Good afternoon. We need a boiler to provide the hotel with hot water as a backup. Water consumption is 0.5 cubic meters per hour. Vladimir Vasilievich
Hello, Vladimir Vasilievich!
If you want to buy a boiler from us, nothing will work out: unfortunately or fortunately, we do not sell heating equipment from the pages of the site.
Perhaps you did not mean to buy a boiler and did not even intend to share your needs with us. There is a chance that you wanted to ask our experts some question about the hot water supply system, but you just forgot to formulate it. Since we don’t know what exactly interests you, let us simply speculate on the topic of “DHW for a hotel”:
We recommend that you first decide what task the water heating device should perform: serve only hot water supply or serve as an additional (backup) source of heating. This different functions, requiring different approaches, equipment, connection diagrams and process control. You do not write anything about the heating equipment of the boiler room in your hotel. So as not to guess and not go through everything possible options, let us assume that natural gas is available, but the main heating boiler has not yet been selected and purchased.
DHW only
If we are talking specifically about a heating boiler, specifically dedicated only for the needs of hot water supply, then to obtain a constant flow of water at a stable temperature, one boiler will not be enough. You will need a boiler + boiler combination indirect heating+ appropriate harness. A single-circuit boiler with a power of 10 kW or more of any type and brand is suitable (German equipment is better and more expensive, Chinese equipment is worse and cheaper). Boiler capacity is from 250 liters, better 500, and even better and, accordingly, even more expensive - 1000 liters. But we do not consider such a decision justified either functionally or economically.
A more economical and simpler option would be to install a storage water heater with a built-in gas burner is a “2 in 1” water heating device intended exclusively for domestic hot water. Of the decent equipment of a strong mid-level on the domestic market, we can name a budget option- Ariston SGA 200, higher quality and more expensive - Vaillant atmoSTOR VGH 130-220. However, the nominal productivity of the listed models is slightly lower than the one you cited - 0.43 and 0.44 instead of 0.5 m3/hour. True, this is provided that the temperature of the entire volume of outgoing water is 40 C; in practice, most people prefer to use less hot water.
This boiler room has two gas water heater. One, the hot water boiler (on the right) serves only heating. The second, storage water heater with a built-in burner (on the left) is intended exclusively for hot water supply
DHW + heating
Your idea of using an additional boiler as a backup boiler for heating is completely justified, you just need to implement it rationally. In our opinion, simple parallel connection boilers - no The best decision. It would be optimal to install a cascade of boilers. The peculiarity of such a system is that in a cascade all boilers (their number ranges from two to several dozen) operate as a single heating installation. The heat generators are united by a single control system; the hydraulic connection diagram provides for pressure equalization and correct temperature distribution across individual heating circuits.
The most economical would be a cascade that uses heating single-circuit boilers with modulating (infinitely variable) burners. Depending on the heat needs, the required number of cascade elements are automatically switched on, and a smooth change in the power of the burners makes it possible to receive exactly as much thermal energy as is needed at the moment. In this case, the cascade simultaneously serves the needs of both heating and domestic hot water. Heating of tap water occurs from the heating system in an indirectly heated storage water heater. Automation itself determines when and how much to direct thermal energy to the needs of hot water supply. If you use modern condensing units in the cascade gas boilers And low temperature mode throughout the entire heating system, fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 15% compared to traditional systems.
Heating equipment installed in a cascade will last longer, because most of the time only a part of the heat generators work; the entire cascade starts only at peak loads. In your case this is very coldy and, perhaps, evening time, when all the guests simultaneously decided to take a warm bath. The cascade is also good because if one of the water heaters breaks down, the operation of the system does not stop. While the failed equipment is being repaired, other boilers will ensure uninterrupted operation of both the heating system and hot water supply. The advantages of a cascade of boilers are obvious, but you will have to pay for them; such a boiler room will cost about a third more than a regular one.
In a cascade system, water heaters of the same power are used. The piping of heat generators ensures their hydraulic coordination; an important element is the hydraulic separator low pressure. The coolant passes only through those boilers that are involved in the operation of the system at a given time
Non-state private educational institution
higher vocational education
Southern Institute of Management
Faculty of TR and GB
COURSE WORK
Discipline: “Engineering and technology in SKST.”
On the topic: “Hot and cold water supply technology for hotels.”
Completed:
4th year student of group 05 st.
Jalilov V.Z.
Checked:
teacher Zakharova Irina Yurievna.
Krasnodar 2009
Introduction
1. Water supply system
2.1 Waterworks
2.2 Cold water systems
3.2 Water heating technology
3.3 Hot water circulation and protection of the water supply system
3.4 Hotel water supply system
3.5 Technology of hot and cold water supply in the “Chaika” sanatorium
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
IN modern world in the era of scientific and technological progress and the flourishing of new technologies, during the period of economic integration and globalization, there is a rapid development of tourism and hotel business. The process of European unification, the opening of the Iron Curtain, the widespread spread of new information technologies making the world more open. Every year the number of people traveling for business or tourism purposes is growing. A complete comfortable vacation, the opportunity to see new cities and countries, visit historical places and attractions, and enjoy the beauty of nature is the cherished dream of many. Modern travelers set out to make this dream come true, to bring this fairy tale to life. Often the motivation for a trip may simply be a desire for a change of scenery. Therefore, the role of the hotel in the modern tourism infrastructure can hardly be overestimated. It must meet all the client’s expectations, become a cozy and comfortable home for him for a while, and be remembered for something individually unique. It is the creation of a positive image of the hotel, the client’s perception of it as an attractive place where they want to return again, that is the goal of the owner and staff and, ultimately, the key to the commercial success of the enterprise.
In the modern world there is great amount hotels. They differ in purpose, capacity, number of floors, type of structure, level of comfort, location and other characteristics. To succeed in competition, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of the modern market. It is necessary to create not only excellent customer service and architectural style, but also the smooth operation of the hotel’s housing and communal services complex, including the hotel’s water supply
The twenty-first century is the century of advanced technologies. And increasingly high demands are placed on energy efficiency engineering equipment and systems. Novelty is fundamental for water supply, heating, fire extinguishing systems - in technology, quality assurance, ease of installation and, most importantly, efficiency.
Therefore, the objectives of this work are:
consider the hotel water supply technology
consider the design of an internal cold water supply system for hotels
consider the design of a hotel hot water supply system
identify the shortcomings of water supply technology
consider the hot and cold water supply technologies of the Chaika sanatorium
Objectives of this work:
analyze the hotel water supply technology
conduct a comprehensive analysis of the hot and cold water supply technology of the Chaika sanatorium
Draw conclusions on the work done
1. Water supply system
1.1 Water supply system in hotels
In hotels, water is used for household and drinking needs - for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing workwear, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example in a hairdressing salon, sports and fitness center, and also for fire-fighting purposes.
Hotels located in cities and populated areas are usually supplied cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.
The city water supply uses water from open (rivers, lakes) or closed (groundwater) sources.
1.2 Sanitary equipment in hotel establishments
In a modern hotel, each room has its own WC. Basic equipment includes: washbasin, bath or shower, toilet, bidet. The main devices should also include heated fittings for hanging towels.
Depending on the type of hotel and room, the following options for placing sanitary equipment are used:
in hotels of the highest and first category, a private bathroom equipped with three appliances is required in the room, and in a suite - four;
in single and double rooms of category II and III hotels there may be a bathroom with two appliances (toilet and washbasin);
in category III hotels there must be a washbasin in the room, and in the corridor there must be washbasins, showers, bathtubs and public restrooms.
An important point is also the careful installation of the equipment itself and the creation of opportunities for preventive inspection and repair of equipment. Test cameras are often used, which are located between two bathrooms. Thanks to this, access to basic communications is provided without entering the room.
In hotels with expensive interiors, bathrooms represent a very interesting technical and artistic solution and are the true pride of sanitary equipment. High quality porcelain combined with high-quality metal fittings, wall decoration and all additional devices make your stay at the hotel pleasant and create modern comfort.
2. Design of an internal cold water supply system for hotels
2.1 Waterworks
Water in the city water supply must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open water supply sources always undergoes pre-treatment to bring its quality indicators into compliance with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water supplies usually does not need treatment. Water treatment is carried out atwaterworks.When supplying water from rivers, stations are located along the river flow above populated areas.
The water supply station includes the following structures (Fig.1)
water intake devices;
first lift pumps;
settling tanks and wastewater treatment plants;
water storage tanks;
second lift pumps.
Second lift pumps maintain the required pressure in the main pipelines and the city water supply piping system. In some cases, water towers are connected to the main pipeline system, which contain a supply of water and can create pressure in the water supply system by raising water tanks to a certain height.
From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water reaches consumers.
Drawing. 1 Scheme of a waterworks: 1- waterworks; 2- first lift pumping station; 3- treatment facilities; 4- tanks clean water; 5-pumping station of the second lift; 6- water conduits; 7- pressure tower; 8-main water supply network.
City water networksconstructed from steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes. They are equipped with valves in the wells to shut off individual sections of the water supply network in the event of an accident or repair, and fire hydrants for water supply when extinguishing fires. The water supply network pipelines are located at a depth of at least 0.2 m below the depth of soil freezing in winter. Steel pipelines must have reliable waterproofing.
Internal water supplybuilding is a set of equipment, devices and pipelines that supply water from central external water supply systems or from local water supply sources to water distribution points in the building. Internal water supply in hotel buildings must be separate to meet economic, industrial and fire safety needs. Household drinking and industrial water supply systems are combined, since clean drinking water is used in hotels for economic and industrial needs. The internal plumbing of a cold water supply system includes the following elements:
one or more inputs;
water metering unit;
filters for additional water purification;
booster pumps and water tanks;
pipeline system with control valves (distribution lines, risers, connections);
water folding devices;
fire extinguishing devices.
2.2 Cold water supply system diagram
The inlet is the section of pipeline connecting the internal water supply to the external water supply. The entry is made perpendicular to the building wall. For this purpose, cast iron or asbestos-cement pipes are used. At the point where the inlet is connected to the external water supply network, a well and a valve are installed, which turns off the water supply to the building if necessary. The hotel usually has two inlets, which guarantees, firstly, an uninterrupted supply of cold water, and secondly, a sufficient supply of water to the fire hydrants in the event of a fire. The water metering unit is designed to measure water consumption by an enterprise. It is installed in a heated room immediately after passing through the input outer wall building. Water consumption is measured using a water meter. The water meter is designed in such a way that when a stream of water passes through it, a turbine (or impeller) is rotated, transmitting movement to the meter dial needle. Pa water flow is indicated in liters or cubic meters.
The water meter is selected based on reference data, depending on the estimated maximum hourly (second) water flow at the inlet.
In four- and five-star hotels, water from the city water supply must undergo additional purification at water treatment plants. The purpose of additional processing is to obtain water that meets international quality standards. The diagram of the water treatment station is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. diagram of the hotel water treatment plant
At water treatment stations, water is passed through special filters consisting of layers of quartz, river sand, activated carbon, disinfect it using an ultraviolet irradiation lamp (UVR), and introduce various additives into the water.
The UV lamp kills microbes contained in water and softens it. The lamp service life should not exceed one year.
The additive used is NaOH alkali, which is automatically injected into the water through special holes in the pipeline. The purpose of treating water with NaOH is to bring it to an acidity level of pH = 8.2. Salts can also be added to water: NaCl and A 1 2 (S 0 4) 3.
The choice of cold water supply system design in a hotel building depends on the available pressure R p (Pa) in the external water supply network at the entrance to the building. For a normal supply of water to all water points of the internal water supply, the required pressure is N R (Pa) in the external water supply network must be at least:
N P= h 1+ h 2+ h 3+ h 4+ h 5
Where h 1 - pressure required to lift water from the inlet to the highest point, Pa; h 2 – pressure loss in the water metering unit, Pa; h 3 - pressure loss at the water treatment plant, Pa; h 4 – pressure loss in pipelines, Pa, h 5 – required free pressure at the highest water point, Pa.
The pressure in the internal water supply system should not exceed 0.6 MPa.
Depending on the ratio of the values of H r and H tr the building is equipped with one of the cold water supply systems.
At N R > N tr a constant supply of water is ensured to all water points of the building and the simplest water supply system is installed without a booster pump and a water tank .
If constantly at certain times of the day N R < Н tr and therefore water is periodically supplied to a number of water points; a water supply system with a water pressure or hydropneumatic tank is installed.
During periods when N R ≥ N tr , the water tank is filled with water, and when N R < Н tr , water from the water tank is used for internal consumption.
Provided that most of the time N R < N tr, arrange a water supply system with booster pumps or with booster pumps and a water pressure (or hydropneumatic tank) ).
In the latter option, the pump operates periodically, filling the tank from which the system is supplied with water. The water tank is installed at the top of the building. The hydropneumatic tank is located at the bottom of the building. The premises in which pumps are installed must have heating, lighting and ventilation. A building can be served by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is served by one pump, then the second pump must be connected to the network as a backup. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the pressure generated.
For the internal water supply system, steel (galvanized) or plastic pipes. Pipelines are laid openly and closed in building structures. To ensure water drainage, horizontal sections are laid with a slope towards the inlet. The water supply system, depending on the design, can have upper or lower water distribution.
The diameter of the pipeline is determined using special tables depending on the number of water distribution (water consumption) points and their sizes.
The diameter of the mains of the economic, industrial and fire-fighting water supply systems is assumed to be at least 50 mm.
Internal water supply systems are equipped with pipeline and water fittings.
Pipeline fittings are designed to disconnect sections of pipelines for the period of repair, regulate pressure and flow in the system. There are shut-off, control, safety and control pipeline valves.
Valves and valves are used as shut-off and control valves. Gate valves are made of cast iron and steel, and valves are also made of brass. Shut-off valves are installed on the inlet, risers and branches.
Safety valves include safety and check valves, control valves include level indicators, control valves, and valves for pressure gauges.
Water taps include various taps at the points where water is collected: wall taps, toilet taps, taps cisterns, watering, urinal, flush, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, swimming pools, washing machines, etc.
2.3 Fire-fighting water supply in hotel enterprises
Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Possessing a large heat capacity, it cools flammable substances to a temperature lower than their self-ignition temperature, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the resulting vapors. A jet of water directed under high pressure has a mechanical effect on the fire, knocking down the flame and penetrating deep into the burning object. Spreading over a burning object, water wets parts of building structures that have not yet been engulfed in fire and protects them from burning.
To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply. In some cases, it can be supplied using pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.
Internal fire water supply is ensured by installing risers with fire hydrants in the building. Fire hydrants are placed on staircases, in corridors and separate rooms of hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers marked “PC”. The equipment of the fire locker is shown in Fig. 2.16. In addition to the tap, the locker should contain a 10 or 20 m long canvas hose and a metal fire nozzle. The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection to the barrel and valve of the tap. The sleeves are placed on a rotating shelf or wound on a reel. The distance between fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and should be such that the entire area of the building is irrigated by at least one jet. It is allowed to use hoses of the same length and diameter in the building.
In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire-fighting water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishing equipment that localizes the source of fire, blocks the path of spreading flame and flue gases, and eliminates the fire. Automatic fire extinguishing systems include sprinkler and deluge systems. Schemes of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems are presented in Fig. 3
Figure.3 Fire cabinet equipment: A - with a rotating shelf; b- with a coil; 1- cabinet walls; 2- fire hydrant; 3- fire riser; 4- fire trunk; 5- fire hose; 6- rotating shelf; 7- coil.
Sprinkler systemsserve for local extinguishing of fires and fires, cooling of building structures and signaling a fire.
The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinklers, the holes of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the temperature in the room rises, the sprinkler lock melts and a stream of water from the sprinkler, hitting the socket, breaks over the fire. At the same time, the water approaches the alarm device, which signals a fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m 2 . Sprinklers are installed in residential rooms, corridors, service and public areas of hotels.
Deluge systems are designed to extinguish fires throughout the entire design area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors dividing hotel corridors into sections, and fire alarms. Deluge systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) activation. Deluge systems consist of a system of piping and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water deluge sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of sequential sprinklers. In the event of a fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. At the same time, the fire alarm goes off.
The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their maintenance, which consists of the implementation of a number of measures provided for in the instructions for their operation.
3. Design of hot water supply system for hotels
3.1 Hot water supply system in hotels
Hot water in hotels is used for domestic, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, it, like cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. To avoid burns, the hot water temperature should not exceed 70 °C and should not be lower than 60 °C, which is necessary for production needs.
Hot water supply in hotels can be:
local,
central
centralized.
With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, hot water columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the point of consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system.
With central hot water preparation, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in individual heating point hotel building or central heating point, sometimes water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses.
With centralized heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.
The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through a system of circulation pipelines. Dead-end circuits provide for constant water supply.
If water withdrawal is periodic, then with this scheme the water in the pipelines will cool down during the period of no withdrawal, and during water withdrawal it will flow To water points with low temperatures. This results in the need for an unproductive reset large quantity water through the water tap, if desired, obtain water with a temperature of 60-70 ° C. In the scheme with water circulation This disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, this scheme is used in cases where water withdrawal is not constant, but it is necessary to maintain constant temperature water during tapping.
Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one- and two-story buildings with a short length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water heating system with natural circulation. Just like in cold water supply systems, hot water lines can be with lower and upper wiring.
A building's hot water supply system includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water pipes, and water points.
3.2 Water heating technology
Exists good rule for hot water supply systems - maintaining the temperature at the lowest level that is acceptable for residents. It has been observed that corrosion and deposition of mineral salts accelerate with increasing temperature. A temperature of 60°C is considered as the maximum for normal consumption. If residents consider the water to be hot enough at a temperature 5-8°C lower than the specified temperature, then so much the better. For special purposes when hotter water is required, for example, for dishwashers in apartments or in restaurants located in a residential building, it is necessary to use separate heaters. Just because dishwashers require water at a temperature of 70°C, it is not necessary to heat all the hot water to this temperature.
Reheaters in home dishwashers are usually of the electric type. Hot water systems are similar to heating systems for general purposes. If, for example, an individual heating and cooling installation uses electricity as “fuel,” the same source is provided for the hot water supply system.
On the other hand, if an installation is designed for central heating, then hot water supply is often provided as part of this system. The subject of discussion is the choice of method of heating water: using a boiler, a water heater, or a combination of both methods. If the project provides only one hot water boiler, the water for hot water supply must be heated by a separate device. This boiler may be shut down during the summer for preventative maintenance. Therefore, installations with one unit are allowed only if deprivation of hot water for several days a year will not irritate residents.
When installing two or more boilers, it is advantageous to combine the hot water supply system with the heating system. In this case, boiler room space is saved and initial costs are reduced. However, we should not forget that heating water does not happen by itself. Therefore, if heating system boilers are used for hot water supply, their performance must be increased by the amount of heat that is expended to heat the water in the hot water supply system. The load on the boiler depends on the orientation of the hotel, the incoming temperature cold water and so on.;
The more boilers in the installation, the more efficiently it works in the summer. If two boilers of the same capacity are provided, they will be too large for the summer load, except in areas with very mild climates. If there are five of them, then heating water will be economical even in the coldest areas.
The mechanism for heating water from a central boiler plant is very simple. The most popular water heaters are a shell with a bundle enclosed in it copper pipes small diameter. The coolant (steam or hot water from the boiler) washes the tubes outside, and water for hot water supply flows inside them. The temperature or amount of coolant is regulated depending on the temperature of the hot water so that it is fairly constant regardless of the water supply.
The advantage of this heater is its small footprint. For example, for a 200-apartment building, the need for hot water is satisfied using a steam water heater with a diameter of 200 mm and a length of 2 m, which is easy to install in the boiler room. If you can afford an additional increase in the cost of the project, it is better to install two heaters on the same foundation, operating alternately. This recommendation is often neglected in favor of lower initial costs, in the belief that a short interruption in the supply of hot water is not a disaster. However, it is good to have a spare bundle of pipes for quick replacement, since it may take several days or even weeks to repair entire water heaters.
Local water heaters can be used in the form of a boiler or heat exchanger installed specifically for these purposes. Very often, the process of heating water is carried out in one or more boilers, in which the water is heated directly by fuel, without an intermediate heat exchanger. This fuel may be gas, oil or electricity, and the heater may have some capacity for heated water.
Heat accumulators used in hot water supply systems work like a bank in which you invest money when there is a surplus, and then you spend it. This is due to the fact that water consumption is far from uniform throughout the day - it is maximum during the morning and evening peak hours. The result is a difficult situation. Let's clarify this following example. Let us assume that, according to the calculation, the total demand for hot water during the day is 18,200 liters, and this demand is determined based on the study of statistical data over many years. At the same time, it is expected that the maximum flow rate will be from 7 to 8 a.m. and will be 3400 liters. Two extreme cases are possible. In one case, the installation capacity was selected based on the need to heat 3400 liters of water per hour from the temperature at which cold water enters to a temperature of 52-60°C. Another extreme case would be if we assume that water is consumed evenly throughout the day. In our example, the flow rate will be 18,200 liters divided by 24 hours, i.e. 760 l per hour. The battery is designed in such a way that it can provide the peak demand for hot water within an hour of operation. In our example, the highest flow rate is 3400 liters, of which the water heater can produce 760 liters per hour. Therefore, the battery should add 2640 hp.
The battery is a cylindrical steel tank. The hot water leaving the tank must be replaced with cold water. About 75% of the tank's capacity can be replaced before the cooler mixture changes the hot water supply temperature. Therefore, the useful capacity of the tank is 75% of the full capacity. In our example, this means that the capacity of the storage tank should be 3520 l.
Central systems benefit particularly from the use of batteries. A smaller heater means the need for a smaller boiler, a smaller flue and more efficient operation as that heater is used more fully during the day. There are also serious disadvantages. The battery takes up a lot of space and costs a lot of money, it corrodes, requires maintenance and, finally, removal and replacement. However, all this is not the main criterion for choosing one of these extreme systems. Each project should be assessed on its own merits.
3.3 Hot water circulation and system protection
During the last hours of the night, when there is very little or no hot water supply in a residential building, the temperature of the water standing still in the pipelines drops to approximately the hotel temperature. The first resident to wake up, flushing the water early in the morning, discovers that the water is cold and a large amount of water needs to be released before it becomes hot. The solution to this problem is to install an additional piping system that allows water to circulate slowly through the pipes and through the water heater. Circulation can be carried out by gravity, under the influence of the difference in mass of the hottest and coolest water, similar to how water circulates in a heating system. Often for this purpose they install circulation pump.
The final issue that needs to be considered is the security of the system. Since water is heated by more than 4°C, it expands. It will be shown later that air collectors on water lines dampen this expansion, but if the expansion is significant or if the air collectors are overfilled with water, it is necessary to have safety valve, which would open automatically and, releasing a certain amount of water, relieve pressure in the system. Usually it is enough to dump a small amount of water. The second danger is the possible breakdown of the heater thermostats, which can lead to unacceptably high heating of the water. This also forces the installation of a safety valve that does not allow very hot water to reach the consumer. These two functions are usually assigned to the same valve, called a thermopneumatic safety valve. At any moment, completely unexpectedly, it can open completely. To protect people from injury, a pipeline is connected to the valve and taken to a safe place, preferably directly above the receiver Wastewater. This should be especially remembered when installing an individual water heater in a separate house. The discharge from the safety valve must be discharged to a place where it cannot harm anyone or anything.
3.4 Water supply system
Water pipelines must be resistant to erosion and corrosion. Erosion is caused by the movement of water, and corrosion is caused by chemical action. For example, if there is air in steel pipes (and incoming water always contains some amount of air), chemical reaction. As a result, iron oxide, called rust, appears on them. Therefore, steel pipes intended for water supply are coated with zinc using an electrochemical method. This process is called galvanization. In addition to steel, a lot of cast iron pipes are used as materials for the manufacture of pipes; the less suitable they are for laying inside the house, where they are very difficult to fasten.
Asbestos cement pipes They are also hard to work with. They are mainly used for underground communications. Plastic pipes have recently become very popular due to their reasonable price and ease of connection; they resist not only corrosion, but also the passage electric current, which sometimes complicates the application metal pipes. A serious obstacle to the widespread use of plastic pipes is their unsuitability for high temperatures. Such pipes should not be placed near a boiler or furnace whose surface temperature is above 70°C. They cannot be used to connect hot water supply networks, as this is very dangerous for human life and can lead to a serious breakdown of the pipeline system.
The routing of cold water pipes in a building is similar to the structure of a tree: the input is the trunk of the tree, and the mains and outlets are its branches. In large hotels, valves are not installed on the main lines, so that during repair work in any part of the system, other consumers are not left without water. If water pipes are hidden in building structures, access to the valves must be provided, and each valve must be identified with the specific part of the system that it serves. Depending on the availability of space for laying lines, systems come with top and bottom wiring. (Fig. 4)
In houses whose height allows for a water supply system without a booster installation, lower distribution lines are made with risers through which the water rises to the consumer. If a system with an upper pressure tank, then they do the upper routing of the highways through the attic. The hot water supply system can also have upper and lower distribution lines. In six-story buildings, a system with bottom wiring is usually used. At the top of the hotel, each supply riser is connected to a circulation riser laid next to it. Then the circulation risers are combined with a circulation line, which is laid parallel to the supply line. If the number of floors is more than six, then the length of the redundant circulation risers increases accordingly, and the cost increases significantly.
In this case, they prefer to lead each riser to the attic, and then combine these outputs on this floor into one return pipeline going to the heater. An “inverted” scheme is also possible. One hot water supply pipeline can be led to the top of the hotel, branched using distribution mains at this level, from which individual risers are directed downwards, extending to some length in the lower floor. There they are united by a common main line going to the heater. In all options, each return riser must be equipped with a manual control valve to regulate the amount of water circulating in the system. These control valves, as well as the shut-off valves, must be easily accessible. Therefore, during installation, it is sometimes necessary to lay longer pipelines than required for the optimal route length.
Figure 4. Hot water system
a - lower wiring; b - upper wiring;
1- control valves; 2- main supply riser; 3- compensation loop; 4- supply risers; 5-main return riser; 6-heat exchanger; 7-shut-off valves; 8-feed from water supply; 9- circulation pump; 10- safety valve for releasing water when pressure or temperature increases
3.5 Technology of hot and cold water supply in the Chaika sanatorium
The dormitory building of the Federal State Institution of the Chaika sanatorium was built at the end of 1988 and is intended for vacationers to live in hotel-type rooms. The water supply and sewerage systems have not changed since construction.
To supply water for household and drinking needs, the building is equipped with a drinking water supply system that supplies water to the sanitary fixtures installed in the rooms and serving 400 beds.
The sanatorium is located on the outskirts not far from the city, 7-8 km. therefore uses the local water supply system.
Since the building has a height of 8 floors, and the volume of St. 25000 m 3, according to the building, an internal fire water supply system is provided, supplying two jets of 2.5 l/s. An irrigation water supply is provided for watering green spaces and sidewalks around the building.
For household needs, the building is provided with a centralized hot water supply system, since there are heating network from the thermal power plant.
The system is powered by cold water supply, to which it is connected after the pumping unit.
The hot water supply system in the Chaika sanatorium is a centralized heat supply; water is heated in water heaters by steam or hot water coming from the city heating network. The hot water supply system includes a device for heating water, distribution and circulation networks, and fittings.
We use a high-speed water heater as a water heater.
The distribution network is assumed to be a dead-end network with bottom wiring, since the building does not have an attic. Contains 24 hot water distribution risers and 41 circulation risers with heated towel rails.
The risers are laid in the same shaft with the cold water supply risers, to the right of them. The wiring in the rooms runs parallel to the cold water supply. Heated towel rails are installed on the circulation risers, which also serve to heat the bathrooms. The networks are mounted from steel pipes GOST 3262-75, connected with threads.
Mixers are used as water fittings, and ball valves are used as shut-off valves, installed at the base of the riser to empty the network and at the top of the riser to bleed air.
As a result, a number of problems associated with the operation of these systems have accumulated, such as:
Technically and morally outdated mixing devices.
1.Lack of pressure can be eliminated:
an increase in pressure at the entrance to the building, i.e. at the local pumping station installation of a local pumping unit (for the building).
For economic reasons, option 2 is more effective, since with the first solution the costs of re-equipment are higher.
2. Technically and morally outdated mixing devices:
Replacing mixing devices with new ones
3. Sewer blockages:
Installing cleaners in the most clogged areas
Replacement of sewerage networks The old sewerage system is laid from cast iron pipes, replacing them with plastic ones we get less overgrowth over time.
Taking into account the redevelopment and completion of the floor, the selected solutions turn out to be the most rational.
4. Failure of insulation of water risers and mains:
Applying new insulation to replace the broken one
Complete replacement insulation with a new one, since we are replacing the water supply network with a new one, it is accordingly more rational to replace the insulation, rather than restore the old one.
Thus, for the purpose of reconstruction, it is advisable to:
Install booster pumps in basement building
Replace pipelines: risers with galvanized water-gas pipelines GOST 3262-75, bends from risers to sanitary fixtures with metal-polymer pipes.
Replace mixing devices in sanitary facilities
Insulate pipelines
Install a sewer system from plastic pipes instead of cast iron.
Conclusion
There is very tough competition in the world of the hotel business, so nothing should spoil the image of hotels, even at first glance such a small thing as the city shutting off cold or hot water.
In this work on the topic “hot and cold water supply technology” I considered:
Water supply system in hotels
Cold and hot water supply systems hotel
Technology of hot and cold water supply in the “Chaika” sanatorium
The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for collecting, purifying and treating water, external water supply networks and an internal water supply system located in the building.
I analyzed the water supply technology of the Chaika Hotel and discovered that a number of problems have accumulated related to the operation of water supply systems:
Lack of water pressure in the water supply on the upper floors of the building.
Technically and morally outdated mixing devices.
Frequent blockages of the sewer system
Technically and morally outdated mixing devices
And he suggested ways to solve problems.
installation of a local pumping unit (for the building).
replacement of mixing devices with new ones
install sewerage from plastic pipes instead of cast iron
Current state One of the most important components of housing and communal services (HCS) - internal and external pipelines - at most facilities is today extremely unsatisfactory. Moreover, the situation here is getting worse every day, due to the continuous aging of pipeline systems. And as a consequence - the occurrence of emergencies on pipelines, an increase in the extent of damage, and this means the loss of hotel customers.
Bibliography
Introduction
In the modern world, in the era of scientific and technological progress and the flourishing of new technologies, during the period of economic integration and globalization, the tourism and hotel business is rapidly developing. The process of European unification, the opening of the Iron Curtain, and the widespread dissemination of new information technologies are making the world more open. Every year the number of people traveling for business or tourism purposes is growing. A complete comfortable vacation, the opportunity to see new cities and countries, visit historical places and attractions, and enjoy the beauty of nature is the cherished dream of many. Modern travelers set out to make this dream come true, to bring this fairy tale to life. Often the motivation for a trip may simply be a desire for a change of scenery. Therefore, the role of the hotel in the modern tourism infrastructure can hardly be overestimated. It must meet all the client’s expectations, become a cozy and comfortable home for him for a while, and be remembered for something individually unique. It is the creation of a positive image of the hotel, the client’s perception of it as an attractive place where they want to return again, that is the goal of the owner and staff and, ultimately, the key to the commercial success of the enterprise.
In the modern world there are a huge number of hotels. They differ in purpose, capacity, number of floors, type of structure, level of comfort, location and other characteristics. For success in competition requirements must be taken into account modern market. It's not just about creating great customer service; architectural style, but also the streamlined operation of the hotel’s housing and communal services complex, including the hotel’s water supply
The twenty-first century is the century of advanced technologies. And increasingly high demands are placed on the energy efficiency of engineering equipment and systems. Novelty is fundamental for water supply, heating, fire extinguishing systems - in technology, quality assurance, ease of installation and, most importantly, efficiency.
Therefore, the objectives of this work are:
consider the hotel water supply technology
consider the design of an internal cold water supply system for hotels
consider the design of a hotel hot water supply system
identify the shortcomings of water supply technology
consider the hot and cold water supply technologies of the Chaika sanatorium
Objectives of this work:
analyze the hotel water supply technology
conduct a comprehensive analysis of the hot and cold water supply technology of the Chaika sanatorium
Draw conclusions on the work done
Water supply system
Water supply system in hotels
In hotels, water is used for household and drinking needs - for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing workwear, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example in a hairdresser, sports and fitness center, as well as for fire-fighting purposes.
The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with structures and devices for collecting, purifying and treating water, external water supply networks and an internal water supply system located in the building.
Hotels located in cities and towns are usually supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in rural areas, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.
The city water supply uses water from open (rivers, lakes) or closed ( The groundwater) sources.
Sanitary equipment in hotels
In a modern hotel, each room has its own sanitary unit. Basic equipment includes: washbasin, bath or shower, toilet, bidet. The main devices should also include heated fittings for hanging towels.
Depending on the type of hotel and room, the following options for placing sanitary equipment are used:
in hotels of the highest and first category, a private bathroom equipped with three appliances is required in the room, and in a suite - four;
in single and double rooms of category II and III hotels there may be a bathroom with two appliances (toilet and washbasin);
An important point is also the careful installation of the equipment itself and the creation of opportunities for preventive inspection and repair of equipment. Test cameras are often used, which are located between two bathrooms. This provides access to basic communications without entering the room.
In hotels with expensive interior bathrooms represent a very interesting technical and artistic solution and are the true pride of sanitary technology. High quality porcelain combined with high-quality metal fittings, wall decoration and all additional devices make your stay at the hotel pleasant and create modern comfort.
Hot water supply
Hot water in hotels is used for domestic, drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, it, like cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. To avoid burns, the hot water temperature should not exceed 70 °C and should not be lower than 60 °C, which is necessary for production needs.
Hot water supply in hotels can be:
central
centralized.
With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, hot water columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the point of consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. With central preparation of hot water, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With centralized heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.
The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through a system of circulation pipelines. Dead-end circuits provide for constant water supply.
If water withdrawal is periodic, then with this scheme the water in the pipelines will cool down during the period of no withdrawal, and during water withdrawal it will flow To water points with low temperatures. This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through a water collection point if it is desired to obtain water with a temperature of 60 - 70 ° C. In a circuit with water circulation This disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, this scheme is used in cases where water withdrawal is not constant, but it is necessary to maintain a constant water temperature during water withdrawal.
Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors and with a significant length of main pipelines. A building's hot water supply system includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water pipes, and water points.
Heating
The heating system serves to heat the premises during the cold season and maintain normal air temperature in the room, regardless of outside temperature. Currently, water, steam and electric heating. The choice of heating depends on the purpose and architectural design of the hotel. The most common is water heating. Hotels use medium-pressure heating systems with water temperatures up to 120? C, which is supplied from a combined heat and power plant, and then used for heating purposes. Heat sources for hotels can also be their own boiler houses.
A water heating system has a number of advantages compared to steam heating. In this system, you can regulate the temperature of heating devices. For this purpose, individual automatic room thermostats. In hotel entrance lobbies located in relatively cold areas, it is recommended to install floor heating units at the entrance. In areas with temperatures at winter time- 15? C and below in the vestibules of the main entrances of the hotel building special air-heat curtains.
Heating systems are divided into local and central. TO local systems These include systems in which all the main elements are combined into one device. Such systems are stoves, gas and electric heating. Their range of action is limited to one or two adjacent rooms.
In central systems, the heat source is located outside the heated premises or even outside the building. Central heating systems are classified according to the type of coolant, its temperature and pressure; methods of its movement, heat transfer from the outer surface of heating devices to the air of heated rooms; circuit solutions.
Water heating systems are divided into:
1. According to the location of the supply pipelines - with upper and lower wiring. Water from a boiler or other water heater through the main riser enters the supply main pipeline, and from it into the supply risers, from where it enters the heating devices through the connections, gives off heat to the air in the room and, through the return connections, enters the return risers, the combined return main pipeline and into the water heater for subsequent heating. A water heating system with bottom wiring and natural circulation received this name due to the location of the supply main pipeline in the lower part of the building (in the basement, in the underground channel, in the technical underground).
2. According to the method of supplying and draining water from heating devices - two-pipe and single-pipe systems.
Two-pipe water heating and pump circulation systems are characterized by the presence of two risers (vertical pipelines). Through one of them, the supply, water flows to the heating devices, and through the return, the water, giving off heat in the heating devices, enters the return (main) pipeline, through which it is sent to the water heater or to the heating point.
Single-pipe systems are those with single risers. Hot water from the main flows into risers equipped with heating devices. Part of the water flows into the heating devices, and the rest passes through the riser to the devices located below. The water that has cooled in the heating devices returns to the same riser.
3. In the direction of water movement in the main supply and return pipelines - dead-end and with associated water movement.
All of the above systems are dead-end water heating systems.
4. According to the circulation method - with natural and pump circulation.
To remove air from the heating network that interferes with normal operation heating systems, air collectors are installed on main pipelines at their highest point. There are flow-through and non-flow air collectors. Flow-through air collectors cut into the main line. The diameter of the air collector is 3-4 times larger diameter highways. Therefore, water entering the air collector slows down the speed of movement, which contributes to the release of air bubbles from the water.
Flow-through air collectors can be central or corner.
A non-flow air collector is installed above the main line. It removes air from water much worse. The first sign of not warming up heating device- the presence of air in its upper part, the so-called airing of the system, air must be removed through a valve installed in the upper part of the air collector.
1. Internal water supply
Internal water supply is a system of pipelines and devices that supply cold water from the external water supply network to sanitary fixtures and fire hydrants located inside the building.
The internal water supply system consists of an inlet (one or more), a water metering unit, a main line of risers, connections to water distribution devices and fittings. In some cases, it may also include pumping units, water tanks and other equipment located inside the building.
1.1 Selecting an internal water supply system
The choice of internal water supply system is made depending on the purpose of the building (hotel), water quality requirements, and technical and economic feasibility.
In this project, in accordance with Appendix A /1/, a domestic drinking water supply system with a fire-fighting water supply system is adopted, having 1 jet and a minimum water flow of 2.5 l/s, because the number of floors is 5, and the construction volume is 7558.2 m3.
1.2 Selecting an internal water supply scheme
The choice of water supply scheme is an important and difficult design task, designed to ensure reliable water supply to the consumer in required quantity and specified quality, ease of installation and operation.
There are water supply networks with upper and lower wiring. In this project, a water supply scheme with bottom wiring has been adopted, because There is a basement part of the building. The water supply network can be ring or dead-end. In this building, a dead-end water supply scheme has been adopted, because... a short-term interruption in water supply is possible. Shut-off valves (valves, valves) are installed at the points where the inlet is connected to the external water supply system, and a water metering unit is installed at the point of entry into the building.
1.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of internal water supply
.3.1 Arrangement of risers
Internal plumbing is made from water and gas pipes.
The water supply line is laid under the basement ceiling along the internal walls.
The pipeline is laid in an open way.
The pipeline is fastened with clamps, hooks, and hangers on the bracket.
The required and sufficient number of risers is established on the floor plan. In this project there are 6.
1.3.2 Trace water supply diagram
The locations of the risers are transferred from the floor plan to the basement plan, and they are combined into a single system that is connected to the external water supply.
1.3.3 Axonometric diagram
The axonometric diagram is carried out in M 1:200 along all three axes. The axonometric diagram shows: water supply inlet, water metering unit, main water supply, risers, connections to water fittings, watering taps, water supply and shut-off valves.
The connections to the water taps and water fittings are shown only for the top floor; on the other floors only branches from the risers are shown.
Floor elevation of the first floor = 184.5 m.
The thickness of the ceiling is 0.3 m.
Basement ceiling elevation = 184.5-0.3 = 184.2 m.
Basement height hbasement = 2.5 m.
Basement floor elevation = 184.2-2.5 = 181.5 m.
The axonometric diagram of the internal water supply is the basis for
hydraulic calculation of the water supply network.
1.3.4 Determination of the dictating point
The dead-end circuit of the drinking water supply system is designed for the case of maximum water consumption. The main task of hydraulic calculation is to determine the diameters of pipelines and the pressure losses in them when the calculated flow rates are missed.
On the axonometric diagram, select the estimated main direction. The calculated direction is taken from the point of connection to the external water supply to the most distant and highest water supply point from the input, to which the total pressure loss will be the greatest. Such a water point is usually called dictating. When identifying a dictating water outlet, it is necessary to take into account the required pressure Hf in front of it.
In this project, Hf = 3 m, because The dictating point is the bathroom faucet. Hf = 2 m for all other devices.
The selected calculated direction of water movement is divided into sections. A section with a constant flow rate and diameter is taken as the design one. Numbering is carried out from the pouring hole of the dictating point from top to bottom. Each section of the water supply network is designated by numbers: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, etc. (there are only 12 plots in this project). At each section, its length is indicated, and after hydraulic calculation, its diameter.
1.3.5 Determination of maximum second water flow rates in design areas
In sections, the maximum second flow rate qc, l/s is determined by the formula
5·qc0·?, (1.1)
where qc0 is the cold water consumption of the appliance, the value of which should be taken according to adj. B /1/, l/s according to the largest device;
In this project for a bathroom faucet: qc0=0.18 l/сtot=0.25 l/s
for washbasin mixer: qc0= 0.09 l/s tot= 0.12 l/s
for the cistern tap: qc0=0.1 l/сtot=0.1 l/s.
a is a dimensionless coefficient determined according to app. In /1/, depending on the total number of devices N 0 in the design section of the networks and the probability of their action Pc.
The probability of operation of sanitary fixtures P(Рtot , Pc) in network sections serving groups of identical consumers in buildings is determined by the formulas
where qchr,u, qtothr,u is the rate of water consumption by the consumer at the hour of greatest water consumption, l, taken according to adj. G /1/; U is the total number of consumers in the building; N is the total number of sanitary fixtures in the building; tot - device consumption common water, l/s, the value of which should be taken according to adj. B /1/.
In this project, qchr,u = 5.6 l/s, qtothr,u = 15.6 l/s, U =90, N = 120.= 5.6 90/3600 0.18 100=0.008= 15.6 90/3600 0.25 100 = 0.016
1.3.6 Determination of pipeline diameters
Knowing the maximum second flow rate in the section (qc) and focusing on the speed of movement of the liquid in the pipes (vek? 1 m/s, vadd? 3.5 m/s), using /2/ we determine the diameter, speed of movement and slope (d, v ,i).
Then the pressure loss along the length in sections is determined using the formula
Where l is the length of the design section, m.
The entire calculation of the internal water supply is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 - Hydraulic calculation of internal water supply
Number of the calculated section Number of devices in the section, NProbability of the devices to operate, Pc or PtotN?Pc or N?PtotWater consumption by the device q0c or q0tot Design flow rate, qc or qtot, l/s Pipe diameter in the section, d, mm Section length l mWater movement speed v, m /slope iLoss of pressure along the length of the section, m Нl = il a 1-210,00650,00650,20,180,18150,71,060,29610,207272-320,00650,0130,20,180,18151,21,060,29610,355323-440,00650,0260,2280,180,2052202,40,620,07350,17644-580,00650,0520,2760,180,2484202,950,780,11060,326275-6120,00650,0780,3150,180,2835202,950,940,15490,4569556-7160,00650,1040,3490,180,3141252,950,650,05750,1696257-8200,00650,130,3780,180,3402254,10,650,05750,235758-9400,00650,260,5020,180,443725110,840,09131,00439-10600,00650,390,6020,180,5418250,61,030,13250,079510-11800,00650,520,6920,180,622832110,680,04220,464211-121200,0131,561,260,251,3625503,90,660,02380,09282?3,56841
1.3.7 Determining the required head
The required pressure Hcd for the dictating water point is determined using the formula
Hdc=Hgeom+Htot+Hf+Hz, (1.4)
where Hgeom is the geometric height of water supply (from the surface of the earth at the city water well to the dictating water intake device), m;
Zd.t - zpzgk, (1.5)
where zd.t is the geodetic elevation of the dictating water point, determined by the formula
d.t = zp.w.e. + hizl, (1.6)
where zp.v.e - floor elevation of the upper floor, m. (zp.v.e = 184.3+4?3=196.3 m), hizl - height of the spout of each device (for a bathroom faucet 2.2 m) ;pzgk - geodetic mark of the earth's surface at the city well (zpzgk = 202.5 m), d.t. = 196.3+2.2 = 198.5 m; = 198.5-184 = 14.5 m;
Htot is the total pressure loss in the design direction, m, determined by the formula
= å Hl ?(1+kl), (1.7)
where?Hl is the total loss along the length in the calculated direction (Table 1), m; - coefficient taking into account local pressure losses and accepted kl= 0.2 (since the system is integrated);= 3.56841(1+0.3)=4.639 m;
Hf is the free pressure at the dictating water tap, taken according to adj. B /1/, m;
Нz- pressure loss at the water meter, m,
Нz = S?(3.6? qtot)2, (1.8)
where S is the hydraulic resistance of the water meter (m/m6)/h2 (according to appendix D/1/, a vane water meter with d = 32 mm and resistance S = 0.1 (m/m6)/h2 was selected); qtot - maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building, l/s (qtot = 2.396 l/s);
Нz = 0.1?(3.6?1.3625)2 = 2.4 m.=14.5+4.639+3+2.4 = 24.539 m
1.3.8 Comparison of required pressures
According to the calculation results, the required pressure is compared with the guaranteed one = 24.539 m, and Hg = 18 m.
Since Hdc > Hg, it is necessary to design a booster pumping unit.
1.3.9 Selection of booster pumps
Booster pumps are selected according to the required pressure and performance. The required pump pressure is determined by the formula
Hdc - Hg, (1.9)
24.539-18=6.539 m.
The pump performance is assumed to be equal to qtot - the maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building qtot = 1.3625 l/s.
According to Appendix E /1/, a pump was selected for Hp = 6.539 m and qtot = 1.3625 l/s
KM 8/18b, with the following characteristics:
flow 1.2…3.6 l/s;
total head 12.8...8.8 m;
nominal flow 2.5 l/s;
total head at nominal flow 11.4 m;
rotation speed 2900 rpm;
Pump efficiency 35…45%;
electric motor power 1.1 kW.
There are 2 pumps for installation (one working, the other backup).
The location of the pumps is taken into account separate building adjacent to the designed 5-storey residential building.
2. Internal and intra-quarter sewerage
Systems internal sewerage are designed to drain wastewater from buildings into external sewerage.
.1 Selecting a domestic sewage system
To remove wastewater from a five-story hotel, a domestic sewerage system was adopted due to the absence of aggressive components in its drainage.
hydraulic water supply sewer riser
2.2 Design and hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
For the installation of internal sewer networks, cast iron and plastic pipelines are used. The method of connecting cast iron pipes is socket, plastic pipes are thermal.
All internal sewer networks are provided in a non-pressure mode of fluid movement.
In this course work, cast iron pipes are used for the equipment of the internal sewage system of the building, the fluid movement mode is free-flow.
2.2.1 Arrangement of risers
The necessary and sufficient number of sewer risers are installed on the floor plan and basement plan.
In this course work, 6 sewer risers are accepted for installation.
2.2.2 Sewer routing
On the basement plan, sewer risers are combined into separate groups, and the issue of discharging wastewater outside the building is being resolved. Design areas are outlined.
2.2.3 Determination of estimated costs
We determine the maximum second consumption using the formula:
where qtot is the maximum second flow rate in the water supply system, l/s, determined by the formula
Where? - dimensionless coefficient accepted according to adj. In /1/ and depends on the number of devices N (in this project N=120) and the probability of their action Ptot, accepted in accordance with clause 1.3.5 of this work, Ptot=0.016;tot - maximum second consumption of the device, determined by adj. B /1/;s - wastewater flow from the device, taken according to adj. B /1/:s=1.6 l/s for a toilet with a flush tank.=5·0.25·0.692 = 0.865 l/s=0.865+1.6=2.465 l/s
2.2.4 Hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
Knowing the maximum second flow of wastewater qs and focusing on the speed of movement of the wastewater 4...8??st?0.7 m/s and the degree of filling 0.6?h/d?0.3 according to /3/, the pipe diameter and movement speed are finally selected drainage, degree of pipe filling and slope (d, v, h/d, i).
In this case, the condition must be met in each section
where k is the coefficient assumed to be 0.6 for cast iron pipes.
If this condition cannot be met, then this section of the pipeline is considered to be undesigned and the following are structurally accepted for it:
with d=50 mm slope 0.03=100 mm slope 0.02=150 mm slope 0.01.
The hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage is summarized in table. 3.
Table 2 - Hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
No. of settlement areaNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l/sq0s, l/sqs, l/sd, mmi ?, m/s Section StK1-1-2400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1-2-B400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1- 3-B200,0130,260,5020,62751,62,22751000,020,740,360,44 bezr.B-SK No. 1600,0130,780,8491,061251,62,661251000,050,80,420,52 bezr.StK1-6-54 00, 0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1-5-A400,0130,520,6920,8651,62,4651000,020,790,40,5 bezr.StK1-4-A200,0130, 260.5020.62751.62.22751000.020.740.360.44 without rub.
2.2.5 Checking the capacity of sewer risers
Checking the capacity of sewer risers is carried out using Appendix M /1/. To do this, on one of the risers, qs (l/s) is determined using formula (2.1) and this flow rate is compared with the tabulated value qstable.
The throughput capacity of the riser, which ensures stable operation of hydraulic valves, will be if
< qsтабл. (2.4)
Checking risers:
StK1-1: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.36 l/s, qstable = 1.4 l/s - condition (2.4) is satisfied
StK1-2: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.57 l/s, qstable = 1.4 l/s - condition (2.4) is not satisfied, therefore, it is necessary to increase the diameter and take it equal to d = 100 mm.
For risers StK1-1, StK1-2, StK1-3, StK1-6, similarly to StK1-2, we accept diameter d = 100 mm.
Maximum throughput ventilated sewer riser at d=100 mm qstable = 7.4 l/s, and according to calculations for risers StK1-7,...StK1-13 qs = 2.37...4.23 l/s, therefore condition (2.4) is satisfied for these risers.
2.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of intra-block sewerage
The intra-block sewer network is designed from ceramic pipes with a minimum diameter of 150 mm. The distance between inspection wells is assumed to be 26.479 m. The connection method is socket, the depth of installation depends on the depth of seasonal freezing and is calculated by the formula:
hall = hpr - e (2.5)
where hpr is the depth of seasonal soil freezing, accepted as specified; e - the size of the talik, taken equal to 0.3 m for pipes with a diameter of 200 m. hall = 2.7-0.3 = 2.4 m
The calculation results are summarized in Table 8.
Table 3 - Hydraulic calculation of intra-quarter sewerage
Plot numberNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l/sq0s, l/sqs, l/sd, mmiv, m/sl, m Markings Depth of location, mNUKUNUKUNUKUSK No. 1 - SK No. 2600,0130,780,8491,061,62,661500,010,698,20,29183,3183,1180,9180,82,42,48 SK No. 2 - KGK 1200,0131,561, 2611.581.63.181500.010.717.40.3183.1183180.8180.62,482.65 Based on the results of the hydraulic calculation, a longitudinal profile of the yard sewerage system is constructed.
3. Equipment specification
sink - 30 pcs.
sink - 30 pcs
bath - 30 pcs
toilet - 30 pcs.
water meter unit - 1 piece
booster unit: valve - 4 pcs.
valve - 4 pcs.
pump - 2 pcs.
pipes for water supply - galvanized steel according to GOST 3264 - 75 = 15 mm l = 19.8 m = 20 mm l = 49.8 m = 25 mm l = 32.7 m = 32 mm l = 11 m = 50 mm l = 19 m
sewer pipes - cast iron according to GOST 9583 - 75 = 100 mm l = 274 m = 150 mm l = 28.6 m
Bibliography
1.Postnikov P.M. Design and calculation of internal water supply and sewerage systems of buildings: Method. decree. - Novosibirsk: SGUPS Publishing House, 2004. - 40 p.
2.Shevelev F.A., Shevelev A.F. Tables for hydraulic calculation of water pipes: Reference. allowance. - 6th ed., add. And reworked. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1984. - 116 p.
.Lukinykh A.A., Lukinykh N.A. Tables for hydraulic calculation of sewer networks and siphons according to the formula of Acad. N.N. Pavlovsky. Ed. 4th, add. M., Stroyizdat, 1974. - 156 p.
.SNiP 2.04.01 - 85*. Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings / Gosstroy of the USSR. M., 1986.
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