The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining several (usually two) into one semantic whole. independent parts. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and auxiliary. Their display in writing has its own characteristics. Today we will talk about how to write such words.
First, let's talk about what options exist. A compound noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle behind distinguishing these options is highlighting words in writing. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own characteristics. The fact is that in language, whole words and their combinations are not always clearly opposed. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous writing, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphen. A hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, firebird), or connects parts of a phrase into one whole (science fiction writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to write this or that correctly. compound noun.
Continuous writing
Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This also includes all formations with auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, motorcycle-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, water supply, airport, motorcycle racing, motor rally, photo report, electric motor, bicycle racing, macrocosm.
Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verb part ends in -i. Examples: holding the tree, adonis, whirling neck, holding the muzzle, hoarder, spinning tail, daredevil.
Hyphenation
A compound noun should be written with a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns, used independently, connected by the vowels e or o. Examples: boy-baba, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declined, only the second noun changes.
The same rule applies following examples: purchase and sale, hut-reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases both nouns are modified by declension.
In addition, the names of political movements and parties that are constituent parts, as well as their supporters, should be written with a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,
Complex units of measurement
Hyphenation is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this complex noun is formed with the help of a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this word workday, which should be written together.
Other cases of hyphenation
Let's continue to look at the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be used when naming foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.
Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns are written through a hyphen if these combinations include:
a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);
b) union (plant ivan-da-marya);
c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt-on-Main).
Foreign language elements often have their own characteristics. Their use in various rules is often specified separately. In our case hyphenated spelling compound nouns are true if their first component- foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life physician, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.
Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-
If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning “half”), and then follows a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, the correct spelling would be a hyphen. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, complex nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- It would be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, stop, half a mile from the city.
Features of app highlighting
If the word being defined is immediately followed by a one-word clause, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika the warrior, Masha the playful one, the old mother.
If a one-word application, which in meaning can be equated to an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not inserted. Example: handsome son.
If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.
Russian compound surnames
Compound surnames that were formed by adding two personal names should be written with a hyphen, that is, when they are combined to form compound nouns. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, etc..
Personal surnames and given names associated with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Muravyov the Hanger, Vanka Cain, Ilya Muromets.
Foreign language compound surnames
It is necessary to put a dash between parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign-language compound surnames in which the first part St. or Sen-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial integral part indicating social status, family relationships, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursun Zade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.
However, it should be clarified that compound names, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word “don” means “master”, it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.
It is also necessary to take into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.
It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. The particles and articles in them are written together, so their spelling can be separate in the corresponding languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandolle, Laharpe, Lafontaine. The writing of complex nouns, which are proper names of foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have looked at the main ones, it remains only to talk about the last one.
Please note that the names different categories are not connected by hyphens to each other, like Russian surnames, first names and patronymics. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.
Let us now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.
Place names consisting of two nouns
They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenets-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun and an adjective following it. Examples: Gus-Khrustalny,
Other cases of hyphenated geographical names
Combinations consisting of a particle or article with significant part speech. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, the city of La Carolina, the city of Le Creusot.
Names are written with a hyphen settlements if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, ust- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., except in cases where geographical maps or fixed in reference publications continuous writing. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, But: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.
If geographical names, which are composite, are formed from the names of parts of a particular geographical object with or without the use of a connecting vowel, then in this case a dash is also placed. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. Exception - Czechoslovakia.
Separate spelling of geographical names
However, in some cases geographical names should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if a noun follows a numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, White Church, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana .
You also need to write nouns separately if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy village.
Names of cities with the second part -grad or -city
The names of cities are written together if their second component is -city or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.
Spelling variations
It should be noted that there are fluctuations in the spelling of some complex words that have recently appeared in the language. Examples: parking space and parking space, tonne-kilometre and tonne-kilometre, tonage-day and tonage-day. These spelling variations are explained by the presence of connecting vowels ( ton-o-kilometer, car-o-place). Thus they are influenced general rules writing It is preferable to write them together.
So, we looked at the continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex nouns. Of course, we have examined only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so it can take a long time to improve in it. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write complex nouns correctly.
They write together:
1. Words with connecting vowels o and e, as well as words with the initial elements auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, quasi-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro -, moto-, neo-, pan-, pseudo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro-.
For example: reservoir, healthcare, agriculture, bird catcher, bus station, agricultural technology, airport, biocurrents, cycling, hydrobiology, livestock specialist, quasi-Marxist, projectionist, macro object, weather report, microcosm, motorboat, neo-Darwinism, pan-Germanist, pseudo-gothic, radio broadcasting, stereo cinema, television, camera, electric welding.
Notes
1. The connecting vowel o is written after stems on a hard consonant, e - after stems on a soft consonant, hissing and c: water supply, armored train, pedestrian, heartbeat, etc. However, in some cases, after final soft stems, a connecting vowel o is also possible: rangefinder (although distant, cf.: Far Eastern), hitching post (although horse, cf.: horse breeder), bloodthirstiness (although blood, cf.: blood filling), etc.; The spelling of such words is determined by the dictionary.
2. In words with the initial avia, the letter is not a connecting vowel, but the final sound of the abbreviated word aviation: aircraft factory, aircraft carrier, etc.
2. Words without connecting vowels, but with the first part in the initial form: tense, cotyledon, etc.; with the first part in the genitive case: insane, seven days old, etc.; with the verbal first part in and: fidgety, daredevil, etc.; with the first part half- and half-, if the latter does not come before a vowel, consonant l or any capital letter: half-platoon, half-year, half-bun, half-kilometer, etc. (about the hyphenated spelling of words with the element half-; with the second part -grad, - city, -abad, -akan: Kaliningrad, Uzhgorod, Kirovabad, Leninakan, etc.
Exception: tumbleweeds.
3. All complex abbreviated words and abbreviations, for example: city council, district military registration and enlistment office, college, TASS.
Note.
Letter abbreviations connected to numbers are written with a hyphen: TB-3, TU-104, etc.
They are written with a hyphen!
1. Compound nouns without connecting vowels, which are socio-political, scientific, technical and other terms, including words with initial foreign language elements vice-, chamber-, life-, chief-, state-, unter-, franco-, headquarters and staff-, ex-.
For example: anarcho-syndicalism, prime minister, press attaché, vacuum pump, gram molecule, man-day, viceroy, chamberlain, medical officer, chief quartermaster, secretary of state, non-commissioned officer, ex-warehouse, headquarters, staff captain, ex-chairman.
Exceptions: workday, workhour.
Notes
1. Words are written together with the first part - board -, with the second part - meter: flight attendant, vacuum gauge, etc.
2. Articles and particles in foreign personal names are written, as a rule, separately (and with a lowercase letter), for example: Don Basilio, Ludwigvan Beethoven, de Broglie, le Chapelier, von Scheneausen. With a hyphen (and with capital letter) these elements are written in cases where names are not used without them, for example: Don Quixote, Van Gogh.
2. Geographical names made up of two nouns or a noun and an adjective, for example: Alsace-Lorraine, Mogilev-Podolsky.
Note.
Complex geographical names, which are in origin the first, patronymic and surnames of people, as well as names formed from adjectives and nouns, are written separately: Erofey Pavlovich and Lev Tolstoy stations, the city of Golaya Pristan, etc.
3. Words formed with the help of a particle, conjunction or preposition, for example: love-not-love, don’t-touch-me, Ivan-da-Marya, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main.
Note.
Foreign names formed with the particles Le-, La-, Los-, San-, etc. are also written with a hyphen, for example: Le Port, La Rochelle, Los Banos, San Marino.
4. Double Russian and foreign surnames, for example: Sholokhov-Sinyavsky, Joliot-Curie.
Note.
Foreign language surnames formed with the particles -bey, -zade, Ibn-, -pasha, Sen-, Saint-, etc. are written with a hyphen, for example: Izmail-bey, Tursun-zade, Ibn-Sina, Osman-pasha, Sen -Juste, Sainte-Beuve.
5. Complex formations, in which the word being defined is joined by a word with estimated value, for example: boy-woman, good boy-boy.
6. Compound words with the initial part half-, if it is followed by a vowel, consonant l or a capital letter, for example: half a cucumber, half a spoon, half a Kyiv.
7. Complex names geographical directions(intermediate countries), for example: northwest, southeast, northeast, southwest.
Exercise 152. Form complex nouns from the given phrases, indicate what determines the choice of one or another connecting vowel. Check the spelling of the formed words in a dictionary and explain under what bases the connective o and v can be used.
Drive shelves, drive deer, carry bombs, carry timber, eat leather, dig potatoes, dig earth, mow hay, water treatment, mud treatment, catch birds, catch mice, wear a crown, carry letters, plow the ground, write fables, conduct gas , store vegetables; cook porridge, cook steel; crush a stone, break a stone; blood circulation; to sing songs.
Exercise 153. Write down from the spelling dictionary 1-3 compound nouns with the initial elements auto-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, quasi-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, moto-, neo -, pan-, pseudo-, radio-, stereo-, television-, photo-, electro-.
Exercise 154. Write out words with initial avia from the spelling dictionary.
Exercise 155. Write out words with initial half- and semi- from the spelling dictionary.
Exercise 156. Write out 1-3 words from the spelling dictionary with the initial elements vice-, chamber-, life-, chief-, state-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex-.
Exercise 157. Write out 1-3 words from the spelling dictionary with the prefixes anti-, archi-, ipfra-, counter-, super-, ultra-, extra-.
Exercise 158. Write down from the spelling dictionary the names of geographical directions that begin with the elements north, south, south, north.
Exercise 159.
Motor transport, airmail, Aeroflot, spinner, pastime, orphanage, bunker, housewife, dredger, quasi-scholarship, film, Kirovakan, root vegetable, lekpom, Lengaz, Leningrad, macrostructure, meteorological service, aviation meteorological service, microrelief, Mosselmash, neo-romantic, NIIS, vegetable storehouse, half a bucket, half-megra, half-garden, half-circle, half-turn, pseudo-acids, fiftieth anniversary, village council, hay harvesting, hoarder, overalls, stereoscope, crazy, telephoto lens, motor ship, workday, photo reporter, electric record player, electric light and water treatment clinic.
Exercise 160. Explain the spelling of compound nouns.
Alpha rays, White Church, Baudouin de Courtenay, flight mechanic, vacuum dryer, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, lieutenant general, gop-company, Gus-Khrustalny, di-Vittorio, diesel engine, Don Juan, quixoticism, Don Juanism, Don Pedro, south-west, reading room, Ilya Muromets, chamberlain, rear admiral, counter-offensive, Leonardo da Vinci, coltsfoot, Moscow-Tovarnaya, chief master, tumbleweed, half-arshin, half-inch, half-America, half-tape, half-minute, half-China, press bureau, paperweight, Rostov-on-Don, Saint-San, Sergeev-Tsensky, dust jacket, non-commissioned officer, von der Goltz, Friuli-Venezia Giulia (region), human dose, philanthropy, miracle fish, ex-champion, Yasnaya Polyana.
Exercise 161. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters. Write down nouns with connecting vowels in one column, and without connecting vowels in another.
1. I stand near the handrail of a staircase that runs steeply down, I watch the steam... carts jumping, and I see there, in the distance, a paper-blue sea and a sail cut at an angle, as if glued on. And suddenly the mother’s voice bursts into this half-sleep. (Andreev) 2. Dubrovsky’s sudden madness had a strong effect on his imagination and poisoned his triumph. (P.) 3. Skripkin entered the bread ... plant. (Gin) 4. Can thousands compare? gas ovens with at least one missile equipped with a nuclear warhead? (Gin.) 5. “What are you talking about, you miserable penny... love!” - Grandfather got angry. (Stelm.) 6. In America, it takes one person...an hour of working time to produce a hundredweight of grain. (Iv.) 7. Arriving home, Varya turned on the electric stove.. (Iv.) 8. It’s bad, we don’t have root... fruits. (Iv.) 9. Our floor is ready, and there are these verts ... tails. (Iv.) 10. Three years ago, on his fifth...tenth...anniversary, Artamonov received the Order of Lenin. (Koch.) 11. Life in the High...Mountains was in full swing, the high...mountainers were constantly written about in the newspapers; In illustrated magazines, photographs from Vysok...mountains flashed every now and then. Kin...these people have taken hold of the screens even more firmly - now the animals...water in front of you, now the masters of corn, now the birds...water, then themselves...activity. (Koch.)
Exercise 162. Rewrite, opening the parentheses and adding a hyphen where necessary.
1. The day before, a group of virgin lands returned from (logging) logging. (Iv.) 2. The duty of the “mechanized shepherd” is to look after the milking equipment and move (electric) fences. (Iv.) 3. There, among the antique furniture, lives Vyacheslav Vinokurov, who, as you, of course, remember, was the artistic director of our theater and who has now become the (vice) burgomaster of the city. (Field.) 4. Having looked at them, a visiting person could immediately get a complete picture of how the local people live: “(Procured) grain”, “(Procured) flax”, “(Union) fruit”, “(Procured) fur " (Combat.) 5. The arrows indicated: “Reading room”, “(Cinema) hall”, “Cabinet of (jun) natov”. (Combat) 6. Utilities are urban transport, (water) supply systems, sewerage and (storm) drainage systems, (heating) networks, (bath) laundry trusts and hotels. (Zalyg.) 7. (Franco) cutting area - seven rubles. Seven and a half. What about delivery? Roads in the mountains - what kind of roads? Only by tug. And to get there by horse-drawn horse, to load there, to come from there, to unload—it takes a (man) day and a (horse) day. Total - forty-three rubles. Direct. Plus the care of the horses, the wages for the grooms - once. (Hay) preparations - two. (Special) clothing - three. (Zalyg.) 8. The day came when Lydia finished work in the giant house that was being completed, which looked like Small town with its own (electrical) substation, (cinema) theater, department store, fashion studio. (Sh.-S.) 9. Swarms of crimson (firefly) signals (auto) cars flew up and down Kutuzovsky Prospekt. (Sh.-S.) 10. It was necessary to walk along long corridors and halls filled with different things- refrigerators, washing machines, (dust) suckers, (radios, (TVs. (Sh.-S.)
The Russian language uses many complex nouns, the spelling of which can be questionable. The rules governing the writing of this part of speech together or with a hyphen are as follows:
The following groups of nouns are written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from two independent nouns, denoting one concept and not connected by vowels “o” or “e”, for example:
- firebird, miracle stove, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, etc. (with declension, only the second word changes);
- hut-reading room, purchase and sale, fish-saw, Moscow River (both words change with declension);
2. Indicating the name political parties and consisting of two names, for example, as well as naming adherents of these parties:
- social democracy, radical revolutionary, etc.
3. Callers complex units measurements, and such nouns are written with a hyphen, even if they contain connecting vowels “o” or “e”, for example:
- child-day, man-hours, ton-kilometer, BUT: workday
4. Naming intermediate cardinal points. This rule applies to both Russian-language names and foreign ones, for example:
- Northeast, northeast;
5. Formed from phrases that name an object in real life(i.e., those phrases that have become stable and received the status of a noun). This group includes the following:
- Having in their composition the personal form of the verb: don’t-touch-me (flower);
- Containing the union: ivan-da-marya (flower)
- Containing a preposition: Rostov-on-Don, Kamen-on-Obi;
6. Being essentially compound surnames formed from two others, For example:
- Rimsky-Korsakov, Mamin-Sibiryak;
7. Those that are foreign-language surnames with the first part “Sen-”, “Saint-”. For example:
- Saint-Exupéry, Saint-Just.
Eastern surnames are also written in the same way, reflecting family relationships. For example:
- Ibn-Khottab (son of Hottab), Kor-ogly (daughter of Kor), etc.
Note 1. Proper names that contain “don-” are written with a hyphen only if their second component is not used independently in Russian (Don Juan, Don Quixote), then the word “don” is written with capital letters. However, if this word is used in the meaning of “master”, and the next one after it can be used independently, then the hyphen is not placed and “don” is written with a small letter (Don Pedro, Don Gustavo), etc.
Note 2. All articles and particles characteristic of foreign names and surnames are written separately, with a small letter and without a hyphen:
- von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, etc., BUT: Van-Dyck (written with a hyphen, since a surname of this type is not used without an article).
It happens that in Russian the surname and articles are written together, although in the corresponding foreign language version the spelling will be separate: Fonvizin, Lafontaine.
Note 3. If names of different categories are used in a person’s full name, then no signs are placed between them, and they are all written with a capital letter:
- Erich Maria Remarque, Gaius Julius Caesar, Gabriel Garcia Marquez (this corresponds to the Russian version of the first name, patronymic and last name).
Note 4. Personal names and surnames, next to which nicknames are used, are written separately from the nicknames:
- Ilya Muromets, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko, Yaroslav the Mudry, Muravyov the Hangman (in this case, both personal names and nicknames are written with a capital letter;
8. Naming geographical objects. This includes the following subgroups:
- Consisting of two nouns: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone;
- Consisting of a noun and an adjective: Gus-Khrustalny;
- Representing a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech: Le Creusot (city), De Castries (bay).
Note. The following subgroups of geographical names are written separately:
- Consisting of an adjective and a noun in the position after the adjective (or from a numeral and a noun in the position after the numeral): Belaya Tserkov, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Seven Brothers, etc.
- Consisting of personal first and patronymic or first and last names: Erofey Pavlovich, village Lev Tolstoy, etc.
9. Designating the names of settlements with the first part “ust-”, “top-”, “sol-”, etc., as well as “old-”, “new-”, “upper-”, “lower-”, but they are not always written with a hyphen. For example:
- Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, BUT: Novosibirsk, Novorossiysk, Maloarkhangelsk, etc.
10. Denoting compound geographical names. Moreover, they can be written with a hyphen, regardless of whether there are connecting main “o” or “e” or not:
- Austria-Hungary, BUT: Czechoslovakia.
11. Calling foreign proper names or inanimate objects:
- Amu Darya, Alma-Ata, Grand Hotel, etc.
12. Containing the word “pol” (= “half”) and a noun in the genitive case, if it begins with a capital letter, vowel or “l”, for example:
- Half Moscow, half a lemon, half an orange, BUT: half a cheesecake, half a penny, half a river.
Nouns starting with “semi” are always written together: stop.
13. Denoting ranks, the first part of which includes foreign prefixes “non-commissioned-”, “ober-”, “staff-”, “vice-”, “life-”, “ex-”:
- vice-chancellor, staff captain, non-commissioned officer, ex-champion, etc.
14. Representing a defined word with the following application:
- mother-old woman, Anika-warrior, etc.
Note 1. If the appendix can be replaced by an agreed definition, then the hyphen is not inserted: handsome son (handsome son).
Note 2. If the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then there is no hyphen between it and the appendix: Social Democrats are Mensheviks.
Note 3. The hyphen is not placed if the following combinations occur:
- common noun + proper: city of Novosibirsk, Ob River;
- generic concept + species concept: hummingbird bird, beetle insect, birch tree;
- the word “citizen”, “mister”, “comrade”, etc. + noun: citizen chief, Mr. policeman, etc.
15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns:
- island (island), state (state), kol-vo (quantity), etc.
16. if the text uses two (or more) compound nouns, the second part of which is the same, and the first part of the first nouns is deliberately omitted:
- auto and motorcycle equipment; steam, electric and diesel locomotives.
Written together:
1. Nouns formed with the connecting vowels “o” or “e”, as well as all nouns whose first parts are: aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electric-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example:
- photo studio, macrocosm, weather station, shrew, water supply, reinforced concrete, etc.
2. Names of cities with the second part “grad” (“city”):
- Leningrad, Novgorod, Kaliningrad, etc.
3. Declinable compound nouns with the first part formed from a verb:
- daredevil, adonis, whirligig, etc.
- Compound nouns are written through a hyphen, formed without a connecting vowel from two independently used nouns, which generally denote a single concept. The relationships between parts in such formations are very diverse. The parts can be homogeneous (synonymous) or mutually opposite (antonymous): sadness-melancholy, customs-orders, strength-prowess, truth-truth, friends-pals, first name-patronymic, purchase-sale, acceptance-issuance, questions- answers, etc.
Some single applications are appended with a hyphen, others are not.
A hyphen is not placed before a proper name: professor Petrov, mechanic Sergeev, cashier Babaeva, friend Alyosha, Moscow River, Mount Kazbek, etc. The formations Mother Rus' and Mother Earth are among the stable ones and are written with a hyphen.
If the application is after own name, then a hyphen is placed: Moscow River, Ilmen Lake, Kuzma Firefighter, etc.
There is no hyphen after the words citizen, master, comrade, friend, friends, your brother, our brother, your brother.
There is no hyphen between two common nouns, of which the first is a generic concept, and the second is a specific concept, and in general the complex word is not a scientific term: saiga antelope, golden eagle, sparrow bird, russula mushroom. But whole line similar formations are written with a hyphen if the second noun is not used as an independent designation of a given species: leek, snake fish, sawfish (and sawfish), snipe fish, bone beetle, bark beetle, puffball mushroom , umbrella mushroom, silkworm, swimming beetle, etc.
A hyphen is not placed if the first noun denotes a qualitative concept (this word can be replaced with a single-root adjective): busy mother (busy), strong little boy (strong), old colonel (old colonel), little sister (little).
Forms beginning with the words grief and miracle are written through a hyphen: would-be hunter, would-be fisherman, would-be student, miracle-hero, miracle-work, miracle-man, etc. The same type of words are tsar-cannon, tsar- bell, jingoism, boy-woman, shirt-guy, gop company and some others.
If a noun denoting a qualitative concept is in second place, then a hyphen is placed. For example: The old usher took off Vronsky’s fur coat (JI. Tolstoy) (but the old usher was a valet).
The appendix denoting nationality and place of residence is not added with a hyphen, regardless of where it stands: German footman, old gypsy woman, Evenk boy, fellow Sverdlovsk residents. But if the first noun is a substantivized adjective, then a hyphen is added: English students, Italian workers, French beggar, etc.
If the defined noun has two single clauses connected by the conjunction and, then no hyphen is added: design and build engineers; students of physics and mathematics; graduate students and teachers of chemistry.
- Composite Russian and foreign surnames are written with a hyphen: Rimsky-Korsakov, Sokolov-Nikitov, Lebedev-Polyansky, Sklodovskaya-Curie, Andersen-Nexe, etc.
- Geographical names composed of two nouns or of a noun and an adjective are written with a hyphen: Orekhovo-Zuevo, New York, Yuryev-Polsky, Gus-Khrustalny (but Vyshny Volochyok, Krasnaya Presnya, Yasnaya Polyana, Denezhkin Kamen - the adjective comes before noun, in this case there is no hyphen).
- Complex geographical names made up of two nouns joined by a conjunction or preposition are written with two hyphens: Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, Stoke-on-Treat, Cotes-du-Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Fort-de-France, Misr -al-Qahira et al.
- Foreign geographical names beginning with a preposition or particle, as well as with the words san-, sen-, saint-, sankt.-, are written with a hyphen: La Plata, La Rochelle, Saint-Nazaire, Santa Cruz, El Paso , San Juan de los Morros, etc.
- The compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, are written through a hyphen: anarcho-syndicalism, radical socialist, social revolutionaries.
- Words with foreign language elements are written with a hyphen: vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-, ex- in the first part: vice admiral, life guard, chief conductor, non-commissioned officer, staff doctor, ex- champion.
- They write together Difficult words with the first part - flight engineer, flight mechanic; with the second part - a meter: vacuum gauge, dynamometer, millivoltmeter. Words with the first part block-, press- are written through a hyphen: block apparatus, block diagram, block signal, block system (but checkpoint), press conference, press center, press cliché, paperweight.
- [Count:] Or has a choice been made?.. Jaromir Von Eschen (foreign name) young? Is it true? (A. Blok). 2. A student nurse (a complex noun, where the second denotes a profession) and a boy cook (a complex noun, where the second denotes a profession) approached the packs and began to unload them (A. N. Tolstoy). 3. Nazar went for a tumbleweed bush (excl.) (A. Platonov). 4. We were no longer carried exactly to the north-west (denotes the name of the intermediate directions of the cardinal points), but to the west-north-west (denotes the name of the intermediate directions of the cardinal points) (P. Antokolsky). 5. Now he is not a daredevil (there is no conjunctive vowel, verb stem on i), not a brute... (P. Antokolsky).
- Only thorny bushes of the derzhidereva (the first part of the verb in i) and stunted acacia... grew in the front garden (K. Paustovsky).
- I found cottage vipe-admioala (first part of the vice-) Kolans (K. Paustovsky). 8. Stoahagent (complex word, insurance agent) is silent for some time. 9. For God’s sake, not a word, not even a hint to anyone! (the second part begins with a consonant n) (A. Chekhov). 10. He was not appointed artistic director (complex abbreviated word, artistic director), but only acting/chief director (complex abbreviated word - acting chief director) (S. Narovchatov).