1. Specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow include specially protected natural areas of federal and regional significance, the boundaries, categories and types of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas.
2. Natural territories in the city of Moscow include those with environmental, natural-recreational, environmental protection and other natural qualities that are not included in in the prescribed manner to specially protected natural areas, the boundaries, categories and types of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
3. Green areas, the boundaries, categories and types of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas, include:
1) green areas common use, including squares, boulevards, gardens, parks, and other areas;
2) green areas of limited use;
3) green areas special purpose.
4. The composition of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas may include land plots that are reserved in accordance with the established procedure for state needs in order to recreate lost, restore degraded specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas or for the purpose of creating new green areas.
5. The composition of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas may include territories of cultural heritage sites, including monuments of landscape, garden and park architecture, estate architecture, the boundaries, protection and use regimes of which are established in accordance with the legislation on the protection of cultural heritage sites .
6. Within the boundaries of the territories of cultural heritage sites, areas of the territory of valuable natural objects may be allocated, the boundaries and protection regimes of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
7. Within the boundaries of green areas, areas of the territory of valuable natural objects may be allocated, the boundaries and protection regimes of which are established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
Article 52. Planning the development and placement of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas
1. Planning for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas in the city of Moscow is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas, this Code.
2. Planning for the development and location of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow is carried out on the basis of the General Plan of the city of Moscow by developing and approving in accordance with the procedure established by the Law of the city of Moscow of September 26, 2001 N 48 “On specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow” the procedure for development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow. Planning for the development and placement of natural and green areas in the city of Moscow is carried out on the basis of the General Plan of the City of Moscow and the scheme for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow as part of territorial and sectoral schemes.
3. Draft documents specified in part 1 of this article, containing provisions on the development and location of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, on the establishment or change of their categories, boundaries, on the use of such territories, on the reservation of lands for state needs for the purposes of development of such territories, on the construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects in such territories, are subject to mandatory agreement with the executive authority of the city of Moscow carrying out public administration in the field of environmental protection, which establishes the compliance or non-compliance of the project submitted for approval with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas.
Article 53. Establishing and changing the boundaries of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas
1. The boundaries of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas are established and changed in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, protection and use of natural and green areas, environmental protection, environmental assessment, taking into account the documents specified in part 2 Article 52 of this Code, as well as taking into account the territory planning projects.
2. Establishing and changing the boundaries of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas is carried out by the Moscow Government if available positive conclusion executive authority of the city of Moscow, exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.
Article 54. Ensuring a balance in the development of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas and other types of areas in the city of Moscow
1. For the purpose of sustainable development of the city of Moscow, protecting the human right to a favorable living environment, creating conditions for the conservation and development of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas Master plan of the city of Moscow, the scheme for the development and placement of specially protected natural areas in the city of Moscow, territorial schemes and sectoral schemes, documentation on territory planning establish indicators for the balance of the areas of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, on the one hand, and the areas of other types of territories, on the one hand the other side. The specified balance sheet indicators are established in relation to:
1) to the entire territory of the city of Moscow;
2) to the territories of administrative districts of the city of Moscow, districts of the city of Moscow;
3) to the territories of functional planning formations.
2. Changing the boundaries of specially protected natural areas, the boundaries of natural and green areas is allowed only under the conditions of compliance with the established indicators of the balance of these territories and other types of territories or increasing the share of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas in the balance of territories specified in paragraphs 1-3 Part 1 of this article.
Article 55. Features of regulation of urban planning activities in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas
1. Regulation urban planning activities in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas is carried out in accordance with the categories, types, protection regimes, modes of use and zoning of these territories, established in accordance with the legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas .
2. In accordance with the legislation specified in part 1 of this article, regimes for regulating urban planning activities are established in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, which determine:
1) functional purpose of the territory;
2) requirements and restrictions regarding landscaping of the territory;
3) requirements and restrictions regarding construction, reconstruction, use of capital construction facilities, including facilities:
a) necessary to ensure the protection and maintenance of the territory;
b) necessary for serving visitors;
c) other objects that do not contradict the protection regimes of specially protected natural areas, the regimes for the protection and use of natural, green areas;
4) other requirements and restrictions on urban planning activities.
3. Regimes for regulating urban planning activities can be established in relation to the entire specially protected natural territory, natural and green areas or parts of the specified territory.
4. Parts of specially protected natural areas within which the placement of capital construction projects is allowed must be highlighted in the rules of land use and development as separate territorial zones for which town planning regulations are established.
5. In relation to zones, sections of the territory of specially protected natural areas, natural areas intended for recreational use, placement of objects specified in paragraph 3 of part 2 of this article, in relation to green areas for public use, regimes for regulating urban planning activities are established in accordance with the legislation specified in part 1 of this article, and in accordance with regional regulations.
6. In relation to green areas of limited use, green areas for special purposes, regimes for regulating urban planning activities are established in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection and use of natural and green areas, technical regulations, requirements for the use of territories in zones with special conditions for the use of territories, as well as in accordance with regional regulations.
7. Regimes for regulating urban planning activities in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas are established as part of territorial, sectoral schemes, and territory planning projects.
Article 56. Features of the planning of specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas
1. Drawings as part of planning projects for specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas must display the boundaries of zones, areas of territory with protection regimes established in accordance with legislation, regimes for the use of these territories, regimes for regulating urban planning activities.
2. Planning projects for specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, planning projects for other territories containing provisions on changing the boundaries, categories, use of natural and green areas are subject to mandatory approval by the executive authority of the city of Moscow, which carries out public administration in the field of environmental protection environment, which establishes the compliance or non-compliance of the project submitted for approval with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, protection and use of natural and green areas.
3. Lost power.
4. Development of an urban planning plan for an existing land plot, planned in a specially protected natural area, natural territory, green area of a capital construction project is carried out only on the condition that protection regimes, use regimes, and regulation regimes for urban planning activities are established for this entire territory. The urban planning plan of the specified land plot must define restrictions on the use of the land plot, capital construction facility, necessary to comply with the established regimes for the protection and use of a specially protected natural area, natural, green area.
Article 57. Features of architectural and construction design, construction, reconstruction, major repairs of capital construction projects in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas
1. Development project documentation capital construction projects in specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas are carried out in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of protection of specially protected natural areas, protection and use of natural and green areas, protection of green spaces. The construction organization project section as part of the design documentation for capital construction projects must contain provisions and measures that ensure that preparatory work, construction, reconstruction, major repairs of a capital construction project, compliance with the established regime for the protection of a specially protected natural area, natural, green area. Carrying out state examination the above design documentation is mandatory.
2. State examination of design documentation and state environmental examination of design documentation of objects, construction, reconstruction, major repairs of which are supposed to be carried out in specially protected natural areas, are carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of November 23, 1995 N 174-FZ “On Environmental Expertise” and Town Planning Code Russian Federation. Conducting a state examination of the design documentation of objects, construction, reconstruction, major repairs of which are supposed to be carried out in natural, green areas is mandatory.
3. During construction, reconstruction, major renovation capital construction projects:
1) the executive authority of the city of Moscow, authorized to carry out state construction supervision, checks the compliance of the work performed during the construction, reconstruction, major repairs of capital construction projects with the requirements of technical regulations, including in terms of environmental protection requirements, specially protected natural areas, natural and green areas, as well as compliance of the specified works with project documentation, including the provisions of the construction organization project specified in part 1 of this article;
2) the executive authority of the city of Moscow, exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection, ensures state control over the condition of specially protected natural areas, natural, green areas in order to prevent violations of the protection regimes of these areas during construction, reconstruction, and major repairs of capital construction projects.
- Chapter 1. (Articles 1-10)
- Article 1.
- Article 2.
- Article 3.
- Article 4.
- Article 5.
- Article 6.
- Article 7.
- Article 8.
- Article 9.
- Article 10.
- Chapter 2. (Articles 11-18)
- Article 11.
- Article 12.
- Article 13.
- Article 14.
- Article 15.
- Article 16.
- Article 17.
- Article 18.
- Chapter 3. (Articles 19-22)
- Article 19.
- Article 20.
- Article 21.
- Article 22.
- Chapter 4. (Articles 23-27)
- Article 23.
- Article 24.
- Article 25.
- Article 26.
- Article 27.
- Chapter 5. (Articles 28-30)
- Article 28.
- Article 29.
- Article 30.
- Chapter 6. (Articles 31-33)
- Article 31.
- Article 32.
- Article 33.
- Chapter 7. (Articles 34-37)
- Article 34.
- Article 35.
- Article 36.
- Article 37. Repealed
- Chapter 8. (Articles 38-44)
- Article 38.
- Article 39.
- Article 40.
- Article 41.
- Article 42.
- Article 43.
- Article 44.
- Chapter 9. (Articles 45-50)
- Article 45.
- Article 46.
- Article 47.
- Article 48.
- Article 49.
- Article 50.
- Chapter 10. (Articles 51-57)
- Article 51.
- Article 52.
- Article 53.
- Article 54.
- Article 55.
- Article 56.
- Article 57.
- Chapter 11. (Articles 58-65)
- Article 58.
- Article 59.
- Article 60.
- Article 61.
- Article 62.
- Article 63.
- Article 64.
- Article 65.
- Chapter 12. (Articles 66-70)
- Article 66.
- Article 67.
- Article 68.
- Article 69.
- Article 70.
- Chapter 13. (Articles 71-74)
- Article 71.
- Article 72.
- Article 77.
- Article 78.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are areas of land or water surface that, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
The Law on Protected Natural Areas was adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to it, protected natural areas are intended to maintain ecological balance, preserve the genetic diversity of natural resources, most fully reflect the biogeocenotic diversity of the country's biomes, study the evolution of ecosystems and the influence of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as to solve various economic and social tasks.
According to this law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, the following main categories of these territories are distinguished:
a) state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;
b) national parks;
c) natural parks;
d) government natural reserves;
e) natural monuments;
f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens.
Having briefly described each category of territories, I will give Full description first.
And so, national parks are relatively large natural territories and water areas, where the fulfillment of three main goals is ensured: environmental (maintaining ecological balance and preserving natural ecosystems), recreational (regulated tourism and recreation of people) and scientific (development and implementation of methods for preserving the natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors). The most famous national parks: these are " Losiny Island"(St. Petersburg region), "Sochi", "Elbrus", "Valdai", "Russian North".
Natural parks are areas of particular ecological and aesthetic value, with a relatively mild protection regime and used primarily for organized recreation of the population. The most famous are “Russian Forest” in the Moscow region; "Turgoyak" in the Chelyabinsk region, on the shore of Lake Turgoyak. It was to this lake that my friends and I went on vacation last summer and visited the natural park. Tent tourism, bicycle tourism, and excursions to the island of “St. Helena” are developed there. There are pine forests all around, fresh air. I really liked it.
The next category - state natural reserves - are territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. Preserve and restore the population density of one or more species of animals or plants, as well as natural landscapes, water bodies etc. Example: the Vienna Forest nature reserve in the Tikhvin district of the Leningrad region.
Natural monuments are unique, non-reproducible natural objects that have scientific, environmental, cultural and aesthetic value (caves, small tracts, ancient trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc.). An example is: the Kivach waterfall on the river. Sune (Karelia); rock "Brothers" (Altai Mountains); dark bark birch (in Lebyazhyevsky district); Rocky outcrops (Northern Urals).
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose task is to create a collection of trees and shrubs for the purpose of preserving biodiversity and enriching the flora, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and educational purposes.
And finally, State Nature Reserves are areas of territory that are completely withdrawn from normal economic use in order to preserve the natural complex in its natural state.
The basis of nature conservation work is based on the following basic principles:
Creation in reserves of conditions necessary for the conservation and development of all species of animals and plants;
Maintaining the ecological balance of landscapes by protecting natural ecosystems;
The opportunity to study the evolution of natural ecosystems, both regionally and in broader biogeographical terms; solve many autecological and synecological issues (i.e., individual individuals and communities of organisms);
Inclusion in the scope of activities of nature reserves of socio-economic issues related to meeting the recreational, local history and other needs of the population.
The foundations of conservation in Russia were laid by such scientists as I. P. Borodin, G. A. Kozhevnikov, A. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, D. K. Solovyov.
The reserves have become the basis for the conservation, reproduction and elimination of the threat of extinction of many rare species of plants and animals such as beaver, wild ass, bison, sika deer, tiger, leopard, sable, common eider, flamingo, etc.
Zoological and botanical research is carried out in the reserves; For operational analysis of air, water, and soil, mini-laboratories are being created, weather stations and weather posts are functioning.
In 2006, there were about 100 state nature reserves in Russia with a total area of 33.7 million hectares, which is less than 2% of the entire territory of Russia.
To smooth out the influence of adjacent territories, especially in areas with well-developed infrastructure, protected zones are created around nature reserves where economic activity is limited.
Among Russian nature reserves, a special place is occupied by biosphere reserves, which are part of the global network of UNESCO biosphere reserves. Six of them have integrated background monitoring stations that provide data on chemical pollution of reference protected ecosystems. In a number of reserves there are nurseries in which the most valuable gene pool is preserved, studied and bred. rare species animals.
The largest reserves are Taimyrsky and Ust-Lensky, the area of each of them exceeds 1.5 million hectares. The Teberda, Altai, Kronotsky (Kamchatka), Voronezh reserves, as well as the Ilmensky reserve are unique in the diversity of flora and fauna.
More than 1,100 species of higher plants grow in the Teberda Nature Reserve, including 186 species endemic to the Caucasus. There are 137 species of vertebrates.
The Altai Nature Reserve is home to 1,500 species of vascular plants, 73 species of mammals, 310 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians and reptiles. In the alpine belt there are snow leopards - snow leopards (listed in the Red Book), Siberian mountain goats, and argali.
In the Kronotsky Nature Reserve there are 30 species of mammals and more than 130 species of birds. The most valuable inhabitant is the Kamchatka sable.
In the Voronezh Nature Reserve, river beaver stocks are being restored. Also protected are European deer, elk, roe deer, martens, etc.
Ilmensky Nature Reserve Southern Urals is unique. Ilmeny is a natural geological museum. More than 250 minerals have been discovered here, from common to rare ones. A wide variety of flora and fauna. This is not all that I was able to give as an example. In addition to these, there are many more reserves.
Do-it-yourself specially protected natural areas:
how to achieve protected status
for valuable natural areas and objects
Defend your right to favorable environment it is possible not only by defending against destructive business projects, but also by working “proactively” - seeking, for example, to give protected status to natural objects or even entire territories that represent valuable ecosystems and landscapes and are significant for local communities (for example, this can be unique natural objects that have become " business card» this or that area, etc.).
Let's try to figure it out how to initiate the creation of specially protected natural areas(SPNA), where to start, where and who to contact, and what should ultimately appear at the output.
WHAT IS A PA?
There are significant discrepancies between popular ideas about specially protected natural areas and the provisions of the law. For example, not always popular natural areas that have high aesthetic qualities or are attractive from a recreational point of view have the status of specially protected areas, and on the other hand, not all protected areas have attractive qualities from the point of view of the average person. For example, “unaesthetic” swamps or steppe areas that may not seem worth any protection to non-specialists may fall under protection.
So, specially protected natural areas- these are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where they are located natural complexes and objects that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health valuee, which confiscated decisions of bodies state power fully or partially from economic use and for which it is installed special protection regime (the federal law“On specially protected natural areas” No. 33 Federal Law dated March 14, 1995).
The law establishes six categories of protected areas:
- State natural reserves, including biosphere reserves
- National parks
- Natural parks
- State nature reserves
- Natural monuments
- Dendrological parks and botanical gardens
Nature reserves and national parks are areas that can be only of federal significance, and natural parks, on the contrary, can be only of regional significance. As for the remaining categories, they can be of both federal and regional significance. In addition, the law allows that local governments can also create specially protected natural areas in their municipalities (in this case they are considered protected areas of local importance). But for this, the law of the subject of the Russian Federation must establish categories of local protected areas.
It is important to note that regional authorities, by their law, have the right to establish and other categories of protected areas. For example, in the Moscow region there are seven categories of “our own” protected areas - for example, natural micro-reserves and specially protected water bodies. It's the same in Krasnodar region, where, for example, local authorities have established such a category as “natural attraction” - specifically for the protection of natural objects and areas with high aesthetic qualities that are important for the development of tourism.
PA management system in general outline is presented in the diagram and looks like this. The Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia is responsible for protected areas of federal significance; the corresponding divisions of regional administrations (ministries, departments, administrations) are responsible for territories at the regional level. Territories of local significance are managed by municipal administrations.
Now let's look at the differences between protected areas of different categories from each other.
State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. The status of state natural biosphere reserves is given to state natural reserves that are part of the international system of biosphere reserves.
On the territory of state natural reserves completely withdrawn from economic use specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water bodies, subsoil, flora and fauna) of environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
Objectives of the reserves:
Carrying out the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state
- Organization and conduct of scientific research, including maintaining the Chronicle of Nature
- Implementation of state environmental monitoring ( state monitoring environment)
- Assistance in training scientific personnel and specialists in the field of environmental protection
- Environmental education and development of educational tourism
National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.
Features of national parks and their main difference from nature reserves is the presence of zoning of the territory. The following zones (areas with different protection regimes) can be distinguished within a national park:
- protected area (where a regime close to that of nature reserves operates)
- specially protected area (excursions and educational tourism are allowed)
- recreational area (intended for ecological and educational tourism)
- protection zone for cultural heritage sites
- economic zone
- zone of traditional extensive natural resource management.
The tasks of national parks include: preservation of natural complexes, unique and reference natural sites and objects; preservation of historical and cultural objects; environmental education of the population; creating conditions for regulated tourism and recreation; development and implementation scientific methods nature conservation and environmental education; implementation of state environmental monitoring; restoration of damaged natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects.
Natural parks- “younger brothers” of the national ones. Natural parks are specially protected natural areas of regional significance (only), within the boundaries of which zones with ecological, cultural or recreational purposes are identified, and accordingly, prohibitions and restrictions on economic and other activities are established.
State nature reserves are territories (water areas) that have special meaning to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. State nature reserves can be of federal or regional significance.
Reserves can be of the following types:
Complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);
- biological (botanical and zoological), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;
- paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;
- hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), intended for the preservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems;
- geological, intended for the preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
The tasks and features of the regime of special protection of the territory of a specific state nature reserve are determined position about it, approved by the relevant government agency.
In the territories of state natural reserves, any activity is permanently or temporarily prohibited or limited if it contradicts the goals of creating state natural reserves or causes harm to natural complexes and their components.
For example, if a reserve was created to protect a certain species of animals, then hunting for this species may be limited, habitat conditions may deteriorate - forest cutting, soil disturbance, etc.
Owners, possessors and users of land plots located within the boundaries of state natural reserves are obliged to comply with the special protection regime established in state natural reserves and bear administrative, criminal and other liability established by law for its violation.
Natural monuments– these are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. As a rule, these are relatively small objects or areas of natural territories (for example, a separate rocky outcrop, a gorge, an old-time tree, a unique area of forest (for example, represented by species atypical for a particular region) and so on. But natural monuments are also The areas may be quite large in area (for example, it could be an entire mountain range or a river valley).
In the territories where natural monuments are formed and within their borders security zones Any activity that entails a violation of the preservation of natural monuments is prohibited. Owners, possessors and users of land plots on which natural monuments are located are required to comply with the regime of special protection of natural monuments. A classic example: if a logging company leases an area of the state forest fund on which there are natural monuments, then it will be obliged to comply with all those restrictions (including a ban on timber extraction) that are specified in the passports of natural monuments.
PAs of local importance
Concerning PAs of local importance, then local governments can create them only on land plots owned by the relevant municipality. If the specially protected natural area being created will occupy more than five percent of total area of land plots owned by a municipal entity, the decision to create a specially protected natural area is coordinated by the local government body with the state authority of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation. (Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas” No. 33 Federal Law dated March 14, 1995).
What documents should be studied when initiating the creation of protected areas?
You discovered that in the vicinity of your area there is, say, some interesting geological object that does not have a protective status and may, for example, eventually be used for the placement of a quarry for the extraction of inert materials.
The first thing you should look at is the Scheme for the placement and development of protected areas or the territorial planning scheme for your region (as a rule, this is a map with protected areas marked on it, as well as a list of existing and planned protected areas). You can search for such a scheme on the websites of regional departments of architecture and urban planning, bodies responsible for managing protected areas, or you can send a request to the relevant government authority to provide such a scheme in printed form.
They are also all published on the website fgis.economy.gov.ru.
If, based on the results of studying the diagram, it turns out that the natural object (territory) you are interested in is already listed there, then this is already half the battle: in this case, all that remains is to encourage local officials to begin the process of creating protected areas: at least, you can force them to designate specific deadlines.
Land reservation is a way to protect valuable territories before the status of protected areas is given.
Moreover, you can request to reserve land plot for a future protected area, using the norms of land legislation:
- Article 70.1 Land Code of the Russian Federation, which states that land reservation for state or municipal needs is carried out, including when creating specially protected natural areas;
- Article 95 Land Code of the Russian Federation, according to which “in order to create new and expand existing lands of specially protected natural territories, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have the right to make decisions on the reservation of lands that are supposed to be declared lands of specially protected natural territories, with the subsequent withdrawal of such lands, and on restrictions on them economic activity».
At the same time, we must remember that for the creation of protected areas, only state or municipal lands that are not provided for ownership or lease can be reserved.
Expert support and work with local authorities
If the territory where you would like to create a protected area is not listed in the Scheme, the first step to take is to initiate its inclusion there. The fact is that the Schemes for the placement and development of protected areas (Territorial Planning Schemes) are periodically updated (usually every three to four years or more often) - the list of already created protected areas is replenished, and also territories in respect of which proposals have been received to give them protective status*.
*Formally, to create a protected area, its preliminary inclusion in the Territorial Planning Scheme is not necessary. However, in most regions the authorities require this.
In this case, the appeal must be sent to the authority authorized to initiate changes to the Scheme (for example, the regional Ministry of Natural Resources). At this stage, it is very important to enlist expert support - look for universities, specialized research institutes or scientists (in the end, you can even contact the local history museum) who are ready to write an expert opinion that the natural area in question has unique environmental characteristics, is a rare landscape or ecosystem or is, for example, a habitat for species listed in the Red Book.
It is very useful to refer to both the federal law on protected areas and the corresponding regional legislation, which defines specially protected natural areas and lists their features and characteristics - you can indicate that the territory in question meets all or part of these criteria.
The more complete and convincing your arguments are, the higher the chances that your proposals will be accepted. When taking the initiative to create a protected area, it is advisable to immediately determine the most suitable category (see above), which best suits the goals of preserving the territory.
However, even if your efforts are crowned with success and the potential protected area is reflected in the Scheme for the placement and development of protected areas (Territorial Planning Scheme), it is not at all a fact that in the coming years the authorities will initiate design work. Here everything depends on your persistence, desire and ability to carry out the necessary lobbying work, using a set of tools suitable for a particular case - from armchair negotiations to a wide public campaign with petitions, mass actions, involvement of the media, and so on.
Since the authorities like to use the excuse that there is no money in the budget for the creation of new protected areas, an alternative is to try to find private funding for the preparation of a comprehensive environmental survey (IEC) of the territory in order to give it the status of a protected area. For example, the World Fund spends substantial money on the preparation of the IEA for the creation of protected areas in Russia. wildlife(WWF), there are also a number Russian funds, financing such projects.
You can also try to look for support among local businesses - it is possible that there are companies in your region that are ready to finance environmental initiatives to create their own positive image.
The general scheme of the main stages of creating protected areas is as follows:
- Preparation of materials for a comprehensive environmental survey (MCES) of the territory in order to give it the status of a protected area (including materials for assessing the impact of the creation of a protected area on the environment), preparation of a draft regulation (passport).
- Coordination with the local administration (municipality).
- Conducting public discussions organized by local governments.
- Conducting a state environmental assessment of MKEO.
- Making a decision on compulsory medical insurance (for local protected areas), sending materials to the Government of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (for regional ones).
- Coordination with the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, adoption of the governor’s resolution.
One of the most difficult stages– try to convince local authorities that the protected area being created will not harm economic development municipality and region and try to find a reasonable compromise with them. If possible, it is better not to enter into open confrontation, because the position of local authorities often plays a decisive role when the issue of creating protected areas is discussed. In addition, local authorities are also responsible for organizing public hearings on the materials of the IEA: it costs local officials nothing to turn the local population against the created protected area and thereby greatly complicate an already difficult process (in response to your public campaign for the creation of a protected area, campaign with opposite demands).
Again they can help authoritative experts: You can prepare and send to the municipal head a detailed letter with explanations and economic calculations if, for example, officials are unreasonably afraid of a fall in local budget revenues.
Procedure for holding public discussions
Carrying out public discussions EEO materials are regulated by the Regulations on the assessment of planned economic and other activities on the environment in the Russian Federation (Order of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia dated May 16, 2000 No. 372). So, clause 4.3. This Regulation states that informing the public and other participants in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) at the stage of notification, preliminary assessment and preparation terms of reference to conduct an environmental impact assessment is carried out by the customer.
Information in brief form is published in official publications of federal executive authorities (for objects of examination at the federal level), in official publications of executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments on whose territory the implementation of the object of state environmental assessment is planned, as well as on whose territory the planned economic and other activities may have an impact.
Clause 4.8. The Regulations establish that information about the timing and location of availability of a preliminary version of materials on environmental impact assessment, the date and location of public hearings, and other forms of public participation is published in the media no later than 30 days before the end of public discussions (conducting public hearings).
The customer (in this case, the EEA) also communicates this information to the interested public, whose interests may be directly or indirectly affected in the event of the implementation of the planned activity or who have expressed their interest in the impact assessment process and other participants in the environmental impact assessment process, who may not have access to the specified media.
The customer ensures that public hearings are held on the planned activity with the drawing up of a protocol that clearly identifies the main issues of discussion, as well as the subject of disagreement between the public and the customer (if any has been identified). The protocol is signed by representatives of executive authorities and local government, citizens, public organizations (associations), and the customer. The minutes of the public hearings are included as one of the annexes in the final version of the materials on assessing the environmental impact of the planned economic and other activities.
Clause 4.10 The Regulations regulate that the presentation of a preliminary version of materials on environmental impact assessment to the public for review and comments is made within 30 days, but no later than 2 weeks before the end of public discussions (public hearings).
Acceptance of written comments and proposals from citizens and public organizations in the period before a decision is made on the implementation of the planned economic and other activities, documentation of these proposals in appendices to environmental impact assessment materials is ensured by the customer within 30 days after the end of the public discussion.
It is important, however, to understand that the creation of a specially protected natural area is not a panacea at all, and having achieved the desired result, one cannot wash one’s hands with a sense of accomplishment - in order for the protected area to be real and not “paper”, it is necessary to organize public control over compliance with its regime , it is necessary to monitor any actions of local authorities aimed at changing the boundaries, regime or zoning of the protected area. It is also important to achieve cadastral registration of the protected area - this will eliminate any discrepancies regarding its boundaries and configuration.
Author of the instructions- Dmitry Shevchenko, deputy coordinator of the “Environmental Watch in the North Caucasus” (instructions prepared based on the materials of the webinar “SPNA by the hands of citizens”, conducted by Mikhail Kreindlin, head of the SPNA program at Greenpeace Russia).
3.Specially protected natural areas (specially protected areas)
Protected areas and tourism. State nature reserves. National and natural parks. State nature reserves. Natural monuments. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Medical and recreational areas and resorts. Ecological tourism.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are objects of national heritage and are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
To specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: nature reserves, natural monuments, protected forest areas, national parks, nature reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape.
According to estimates from leading international organizations, at the end of the 90s there were about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
Specially protected natural areas are important in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:
§ state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;
§ National parks;
§ natural parks;
§ state nature reserves;
§ natural monuments;
§ dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
§ medical and recreational areas and resorts.
Protected areas may have federal, regional or local significance . Protected areas of federal significance are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies. SPNAs of regional significance are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. PAs of local importance are the property of municipalities and are under the jurisdiction of local governments.
State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
These reserves are the most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection in Russia, which has priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity.
On the territory of the reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) of environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of genetic fund of flora and fauna.
Reserves– environmental institutions, the territory or water area of which includes natural complexes and objects of unique environmental value, intended for use for environmental, scientific and educational purposes.
Unlike national parks, nature reserves have very limited recreational use, mostly educational only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the reserves. In particular, there are 4 main zones:
· a protected area in which animals and vegetable world develops without human intervention;
· scientific monitoring zone, in which the reserve's scientists monitor the condition and development of protected natural objects;
· an environmental education zone, where the nature museum of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated paths are laid along which groups of tourists are led to become familiar with the natural features of the complex;
· economic and administrative zone.
National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and regulated tourism.
Abroad, national parks are the most popular view SPNA. In particular, in the USA, the history of the creation of some parks goes back more than a hundred years.
The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions.
Consequently, in the most conventional version, 4 functional zones are distinguished on the territory of any national park:
· a protected zone, within which all recreational and economic activities are prohibited;
· zone of reserved regime – preservation of natural objects with strictly regulated recreational use;
· educational tourism zone – organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park;
· zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.
Natural parks of regional significance - relatively new category Protected natural areas of Russia. They are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Parks are located on lands granted to them for indefinite (permanent) use, and in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.
One of the most “massive” categories of specially protected natural areas are state natural reserves, which exist in almost all regions of the Russian Federation. Declaring a territory as a state nature reserve is permitted both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and possessors of land plots.
State nature reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.
State nature reserves can be of federal or regional significance and have a different profile. Landscape reserves are designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (botanical and zoological) – conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including economically, scientifically and culturally valuable species); paleontological – preservation of fossil objects; hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea) – conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems; geological – preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
Natural monuments – unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Areas of land and water, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments.
Natural monuments may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of the protected natural complexes and objects.
Russian legislation identifies another category of protected natural areas – dendrological parks and botanical gardens. These are predominantly urban and suburban facilities created for educational, scientific and only partially recreational purposes.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks carry out the introduction of plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop scientific basis ornamental horticulture, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduction of wild plants into cultivation, protection of introduced plants from pests and diseases, as well as developing methods and techniques of selection and agricultural technology for creating sustainable decorative displays, principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and using introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment .
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal or regional significance and are formed accordingly by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.
You can become familiar with the types and forms of recreational use of specially protected natural areas in detail by studying the textbook excerpts from articles covering this issue presented below.
HEALTH AND HEALTH AREAS- specially protected natural sites, which, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995, may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). RESORT - a specially protected natural area developed and used for therapeutic and preventive purposes, which has natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (Federal Law “On natural healing resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts” dated February 23, 1995 .).
There are distinctions between municipalities of local significance (under the jurisdiction of local government bodies), municipalities of regional significance (under the jurisdiction of the state authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation), and municipalities of federal significance (under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies).
Types of institutions: sanatoriums, holiday homes, boarding houses, resort clinics, resort. hotels, treatment hotels.
Main types of resorts:
Balneotherapeutic (min. water)
Mud (therapeutic mud)
Climatic (forest, seaside, mountain, climate-kumyso - medicinal)
!!!See the table with resorts in your tour notebook. resources in seminars!!!
Ecological tourism(especially in the form of biosphere ecotourism) is the most environmentally friendly type of environmental management. Within its framework, knowledge can follow either the educational process or simply familiarization. The difference between the first type of knowledge and the second is that the educational process is associated with the targeted and thematic acquisition of information about the elements of the ecosystem, and the educational process is associated with non-professional observation of nature. Familiarization can take place passively (stationary presence in the natural environment), active (associated with the tourist’s transitions from one point of interest natural object to another) and sports (overcoming natural obstacles when passing routes) forms.
Therefore, it is necessary to define ecotourism as an activity based on the following principles:
Ø Journey into nature, and the main content of such trips is acquaintance with living nature, as well as with local customs and culture.
Ø Minimizing negative consequences of an environmental and socio-cultural nature, maintaining environmental sustainability of the environment.
Ø Promoting the protection of nature and the local socio-cultural environment.
Ø Environmental education and awareness.
Ø Participation local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities, which creates economic incentives for them to protect nature.
Ø Economic efficiency and contribution to the sustainable development of the regions visited.
These signs are indicated as fundamental for ecotourism by recognized authorities in this field - N.V. Moraleva and E.Yu. Ledovskikh, participants of the Dersu Uzala Ecotourism Development Fund.
4.Cultural and historical tourist resources.
Concept, essence. Material and spiritual cultural and historical objects.
material- all means of production and material assets of society (historical and cultural monuments, enterprises of all sectors of the national economy) that can satisfy the cognitive needs of people;
spiritual- achievements of society in state and public life, science, culture, art.
In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which represent the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities; on this basis, they optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.
Among cultural and historical sites the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are the most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments.
HISTORICAL MONUMENTS. These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.
ARCHEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS. These are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.
MONUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE. The following objects are most typical for them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, blocks, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other populated areas, buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied, landscape art, suburban landscapes.
ART MONUMENTS. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.
DOCUMENTARY MONUMENTS. These are acts of government and administrative bodies, other written and graphic documents, film, photo and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, and rare printed publications.
To cultural and historical The prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to history, culture and modern human activities: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts , folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.
All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.
The first group consists of monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.
The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.
The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology according to recreational significance.
The basis of the typology is the informational essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of a given type, cognitive and educational significance, attractiveness (external attractiveness).
Information content cultural and historical sites for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of an object, it is necessary to classify the object on a basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection.
You can choose 2 classification criteria:
degree of organization of the object for display
the location of the tourists in relation to the object of inspection.
According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display.
Organized objects require more inspection time, since they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as a general plan accompanying the excursion, a background that is covered at one glance without a detailed examination.
According to the location of the tourists, the objects are divided into
interior (internal inspection of the facility)
exterior ( visual inspection object). The total time for inspecting exterior objects is always longer than the time for inspecting interior objects (perhaps with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS AND THEIR VARIETIES
Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various denominations (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.
Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to religious complexes can be carried out by different groups for different purposes. There are several forms of such travel.
Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as country palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the kremlins and boyars' chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (public places, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, houses of governors), buildings of theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built with funds from patrons of the arts according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamsk road race for royalty, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which are now part of the cities or stand along old roads. Industrial architecture includes factory buildings, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.
Archaeological sites. Archaeological sites include villages, burial mounds, rock paintings, earthworks, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations from the earliest periods. Archaeological sites are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological exhibitions.
Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum exhibitions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.
Ethnographic monuments classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethnocultural and sociocultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways of life, customs and forms of environmental management are most fully preserved.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL AND METHODOLOGY FOR ITS ASSESSMENT
Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial sites, folk crafts, museums, that is, combinations of objects of material and spiritual culture.
Cultural heritage is the legacy of the historical development of civilization that has accumulated in a given territory.
Each era leaves its mark, which is discovered in cultural layers during archaeological excavations. Almost every area can be of interest for educational tourism. But places where people lived for a long time keep more traces of material culture.
In historical and cultural potential includes the entire sociocultural environment with traditions and customs, features of everyday and economic activities. Tourists, visiting a particular country, perceive cultural complexes as a whole.
The assessment of cultural complexes for recreational purposes is carried out using two main methods:
1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture. It is carried out by expert means: objects of global, federal, regional and local significance are established;
2) necessary and sufficient time for inspection. This method allows you to compare different territories according to the prospects of their historical and cultural potential for tourism.
For cultural complexes, as well as for natural ones, important characteristics are reliability and capacity.
The reliability of cultural complexes is determined by two factors: resistance to recreational loads and the stability of its compliance with the value criteria formed among the population.
The first factor determines how much tourist flow a given cultural complex can withstand. This is especially important for museums, where it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity regime to preserve exhibits. An urgent issue is the use of modern technical means to increase the resistance of cultural complexes to recreational loads and the regulation of the flow of tourists.
The second factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in a given cultural site. Their interest in world heritage sites remains stable (Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture of Athens, architectural and historical-cultural monuments of Paris, St. Petersburg, etc.).
The capacity of a cultural complex is determined by the duration of the period during which tourists can perceive the information contained in it, and depends on two factors: the attractiveness of the object of inspection and the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, which are distinguished by significant individuality and have a certain limit.
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