economic rights of the population: “Everyone is guaranteed social security in cases of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 39).
Pension provision guarantees the constitutional right of citizens to security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law. Pension relations in Russia are regulated by the laws “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” and “On Labor Pensions” " dated December 17, 2001. The grounds for providing labor pensions are insurance risks: reaching the age of incapacity for work, the onset of disability, loss of a breadwinner. The grounds for state pension provision are different, for example, the achievement of length of service. The legislation subdivides pensions: labor pensions for old age, disability, and loss of a breadwinner; state pensions for WWII participants, military personnel and members of their families, civil servants for length of service and allocates pensions to disabled citizens who are not entitled to labor pensions (social pensions). In accordance with the law, pensions are divided into state and labor. Citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities are provided with a social pension. Pensions are subject to indexation in connection with the increase in the cost of living in the manner prescribed by law.
The right to an old-age labor pension with at least 5 years of service is available to men upon reaching 60 years of age, and women upon reaching 55 years of age. Certain categories of workers (miners, military) are granted pensions on preferential terms (at a lower age and length of service).
The main criterion for the conditions and standards of pension provision is labor and its results. Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of pensions. An exception is established only for persons who have become disabled due to military trauma, who can simultaneously receive two types of pensions: old age and disability. Working pensioners are paid a full pension and are also provided with a bonus for each year worked. Installed certain rules and for recalculation of other types of pensions.
The circle of persons receiving a social pension includes: disabled people, including disabled people since childhood; children under the age of 18 who have lost one or both parents, citizens who have reached retirement age. The social pension does not depend on the participation of citizens in socially useful work and is set in an amount that depends on the minimum labor pension and is calculated in a certain ratio.
Pension payments are financed by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation (PFR). The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation was created in 1990 for the purpose of state financial management of pension provision in the Russian Federation. The Pension Fund of Russia is an independent financial and credit institution and is under the jurisdiction of the Government of the Russian Federation. The rate of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund is determined by federal law. The funds of the Pension Fund are formed from:
- employers' insurance contributions,
- insurance premiums of citizens engaged in individual entrepreneurial activity;
- insurance contributions of other categories of working citizens;
- allocations from the federal budget.
Non-state pension funds operate independently of the state pension system. Payments from these funds are carried out along with payments of state pensions. Non-state pension provision can be provided in the form of additional professional programs, and in the form of personal pension insurance of citizens.
An important stage in the implementation of the concept was the adoption of the Federal Law “On individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system.” Additional pension provision is provided by non-state pension funds (NPF);
According to the Russian Pension Fund, at the end of 2011, the coefficient of replacement of lost earnings with pensions (an indicator of the ratio of the average pension to the amount of wages) was 20%.
According to international standards, a replacement rate of up to 20% is considered a gross violation of a citizen’s pension rights. International Labor Organization Convention No. 102 requires this figure to be at least 40%. Russia has not yet ratified this document.
An important legal form of social protection of the population is the law “On State Social Assistance”, which regulates state social assistance to low-income citizens and families at the expense of regional budgets and monthly cash payments (MAP) at the expense of the federal budget and “social packages” for certain categories of the population included to the federal register. The system of social support for the population under this law is based on regional budgets. The right to receive one-time state social assistance under this law is granted to especially needy pensioners, disabled people, and other disabled citizens whose total average per capita income does not exceed the minimum established at the regional level.
The financial source of social security is the current income of participants in social production, withdrawn through taxation (income tax) and targeted contributions from employers and employees. These taxes and contributions, in addition to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, form the Social Insurance Fund, which forms the financial basis of social insurance benefits.
The objects of state social insurance are the temporarily economically inactive population.
Social insurance acts as an institution for protecting the economically active population from the risks of loss of income(salary) due to loss of ability to work(illness, accident, old age) or place of work.
The following are identified as social insurance risks:
- the need to obtain medical care;
- temporary disability;
- work injury and occupational disease;
- motherhood;
- disability;
- the onset of old age;
- loss of a breadwinner;
- recognition as unemployed;
- death of the insured person or disabled dependent family members.
The main task of the Social Insurance Fund- provision of state-guaranteed benefits for temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for caring for a child when he reaches one and a half years old, for burial, for sanatorium treatment and health improvement of employees and members of their families.
The formation of a modern social insurance system is taking place on the basis of the adoption of a number of laws: “On medical insurance of citizens in the Russian Federation” (1993), “On employment in the Russian Federation” (1991), “On the fundamentals of compulsory social insurance” (1999), “ On compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases" (1998), "On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation" (2001).
Currently, there are two forms of social insurance: mandatory (by law for subjects of insurance - state) and voluntary. Typical types of social insurance are pension, medical, and industrial accident insurance.
State pension insurance- a type of insurance carried out at the expense of contributions from employers and employees in order to provide citizens with labor pensions for old age, disability, and in the event of the loss of a breadwinner.
The Law “On Medical Insurance of Citizens in the Russian Federation” determined the legal, economic and organizational foundations of this institution of social protection. Purpose of health insurance- guarantee that citizens receive medical care from accumulated funds in the event of an insured event. In accordance with the Law, health insurance is represented by two types:
- mandatory;
- voluntary.
Compulsory health insurance is universal for the population of the Russian Federation and is implemented in accordance with programs that guarantee the volume and conditions of providing medical care to citizens.
Voluntary health insurance is carried out on the basis of programs that provide citizens with services in excess of those established in compulsory health insurance programs on the basis of payment for services by citizens or organizations.
In accordance with the Law, funds for compulsory health insurance (employee insurance payments) are concentrated in the Federal and Territorial (regional) compulsory health insurance funds. Compulsory health insurance is thus provided by a system of funds consisting of the federal fund and territorial funds of compulsory health insurance in the constituent entities of the Federation. The insurance rate of contributions for compulsory health insurance paid by employers and other payers is determined by the federal law of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 41) defines minimum social guarantees in the field of healthcare. To assess the minimum acceptable level of meeting the needs for medical care, indicators of the provision of doctors, hospital beds, and outpatient facilities per 1000 residents in the region are used.
New entities are appearing in the healthcare system - medical insurance organizations that select medical institutions and pay for medical and preventive care provided to insured persons. Since 1993, compulsory health insurance has been included in the Russian social insurance system, which is financed in the form of contributions by the majority of employers of all forms of ownership, as well as by the state directly from the budget. Health insurance has come to be considered as the most adequate health care system for a market economy, improving the quality of medical services.
Insurance premiums of most enterprises constitute 26% of the wage fund, the amount of contributions for certain species social insurance in relation to accrued wages are:
- to the Pension Fund - 19%;
- to the Social Insurance Fund - 3.4%;
- to the Compulsory Health Insurance Fund - 3.6%.
As state minimum standards in the field of wages the following are established:
- minimum wage (minimum wage);
- living wage for the working population.
Minimum social guarantees in the field of wages will not be valid until the economic function of wages is restored. In terms of social protection, this is important, since wages are not only an economic category, but also a moral one, designed to provide a person with a certain social status.
One of the important aspects of minimum social guarantees is the guarantee of protection against unemployment. There are two sides to solving this problem: creating economic conditions for maximum employment and self-employment of the population - on the one hand, and state support - on the other hand. State employment promotion programs adopted annually by the government, as well as the implementation of the federal target program for job creation, are aimed at reducing the unemployment rate.
The state guarantees the unemployed:
- payment of unemployment benefits;
- assistance in finding a suitable job
- payment of scholarships during the period vocational training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of the employment service;
- the opportunity to participate in paid public works and temporary work.
Unemployment benefits are provided from regional budgets, paid during the year of unemployment, subject to an active search for suitable work through the Employment Center and equal to the subsistence minimum for a given subject of the Federation in the first 4 months of unemployment (later it decreases).
An important link in the social protection of the population is legally required programs for employment, retraining and housing, aimed primarily at young people.
To stimulate the economic independence of young people, vocational training or retraining and socio-psychological preparation for entering the role of economically independent taxpayers are offered. This policy leads not only to a reduction in the number of unemployed, but also to other positive effects. To reduce the number of unemployed, “income policy” and monetary policy are also actively used.
Thus, social protection is carried out at the expense of the federal and regional budgets, and specially created extra-budgetary social funds. Its comprehensive nature can be represented, for example, by a system of measures for the social protection of people with disabilities:
Activities for social protection of disabled people can be divided as follows:
Social service
One of the leading organizational and legal forms of social protection of the population is social services. Social services are the activities of social services for social support, provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
The corresponding branch of social law is represented by two federal laws. The Federal Law “On the fundamentals of social services for the population in the Russian Federation” dated December 10, 1995 No. 195-FZ is a framework, providing general concepts about the content, concept and organization of the social service system. The Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” dated August 2, 1995 No. 122-FZ clarifies, in addition to regulating private issues of serving the target category of persons, a number of concepts and mechanisms of social services. There are also 26 National Standards for Social Services. These regulations include, for example, GOST R 52495-2005 “Social services for the population. Basic terms and definitions”, GOST R 52143-2003 “Social services for the population. Main types of social services”, GOST R 52142-2003 “Social services for the population. Quality of social services”, GOST R 52496-2005 “Social services to the population. Quality control of social services. Basic provisions”, GOST R 52497-2005 “Social services for the population. Quality system of social service institutions”, GOST R 52883-2007 “Social services to the population. Requirements for personnel of social service institutions".
These standards are essentially technical and do not provide fundamental legal norms. They determine the basic requirements for the volume, quality and forms of social services.
The state guarantees citizens the right to social services in the state system of social services for the main types of services defined by the Law.
The Law applies the following basic concepts (as amended by Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004):
1) social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity;
2) social service client - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, who is provided with social services in connection with this;
3) social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the client of a social service with assistance provided for by this Federal Law;
4) difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-care due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a specific place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc. ), which he cannot overcome on his own.
Social services are provided on the basis of an application from a citizen, his guardian, trustee, other legal representative, government body, local government body, public association. Every citizen has the right to receive free information from the state system of social services about the possibilities, types, procedures and conditions of social services.
Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy in the Russian Federation the same right to social services as citizens of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not contain direct references to social services except for the explanation that in the Russian Federation, as a social state, a system of social services is developing (Article 7, Part 2). Considering the basic principles of social services formulated in Article 5 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”:
1) targeting;
2) accessibility;
3) voluntariness;
4) humanity;
5) priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations;
6) confidentiality;
7) preventive orientation, it should be noted that they are not based on civil law, but introduce a certain block of norms that are analogous to the provisions of the Universal Declaration of 1948, since they represent human rights enshrined in the Declaration. These principles include accessibility, voluntariness, humanity, and confidentiality. Unfortunately, the Law does not decipher the specific implementation of these principles in the form of articles. Their implementation is partially presented in articles 7, 9, 11, 12, 15 of the Federal Law “On social services for elderly and disabled citizens.” For example, the principle of confidentiality, to which Art. 11 “Confidentiality of information”. At the same time, the mechanism for implementing the principle of accessibility is very vague, and there are no direct references to it in any article of both laws. The voluntary nature of service is stated in Art. 7, 9, 12, but exceptions to this rule are given in Art. 15. Certain aspects of the implementation of the principle of humanity can be seen in Art. 7, 12 and some other articles of the Federal Law “On social services for elderly citizens and people with disabilities,” but a unified and consistent mechanism is not presented.
The social service system includes state, municipal and non-state services. The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the competence of which is transferred to the organization and implementation of social services. The municipal social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services. Non-state social service includes institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.
TO types of social services relate:
The forms of services provided by social services are determined State standards:
- Material assistance (cash, food, industrial goods, vehicles, special equipment, prosthetic and orthopedic products, medicines, fuel, etc.).
- Help at home (performing household services, childcare, medical and social assistance and other services).
- Continuous care in a hospital setting (food, social services, health care, medical, labor rehabilitation, leisure activities).
- Advisory assistance.
- Providing temporary shelter.
- Organization of day care in social service institutions.
A person in a difficult life situation can receive social assistance if he contacts a social service. Specialists of a social institution are obliged to check the compliance of the parameters of the applicant’s life situation with the normatively prescribed requirements for a recipient of social assistance.
The current social service system in Russia is of a territorial and departmental nature, that is, it is as close as possible to the population.
The management of social services for the population is carried out by territorial (regional and district) bodies of social protection of the population, which build their activities in cooperation with the bodies of health care, education, culture, physical education and sports, law enforcement agencies, government services for youth affairs, employment services, as well as public, and religious organizations.
Financing of social services is carried out on a budgetary basis and consists of:
- normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level (subject of the federation or municipal) in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure part of the budget;
- funds from the federal budget for the implementation of individual tasks;
- finances as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
- additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt population incomes to the rising cost of living;
- income from paid services and from economic activities;
- charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable events.
State standards of social services regulate social services that provide the most important human needs: social and domestic; socio-psychological; social and legal; socio-pedagogical; socio-medical and other needs of citizens.
In Art. 25 Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services in the Russian Federation” emphasizes that the effectiveness of social services is ensured by specialists who have professional education, meeting the requirements and nature of the work performed, experience in the field of social services and inclined by their personal qualities to provide social services. In Art. 36 Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled Persons” defines the rights of social workers employed in the state and municipal sectors:
- work under the terms of an employment agreement (contract);
- free preventive examination and examination upon entry to work and free dispensary observation in government and municipal institutions healthcare through appropriate budgetary allocations;
- protection of professional honor, dignity and business reputation, including in court;
- obtaining qualification certificates and licenses for professional activities in the field of social services;
- free receipt of living space and housing and communal services if they live in a rural area or an urban-type settlement, in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In addition, social workers have the right to be provided with work clothes, shoes and equipment or to receive monetary compensation for their purchase, priority service by trade, catering, and household enterprises, free travel on public transport, and priority installation of a telephone.
A number of factors hinder the development of a network of social services:
- problems associated with the mechanism for monitoring the volume and quality of social services provided;
- lack of competent, educated specialists in the social sphere;
- imperfection of the regulatory framework;
- insufficient funding for some projects;
- insufficient awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
- low social status and inadequate wages of social service workers;
- low awareness of the population about the activities of social services;
- lack of broad participation in the formation government order on the volume of services to the population in terms of social services in all sectors of social partnership: government bodies, local governments, business and associations of entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations.
Non-state social services turn out to be more competitive both in terms of the quality of the proposed services and their prices. The role of religious social organizations is constantly increasing, as they are more actively taking care of the elderly, dependent people, and children left without parental care.
Characteristics of modern social services
Currently creating networks of various social services with the aim of providing assistance to different groups of the population is close to completion. This means that many social problems have organizational, legal and financial frameworks for their solution defined by law. On the one hand, it turns out that the crystallization of bureaucratic structures in social work is close to completion. On the other hand, in order to meet the requirements of a changing reality, social services must respond flexibly to new problems, increasing the number of functions of existing services or creating new, specialized ones.
The tendency to create the most economical territorial network of social services, covering all problem categories of the population with their activities, led to the design and implementation modular system services In this system, each service consists of department-modules, specialized in providing social assistance to a certain category of the population. Depending on the problems of the territory served, the structure of a social service institution is formed as a set of module departments that most adequately meet local social needs.
The widest range of modules have comprehensive social service centers (CSSC). They can contain up to 13 compartments:
- Organizational and methodological department aimed at macro-social activities. Conducts social monitoring of the service territory and compiles its “social passport”. Predicts social processes and proposes measures to improve social protection of the population of the territory. Introduces advanced forms and types of social assistance. Develops and distributes methodological materials on social protection issues. Informs the population through the media about the activities of the CCSC.
- Advisory department advises on issues of social services, career guidance, education and employment of people with disabilities. Promotes the solution of legal problems within the competence of social protection authorities, provides socio-psychological counseling, and provides emergency psychological assistance via a “helpline”.
- Emergency Social Services Department provides one-time assistance in a crisis situation with free hot meals or food packages, clothing, shoes and other essential items, and cash benefits to support life. Provides psychological, pre-medical, medical, social and legal assistance. Assists in obtaining temporary housing.
- Department of Trade Services for Low-Income Citizens provides essential goods at reduced prices to low-income citizens referred by the emergency social services department.
- Department of psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and children patronizes dysfunctional families, promotes the upbringing of children, education of family members healthy image life, maintaining mental and physical health, permission family conflicts. Conducts a personality examination and behavior analysis to determine the tactics of psychological and pedagogical assistance. Diagnoses the psychophysical, intellectual and emotional development of the child, his inclinations and abilities. Corrects developmental distortions and communication disorders in children, inadequate emotional reactions and behavioral stereotypes, conflictual relationships between parents and children, deviant parental attitudes in raising children, and violations of marital relationships. Conducts trainings on relieving anxiety and stress, overcoming inappropriate forms of behavior. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, conducts seminars, round tables, and conversations on family and childhood issues.
- Department of assistance to women in difficult life situations patronizes women with physical and mental health problems or those who have been subjected to psychophysical violence. Conducts work to increase stress resistance and psychological culture of women in the field of interpersonal, family and parental communication. Helps create a favorable microclimate in the family, overcome marital and internal violations family relations. Provides socio-psychological assistance in adaptation to socio-economic living conditions.
- Department for the Prevention of Neglect of Children and Adolescents patronizes maladjusted children prone to antisocial behavior. Provides social assistance to orphans and children without parental care. Identifies the causes of social maladjustment. Conducts psychological, medical and pedagogical diagnostics of the forms and degrees of maladjustment. Forms individual and group social rehabilitation programs. Involves correctional children's institutions, additional education institutions, and social services agencies in their implementation. Monitors the implementation of correctional and rehabilitation activities by families at home.
- Day care department for children and adolescents implements programs for their social rehabilitation in semi-stationary conditions. Creates rehabilitation groups of 5-10 people in free time from studies according to group programs that take into account individual rehabilitation programs. Provides medical, social and psychological assistance, conducts training sessions and club work, promotes active leisure, provides groups with hot meals and conditions for daytime sleep.
- Department of Rehabilitation of Children and Adolescents with Physical and Mental Disabilities carries out psychological-social, socio-pedagogical, social-medical, social-household, social-labor habilitation in day care conditions. Teaches parents methods of education and habilitation. Creates conditions for the implementation of individual programs together with other social institutions in free time from study. Organizes leisure time and out-of-school education depending on age and health status. Teaches self-care skills, behavior, self-control, and communication. Provides career guidance, occupational and play therapy. Interacts with parents for the purpose of continuity of habilitation activities and adaptation of children in the family. Consults families, including on social and legal issues. Provides clients with hot meals and nap opportunities.
- Department of social services at home for elderly and disabled citizens provides social and domestic assistance to people who have partially lost the ability to self-care in order to prolong their stay in their usual habitat and maintain their social, psychological and physical status. Depending on the nature and degree of need, it provides social, advisory and psychological-social services included in the Federal List of State-Guaranteed Social Services, as well as, at their request, additional social services.
- Specialized Department of Social and Medical Services at Home for Elderly and Disabled Citizens provides home-based social services, pre-hospital medical and medical-social assistance to people who have lost the ability to self-care and have chronic diseases. Provides qualified care and moral and psychological support to clients and members of their families, teaches relatives how to care for the sick, monitors health conditions, and prevents exacerbations of diseases. Services include: sanitary and hygienic assistance (rubbing, washing, hygienic baths, cutting nails, combing hair, changing linen), measuring temperature and pressure, compresses, dressings, treating bedsores and wounds, feeding weakened patients, taking samples for laboratory tests, calling a doctor at home, accompanying clients to medical institutions and visiting them during hospitalization.
- Day care department for elderly and disabled citizens provides social, socio-psychological, everyday, socio-cultural services to people who have retained the ability to self-service, attracts them to feasible work activities and supports an active lifestyle. Conducts social rehabilitation activities in the form of restorative therapeutic groups and groups for the development of communication skills, therapeutic and health-improving physical education, occupational therapy, lectures, excursions, and individual socio-psychological counseling.
- Department of Temporary Residence for Elderly and Disabled Citizens organizes living conditions close to home, provides social and rehabilitation services for single people who have fully or partially retained the ability to self-care and free movement. Provides environment-based treatment: adaptation of clients to new living conditions, restoration of their personal and social status using correctional and rehabilitation methods similar to those used in the day care department for these categories of citizens. Provides social, social, medical, and social advisory assistance.
Center for Social Assistance to Family and Children contains modules aimed at working with these categories of the population, including:
- advisory department
- emergency social service department
- department of psychological and pedagogical assistance
- department for helping women in difficult life situations
- department for the prevention of child neglect
- day care department for minors
- Department of Rehabilitation of Minors with Physical and Mental Disabilities
This set is complemented citizen reception department receiving, identifying the needs of children and families living in the service area, referring them to the appropriate departments of the Center, creating a data bank on requests to the Center and inpatient department, implementing social rehabilitation programs for maladjusted children in a temporary hospital setting. The directions and forms of work in this department are similar to the activities of the day care department for children and adolescents. As structural unit The center can be organized social shelter for children and teenagers, operating as a temporary hospital for social rehabilitation programs and accepting orphans and children left without parental care.
Social service centers provide services to elderly citizens and people with disabilities and consist of the following modules:
Social rehabilitation centers for minors specialize in the social rehabilitation of maladjusted children, or the rehabilitation of children with limited physical and mental capabilities. Both forms of centers consist of departments with standard functions:
Social shelters for children and teenagers - temporary hospitals in which orphans and children left without parental care live until their final establishment. In accordance with the goals, objectives and condition of the children, they may consist of the following units:
Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population provides socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and psychotherapeutic assistance to families with children. Implements measures to increase stress resistance and psychological culture, prevention of deviant forms of behavior of family members, psychological and social correction of developmental disorders in children and conflict relationships between parents and children. Consults on issues of child development, formation of marital and family relationships. Provides assistance to families in raising children, teaching family members a healthy lifestyle, and maintaining physical and mental health. Organizes the activities of self-help groups, communication clubs, and an emergency psychological helpline.
Emergency psychological assistance centers by telephone differentiate activities according to the characteristics of the population category served. Depending on it, the services “Child in Danger”, “Woman in Danger”, “Man in Danger” are distinguished.
Crisis centers for women are departments of the center for social assistance to families and children, specializing in providing assistance to women in crisis situations and, in terms of the content of their work, may include
Social assistance centers at home They are part of social service centers that specialize in home-based social, social and medical services for elderly citizens and the disabled. They include:
Social homes for single elderly people are intended for free residence of single elderly people and married couples, provided that their independence is preserved and they are provided with psychological, social and medical social assistance. Apartment buildings hotel-corridor type, where clients live who have given their housing to the state in exchange for a one- or two-room apartment in the House. There are nursing stations on the floors, and the halls are intended for meetings and group work. The lower floors are occupied by departments and welfare services providing medical, social, social rehabilitation and other services, including a canteen, laundry, post office, etc. in such a way that the client meets his needs without leaving the Home if he has difficulty walking. The House operates:
- organizational and methodological department
- advisory department.
Department of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance Conducts classes for restorative T-groups and groups for the development of communication skills, organizes circle and socio-cultural work, and self-help groups.
Gerontological centers carry out medical and social, social rehabilitation, social advisory work with elderly citizens at their place of residence. Contain:
- organizational and methodological department
- advisory department
- department of medical and social rehabilitation
- day care department.
Social service departments at home, specialized social and medical care at home And inpatient department are introduced into the structure of the Center if the territorial Center for Social Services or the Social Service Center cannot timely carry out this activity in relation to elderly citizens.
Stationary social service institutions (boarding houses) provide assistance to citizens who, for various reasons, cannot take care of themselves and receive care from relatives and family members. In addition to their structure organizational and methodological And stationary branches include occupational therapy workshops, where clients work voluntarily, learning various work skills, and social rehabilitation departments, combining elements of basic and additional education with activities typical of departments of psychological and pedagogical assistance.
Depending on the population served, these institutions are divided into boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, psychoneurological boarding schools for persons with severe mental retardation or incurable mental illness , orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities.
Night stay houses provide advisory, social rehabilitation and, in some cases, medical and social services to persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation (homeless citizens). The structure of the Houses consists of:
In recent years, various changes have been taking place in the structures of centers related to the consolidation of organizations and the transition to a different system of both financing the work with clients and encouraging the work of specialists; institutions are being reassigned. However, it is worth talking about the results of these transformations a little later.
Benefit- in a broad (general sense) - this is an improvement in the position of a subject compared to the usual state by giving him additional powers or by exempting him from performing certain duties. In a narrow (special, industry) understanding, this is the liberation of a subject, enshrined in legal norms, from the burden of fulfilling (carrying) part of the duties (Sakhno S.V., Zelenova V.V. The concept and place of the institution of benefits in the social security system. - [Electronic document] - Access mode: http://www.zabgu.ru/sites/default/files/s_ahno_zelenova.pdf Date of access: 09/01/2013) Sakhno Zelenova The concept of benefits
See: Averin A.N. State social protection system: tutorial. M.: RAGS, 2010. - 124 p.; Platonova N.M., Nesterova G.F. Theory and methodology of social work. M: Academy, 2010. 384 p.
// Grigorieva I.A., Kelasev V.N. Theory and practice of social work: Textbook. – St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2004. – P. 313-315. (Grigorieva)
Social protection of the population – a system of measures carried out by society and its various structures to ensure guaranteed minimum sufficient living conditions, maintain the life support and active existence of a person.
The Institute of Social Protection as a complex system that is being formed in society to solve numerous interrelated social problems caused by the need to help socially vulnerable social strata and groups of the population. The formation and development of such an institution occurs on the basis of the emerging legislative and regulatory framework, the creative use of historical experience, under the influence of the political, socio-economic, spiritual and moral situation in society, existing ideas about the nature and forms of social assistance to people. Its development as a mechanism for regulating the entire set of socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral relations in society is influenced by numerous factors: political, economic, ideological, moral and psychological, factors associated with social work as professional looking activities.
Political factors. They are associated with the strengthening of power carried out by it social policy, its ability to influence the state of affairs in the social sphere and implement reforms in the interests of people, ensure peace and social stability in society. The political factor manifested itself in the intensification of the activities of public associations and political parties. Issues of developing and improving social protection, supporting people who find themselves in difficult life situations, have increasingly begun to attract the attention of public associations, be included in their programs and other documents, and have been submitted as an initiative for discussion by legislative bodies.
Economic forces determine the nature and specifics of the functioning of the institution of social protection: economic consequences associated with the use of certain methods of regulating social protection; the value of the general level of consumption of the most important types of goods; modeling income through the collection of contributions, considered as a form of taxation and the provision of benefits in cash or in kind. The family, being the most important unit of society, becomes a natural protective mechanism for its members, ensuring the development of a worldview of basic behavior patterns and life strategies, and the ability to adapt to the changed conditions of society.
Ideological factors play an important role in the development of the institution of social protection. They reflect, through a system of public views and ideas, the economic life of society, and actively influence its development through the activities of the state, public associations, parties, groups and layers of society. Their influence on the performance of the emerging social protection institution is also real.
Moral and psychological factors are the most important regulators of relations arising in the sphere of human social protection. Moral and psychological problems arise frequently and manifest themselves in all areas of social assistance and human support - during the interaction between a social worker and a client, in the family, and in the activities of social service institutions. Therefore, the task of the institute of social protection is to contribute to the restoration of social justice, the legal rights of the client, to achieve the realization of his basic needs, and respect for human values. When providing social protection, the influence of psychological factors that accompany a significant part of clients’ social problems increases - problems of interaction between people, their influence on each other, relationships between them. Establishing interaction with people and providing them with assistance in social functioning is the area of interest of the institute of social protection.
Factors associated with social work as a professional activity. The social protection system and professional social work are closely related and interdependent. Becoming a professional activity, social work presupposes the presence of the necessary legislative and regulatory framework, developed infrastructure, trained personnel, in a word, everything that social protection as a social institution can provide. The social protection system is a kind of “organizational and legal field” for social work, where it fulfills its goals and objectives and implements its main functions. In turn, with the help of social work tools, social protection functions are implemented. The arrival of trained specialists in social work, an increase in the level of professionalism in working with clients, an increased ability to ensure interaction in activities to provide assistance and support to people with government organizations and public associations– all this increases the effectiveness of social protection measures.
The system of social protection of the population is based on the principles that constitute it scientific basis. Principles are scientifically based provisions that express the nature of the requirements for its content, forms and methods for the social protection of people. The most important principles social protection are humanism and social justice.
To be humane and fair in the implementation of social protection means to recognize the intrinsic value of the human person, his right to freedom, the development of his abilities, a decent, full and happy life, regardless of national, racial, religious and other individual or social characteristics. This is the creation of selfless relationships between people based on mutual assistance, understanding and kindness.
To be fair and humane in social protection is to be able to correctly assess a person’s personal potential, his internal resources, realize the main causes of life’s difficulties and determine ways to overcome them. This is also an assessment of a person from the point of view of his ability to carry out specific self-defense activities, show initiative, and entrepreneurship. This is also important because it is necessary to protect the emerging system of social protection from the danger of its transformation into an instrument of general homogenization and the spread of general poverty at a time when it should be a means of helping and supporting a truly needy person.
Justice and humanism in social protection are the provision on a legal basis to all members of society, all layers and groups of the population, of equally accessible protective guarantees and benefits, taking into account the labor contribution.
The social protection system is based on the principles of consistency and complexity. It is created as an ordered set of interacting components, as an integral formation made up of parts, as a complex of interconnected structural elements that, in the process of integration, form a certain integrity.
Closely related to consistency in the organization and content of social protection is complexity, i.e. ensuring close unity of the entire range of economic, social, legal and other measures to ensure the state-guaranteed minimum level of social protection.
Complexity is ensured by: unity of goals, principles and areas of activity; a combination of historical experience and traditions with modern practice of helping people; a comprehensive study of the object of social protection (individual, social group, territorial community, work collective); coordination and consistency of actions of social protection subjects; control over the implementation of measures to provide assistance and support to people.
The principle of preventive measures for social protection, which means that the causes of social ill-being should be prevented, revealed at the very initial stage of formation and eliminated. Preventiveness is the creation of conditions when people themselves can cope with a difficult life situation, use personal resources in case of social risks: old age, illness, unemployment.
The most important principle of social protection is its targeting, i.e. implementation of a set of measures to support decent living conditions for specifically needy people who find themselves in difficult life situations, taking into account their individual needs and the ability to satisfy them in accordance with established criteria. In modern conditions, providing means of subsistence to old, sick people, as well as people in difficult life situations, is not always targeted and fair: benefits are often not paid to those to whom they should be allocated in the first place, assigned pensions do not fully take into account the length of service of citizens, the list of social services is narrow. Targeted social protection, based on scientific methods and calculations and taking into account the individual difficult life situation of a particular person, is a means of ensuring social justice and a factor in activating his internal potential. Thanks to the principle of targeting, it is possible to achieve the main thing - to help people who find themselves in difficult life situations, to encourage and support their social initiative and activity, their desire to independently resolve problems that have arisen.
The rules and regulations of social protection of the population directly depend on the regulated law and the direction of this type of support to the population.
The basis of the state social guarantee is a minimalized social standard that determines people’s living conditions.
For example, certain rules for support are established for the mother of a newborn child, and different rules for an elderly person (pensioner).
The protection of the population is intended to determine the necessary minimum standard of living so that citizens of the Russian Federation do not find themselves below the poverty line, to establish benefits that are important for certain social groups, and to allow some to use certain services for free.
The essence of social protection
Social protection itself is a system for distributing resources among vulnerable segments of the population. Insecurity is classified and determined according to certain principles.
Public funds are based on the source of funding from the budget.
Thus, funds allocated to social services are generated through taxation. Social protection is:
- the Russian Federation’s care for people who have lost their ability to work;
- implementation of guarantees for the population;
- framework ensuring the maintenance of a minimum established standard of living.
Principles of social protection
Social protection of the population is created in such a way that it can be based on the following basic principles:
- partnership. The state undertakes to fulfill its obligations to people regarding social protection, but partnership is an integral part. Therefore, close cooperation between the state and private organizations is observed everywhere;
- economic justice. The very structure of the state is largely based on economic relations. Without ownership of certain resources, which are obtained through the ability to work, the livelihoods of citizens cannot be supported. The state must equalize the capabilities of people by determining, based on the principle of economic justice, priorities for the distribution of funds, and each category of citizens must satisfy its own established individual needs to maintain a comfortable life;
- adaptability. Social protection should work in such a way that it gradually improves itself, for which different parts of the entire system of social relationships functioning in the state are responsible;
- priority of state principles. The main task of the Russian Federation in the social direction is the need to help people who, for objective reasons, cannot do this on their own, achieve a certain standard of living that will be acceptable;
- preventive measures for social protection. Identification of risk factors associated with social orientation. As a rule, it works at the regional level, has its own levels of management priority, the main task of which is considered to be the most flexible combination of providing services on a paid or free basis to maintain normal living conditions.
Social protection bodies in the Russian Federation
The structure of the bodies responsible for the social status of citizens consists of:
- government bodies (provide the legal basis, strategy and tactics of social policy);
- civil communities (associations, organizations, firms and enterprises);
- charitable and voluntary.
The Ministry of Labor is responsible for managing social protection at the federal level in Russia.
They are managed by Pension, Social Insurance and Medical Insurance Funds.
In the regions, the executive bodies of social protection in the Russian Federation are the Department. For questions in Moscow districts, you can contact the district administration.
Social protection objects
- pensioners, including single people;
- disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War, families of fallen military personnel;
- unemployed;
- Chernobyl people;
- disabled people;
- orphans;
- large families and low-income families;
- single mothers;
- citizens without a place of residence;
- infected with HIV.
Another measure to protect the social protection of citizens is social insurance, but this area is generally considered auxiliary on a national scale.
It covers persons who have lost their ability to work, and also applies to those who support disabled citizens.
Social protection means
The means of the state for creating social protection include:
- regulatory restrictions. They are created so that through the use of certain tools it is not possible to influence the condition of unprotected sections of the population. For this purpose, minimum wages and benefit levels are established, there is free medicine and free education;
- social stimulants in the form of subsidies, preferential forms of assistance, services partially paid from the budget;
- analysis of the results of work carried out to maintain an average standard of living. As part of these programs, they are developing;
- the existence of non-state pension systems, which allows people to invest funds allocated to the budget for subsequent receipt of pensions, to contribute them to private funds on other terms;
- creation of a set of actions to provide services and social protection to disabled citizens. For example, medical supplies or supplies for sick people may be provided;
- organization of charitable foundations that direct funds to maintain a higher standard of living for different social groups.
Participants in insuring people against life difficulties that prevent them from maintaining a minimum standard of living are the state, non-state insurance funds and commercial as well as charitable organizations.
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The market does not provide its participants with guaranteed level of well-being. As has already been shown above, the incomes of various population groups depend on what factors of production they own and how the relations of supply and demand for these factors develop. This is the fairness of the market. Meanwhile, a large number of people do not have significant property, people different abilities, health levels, there are single-parent families, orphans, lonely sick old people. When analyzing types economic systems it was shown that in the conditions of pure capitalism of the 18th-9th centuries there was no mechanism for social protection of citizens in cases of unemployment, ruin, illness, and old age. The sick and poor could only count on the help of the church and charity, which the Christian religion proclaims as one of the duties of wealthy people. Thus, market justice differs from social justice, which presupposes, first of all, equality of opportunity and a decent standard of living for different people.
In economically developed countries with mixed economies, the right of people to a certain standard of well-being is recognized, and the state assumes the responsibility of carrying out broad social measures to guarantee this right.
Thus, the need for an active social policy in a modern mixed market economy follows: 1) from the desire of the state to ensure social stability by protecting the population from negative aspects market lack of guarantees of full employment and stable price levels; the unstable, cyclical nature of economic development; lack of incentives for the production of public goods and services;
2) from the needs of the most modern market economy: modern production requires qualified, educated, healthy workers, as well as a wide market for increasingly diverse, highly technical and high-quality products;
3) from the needs of society for the reproduction of a healthy population, preventing depopulation (decrease in the country's population).
Social protection of the population this is one of the most important directions of the state’s social policy, consisting in establishing and maintaining socially necessary material and socialposition of all members of society. Sometimes social protection for those strata is interpreted more narrowly: as providing for a certain level of the population who, for one reason or another, cannot independently ensure their existence: unemployed, disabled, sick, orphans, old people, single mothers, large families.
Basic principles of social protection:
Humanity;
Targeting;
Complexity;
Ensuring individual rights and freedoms.
Social protection system this is a complex of legislative
acts, measures, as well as institutions ensuring the implementation of measures
social protection of the population, support for socially vulnerable groups
population. It includes:
1. Social Security arose in Russia in the 20s and meant
creation of a state material support system and
services for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with
children at the expense of so-called public consumption funds.
however, the latter applies to a market economy.
In addition to pensions (old age, disability, etc.) to social
provision included benefits for temporary disability and
childbirth, child care up to one year old, assistance to families in
nurseries, kindergartens, boarding schools, pioneer camps, etc., family
(nursing homes, etc.), free or preferential prosthetics
assistance, providing disabled people with means of transportation,
vocational training for people with disabilities, various benefits for families
disabled people. During the transition to the market, the social security system in
to a large extent ceased to perform its functions, but part of it
elements entered into the modern system of social protection of the population.
2. Social guarantees provision of social benefits and services to citizens without taking into account labor contribution and means testing based on the principle of distribution of these benefits according to the needs of available public resources; social benefits this is a system of public guarantees provided on the basis of the mentioned principles to certain groups of the population (disabled people, labor veterans). In our country, social guarantees include:
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Guaranteed free medical care;
Public access and free education;
Minimum wage and pension; social pension;
Benefits at the birth of a child, for the period of caring for a child until he reaches the age of 1.5 years, up to 16 years;
Funeral benefit, etc.
3. Social insurance protection of the economically active population from social risks on the basis of collective solidarity in compensation for damage. Main social risks, associated with loss of ability to work, work and, accordingly, income, are illness, old age, unemployment, motherhood, accident, work injury, occupational disease, death of the breadwinner. The social insurance system is financed from special extra-budgetary funds formed from contributions from employers and employees, as well as state subsidies. There are two forms of social insurance mandatory (with the support of the state of its funds) and voluntary (in the absence of government assistance). Support for citizens is provided primarily through cash payments (pensions and benefits for illness, old age, unemployment, loss of a breadwinner, etc.), as well as through financing the services of health care institutions, vocational training etc. related to the restoration of working capacity.
4. Social support (help) provided to socially vulnerable groups of the population who, for one reason or another, are unable to secure an income for themselves. Assistance is provided through both cash and in-kind payments (free lunches, clothing) and is financed from general tax revenues.
Social assistance is usually means tested. Assistance is provided to those people whose incomes are below minimum living standards, and acts the most important element policies to combat poverty, ensure a minimum guaranteed income, as the realization of the right to life.
Social support is not limited to financial assistance. It also includes measures in the form of assistance and services provided to individuals or groups of the population by social services to overcome life difficulties, maintain social status, and adapt to society.
Such work aimed at providing assistance, support and protection to people, and above all, the socially weaker sections of society, is called social work.
Object of social work are people who need outside help: the elderly, pensioners, disabled people, seriously ill people, children; people who find themselves in difficult life situations: the unemployed, drug addicts, teenagers who have fallen into bad company, single-parent families, those convicted and those who have served their sentences, refugees and displaced persons, etc.
Subjects of social work – those organizations and people who carry out this work. This is the state as a whole, implementing social policy through state social protection bodies. These are public organizations: Russian Association social services, the Association of Social Pedagogues and Social Workers, etc. These are charitable organizations and relief societies such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The main subjects of social work are people engaged in it professionally or on a voluntary basis. Professional There are about half a million social workers (that is, people with appropriate education and diplomas) all over the world (in Russia there are several tens of thousands). The bulk of social work is carried out by non-professionals, either as a result of circumstances or out of conviction and a sense of duty.
Society is interested in increasing social efficiency work. However, it is quite difficult to define and measure it. Efficiency is understood as the ratio of the results of activities and the costs required to achieve this result. Efficiency in the social sphere is a complex category that consists of goals, results, costs and conditions of social activity. Result - this is the final result of any activity in relation to its goal. It can be positive or negative. In social work, the result is the satisfaction of the needs of its objects, clients of social services, and on this basis a general improvement in the social situation in society. Criteria for the effectiveness of social work at the macro level Indicators of the financial situation of a family (person), life expectancy, level and structure of morbidity, homelessness, drug addiction, crime, etc. can serve as indicators.
With criterion efficiency is closely related to the problem of the limits of social assistance to citizens. As with the implementation of income policy, it is necessary to take into account possible Negative consequences massive social support: the appearance of dependency, passivity, reluctance to make decisions and solve one’s problems. Negative phenomena may arise in the social sphere (for example, active support for single mothers may result in a decrease in the marriage rate and, ultimately, the birth rate).