OKSTU 5330; 5309

Introduction period from 01/01/88

Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to unedged boards of coniferous and hardwood and establishes methods for measuring volume.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. The volume of unedged boards is recorded in dense cubic meters with an accuracy of 0.001 m³ based on the board dimensions (thickness, width and length) established for wood with a moisture content of 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood). The volume of individual boards is determined according to GOST 5306-83.

1.2. Three methods are established for accounting for the volume of unedged boards: batch, piece and sampling method.

1.2.1. The batch method of accounting consists in determining the volume of a package of boards and is used as the main one for accounting for the volume of any batches of unedged boards of softwood and hardwood, placed in packages, except for special assortments (aviation, resonance, deck, boat, barge construction) and boards of valuable species (oak , beech, ash, elm, maple and hornbeam).

The formation of the package should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 19041-85E, and in addition, the following rules must be observed:

a) on one side, the ends of the boards in the package must be aligned;

b) boards in horizontal rows of the package must be laid close to each other, but without overlapping one board over another;

c) the package must have the same width along its entire length, the sides of the package must be vertical. It is allowed to shift individual outer boards from the vertical side, both inward and outward, up to half the width of the board, but not more than 100 mm;

1.2.2. The piecemeal method of accounting consists in determining the volume of each board, summing these volumes and is used to account for the volume of any batches of unedged boards of special assortments, boards of valuable species and in case of disagreement, as well as to account for batches of unedged boards of all types and sizes with a volume of no more than 10 m².

1.2.3. The sampling method consists in determining the volume of production of boards or packages with the distribution of average results over the entire batch and is used to take into account the volume of any number of unedged boards of all species and sizes (except for special assortments and boards of valuable species), not packed into packages and in the case when the formation packages do not meet the requirements set out in clause 1.2.1.

1.3. The guarantee is considered to be the number of unedged boards or packages drawn up in one accompanying document.

1.4. In invoices-specifications for shipped unedged boards, the consignor is obliged to indicate which of the specified methods of volume accounting was used by him to determine the volume of a given batch.

The consignee must take into account the volume of unedged boards upon acceptance using one of the methods in which this batch was taken into account during shipment.

2. BATCH METHOD OF VOLUME ACCOUNTING

2.1. The batch method of accounting for the volume of unedged boards provides:

determination of dimensions (height, width and length of the package);

determining the folding volume of boards in a package;

determining the volume of the package in dense cubic meters;

2.1.1. Determining package sizes.

The height of the package should be determined from the side of the aligned end in the middle of its width by measuring without taking into account the spacers (Fig. 1) and found using the formula:

h = h 1 -nb

h- package height, m

h 1 - measured package height, m

n- number of spacers along the height of the package, pcs.

b- gasket thickness, actual

The width of the package should be determined by measuring from the side of the aligned end in the middle of its height between two conventionally drawn vertical lines limiting the sides of the package (Fig. 1).

Measurement of the width and height of the package must be carried out with an accuracy of 10 mm.

The length of the package (Fig. 2) should be determined as the sum of the lengths of the dense and loose parts of the package according to the formula:

l = l 1 - kl 2

l- package length is taken into account, m

l 1 - length of the dense part of the package, m

l 2 - length of the loose part of the package, m

To- coefficient taking into account the proportion of protruding ends in the loose part of the package.

The length of the dense and loose parts of the package must be determined by measuring with an accuracy corresponding to the gradation of lumber along the length according to GOST 24454-80 and GOST 2695-83.

The value of the coefficient “k” should be taken equal to:

2/3 - if the number of protruding ends is more than 50% of the number of boards of the entire package;

1/2 - if the number of protruding ends is equal to half the number of boards of the entire package;

1/3 - if the number of protruding ends is less than 50% of the number of boards of the entire package.

2.1.2. Determination of the folded volume of the package.

The folding volume of the package must be calculated by multiplying the height, width and length of the package, determined in accordance with clause 2.1.1.

2.1.3. Determination of the volume of the package in dense cubic meters (accounting volume).

The volume of boards in the package must be determined by multiplying the folded volume of the boards in the package by the stacking density coefficient given in table. 1.

Table 1

DENSITY COEFFICIENTS FOR CONVERTING FOLDED VOLUME
UNEDGED BOARDS IN THE VOLUME OF SOLID WOOD

a) for coniferous species

Board length, m	Board thickness, mm
	16	19	22	25	32	40	44	50	60	75-100
	Coefficient f 1
2,00 - 6,50	0,59	0,60	0,60	0,61	0,63	0,65	0,66	0,67	0,70	0,75
1,00 - 1,75	for all thicknesses 0.67
	Coefficient f 1
2,00 - 6,50	0,64	0,65	0,65	0,66	0,68	0,71	0,72	0,73	0,75	0,79
1,00 - 1,75	for all thicknesses 0.73

b) for hardwood

Board length, m	Board thickness, mm
	19	22	25	32	40	45	50	60	70-100
	Coefficient f 1 , for boards with a moisture content of more than 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood)
2,00 - 6,50	0,52	0,53	0,54	0,57	0,60	0,62	0,64	0,68	0,74
1,00 - 1,75	for all thicknesses 0.66
	Coefficient f 1 for boards with a moisture content of 20% or less (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood)
1,00 - 6,50	0,58	0,59	0,60	0,63	0,67	0,69	0,71	0,75	0,82
1,00 - 1,75	for all thicknesses 0.73

2.1.4. Determining the volume of a batch of boards.

The volume of a batch of unedged boards packed in packages should be determined by summing the accounting volumes of individual packages in the batch.

2.2. In the event of a disagreement between the supplier and the consumer when accounting for the volume of unedged boards in batches, the accounting volume must be determined by control piece measurement, established by agreement of the parties, but not less than 6% of the delivered lot.

Packages should be selected evenly from different places parties. The deviation of the accounting volume using the batch method from the results of the control check using the piecemeal method should not exceed 5%. If the difference is greater, the volume of the tested batch of boards must be taken equal to the volume of boards obtained during the control test.

Note.
The volume of unedged boards used as spacers in packages should be determined by the actual number of spacers measured by piece.

3. PIECES METHOD OF ACCOUNTING VOLUME

3.1. The piecemeal method of accounting for the volume of unedged boards provides for:

determining the size of boards;

determining the volume of each board;

determining the volume of a batch of boards.

3.1.1. Determining the dimensions of the boards.

The thickness of the boards should be measured in accordance with GOST 6564-84 and accepted as nominal according to the dimensions established by GOST 24454-80 and GOST 2695-83.

The width of unedged boards should be measured in accordance with GOST 6564-84. If there is a local narrowing on the face in the middle of the length of the board, the width must be measured at a distance of 150 mm from it.

The length of unedged boards should be measured in accordance with GOST 6564-84 and taking into account the gradations established by GOST 24454-80 and GOST 2695-83.

The moisture content of lumber must be determined in accordance with GOST 16588-79.

3.1.2. Determining the volume of boards.

Volume is not edged boards with a moisture content of more than 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood) should be found as the product of the volume calculated from the dimensions of the thickness, width and length of the board, determined in accordance with paragraph 3.1.1. using a correction factor for the width of the board equal to: for coniferous species - 0.96, for deciduous species - 0.95.

When determining the volume of unedged boards with a moisture content of 20% and below (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood), correction factors should not be applied.

3.1.3. Determining the volume of a batch of boards.

The volume of a batch of unedged boards should be determined by summing the volumes of individual boards.

4. SAMPLING METHODS FOR VOLUME ACCOUNTING

4.1. The method for accounting for the volume of unedged boards provides:

selection of samples from the batch;

determining the volume of sample boards or sample packages;

determining the average volume of a board or package;

determining the volume of a batch of boards.

4.1.1. Sample size.

Samples must be taken from different locations in the lot being taken into account.

Samples of boards should be selected by selecting any board from the lot (fifth, tenth, hundredth or any other).

Samples of packages should be taken from a batch of packages of uniform dimensions containing boards of the same thickness.

The sample size must be set in accordance with table. 2.

table 2

Purpose of sampling	Sample sizes
	Composition of the batch according to the length of the boards
	Boards of the same length	Boards of the same length mixed with up to 15% shorter ones	Boards of no more than 4 adjacent lengths
To determine the average volume	Not less than 3% of the lot delivered, but not less than 60 boards	Not less than 4% of the lot delivered, but not less than 80 boards	Not less than 7% of the lot delivered, but not less than 120 boards
To determine the average package volume	At least 3 packages	At least 4 packages	At least 8 packages

4.1.2. Determining the volume of sample boards and sample packages. The volume of sample boards should be determined by piecemeasurement in accordance with Section 3, sample packages - in batches in accordance with Section 2, while the boards in packages must be laid in accordance with the requirement of clause 1.2.1.

4.1.3. Determination of the average volume of sample boards or packages. The average volume of sample boards or packages must be determined as the arithmetic mean of the volumes of individual boards or packages.

4.1.4. Determining the volume of a batch of boards. The volume of a batch of unedged boards should be determined as the product of the average volume of a board or package by the corresponding number of boards or packages of the lot.

4.2. In case of disagreements between suppliers and consumers in the accounting of unedged boards using the sampling method, a repeated sample should be taken in double size. The resampling results should be taken to account for the entire batch of boards.

Examples of determining the volume of unedged boards are given in the appendix.

APPLICATION

Examples of determining the volume of unedged boards
for piece and batch measurement methods

Example 1. Find the raw volume unedged boards coniferous species, having a thickness of 25 mm (nominal), a width of 220 mm and a length of 5.25 m.

Using these board dimensions from the lumber volume table (GOST 5306-83), we find the board volume to be 0.0289 m³.

0.0289 x 0.96 = 0.0277 m³,

where 0.96 is the correction factor for the width for softwood boards.

Example 2. Find the volume of a raw unedged hardwood board having a thickness of 40 mm (nominal), a width of 180 mm and a length of 6 m.

Using these board dimensions from the lumber volume table (GOST 5306-83), we find the board volume to be 0.0432 m³.

The volume of the same board at a humidity of 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood) will be equal to:

0.0432 x 0.95 = 0.0410 m³,

where 0.95 is the correction factor for the width for hardwood boards.

To calculate the volume large quantity boards (using the specified method according to the tables of GOST 5306-83), you can not recalculate the volumes of individual boards into volumes in a dry state, but multiply the total volume of all wet boards by a correction factor for the width.

Example 3. Find the volume of raw unedged softwood boards 25 mm thick, folded into a package having a height of 980 mm, a width of 1030 mm and a length of 4.15 m.

0.98 x 1.03 x 4.14 = 4.189 m³.

From Table 1 we find the laying density coefficient for raw coniferous boards with a thickness of 25 mm - 0.61.

4.189 x 0.61 = 2.555 m³.

Example 4. Find the volume of dry unedged softwood boards with a moisture content of 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood), 50 mm thick, folded into a package having a height of 1250 mm, a width of 1150 mm and a length of 5.75 m.

The folding volume of a package of dry boards is equal to:

1.25 x 1.15 x 5.75 = 8.266 m³

From Table 1 we find the laying density coefficient for dry coniferous boards 50 mm thick - 0.73.

Then the volume of unedged boards in the package in dense cubic meters at a humidity of 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood) will be equal to:

8.266 x 0.73 = 6.034 m³

Example 5. Find the volume of raw unedged hardwood 32 mm thick, folded into a package having a height of 1100 mm, a width of 1000 mm and a length of 5 m.

The folding volume of a package of raw boards is equal to:

1.1 x 1 x 5 = 5.5 m³.

From Table 2 we find the laying density coefficient for raw hardwood boards with a thickness of 32 mm - 0.57.

Then the volume of dense wood of unedged boards in a package at a humidity of 20% (relative to the mass of absolutely dry wood) will be equal to:

5.5 x 0.57 = 3.135 m³.

LIST OF SOURCES USED
WHEN DEVELOPING THE STANDARD

When sawing wood, it is important to immediately calculate what the consumption will be, as this will affect the cost of lumber. Exit finished products may be different. It all depends on the quality of the wood used and whether measures are taken to optimize cutting. There are special measures to increase work efficiency, make the output better, and the quality of sawing higher. Before sawing, you need to pre-calculate everything. It's not as difficult as it might seem, but it costs round timber will be optimal and beneficial for obtaining excellent results.

How to increase cutting efficiency

In order for the yield of lumber to be significant, it is necessary to use special measures to increase the efficiency of the process:

1. The calculation should only be carried out when using special programs, manually it will have low efficiency, the percentage of defects will be high.
2. The round timber must first be sorted so that processing is carried out correctly.
3. For cutting it is necessary to use high quality equipment. Otherwise, the amount of waste will be large, and the quality of the resulting lumber will be low.
4. It is best to cut wide lumber first; narrow lumber takes longer to process.
5. It is not recommended to take long logs.
6. Before work, you should set up the equipment.

The yield of finished lumber may vary. It must be remembered that at the first stage boards are obtained, then they are sorted. As a result, the percentage decreases even more; for example, for deciduous trees it can be only 10-20%.

How to optimize cutting

To increase the yield of lumber, the cutting process must be optimized. This applies primarily to those workpieces that have significant curvature. To cut a crooked round timber, you need to perform a number of steps:

1. First, only suitable wood is selected for work. If the remaining logs have rot, sprouts, or cracks at the ends, then it is necessary to trim off some areas.
2. If a rotten core is discovered during work, you can carefully remove it, and then saw the remaining part. This will allow you to avoid large losses and obtain boards with a length of 1 m or more with the required quality.
3. It is recommended to use logs with large diameter so that the yield percentage is higher. The coefficient can be 1.48-2.1, but it all depends on the diameter, quality of the round timber, sorting, and equipment. For frame shops this coefficient will be 1.48-1.6, and for lines with milling equipment– 1.6 for large forest. With a round log diameter of 12 cm or more, the coefficient can exceed 2.1.

Volume of waste after sawing

In order for the finished board to come out with a high percentage, everything must be prepared correctly, the work must be carried out only in accordance with the technology. Roundwood of coniferous and deciduous species produces different yields. In the latter case, the volume is smaller, even if special additional equipment is used. Needles are considered more convenient for sawing, since their trunk is straight and the log has a larger diameter. Coniferous forest is not so susceptible to rotting, so there is less waste. For hardwood, 2 cutting technologies are usually used:

• using a band sawmill on Z75, Z63;
• into collapse, when a half-beam is cut out in the core of the material and passed through a multi-saw machine.

The volume of a band sawmill is 40-50%. When using technology for collapse, the yield is different, it can be increased up to 70%, but the costs of such work are higher. If you cut round timber, the length of which is 3 m, you can see that the percentage of scrap is quite large, and the remaining material requires processing. This applies to the bulk with boards 22x105(110, 115)x3000 mm. There are many options for such a marriage. For example, it could be a wormhole, which is no longer suitable for most jobs.

After sorting, the volume of hardwood material, which belongs to grade 0-2, will be only 20-30% of the amount obtained after sawing. This means that of the total mass of harvested round timber, the yield of normal boards will be only 10-20%. The remaining materials are mainly used for firewood. For coniferous round timber, the yield will be different, but attention must be paid to what average values ​​of the resulting volume are observed.

Lumber output

In order for the yield of lumber to be optimal, numerous conditions must be taken into account. To calculate correctly, you can consider the example of round timber yield. The data was obtained from the real experience of specialists and from the performance of sawmills. This makes it possible to compare percentage, calculate optimal average numbers.

For conifers, the following solution is possible:

1. For unedged boards and other unedged materials during sawing, the yield will be 70%. This is the amount of material obtained during processing, the amount of waste will be equal to 30%.
2. For edged material when using sawmills at 63, 65, 75, there will be a lower yield of lumber, only around 45%. For band sawmills, the yield is usually up to 55-60% finished material. If you use means to increase efficiency, you can reach 70%, although this requires great experience work.
3. From a circular sawmill you can get lumber in the amount of 70-75%, although using methods to increase efficiency it may well be 80-75%. But work experience is required.

According to GOST 8486-86, for grade 0-3, the yield percentage, not taking into account sorting, is approximately 70%.

Another 30% can be left for rejecting the finished material. The rejected material is not thrown away; it is used for the manufacture of other types of lumber, which allow for the presence of certain defects.

For deciduous roundwood, a different yield percentage is observed:

1. For unedged material – 60%.
2. For edged wood - up to 35-40%, since the curvature of the original deciduous wood is usually large.

The output can be increased; additional equipment is used for this. This can be a special multi-sawing machine, an edge trimming machine, or a slab machine. In this case, the yield of lumber will increase by about 20%. The given percentage is given based on data on obtaining boards of grade 0-4. When sorting grades 0-1, the percentage of lumber obtained is 10%. To get a cube of finished edged hardwood material, you need to cut 10 cubes of the original round wood.

The yield of lumber from roundwood may vary. It all depends on the original type of wood used by the sawmill. Special measures to increase efficiency allow you to get a larger percentage than is possible, but for this you must have some experience.

TIMBER YIELD BASED ON FIR ROUND TIMBER VOLUME TABLES

Koptev Artem Sergeevich 1, Weiss Andrey Andreevich 2
1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Siberian State Technological University", Bachelor in Forestry
2 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Siberian State Technological University", Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Forest Taxation, Forest Management and Geodesy

annotation
As a result of the studies, it was found that standard values in most cases, log volumes are underestimated by thickness level in comparison with the truncated cone formula (-33.2-+6.4%). In the thicker part of the logs, this difference stabilizes and is about 10%. At the same time, in relation to the formula for the median section, the tabulated values ​​of fir logs in most cases overestimate the actual volume of round timber. In value terms, for 100 logs the difference can be (36 cm step) up to 60,000 rubles.

OUT OF LUMBER BASED ON THE TABLES OF VOLUMES OF ROUNDWOOD FIR

Koptev Artem Sergeevich 1, Weis Andrey Andreevich 2
1 Siberian state technological university, bachelor in "Forestry business"
2 Siberian state technological university, doctor of agricultural sciences, assistant professor of forest inventory, forest management and geodesy

Abstract
The studies found that the standard values ​​in most cases underestimate volume timber according to diameter compared with frustum formula (-33.2- + 6.4%). As part of thick logs, this difference has stabilized at around 10%. At the same formula applied to the midsection tabulated values ​​fir logs in most cases overestimate the real volume of roundwood. In terms of value for the timber 100 may be a difference (see step 36) to 60,000 rubles.

Back in the second half of the twentieth century, in forest taxation it was considered advisable to determine volumes for practical purposes using special tables. Of all the tables compiled, the most widely used in our country are the tables of A.A. Kründer, common for all species, without taking into account the location of the harvested assortments on the trunks. These tables were later recalculated by G.M. Tursky into metric system, supplemented by N.P. Anuchin and approved as GOST 2708-44.

Other tables were also used in practice before. For example, Provatorov’s table, which was compiled without any basic taxation material, purely mathematically calculated the volumes of logs, assuming one constant run for logs of all species and categories.

Klimashevsky’s tables, as well as Provatorov’s tables, were characterized by the fact that the volumes of logs were calculated purely mathematically, assuming their division into five classes, respectively, with a run of 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/3 and 5/ 8 tops by a fathom.

The tables of Tour, Arnold, Toursky, Rudzsky were characterized by the compilation of the volume of logs based on numerous observations of the run-off and volume of logs of different species, and the possibility of giving one general table for logs of all classes and species was recognized.

However, these tables had certain disadvantages. For example, the tables of Tour, Arnold, Toursky, Rudzki were not adapted to the normal taxation of logs individually and acceptable determined the volume only when taxing a larger number of logs together, when one should expect a smoothing of the extremes in the average result.

Also, the tables did not provide that the accuracy of estimating logs is influenced by the degree of granularity of thickness steps for log diameters and the total length of logs. When taking a very large step for log diameters of 4 cm, tables for single logs or for a small number of them should give large errors due to the rounding of diameters.

In modern forestry practice, the relationship between the characteristics of the entire forest stand and the parameters of individual trees in this tree stand is known. For example, according to research, the density of the grown tree stand affects the quality of the timber. To improve the quality of timber, a greater density of the tree stand is needed in the early phase of rotation to reduce the growth of branches in the lower part of the trunk, their accelerated death and self-cleaning of the trunks. In the late phase of cutting rotation, a relatively sparse tree stand is desirable to clear branches and accelerate the overgrowth of nodes. As is known, the greater the density, the smaller the runoff and vice versa, the lower the density, the greater the runoff, which in turn, as is already clear from the presented material, greatly influences the accuracy of determining the volume of assortments.

It is also necessary to take into account the influence of felling on the characteristics of the renewed subsequent forest stand. It is known that thinning contributed to a significant increase in trunk diameter at breast level, height growth, crown-to-trunk size ratio, crown width, but led to a decrease in trunk height to diameter at breast height. The trunk run-off also increased significantly, and therefore the determination of the wood supply turned out to be overestimated by 2-15%, especially for trees in thinned stands.

International trade in timber products is developing very dynamically. According to FAO, global roundwood exports have increased by 8 million m 3 over the past decade in quantitative terms. This was facilitated by the constant growth in global consumption of lumber in various sectors of the economy and the increasing importance of wood as a natural, environmentally friendly, universal material. International trade in unprocessed wood today is developing in the context of growing volumes of its consumption. The leading exporters of round timber in the world are Russia, New Zealand, USA, and the main importers of unprocessed wood are China, Austria, and Germany. The main factor in volume growth international trade Currently, there is an increase in wood consumption in the world, and in the next few years this trend in the world market will continue.

Experimental studies. The research was carried out in the Biryusinsky district forestry of the educational and experimental forestry enterprise of Siberian State Technical University. Measurements of Siberian fir round timber were taken at the lower warehouse. Subsequently, the volumes of round timber were established different ways. The yield of cubic meters of lumber from a log was determined using Table 1 below.

Table 1 - Determination of lumber yield

Type of wood	Log diameter, cm		Output 1m 3
			lumber, m 3	wood waste, m 3	sawdust, m 3
Conifers
Hardwood (including birch)

Note: When the roundwood grade increases to 1, the lumber yield standard increases by 3%. When the grade of roundwood is reduced to grade 3, the lumber yield standard is reduced by 2%, to grade 4 – by 7%. With a mixed supply of large and medium logs, the lumber yield standard is taken as the arithmetic mean between medium and large logs.

As can be seen from the table, approximately 50% of the volume of the entire log is lumber. It is worth noting that coniferous trees have a higher lumber yield than deciduous ones.

Below is a table showing how many cubic meters of lumber, wood waste and sawdust come out when using the calculation results using the truncated cone formula and tabular data (Table 2), as well as using the median section formula (Table 3). The volumes were found for one log and for one hundred logs. The difference between the two lumber yields is also shown as a percentage. The yield of lumber obtained by calculation using the truncated cone formula for the first table and the median section formula for the second is taken as 100%.

Additionally, the cost of lumber obtained from 100 logs was calculated, the volume of which was determined from tabular data and the truncated cone formula (Table 3), as well as from tabular data and the formula for the median section (Table 4). In addition, the difference between the costs of lumber has been established.

Conclusions. A comparative analysis showed that standard values ​​in most cases underestimate the volume of logs by thickness level in comparison with the truncated cone formula (-33.2-+6.4%). In the thicker part of the logs, this difference stabilizes and is about 10%. At the same time, in relation to the formula for the median section, the tabulated values ​​of fir logs in most cases overestimate the actual volume of round timber. In value terms, for 100 logs the difference can be (36 cm step) up to 60,000 rubles.

Thus, the use of the truncated cone formula makes it possible to significantly reduce the error in determining the volume of fir logs in relation to the local East Sayan mountain taiga region.

Table 2 - Lumber output

		Volume, m3 1) GOST 2708 2) truncated cone	Lumber output, m3		Wood waste output, m3		Sawdust yield, m3		Difference, %
				100 logs		100 logs		100 logs

Continuation of Table 2

Timber group by thickness, cm		Volume, m3 2) truncated cone	Lumber output, m3		Wood waste output, m3		Sawdust yield, m3		Difference, %
				100 logs		100 logs		100 logs

Table 3 - Lumber output

Timber group by thickness		Volume, m3 2) average section	Lumber output, m3		Wood waste output, m3		Sawdust yield, m3		Difference, %
				100 logs		100 logs		100 logs

Table 4 - Cost of lumber

Lumber output per 100 logs					Deviations, rub
Group of timber by thickness			Truncated cone formula

Bibliography

1. “European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road” (ADR/ADR) (Concluded in Geneva on September 30, 1957).
2. Orlov M.M. Taxation of various assortments of industrial wood // Forest taxation. 1932. Chapter 14. With. 74-75.
3. Sawn timber properties of Scots pine affected by initial stand density, Thinning and pruning: A simulation based approach: Dokl. / IkonenVeli-Pekka, Kellomoki Seppo, Peltola Heli // Silva fenn. 2009. 43. No. 3. p. 411-431.
4. Long-term effects of precommercial thinning on the stem dimensions, form and branch characteristics of red spruce and balsam fir crop trees in Maine, USA: Report_ / Weiskittel Aaron R., Kenefic Laura S,. Seymour Robert S., Phillips Leah M. // Silva fenn. 2009. 43. No. 3. p. 397-409.
5. Varivodina I.N. , Kuznetsova E.V. , Perelygina O.G. Features of determining the volume of round timber in Russia and abroad // EUROPEAN STUDENT SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL. 2014. No. 1.

Sawn timber yield rates from roundwood

In the report of the UN European Commission/FAO Timber Committee ECE/TIM/DP/49 on timber conversion factors different types forest products, in particular, the yield coefficients of sawn timber from round timber are given. These data, based on the experience of 16 countries, may well serve as guidelines for woodworking enterprises as world standards.

Lumber covers a significant portion of solid wood lumber products. They include a wide range of products from unedged, fresh sawn to edged, dry, sized and planed lumber. The type of products produced has a significant impact on the yield of final sawn products from round timber. So from one cubic meter round wood you can get 0.8 m3 not edged lumber and only 0.4 m3 of dry edged, sorted and planed lumber. Therefore, various countries were asked to provide their yield ratios for various categories of lumber products to understand why national lumber yield ratios differ so widely.

For example, in Germany, 1.67 m3 of roundwood is required to produce 1 m3 of softwood lumber, while in the USA it is 2.04 m3. At first glance, it may seem that sawmilling in the United States is less efficient compared to Germany (the given coefficient indicates that the production of the same volume of lumber in the United States requires 22% more roundwood). But when taking a closer look at the production of the same types of lumber, such as rough lumber and dry lumber, it turns out that lumber yield rates in these countries are similar. This means that the differences in lumber yield ratios lie in the output various types finished products. Obviously, Germany produces more rough-cut lumber, while the USA produces more dry and planed lumber.

Some countries note that lumber production in their countries is recorded in the fresh sawn form to avoid double measurement of volumes for dry and planed lumber. This is in contrast to other countries, especially the Scandinavian region and North America, where the volume of lumber is most often given taking into account its final processing. This, for example, could result in a rough green lumber yield ratio of 1.57 (64%) or 1.75 (57%) for dry lumber or 2.27 (44%) for planed and finished lumber, as shown in the diagram below.

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Edged board is one of the most common lumber in construction. It is used for outdoor work, during construction wooden houses, interior decoration, manufacturing wooden fences. The board is sawn from logs and additionally sawed along the edges. This gives the lumber not only a marketable appearance, but also protects it from various pests. As a rule, the width of an edged board is twice its thickness.
The greatest demand in construction is for boards made from coniferous wood - spruce and pine, Siberian larch. For the production of furniture, more expensive and durable types of wood are used - oak, alder, ash.
The quality and cost of lumber depends on many characteristics: the type of wood, its moisture content, processing and sawing technology. Therefore, it is important to correctly calculate the yield of edged lumber in production.
depends on many factors: the specification, the grade of the board, the diameter of the saw log.
For example, from a coniferous round forest the yield of edged lumber is band sawmills usually 55 - 60%. On disk sawmills this percentage increases to 70-75%.
The yield of edged boards from round deciduous wood (aspen, birch, linden) is always very low for all types of sawmills. Approximately 35-40%. This is due to the curvature of hardwood logs. It is possible to increase the percentage output only by installing additional equipment - multi-rip, edge trimming and slab machines. The yield, in this case, will increase by about 20%.
Generally? prices for lumber fluctuate greatly, and many lumber companies provide edged boards at a price significantly lower than the market price. However, before you buy lumber from such sellers, you need to think about what pitfalls may be hidden here. Often the cost of boards is reduced due to the low quality of lumber. Thus, it is most appropriate to purchase edged boards from those companies for which selling wood is not a new thing.

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