Polynomial complex sentences (PCS) are divided into two types. The first type includes NGNs in which all subordinate clauses relate to the main clause. Depending on the meaning of subordinate clauses and their relationship to the main one, they divide homogeneous suggestions and heterogeneous.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous
Subordinate clauses that refer to the same member of the main sentence or to the main sentence as a whole are called homogeneous. They are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-union connection and are called subordinate clauses.
Examples: I saw how she left, and how he looked after her for a long time.
Until recently, we recalled that we were very friendly with him and that whenever possible we tried to see each other.
Subordinate clauses that belong to different types in meaning, as well as subordinate clauses of the same type, but related to different members of the main sentence, are called heterogeneous.
Examples: When he approached, I asked where to go next.
He explained that we would have to leave as soon as possible, and added that he would give us some food for the road.
The second type is formed by SPPs, in which subordinate clauses form a logical chain, that is, the first relates to the main one, the second to the first, the third to the second, etc. Such subordination is called sequential, and subordinate clauses are called, respectively, subordinate clauses of the first degree, subordinate clauses of the second degree, etc.
Example: I thought it was time to move so that I could be where we were supposed to meet by evening.
Also, complex sentences with several subordinate clauses can combine both types.
For example: Yesterday he said that people are leaving their homes, and that soon there will be no one to grow wheat, and that no one knows what to do.
We were told that we would have to be there when the guests arrived to open the door and to take outer clothing.
In the first example, the first three subordinate clauses refer to the main clause, and the last subordinate clause (what needs to be done) refers to the subordinate clause “that no one knows.” In the second, the first subordinate clause is a subordinate clause of the first degree (the second type of SPP), and the remaining three subordinate clauses are not only subordinate clauses of the second degree, but also heterogeneous (the first type of SPP).
Also to polynomial complex sentences include those in which one subordinate clause is given question from two or more main clauses. In this case, the main sentences are interconnected by a non-union or coordinating connection.
Example: He was clearly in pain, he was out of breath, and his heart was pounding wildly when the ambulance finally arrived.
In this chapter:
§1. Types of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses
An IPP can have more than one subordinate clause. In this case, it is important to understand how all the parts of a complex sentence are related to each other, what obeys what. Three types are possible:
1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.
Consistent submission
With sequential subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first subordinate clause, etc. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.
I'm afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which is scheduled to start early in the morning.
Scheme: [...], (union What...), (conjunctive word which…).
With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called a subordinate clause of the first degree, and the next subordinate clause is called a subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.
Parallel subordination
If one main clause includes subordinate clauses different types, then parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.
When the teacher came in, the kids stood up to greet her.
Scheme: (conjunctive word When…), [ … ], (union to …).
Homogeneous Subordination
If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main sentence or the entire main sentence as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses answer the same question.
I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how light my soul became.
Scheme: [...], (union How...) and (union How …).
Subordinate explanatory clauses are similar to homogeneous members of the sentence; they are connected to each other by the conjunction And. Both subordinate clauses refer to the main clause of the sentence. There is no comma between them.
It is important that with homogeneous subordination, conjunctions or allied words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that an IPP can have more than one subordinate clause?
What is subordination called when the first subordinate clause is subordinated to the main clause, the second to the first, etc.?
- consistent submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is subordination called when subordinate clauses of different types are attached to one main clause?
- consistent submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is subordination called when subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main sentence or the entire main sentence as a whole?
- consistent submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
When the performance ended, the children clapped so that the artists felt their gratitude.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that in the next episode the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I heard the door slam and people talking in the hallway.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I made a very good choice.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
SPP with several subordinate clauses
A table with examples will help determine what types they are divided into
complex sentences with three or more predicative parts.
| Type of subordination of the subordinate part to the main part | Examples |
| Sequential | [The guys ran into the river], (the water in which had already warmed up enough), (because last days it was incredibly hot). |
| Parallel | (TOwhen the speaker finished speaking), [silence reigned in the hall], (as the audience was shocked by what they heard). |
| Homogeneous | [Anton Pavlovich talked about] (that reinforcements will soon arrive) and (that you just need to be patient a little). |
Something to remember
Good helper in mastering SPP with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the acquired knowledge.
In this case, it is better to follow the algorithm:
Highlight all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or adjacent conjunctions. Establish semantic connections between parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask question(s) from it to the subordinate clause(s).
Construct a diagram, showing with arrows the dependence of the parts on each other, and place punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.
Thus, care in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several subordinate clauses specifically - and reliance on the above-listed features of this syntactic construction will ensure correct execution proposed tasks.
Exercises on the topic " SPP with several subordinate clauses"
Exercise 1.DETERMINE THE TYPE OF SUBMISSION IN THE IBS:
1. A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society.
2. To develop character, you need to cultivate will in yourself, since a person without will is a toy in the hands of any rogue.
3. In order not to impoverish his life, in order to be happy, a person must be able to understand another.
4. When you see a person whose face is distorted with anger, you just need to smile.
5. In the morning, Repin hurried to the studio and there he literally tortured himself with creativity, because he was an unparalleled worker and was even ashamed of the passion for work that forced him from dawn to dusk to devote all his strength to his canvases.
6. Sometimes, when you entered the room that was located under his studio, you heard the tramp of his old feet, because after each stroke he went away to look at his canvas.
7. It is unknown what Prishvin would have done in his life if he had remained an agronomist.
9. From people who have just put down a book by Prishvin that they had read, I have heard several times that his books are “real witchcraft.”
10. In the silence, one could clearly hear how the man groaned and how heavily the crust crunched under the feet of the bear, which was driven out of the forest by an unusual roar and crackling sound.
Exercise 2. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses as part of the IPP.
1. To imagine Vera’s life, he had to travel back a quarter of a century to the time when he was a student, thin, active.
2. When everyone went out to dinner and she was left alone with Ulyasha, Zhenya remembered everything in detail.
3. They sat at one of the windows, which were so dusty, prim and huge that they seemed like some kind of bottle glass establishments where you couldn’t wear a hat.
4. And the next morning she began asking questions about what Motovilikha was and what they did there at night.
5. Before talking about my journey to the “land of unafraid birds,” I would like to explain why I decided to go from the center of the intellectual life of our homeland to the wilds.
6. When Zhenya later remembered that day on Osinskaya Street, where they lived then, it always seemed sad to her.
7. In the corps they said that his irresistible fierceness was tamed by the quiet, angelic general’s wife, whom none of the cadets saw, because she was constantly ill.
8. Pierre, who was caressed and glorified when he was the best groom Russian Empire After his marriage, he lost a lot in the opinion of society.
9. And dad read a note that last night the seismic station of the observatory noted small tremors in our city, a consequence of a distant earthquake, the epicenter of which is located on the Asia Minor coast of the Black Sea in Turkey, where several villages were destroyed.
10. He is glad that he returned and that he will meet this day with his comrades.
11. Accompanied by a telephone operator with a reel of cable and two messengers, they found themselves at the top when the sun was already approaching the horizon and its first rays were trying to break through the sky covered with clouds and a veil of smoke.
12. Zvyagintsev could not understand where he was, although he knew this area well.
13. He painfully tried to remember what these places looked like before in order to get his bearings.
14. They [the old people] said that when the tunnel was finished, it was necessary to move the wagons to Bek-Tash.
15. Artemyev confirmed that the leading surgeon of the medical battalion is still the same as he was under Serpilin.
16. Having reported to the general everything that was needed, he went to his room, in which, having returned a long time ago and waiting for him, Prince Galtsin was sitting.
17. We calculated that if we followed the path, we would go out to the Naina River and meet the Koreans.
18. And, of course, they did not notice that on one of the pages of this newspaper was printed the very poem that Byron mentally recited.
Answers to exercise No. 2 on the topic “Types of subordination of subordinate clauses in the composition of IPPs.”
1. parallel
2. homogeneous
3. sequential
4. homogeneous
5. parallel
6. sequential
7. sequential
8. sequential
9.sequential
10. homogeneous
11. homogeneous
12. parallel
13. parallel
14. sequential
15. sequential
16. parallel
17. sequential
18. sequential
Test on the topic “Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses”
1. In what complex sentence between the main and subordinate clauses consistent submission?
1) The more a person knows, the more he sees the poetry of the earth where it has never been a person will find with little knowledge.
2) Savrasov looked at us from another world, where giant sorcerers live and from where one cannot leave for a long time with impunity.
3) My temples began to press slightly, like my head does when you spin on a carousel for a long time.
4) I was born in a forest farm and spent part of my childhood in dense forests, where bears walk along drags and impenetrable swamps, and wolves drag in packs.
2. In which complex sentence is there a homogeneous subordination between the main and subordinate clauses?
1) He kissed his wife carefully and went into the room where paints, brushes, canvas were waiting for him - everything without which he could not imagine a single day of his life.
2) From the Kremlin wall, on which Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich stands, you can see how the rowers are exhausted, fighting against the current.
3) You could hear the Neva splashing restlessly nearby and a wet flag humming somewhere over the roofs.
4) When this conversation was going on, in the next room there was a village miller, whom Ivan Kolymet called to Kurbsky’s estate to grind grain.
3. In which complex sentence is there a heterogeneous (parallel) subordination between the main and subordinate clauses?
1) Everything that the company had to do in the dark, Ryumin not only knew consistently, but also saw in that sharpened ray of light that was centered in his mind.
2) Although there is an inscription above the gate that the building is under state protection, no one is guarding it.
3) Ignatius Khvostov told his comrades about who Trajan was and what cruel persecution he subjected to the first Christians.
4) It is not known whether the yacht was built before Peter’s first visit by Bazhenin or whether it was presented to the Russian Tsar by Dutch merchants.
4. Explain the placement of a comma and a dash in a complex sentence.
But so that villages fall,
So that the fields are empty -
We are blessed for that
The King of Heaven hardly gave! (A.K. Tolstoy).
1. A comma separates subordinate clauses of a sentence, and a dash separates two homogeneous clauses from the main part.
2. A comma separates subordinate subordinate clauses of a sentence, and a dash separates homogeneous subordinate clauses standing in front of the main part, since when reading there is a significant pause between them (for the purpose of intonation highlighting of subordinate clauses).
5. What sign is used to separate homogeneous subordinate clauses in the structure of a polynomial complex sentence?
It was that hour before night when outlines, lines, colors, distances are erased, when daylight is still confused, inextricably linked, with night light (M. Sholokhov).
1. Comma.
2. Semicolon, since homogeneous subordinate clauses are common: there are homogeneous members and a separate clause.
6. What type of subordination is presented in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses?
I don’t know whether grace will touch My painfully sinful soul, or whether it will be able to rise and rise. Will the spiritual fainting pass? (F. Tyutchev).
1. Homogeneous subordination.
2. Heterogeneous subordination.
7. Is a comma necessary at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses? How many total commas do you need to put in this sentence?
Fyodor expected that when he saw not a reproduction, but a canvas that was touched by the hand of Surikov himself, he would be stunned and take his breath away, and then he would dream about it at night (V. Tendryakov).
1. A comma is needed; only seven commas.
2. A comma is not needed; only six commas.
8. Determine the type of subordination in a polynomial complex sentence.
At this time, it is usually indecent for ladies to go, because the Russian people love to express themselves in such harsh expressions, which they probably will not hear even in the theater (N. Gogol).
1. Heterogeneous subordination.
2. Consistent submission.
9. Determine the types of subordinate clauses in a polynomial complex sentence. What type of subordination is represented in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses?
And so that the children would not tease the beggars, he [Nosopyr] pretended to be a cow doctor, carrying a canvas bag with a red cross on his side, where he kept a chisel for cutting off hooves and dry bunches of St. John's wort grass (V. Belov).
1. Heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses: the main part is joined by the subordinate clause of the goal and the subordinate clause of the attribute.
2. Heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses: the main part is joined by the subordinate part of the purpose and the subordinate part of the place.
10. How many parts does this complex sentence with several subordinate clauses consist of and what type of subordination is represented in it?
The next day Sanin, still lying in bed, like Emil, in a festive dress, with a cane in his hand and heavily pomaded, burst into his room and announced that Herr Klüber would now arrive with a carriage, that the weather promised to be amazing, that they everything is ready, but that mom won’t go because she has a headache again (I. Turgenev).
1. The sentence contains eight parts; a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is presented.
2. The sentence contains seven parts; mixed subordination of subordinate clauses is presented.
11. What type of subordination is presented in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses? Explain why there is only one comma in the sentence.
When winter came and the garden and house were covered with snow, a wolf howl was heard at night (A.N. Tolstoy).
1. Sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. Sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
12. Analyze complex sentences. Select simple parts and set their number. Determine the nature of the connection between them.
At times, Maria was ready to believe that some ancient artist miraculously guessed that the girl Maria would one day appear in the world, and in advance created a portrait of her in bas-relief of a mysterious, enchanted palace, which was supposed to remain intact underground for centuries (V. Bryusov) .
1. The sentence consists of four parts, connected using mixed subordination.
2. The sentence consists of five parts, connected using a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
13. Analyze complex polynomial sentences with subordinating connections. Establish the method of connecting subordinate and main parts, name the type of subordinate clauses.
Since Chekhov had no novels, it seemed obvious that he had nothing to do with Dostoevsky, Turgenev, or Goncharov (M. Gromov).
1. The subordinate part of the reason is attached to the main part through a semantic causal conjunction because; the explanatory clause is attached to the main part through the functional conjunction that; The polynomial represents a heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. Sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses; the subordinate part of the reason is attached to the main part by the semantic causal conjunction since; the explanatory clause is attached to the main part by the functional conjunction that.
14. How many commas should be put in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses? Name the type of subordination of subordinate parts to the main one.
In the middle of the day, the cow was released into the field so that it would walk according to its will and so that it would feel better (A. Platonov).
1. One comma; homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
2. Two commas; heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
15. Name the type of subordinate clauses, establish the method of connecting the subordinate clauses and the main parts.
The fog lasted for a long time, until eleven o’clock, until some force was found that lifted it upward (V. Rasputin).
1. Sentence with mixed subordination; the subordinate clause of time is attached to the main part by the semantic temporary conjunction not yet, the subordinate clause is joined to the main part by the conjunctive word which.
2. Sentence with sequential subordination; the subordinate clause of time is attached to the main part by the semantic temporary conjunction not yet, the subordinate clause is joined to the main part by the conjunctive word which.
16. Is a comma necessary at the junction of two conjunctions - coordinating and subordinating? How many commas should there be in this complex sentence?
That night Chubarev also did not go to bed, and when he finally escorted everyone out of the office and looked at his watch, he just shrugged his shoulders (P. Proskurin).
1. A comma is not needed; two commas.
2. A comma is needed; three commas.
3. A comma is needed; five commas.
17. Determine the type of subordination in a polynomial complex sentence. Is a comma necessary before AND?
When the burdocks rustle in the ravine
And the bunch of yellow-red rowan will fade,
I write funny poems
About perishable, perishable and beautiful life (A. Akhmatova).
1. Heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses; a comma is needed.
2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses; no comma needed.
Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses (answers)
1. 3)
2. 3)
3. 1)
4. 2)
5. 2)
6. 1)
7. 1)
8. 2)
9. 1)
10. 2)
11. 2)
12. 1)
13. 1)
14. 1)
15. 2)
16. 1)
17. 2)
Having subordinate elements, they are divided into several groups. There are three of them in total. In speech there may be a complex expression with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential. Further in the article we will consider the features of one of these categories. What is a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses?
General information
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (examples of such constructions will be given below) is an expression in which each part refers to the main element or to a specific word in it. Last option occurs if the additional component distributes only a certain part of the main one. Sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses have a number of features. Thus, the spreading elements are of the same type, that is, they answer the same question. They are usually connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions. If they have an enumeration value, then the connection is non-union, just like with homogeneous members. This, in general, is what homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses means.
Communication in context
1. The quiet boys looked after the car /1 until it drove away beyond the intersection /2, until the dust it raised dissipated /3, until it itself turned into a ball of dust /4.
Once in the hospital, he recalled how they were suddenly attacked by the Nazis, and how everyone was surrounded, and how the detachment managed to get to their own.
3. If the conjunctions “whether... or” are used as repeating constructions (in the example it can be changed to whether), the homogeneous clauses associated with them are separated by a comma.
It was impossible to tell whether it was a fire or whether the moon was beginning to rise. - It was impossible to understand whether it was a fire, whether the moon was beginning to rise.
Structures with combined connection
A sentence with numerous homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is found in several variants. So, maybe together, for example. For this reason, when performing analysis, you do not need to immediately compose general scheme or rush to add punctuation marks.
Context Analysis
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is analyzed according to a certain scheme.
1. Isolating grammatical basics, count the number simple elements included in the structure.
2. They designate all and allied words and, based on this, establish subordinate clauses and the main clause.
3. The main element is defined for all additional ones. As a result, pairs are formed: main-subordinate.
4. Based on the construction of a vertical diagram, the nature of the subordination of subordinate structures is determined. It can be parallel, sequential, homogeneous, or combined.
5. Under construction horizontal diagram, based on which punctuation marks are placed.
Analysis of the proposal
Example: The dispute is that if your king is here for three days, then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order that you give me.
1. This complex sentence contains seven simple ones: The dispute is /1 that /2 if your king will be here for three days /3 then you are unconditionally obliged to carry out what /2 what I tell you /4 and / if he does not stay /5 then I will carry out any order /6 that you give me /7.
1) the dispute is;
2) if your king will be here for three days;
3) something... you are unconditionally obliged to do that;
4) what will I tell you;
5) if he doesn’t stay;
6) then any order will be carried out by me;
7) which you will give me.
2. The main clause is the first (the dispute is), the rest are subordinate clauses. Only the sixth sentence raises the question (then I will carry out any order).
3. This complex sentence is divided into the following pairs:
1->2: the dispute is that... then you are unconditionally obliged to do this;
2->3: you are unconditionally obliged to do this if your king is here for three days;
2->4: you are unconditionally obliged to do what I tell you;
6->5: I will carry out any order if it does not remain;
6->7: I will carry out any order you give me.
Possible difficulties
In the example given, it is somewhat difficult to understand what type of sixth sentence it is. In this situation, you need to look at the coordinating conjunction “a”. In a complex sentence, it, unlike the subordinating connective element, may not be located next to the sentence related to it. Based on this, it is necessary to understand what simple elements this union connects. For this purpose, only sentences containing oppositions are left, and the rest are removed. Such parts are 2 and 6. But since sentence 2 refers to subordinate clauses, then 6 must also be like that, since it is connected with 2 by a coordinating conjunction. It's easy to check. It is enough to insert a conjunction that has a sentence of 2 and connect it with 6 with the main one related to 2. Example: The dispute is that any order will be carried out by me. Based on this, we can say that in both cases there is a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, only in 6 the conjunction “what” is omitted.
Conclusion
It turns out that this sentence is complex with homogeneously related subordinate clauses (2 and 6 sentences), in parallel (3-4, 5-7) and sequentially (2-3, 2-4, 6-5, 6-7). To place punctuation marks, you need to determine the boundaries of simple elements. In this case, the possible combination of several unions at the border of proposals is taken into account.
42. The concept of a non-union complex sentence. Typology of non-union proposals
Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [ Habit from above to usgiven ]: [ replacement happinessshe] (A. Pushkin).
The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.
The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.
Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing various signs punctuation (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).
IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:
I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):
[I_did not see you for a whole week], [Ihaven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .
Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.
Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.
1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darknessthe horses neighed ], [from the campswam tender and passionatesong- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.
stirred ], [ fluttered up half asleepbird ] (V. Garshin)- ,.
Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.
II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):
[I unhappy ]: [every dayguests ] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.
III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):
1) [ Items were lost your form]: [everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-
2) [Like all Moscow residents, yoursFather is like that ]: [ I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-
Such non-union proposals synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.
IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):
1) [ Nastya during the storyI remembered ]: [from yesterdayremained whole untouchedcast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.
2) [ I came to my senses, Tatyana looks ]: [bearNo ]... (A. Pushkin)- :.
Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).
V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):
1) [Allhappy family looks like and each other], [eachunhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.
2) [Rankfollowed to him]- [he suddenlyleft ] (A. Griboyedov)- - .
Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.
VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):
1) [ Do you like to ride ] - [ love and sleighcarry ] (proverb)- - .
2) [ See you with Gorky]- [ talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.
Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.
VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):
[Smallthe rain is falling since morning]- [ it's impossible to get out ] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT
44. Contaminated types of complex syntactic structures
The identification of two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions leads to the conclusion about the structural contamination of such constructions. Contaminated are complex constructions in which entire complex sentences act as constituent components. Since a subordinating relationship is the closest connection (compared to a coordinating one, for example), it is natural that a complex sentence usually acts as a single component of a complex syntactic construction, although a non-union combination of parts within a component is also possible if these parts are interdependent.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex sentence, a non-union sentence, and, finally, even a complex sentence.
1. Complex sentence as a component complex design with a coordinating connection: Each child must experience his own, deeply individual life in the world of words, and the richer and fuller it is, the happier days and the years that we passed through a field of joys and sadness, happiness and grief (Sukhoml.). The peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is that the coordinating conjunction and (at the junction of two components of a complex structure) stands immediately before the first part of the comparative conjunction than, but attaches the entire comparative sentence as a whole, which, in turn, is complicated by a attributive clause.
In addition to the conjunction and, other coordinating conjunctions are often found in similar syntactic conditions: Our matchmaking with the countess’s house has been destroyed and cannot be restored; but even if it could, it would never exist again (Ven.); What happened is past, no one cares about it, and if Laevsky finds out, he won’t believe it (Ch.).
The following complex constructions with a coordinating connection at the first level of division are similar in structure, although they have different degrees of internal complexity:
1) Occasionally a small snowflake stuck to the outside of the glass, and if you looked closely, you could see its finest crystalline structure (Paust.);
2) We left Blok’s reading, but went on foot, and Blok was taken to the second performance in the car, and by the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the House of Press was located, the evening ended and Blok went to the Society of Lovers of Italian Literature (Past.).
2. A complex sentence as a component of a complex structure with a non-union connection: For a long time it was done like this: if a Cossack was riding on the road to Millerovo alone, without comrades, then if he met the Ukrainians... did not give way, the Ukrainians beat him (Shol. ). A peculiarity of the structure of this sentence is the presence in the first part of the synsemantic word so, the content of which is specified by a complex sentence, in turn, complicated by the lexically non-free part cost...
3. A complex sentence as a component of another complex sentence [The absence of different types of syntactic connections in such constructions could serve as a basis for considering them in polynomial complex sentences (see § 124). However, the special structural organization of such proposals and its similarity with the constructions described in this section allow us to place them here in order to preserve the system in presentation.].
1) Let the father not think that if a person is nicknamed Quick Momun, it means he is bad (Aitm.).
2) Everyone knows that if a fisherman is unlucky, sooner or later such good luck will happen to him that they will talk about it throughout the village for at least ten years (Paust.).
This structural type of complex sentence is distinguished by its unity of construction: the first subordinating conjunction does not refer to the part immediately following it, but to the entire subsequent construction as a whole. Most often, a complex sentence placed after a subordinating conjunction has a double conjunction holding its parts together (if...then, with what...that, although...but, etc.) or subordinating conjunctions with bonding particles (if... then, if...so, once...then, since...then, once...then, etc.). For example: Who doesn’t know that when a patient wanted to smoke, it means the same thing that he wanted to live (Prishv.); It seemed that in order to believe that the plan for the slow movement of deforestation and food consumption was his plan, it was necessary to hide the fact that he insisted on a completely opposite military enterprise in 1945 (L.T.); Baburov, during this outburst of anger, suddenly gathered the remnants of his pride and in response said loudly, with some even pompousness, that since there is an order not to let the enemy into the Crimean land, then no matter what it costs him, he will carry out the order (Sim.).
In the above examples, there are different degrees of internal complexity, but they are united by one common structural indicator: they are built according to the “main part + subordinate clause” scheme (usually explanatory, but causal, concessive and consequential are also possible), which is a whole complex sentence (with relations conditions, reasons, time, comparison, less often - concessions and goals). This feature of contaminated complex sentences does not allow us to see here the usual sequential subordination in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. Such a description does not reflect the actual structure of the syntactic construction.
As can be seen from the examples given, the most common type of contaminated complex sentence is a sentence with the conjunction that (at the first level of division). However, other conjunctions are also possible, although they are much less common, for example: because, since, so, although. The following combinations of subordinating conjunctions are possible: that once... then; what if...then; what once...that; that although...but; because somehow... because once upon a time; because if...then; because once...then; because although...but; so once... then; so if...then; so once...then; so although...but; since once upon a time; since if...then; so just...that; because although...but; so as to; although if...then; although once upon a time; at least once...then; although so that etc. For example: But, probably, something had already happened in the world or was happening at that time - fatal and irreparable - because although it was still the same hot seaside summer, the dacha no longer seemed to me like a Roman villa (Cat .); I really wanted to ask where Molly was and how long ago Lee Duroc returned, because although nothing followed from this, I am naturally curious about everything (Green).
Approximately the same confluence of alliances is observed in the sentence. The second poster said that our main apartment is in Vyazma, that Count Wittgenstein defeated the French, but that since many residents want to arm themselves, there are weapons prepared for them in the arsenal (L. T.) , where the third explanatory clause (after the conjunction but) is a complex sentence.
A complex sentence can be a component of a complex polynomial sentence with several main ones: When they were driving to the logging site, it suddenly became very warm and the sun was shining so brightly that it hurt their eyes (gas).
4. A complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: I didn’t want to think that not only the guys were not interested in this magnificent picture, but many adults were at least indifferent. A compound sentence with the conjunction not only...but also is used here as an explanatory clause.
Such sentences are possible only with gradational conjunctions, for example: not only...but also; not really...but; not so much...as much.
5. A non-union complex sentence as a component of a complex sentence: The density of the grasses in other places on Prorva is such that it is impossible to land on the shore from a boat - the grasses stand like an impenetrable elastic wall (Paust.).
48.Basics of Russian punctuation. Functional features of Russian punctuation
Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has quite solid foundation- formal grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural division of written speech. It is this principle that gives modern punctuation stability. The largest number of characters is placed on this basis.
“Grammatical” signs include such signs as a period that marks the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs that highlight functional various designs, introduced into the composition simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserts; appeals; many segmented designs; interjections); signs for homogeneous members of a sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with extenders, standing after the word being defined or located at a distance, etc.
In any text one can find such “obligatory”, structurally determined signs.
For example: But I decided to re-read several of Shchedrin’s works. It was three or four years ago, when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy-tale fiction. I took Shchedrin then in order to avoid accidental similarities, but, having started reading, having read deeply, immersing myself in the amazing and newly discovered world of Shchedrin’s reading, I realized that the similarities would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable (Cass.). All signs here are structurally significant; they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of parts of sentences: highlighting subordinate clauses, fixing syntactic homogeneity, marking the boundaries of parts of a complex sentence, highlighting homogeneous adverbial phrases.
The structural principle contributes to the development of solid, commonly used rules for the placement of punctuation marks. Signs placed on this basis cannot be optional or copyrighted. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. This is finally the one minimum required, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. Dividing the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relationship of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.
The syntactic division of speech ultimately reflects the logical, semantic division, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain thought. But quite often it happens that the semantic division of speech subordinates the structural, i.e. the specific meaning dictates the only possible structure.
In the sentence The hut is thatched, with a pipe, the comma standing between the combinations is thatched and with a pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, therefore, the grammatical and semantic attribution of the prepositional case form with a pipe to the noun hut.
In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: Inner lightness has appeared. Walks freely on the streets, to work (Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walks the streets to work (denoting one action). In the original version, there is a designation for two different actions: walking along the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.
Such punctuation marks help establish semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence and clarify the structure of the sentence.
The ellipsis also serves a semantic function, helping to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer... in reserve, or the misadventures of a young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and goal... in the air; History of peoples... in dolls; Skiing... picking berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (and often with emotional overtones).
The location of the sign, dividing the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts, also plays a large role in understanding the text. Compare: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace (Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace. In the second version of the sentence, the reason for the condition is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma helps to change the logical center of the message, draws attention to cause of the phenomenon, whereas in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the condition with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of a sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: For a long time, a tigress named Orphan lived in our zoo. They gave her this nickname because she really was orphaned in early age(gas.). The dismemberment of the conjunction is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, it is necessary to indicate the reason, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.
On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since they are the ones who convey in written speech required values. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew and the train started moving.
Often, with the help of punctuation marks, specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two adjective definitions (or participles) brings these words closer together semantically, i.e. makes it possible to highlight general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being similar in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The darkness of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil (Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at the cozy, small station (Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying (Paust.); A cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves (Gran.). If we take the words thick and heavy, cozy and small, thick and slow, cold and metallic out of context, then it is difficult to discern something common in these pairs, since these possible associative connections are in the sphere of secondary, non-basic, figurative meanings that become the main ones in the context.
Russian punctuation is partly based on intonation: a dot at the site of a large deepening of the voice and a long pause; interrogative and exclamation marks, intonation dash, ellipsis, etc. For example, an address can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special distinctive intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - When the children come, let's go to the park. In the first case there is enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonation principle acts only as a secondary principle, not the main one. This is especially evident in cases where the intonational principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Morozka lowered the bag and, cowardly, burying his head in his shoulders, ran towards the horses (Fad.); The deer digs up the snow with its front leg and, if there is food, begins to graze (Ars.). In these sentences, the comma comes after the conjunction and, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence (adverbial phrase and subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonation principle is violated, because the pause is before the conjunction.
The intonation principle operates in most cases not “ideally”, pure form, i.e. Some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although fixed by a punctuation mark, ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of the given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence and its meaning.
So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single, consistently followed principle. However, the formal grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the principles of semantic and intonation act as additional ones, although in certain specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that the initial basis for dividing written speech was precisely pauses (intonation).
Modern punctuation represents a new stage in its historical development, and the stage characterizing a higher level. Modern punctuation reflects structure, meaning, and intonation. Written speech organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not separately, but in unity. As a rule, the intonation principle is reduced to the semantic, the semantic to the structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. It is possible to single out individual principles only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although in compliance with a certain hierarchy. For example, a period also marks the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering of voice, long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).
It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows it to reflect the subtlest shades of meaning and structural diversity.