As a child, listening to the weather forecast, I was very frightened by phrases like “a powerful cyclone" In my imagination, the cyclone was depicted as some kind of huge and terrible insect. Apparently, somewhere I heard about cyclops, and these two similar-sounding words intertwined and created in the child’s mind a fairy-tale monster that every now and then “approaches” some unfortunate country.
Of course, as I got older, I realized that cyclones and anticyclones have something to do with the weather, but how exactly – this remained a mystery to me for a long time.
Cyclone and anticyclone: what is it?
Cyclones and anticyclones are usually taught about in geography lessons. But for some reason, as a result of the explanations of the teacher and the textbook, clarity does not come. Maybe I can do better?
So, and cyclone and anticyclone are huge multi-kilometer air vortices in which air moves in a circle. They behave completely differently. In a cyclone, the air rotates outward from the center, counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere (it is easy to assume that in an anticyclone everything happens exactly the opposite). Atmosphere pressure in a cyclone it is always reduced(who can guess what the situation is with the pressure in the anticyclone?)
Scheme of a cyclone and anticyclone
Evil cyclones always carry with them strong winds, squalls, rain, thunderstorms and other weather problems. And here with the arrival of the anticyclone, good windless and partly cloudy weather sets in.
How do cyclones and anticyclones form?
So, you understand that cyclones and anticyclones are air turbulences. But how and why do they appear? To answer this question, you will have to understand the concept " atmospheric front".
Imagine two neighboring regions, one of which has warm weather, and the other has cold weather. Places where cold and warm air masses meet are called atmospheric fronts.
When warm and cold air masses meet, they do not mix, but seem to fight each other, pressing “wall against wall,” resulting in a spiral. This is how air (or atmospheric) vortices are created.
How cyclones and anticyclones are born. Tropical cyclones
Both cyclones and anticyclones usually occur in certain places on the globe. So, anticyclones often appear over the Arctic and Antarctica. And here Cyclones like to form in the tropics. For tropical phenomena, due to their particular destructiveness, they even came up with special names:
- in America - a hurricane;
- in East Asia - a typhoon;
- in Mexico - cordonazo;
- in the Philippines - baguyo;
- in Australia - willy-willy.
Typhoon at sea 1) limits the contents of the cell from the external environment
2) ensures the movement of substances in the cell
3) provides communication between organelles
4) carries out the synthesis of protein molecules
The membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum performs the function
1) synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
2) protein synthesis
3) protein breakdown
4) breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids
One of the functions of the Golgi complex
1) formation of lysosomes
2) formation of ribosomes
3) ATP synthesis
4) oxidation of organic substances
Lipid molecules are part of
1) plasma membrane
2) ribosomes
3) fungal cell membranes
4) centrioles
Thanks in advance for anyone who can help
A) microtubules
B) many chloroplasts
B) many mitochondria
D) systems of branched tubules
2. The cytoplasm of the cell includes
A) protein threads
B) cilia and flagella
B) mitochondria
D) cell center and lysosomes
3. What is the role of the cytoplasm in plant cell
A) protects the contents of the cell from adverse conditions
B) provides selective permeability of substances
B) communicates between the nucleus and organelles
D) ensures the entry of substances into the cell from the environment
4. In what part of the cell are the organelles and nucleus located?
A) in vacuoles
B) in the cytoplasm
B) in the endoplasmic reticulum
D) in the Golgi complex
5. All organelles and the cell nucleus are interconnected by
A) shells
B) plasma membrane
B) cytoplasm
D) vacuoles
6. Cytoplasm in the cell does NOT take part in
A) transport of substances
B) placement of organoids
B) DNA biosynthesis
D) communication between organelles
7. All cell organelles are located in
A) cytoplasm
B) Golgi complex
B) core
D) endoplasmic reticulum
8. The internal semi-liquid environment of the cell, permeated with tiny threads and tubes, in which organelles and the nucleus are located, is
A) vacuole
B) cytoplasm
B) Golgi apparatus
D) mitochondria
9. With the help of which part of the cell are connections between organelles established?
A) core
B) cytoplasm
B) vacuole
D) shell
10. The structure and functions of the plasma membrane are determined by the molecules that make up it
A) glycogen and starch
B) DNA and ATP
B) proteins and lipids
D) fiber and glucose
11. Animal cells have a less stable shape than plant cells, since they do not have
A) chloroplasts
B) vacuoles
B) cell wall
D) lysosomes
12. Metabolism between the cell and environment regulated
A) plasma membrane
B) endoplasmic reticulum
IN) nuclear envelope
D) cytoplasm
13. Glycocalyx is formed in the cell
A) lipids and nucleotides
B) fats and ATP
B) carbohydrates and proteins
G) nucleic acids
14) The plasma membrane of an animal cell, as opposed to the cell wall of plants
A) consists of fiber
B) consists of proteins and lipids
B) strong, inelastic
D) permeable to all substances
15. The supply of nutrients by phagocytosis occurs in cells
A) prokaryote
B) animals
B) mushrooms
D) plants
16. Selective entry of substances into the cell through the plasma membrane is associated with
A) the presence of a cellulose shell
B) constant concentration of substances in the cytoplasm
C) structural features of the bilipid layer
D) the presence of a glycocalyx
17. The main properties of the plasma membrane include
A) impenetrability
B) contractility
B) selective permeability
D) excitability and conductivity
18. The membrane of a fungal cell, unlike a plant cell, consists of
A) fiber
B) chitin-like substance
B) contractile proteins
D) lipids
19. A derivative of the plasma membrane - glycocalyx is present on the surface of cells
A) animals
B) viruses
B) mushrooms
D) bacteriophages
cell membranes
4) what functions does the outer cytoplasmic membrane perform?
5) how the exchange of substances occurs between the cell and the environment. What is pinocytosis. What is phagacytosis
6) list the cell organelles and indicate their functions
7) what is the difference between the smooth and rough membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
8) which cell organelles contain DNA and are capable of self-reproduction
establish the correct sequence of mitosis phases: a) chromatids diverge to opposite poles of the cell. b) spindle formationdivision, attachment of centromeres to the spindle threads. chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane of the cell. c) chromosomes spiral, thicken, and the nuclear membrane is destroyed. d) chromatids are separated from each other e) despiralization of chromosomes. division of the cytoplasm of the mother cell. formation of two daughter cells.
Gastrulation(from Lat. gaster - stomach) - a complex process of chemical and morphological changes, which is accompanied by reproduction, growth, directed movement and differentiation of cells, resulting in the formation of germ layers - the sources of the primordia of tissues and organs, and complexes of axial organs.
At this stage of development of organisms, a two-layer embryo is formed - gastrula. In this case, two germ layers are formed - ectoderm (external) and endoderm (interior). The gastrula corresponds in structure to modern coelenterates. At the late stage of gastrulation, the third germ layer is formed - mesoderm (average).
These leaves subsequently give rise to embryonic rudiments, from which tissues and organs are formed. There are four types of gastrulation (Fig. 8).
Immigration(invasion) is the most primitive, initial form of gastrulation. All other types of gastrulation are derived from it. In this case, the blastoderm cells move into the blastocoel, where they settle on the inner surface and form endoderm , and the outer cells form ectoderm . In this case, the gastric cavity is formed - gastrocel – cavity of the primary intestine (coelenterates).
Intussusception(invagination) - the blastoderm at the vegetative pole bends inside the blastocoel and reaches the cells of the animal pole. In this case, a gastrocoel is formed, which communicates with external environment hole - blastopore – primary mouth.
With the development of the blastopore, animals are divided into two groups:
protostomes– the blastopore turns into a real mouth (worms, mollusks, arthropods);
deuterostomes– the primary mouth turns into an anus at the posterior end of the body, and at the anterior the oral opening reappears (brachiopods, echinoderms, chordates).
Epiboly(fouling) - at the animal pole of the blastula, cells divide faster and creep onto large cells of the vegetative pole. From the cells of the animal pole it is formed ectoderm , and from the cells of the vegetative pole – endoderm. This type of gastrulation is characteristic of animals in which the egg contains an increased amount of yolk (cyclostomes, amphibians).
Delamination(stratification) - blastoderm cells divide, daughter cells move into the blastocoel, forming endoderm , and the outer cells form ectoderm . In this case, the blastopore is not formed, so the gastrocoel does not communicate with the external environment. This type of gastrulation is characteristic of animals that have lost large reserves of yolk in their eggs (coelenterates, higher placentals).
Fig.7. Genetic control of mammalian development (according to B.V. Konyukhov, 1976)
IN ontogenetic development There are periods of greatest sensitivity to the damaging effects of various factors. These periods are called critical periods of development. P.G. Svetlov postulated two general critical periods in the development of placental mammals. The first of them coincides with the process of implantation of the embryo (in humans, the end of the 1st - beginning of the 2nd week of pregnancy), the second - with the formation of the placenta (in humans, from the 3rd to the 6th week). According to other sources, the second critical period also includes the 7th and 8th weeks, when neurulation occurs and local organogenesis begins.
A damaging effect during implantation usually leads to its disruption, early death of the embryo and its abortion. According to some data, 50–70% of fertilized eggs (embryos) do not survive the implantation period.
Developmental defects are deviations in the structure of an organ or an entire organism, leading to functional disorders: developmental defects are persistent morphological changes in an organ or the organism as a whole, beyond the limits of normal variations and arising in utero as a result of disturbances in the development of the embryo or fetus, sometimes after the birth of a child due to disruption of further organ formation. These changes cause disruption of the corresponding functions. Developmental anomalies are understood only as those defects in which anatomical changes do not lead to significant dysfunction, for example, deformations of the auricles that do not disfigure the patient’s face and do not significantly affect the perception of sounds. Severe developmental defects, in which the appearance of a child is disfigured, are often called deformities.