Diagram of ventilation ducts in a multi-storey building. Who is responsible for the operation of ventilation in an apartment building? Diagrams of a traditional exhaust system

Proper operation of the ventilation system is an important component comfortable stay in the apartment. Ventilation in apartment building allows you to organize proper air circulation: removal of polluted air and influx from the street fresh air in sufficient quantities. To do this, it is important not only to understand well how the ventilation system in the house should function, but also to ensure its proper maintenance.

Insufficient ventilation has a direct impact on the health and well-being of residents living in the apartment. Lack of fresh air provokes headache, depression, drowsiness, fatigue.

In each high-rise building according to building regulations exists centralized system ventilation, which is a set of ventilation shafts and channels that remove exhaust air masses from rooms to the attic or to the street. Air ducts are located in the ceilings, and their installation is carried out during the construction stage.

There are three approaches to organizing ventilation in multi-storey buildings:

Natural air supply and exhaust system. Used in most typical high-rise buildings. A clear advantage of this solution is that it works without connecting to a power supply.
Forced ventilation using special installations. It is used where the power of natural air exchange is insufficient.
Combined ventilation systems use a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation systems.

It is also possible to add additional units to the home ventilation system.

For example, installing a recuperator (a device capable of accumulating heat from exhaust air and releasing it to the supply air) allows you to save a lot of money on heating.

Or another element - a deflector, which is installed on the roof, above the outlet of the shaft. Performs two functions: protecting the ventilation shaft from precipitation and enhancing traction using wind energy.

Operating principle and ventilation device options

The influx of outdoor air into the premises passes through loosely fitting window shutters or channels and valves provided for this purpose in double-glazed windows made of metal-plastic.

The hood is produced through vertical shafts (usually located in bathrooms and kitchens) running from the apartment to the roof or attic. Due to the difference in temperature indoors and outdoors, a draft arises in the shaft, ensuring air movement.

Note! In the cold season, traction is higher than in summer. In hot, windless weather, on the contrary, natural ventilation virtually does not occur.

The flow of fresh air moves through the rooms, gradually mixing with exhaust air masses, after which it is removed from the room through exhaust ducts.

What happens to an apartment building without ventilation? Residents will be tormented by a constant feeling of stuffiness, the apartment will be filled with odors from the kitchen and bathroom, and dampness and mold will appear on the walls. A serviceable and efficient ventilation system eliminates such suffering. But how does ventilation work in practice?

Ventilation device in multi-storey buildings

Every apartment building (MKD) has a ventilation shaft. It can be compared to the human venous system - it is through the shaft that air masses move from different points (rooms) to one - to the attic or to the street.

Shafts take up a lot of space, so in low-rise buildings compact air ducts are often installed instead.

Ventilation shaft in panel house consists of concrete blocks that are stacked on top of each other. The seams between them are sealed cement mortar. In new buildings, air lines are made of metal or plastic boxes. On the roof, the shaft ends with a special umbrella - it protects the pipes from precipitation, leaves and debris.

Types of air ducts:

Built-in. Available in rectangular or square section. Laid during construction in load-bearing walls high-rise building. They are made from bricks or concrete blocks.
Overhead/hanging. They are installed after completion of construction and finishing of the premises. Most often they are made from galvanized sheet steel. The main disadvantage is their susceptibility to corrosion, so it is important to protect them from high humidity. Such air ducts must be soundproofed - otherwise the movement of air inside the metal shaft may be accompanied by a hum.
External. Mounted on outside building. They are made from all of the above materials.

Each multi-storey residential building has different ventilation systems. The creation of ventilation goes through the following stages:

Experts calculate ventilation in a residential building based on the area of apartments and individual rooms.
A ventilation scheme is drawn up. It indicates the method of distribution of air flows, the cross-sectional area of the channels, the noise level of the equipment, the type of ventilation and its other features.
According to the scheme, a drawing is developed with detailed description, which is agreed upon by technical services. After approval, the necessary documentation is prepared.
Installation of ventilation shafts begins in interior walls building. After completion of work, the system is checked to ensure compliance with all requirements.

Requirements for ventilation of a residential building:

tightness;
high performance;
fire safety;
correspondence sanitary standards. For Russia, sanitary and hygienic standards for ventilation are specified in SNiP 41-01-2003.

Types of ventilation in residential buildings

Most common natural ventilation. It works like this:

Fresh air enters through slightly open vents, windows or.
The exhaust air is displaced by fresh air and removed from the rooms into the ventilation shaft.
Due to the difference in temperature and pressure, air from the ventilation shaft enters the attic or roof, and from there to the street.

Ventilation with natural impulse is installed in panel and brick houses, as well as in some new buildings. To operate it, you don’t need anything other than the mines themselves, which is why it’s simple and cheap for developers. But for residents there are few advantages: in hot weather, air exchange practically stops, and in winter, all the heat quickly “flies out” into the ventilation.

To increase draft in the summer, a deflector is installed on the top of the ventilation duct. This device catches the wind and dissects it into several air streams with at different speeds. Due to this, the pressure drop in the pipe increases, and the exhaust air exits faster into the street.

Natural ventilation apartment building implies that the exhaust system does not work without inflow. Therefore, it is important to either always leave the windows open, or install a ventilator - a device that allows you to ventilate a room with closed windows. The simplest ventilators are: they are built into a double-glazed window, and fresh air enters through a special hole. More efficient system ventilation in an apartment in a multi-storey building -: it not only supplies air to the room, but also cleans it of allergens, harmful gases and fine dust. The device can heat the air to a comfortable temperature.

If the air supply does not have a heating function, then it is advisable to install it as close to the ceiling of the room as possible. So supply air will mix with warm air rooms.

Exhaust vents are usually located in the kitchen and bathroom: these are the areas where the most unwanted odors accumulate. It is not allowed to combine the hood in the kitchen and in the toilet into one ventilation duct - otherwise odors will move from one room to another. To improve air exchange, they install in the bathroom.

Ventilation of the basement of an apartment building is usually organized using vents in the walls. They are made just above the surface of the earth. How larger area basement, the more vents.

fresh air intake point;
a block that may contain a heater, recuperator, filters, fans;
air ducts;
a diffuser through which fresh air is supplied;
ventilation grille for exhaust air intake;
pipe through which exhaust air exits.

Forced ventilation does not depend on weather conditions. In it, air is pumped in and out using electric fans. How more powerful fans, the more air they manage to process. Such a system is more expensive and is installed, as a rule, in luxury homes.

Filters, noise absorbers, heaters and other devices are often built into ventilation with mechanical air supply. This installation takes up a lot of space, so it is placed in the attic or on the technical floor. Only qualified service personnel should have access to the equipment.

There is also combined ventilation, in which only exhaust or supply is carried out using a fan.

An air purification function is sometimes added to a ventilation project. For example, the Tion company produces a purifier-disinfectant that is built into general house ventilation: it cleans polluted air from dust, mold, bacteria, exhaust gases and allergens. CityAir stations can be installed at the ventilation inlet and outlet: they monitor air quality before and after cleaning.

Sometimes ventilation is equipped - it takes heat from the exhaust air and gives it to the supply air. This allows you to save on heating apartments.

Ventilation schemes in apartments of a multi-storey building

As a rule, in housing construction there are four schemes for constructing a ventilation shaft in a multi-storey building.

1. Exhaust device in residential buildings individually, i.e. From the kitchen, toilet and bathroom on each floor there is a separate shaft leading to the roof. Odors from neighbors do not penetrate into the apartment, the draft works more stable. But this is not always convenient for developers: firstly, it is too expensive, and secondly, additional pipes take up a lot of space.

2. Exhaust ducts from all apartments are connected to a horizontal duct - a collection duct in the attic. From there the air enters the street. If the diameter of the channel is insufficient, then the exhaust air is returned to the apartments on the upper floors. To get rid of reverse draft, either the box is artificially expanded, or the channels of the upper floors are brought directly into the shaft on top of the box.

3. This option is similar to the previous one, only the exhaust air does not enter the collection duct, but directly into the attic. Ventilation ducts in MKD must be thermally insulated - otherwise condensation and mold will appear in the attic, and building materials will begin to deteriorate.

4. Ventilation with satellite channels is similar to a tree: exhaust channel branches in each apartment are connected to a trunk - a common vertical shaft. This system saves space and money, but it has a problem: if the draft is disrupted, odors from one apartment can enter another.

Each ventilation structure in an apartment building has one general disadvantage: distance from top floor to end exhaust pipe small, therefore, the thrust is weak. To strengthen it, individual ventilation ducts are built from apartments on the top floor, which are brought to a height of at least a meter.

Who should clean the ventilation in an apartment building?

In an apartment building, this is done: attach a sheet of paper or a paper napkin to the exhaust grille. If the sheet or napkin does not stay on the grill, then there is a problem with ventilation.

Possible reasons for lack of traction:

The mine simply doesn't work. If the house is old and the shaft is made of concrete blocks, then cracks may appear at their joints.
There is a blockage in the mine. Dust, small debris, and insects get into the air ducts. Grease deposits may form on your kitchen hood.
No influx. If fresh air does not enter the apartment, there is nothing to displace the exhaust air. In this case, the productivity of the supply and exhaust should be approximately equal: the air passing through a small window slit will not be enough for full ventilation.

You can only clean the grille on your exhaust vent yourself; The cleaning of ventilation shafts is carried out by specialists. If, diagnostics are carried out: a video camera is lowered into the shaft, which detects the cause of the blockage. All dirt is then removed using a pneumatic brushing machine.

Ventilation must undergo not only cleaning, but also disinfection. Sprayer with flexible pipe carried out to the middle of the shaft and cleans its walls with an antibacterial solution. For better treatment, you can contact the sanitary and epidemiological service: specialists will analyze the bacterial environment in the ventilation and select an individual disinfectant.

Inspection ventilation system should be carried out regularly. Who is responsible for ventilation in an apartment building? Usually, management organization or the HOA enters into an agreement with a separate company. All costs for inspection, cleaning and repair of ventilation are included in the cost of utilities.

Organized natural ventilation in a residential building is air exchange that occurs due to the difference in air density inside the building and outside, through specially designed exhaust and supply openings.

For ventilation of premises in a residential apartment building, a natural ventilation system is provided. Let's figure out how it works and how it works.

Natural ventilation device

In each entrance from the first floor to the last there is a common ventilation duct that runs vertically from below, upward with access either to the attic or directly to the roof (depending on the project). Satellite ducts are connected to the main ventilation duct, the beginning of which is usually located in the bathroom, kitchen and toilet.

Through these satellite channels, the “exhaust” air leaves the apartments, enters the common ventilation shaft, passes through it and is discharged into the atmosphere.

It seems that everything is extremely simple and such a mechanism should work flawlessly. But there are many things that can interfere with the normal operation of ventilation.

The most important thing in the operation of natural ventilation is that sufficient air must enter the apartment. According to the projects, according to SNiP, this air must enter through “leaks” window openings, and also by opening the windows.

Excerpt from SNiP 2.08.01-89 (minimum air exchange parameters for an apartment).

But we all understand that modern windows when closed, they do not allow sound or air to pass through. It turns out that you need to keep the windows open all the time, which naturally is not possible for a number of reasons.

Causes of disruption of natural ventilation

Re-equipment of ventilation ducts

It happens that ventilation stops working due to active neighbors who could simply break the ventilation duct to expand the living space. In this case, the ventilation will stop working for all residents whose apartments are located below.

Debris in the ventilation duct

It often happens that something gets into the ventilation shaft and simply does not allow the air to move freely. If this happens, then you need to contact the appropriate structure; it is prohibited to climb into the ventilation duct yourself.

Not correct connection exhaust hoods

Another common problem is connection. kitchen hoods(exhaust hoods) of high power to the satellite channel, which is not intended for this. And when such an exhaust hood is turned on, an air plug forms in the common ventilation duct, which disrupts the operation of the entire system.

Seasonality

Unfortunately, back to work natural system ventilation also has an effect temperature regime, in the cold season it works better, and in the summer, when the temperature outside rises, it works weaker. Add to this several negative aspects described above, and the work of the entire system comes to naught.

And of course, there are mistakes during construction made by the contractor for one reason or another... Only the installation of supply and exhaust ventilation equipment will help here.

Natural ventilation works all year round 24 hours a day. Therefore, a round-the-clock air flow into the room is necessary. If it doesn’t exist, then in winter when closed windows Condensation may occur, humidity may increase, and even mold may form. To avoid this, install supply valves, this will improve ventilation in the room and get rid of excess moisture.

To organize good air exchange in the apartment all year round. A ventilator will need to be installed. Thanks to this device, you will not have to open the windows, and fresh and clean air will always flow into your apartment.

In accordance with existing standards, any residential premises must be equipped, which is designed to remove polluted air from non-residential rooms (toilet, bathroom, kitchen). If the glass on the windows is not functioning correctly, condensation begins to fog up, condensation flows down the walls, the corners become damp, and mold forms in the rooms. If the ventilation system is working properly, such troubles are invisible. If the house is Small child, then the consequences of poor-quality air exchange can cause the baby to develop bronchial asthma or other respiratory diseases.

Diagram of the forced ventilation device in multi-storey building

To check the functionality of the ventilation system, you need to take a small piece of soft paper (about 10x10 cm), open a window in the room, and then bring the piece of paper to the ventilation grill. If the leaf flutters, the ventilation works well. In turn, if the leaf is not attracted, this is an indicator of poor performance of the ventilation system.

Ventilation problems in apartment buildings, especially on the top floors, are quite common. The reason for the problems lies in the fact that to ensure normal circulation in the apartment, air must pass through the ventilation duct at least 2 meters vertically. On the top floor, this condition is problematic, since the attic space acts as an obstacle. Ventilation can be brought outside using three different methods.

The first is ventilation ducts, in the form of a pipe head, directly leading to the roof. Houses were built in this way until the beginning of the twentieth century, but the increased number of floors in buildings gradually pushed this method aside.
With the second method, ventilation, upon reaching attic space, was covered using horizontal sealed boxes connected to a shaft that went outside on top of the roof.
With the third method, the most modern, ventilation first enters the attic, which plays the role of an intermediate ventilation chamber. After which the air enters the outside, passing through one common ventilation shaft.

We will not consider the first option, since it is not currently used - we will focus on the second and third methods.

In the second option, the following happens: air from all floors rises up through the channels, to the attic level, falling into a horizontal connected box arranged in the attic room. During this, the air flow hits the horizontal cover ventilation duct. The air flow deviates slightly towards the ventilation shaft, but if the internal cross-section of the horizontal attic duct is insufficient, an area of increased pressure appears in the duct, due to which the air seeks an outlet through any nearby opening, for example, a ventilation shaft and an upper floor duct.

If the cross-section of the box is sufficient, but the cover is mounted very low, then the same process occurs - reverse draft - the air flow does not have time to deviate towards the ventilation shaft in time, which entails a blow. The ventilation of the upper floor is “pressed” by the reflected air flow, which is why odors from the lower floors fall precisely into this room. To get rid of this, you can resort to two methods - global and local.

The global method involves increasing the cross-section of the attic horizontal connection box by changing its height by about 2-3 times, followed by installing some devices inside the box, called “cuts”. Keep in mind that all this work must be performed by experienced specialists. In addition, remember that it is not recommended to increase the cross-section of the duct in cases where exactly the same ducts are attached to the ventilation shaft on the reverse side.

Natural supply and exhaust ventilation of a residential building

High-quality supply and exhaust ventilation can fully provide a suitable indoor microclimate for humans. If you regularly appear in the room unpleasant odors, and the windows fog up - this is a good reason to check the operation ventilation work. If the check shows poor performance of the system, then it is likely that the ventilation shaft is clogged.

Diagram of natural supply and exhaust ventilation in a multi-apartment high-rise building

How to make proper ventilation in an apartment with your own hands

How to clean the ventilation in an apartment

If you decide to clean the ventilation, keep in mind that residents apartment buildings do not have the right to exercise self-installation engineering communications that other people use. Cleaning or repairing the ventilation shaft should only be carried out by specialists from the appropriate organizations. If your home's HVAC isn't working properly, the only thing you can do is remove the grill from the vent and use a vacuum cleaner (or by hand) to remove any debris inside it.

In some cases, it happens that the exhaust system is in good condition, but unpleasant odors and foggy windows still make themselves felt. This can often be observed in apartments where plastic windows. In this case, there are two ways to solve the problem: regularly ventilate the rooms or install additional supply valves.

Drawing and installation diagram ventilation valve on the window

Supply valves are usually installed in holes behind radiators, which allows fresh air to warm up a little when entering the room. The diameter of the holes is usually in the range of 6-10 cm. Based on the type of design, valves are divided into several types. Some, for example, have a plug that can be opened manually if necessary. More modern models are equipped with special sensors that can respond to changes in the level of humidity in the room, at the right moment opening the valve that lets in fresh outside air. Many valves have a set of filter elements.

In most cases, natural ventilation in old houses is not able to provide required volume fresh air, which is why many people install air conditioners. This device cannot completely replace the ventilation system, but it can clean and humidify the air in the apartment.

Forced ventilation in a panel house

Forced ventilation comes to the rescue in cases where natural ventilation is unable to cope with the tasks assigned to it. It is impossible to completely install it on your own, since in each specific case its project has its own characteristics. In the event that you need to install ventilation in one-room apartment, you can purchase a simple monoblock device.

For the highest quality ventilation in each room, it is necessary to install air ducts, the installation of which can be carried out by anyone. Typically, air ducts are installed under suspended ceiling or built into walls.

According to current sanitary standards, apartment buildings must be equipped with ventilation, in which polluted air is removed from the kitchen and bathroom, and clean air is supplied to the living rooms.

Ventilation of houses built last century is based on natural draft. Modern residential complexes are put into operation with roof fans and forced air exchange systems. Read on to learn how the ventilation system in an apartment building works, how to clean it and improve it.

The need for ventilation in an apartment building

Doing laundry, washing dishes, and taking a shower releases water vapor into the air. Particles of lint from clothes and carpets, epithelium and pet hairs form dust. During cooking, odors and tiny droplets of fat evaporate.

If an apartment building is not equipped with a ventilation system, all waste products of people remain in the premises. Conditions are created that are dangerous to people’s health and the safety of their property. Mold eats away walls and furniture, and residents suffer from allergies and asthma. Children and the elderly feel the worst in such apartments.

Functions of ventilation in a residential area:

Ensure the penetration of clean air into apartments;
Remove dust and other impurities harmful to health along with the exhaust air;
Regulate humidity in living and utility rooms.

If, while cooking with the window open, odors spread into neighboring rooms, the ventilation system in an apartment building is not working satisfactorily. Another indicator that the ventilation in the house is not working is the intense accumulation of dust in the corners, on the ventilation grille and under the ceiling. Within a day or two after cleaning, you can notice clouds of dust under upholstered furniture.

Most often, residents of the top floors suffer from this. Poor draft is explained by the insufficient distance between the ventilation grille in the apartment and the end of the ventilation duct. Normally it should be at least 2 meters. Often this condition is not met due to the presence of a warm attic in an apartment building and the ventilation does not work as intended by the designers.

The principle of air removal into ventilation

Most complaints about the work are caused by ignorance of how ventilation works in a panel house.

There are 2 schemes for removing dirty air from apartment buildings:

Scheme 1. The ventilation duct reaches the attic, here it turns into a horizontal duct

Several sealed boxes are combined into one shaft, ending above the roof. With this principle of ventilation in an apartment building, air masses from all floors rush to the horizontal duct, from there into the common shaft and onto the street. As the air moves, it hits the surface of the box and an area of high pressure is formed. The air rushes into the nearest hole leading out.

Sometimes the closest exit is the fifth floor ventilation duct. Normally, this should be a common ventilation shaft. Even with optimal cross section horizontal box, reverse draft may be observed if the box cover is installed too low. The air is reflected from the lid and “squeezes out” odors coming from below into the kitchens of the top floor. To avoid such an undesirable effect, use 2 methods:

Method 1. It is necessary to increase the diameter of the horizontal box in the attic by 2.5 times. In addition, “cuts” are installed inside the box. All modifications should be carried out only by trained people. You must first consult with a specialist, since it is not always possible to use this method of improving ventilation;
Method 2. The ventilation ducts of the top floor are arranged separately and are inserted into the ventilation shaft above the duct. A separate channel should be well insulated.

Scheme 2. All ventilation ducts lead to the attic

The attic space is used as an intermediate chamber. There is a single ventilation shaft leading through the roof.

This method of air exhaust is very common in modern construction.

Most often, there is no backdraft in the network, but on the upper floors it is very weak. This is explained by the small height of the vertical channel (no more than 40 cm). When the doors of the attic or between sections are open, there is also virtually no air movement.

The standard diameter of air ducts for such a ventilation system for an apartment building is 140 mm. To improve its operation, the channel outlets are lengthened due to pipes placed on them. The joints are sealed. It is enough to add 1 meter of pipe and tilt it slightly in the direction of the central shaft.

Apartment supply and exhaust ventilation

In multi-storey buildings, a supply-exhaust ventilation system is installed in each apartment. The following scheme is usually used: exhaust ducts are located in toilets, bathrooms and kitchens, and clean air is supplied through the vents.

So that air can circulate freely throughout the apartment, under interior doors Gaps of 1–2 cm are left.

This plan for the operation of ventilation in an apartment building is quite simple, but not always effective.

If the windows in the apartment fog up, or there is an unpleasant smell from time to time, it is necessary to inspect the ventilation of the apartment building. Often natural ventilation in an apartment building does not work due to blockage. But residents do not have the right to clean the ventilation in apartment buildings. Repair work This is also done by specialists. So how to clean the ventilation in an apartment?

Professional ventilation cleaning

Specialists clean ventilation in apartment buildings using professional equipment. First, a diagnosis of the ventilation of an apartment building is carried out. As a rule, a video camera is used for this. It detects places where debris, dust, and destruction accumulate. After which the pneumatic brushing machine removes all the dirt. At the same time, the mine can be disinfected.

You can inspect the ventilation of an apartment building in the simplest way: bring a burning candle or match to the ventilation grille. If the flame deviates towards ventilation, then all is not lost. The vertical position of the flame indicates that the natural ventilation in the house is not really working. When inspecting ventilation, it is necessary to check all ventilation grilles in an apartment in an apartment building.

Self-cleaning ventilation

Residents of apartment buildings can dismantle ventilation grille in your apartment and clean the accessible part of the shaft with a broom or vacuum cleaner.

Before cleaning the ventilation in an apartment building yourself, it is advisable to wear protective equipment: gloves, a respirator, goggles. Sometimes completely serviceable and clean system does not work effectively.

In this case, you need to resort to additional means:

supply valves;
exhaust fans.

They make it possible to regulate the flow and exhaust of air from the apartment, are inexpensive and quite easy to install.

Ventilation of the basement and basement floors

The basement is one of essential elements ventilation system of an apartment building. After all, the ventilation shafts that penetrate all floors begin in the basement.

As a rule, ventilation of the basement floor of an apartment building is organized using natural draft.

To remove damp air from the basement, common ventilation ducts are used, leaving openings on each floor and in each apartment.

The flow of fresh air is no less important for ventilation of the basement of an apartment building, where it is often damp and cold. Vents or openings in the walls of the basement, located slightly above the surface of the ground, serve this purpose. The number of vents is calculated based on the area of the building.

The area of the vents is 1/400 of the area of the building.

If the building is located in an area with a high radon content or extreme background radiation, the area of the vents increases to 1/100 of the building area.

The area of one vent can vary from 0.05 to 0.85 square meters. meters.

Vents with a diameter of 30 x 30 cm must be reinforced.

The ventilation holes can be of any shape, but most often they are made rectangular or round. This form is easier to perform and looks better.

Vents should be evenly distributed around the perimeter of the foundation to avoid the formation of unventilated areas.

The distance from the corner to the nearest vent is 90 cm. It is advisable to make an even number of vents and place them opposite each other. The distance to the ground is at least 20 cm. If the holes are lowered, they may be flooded with rain or spring floods.

The higher the vents are off the ground, the better.

If the foundation of the house has internal load-bearing surfaces, vents should be made in them so that the entire ground floor apartment building.

The vents must not be closed, otherwise the entire principle of operation of the ventilation of an apartment building will be disrupted. To prevent cats and rodents from entering the basement, the openings are closed with a metal mesh.

So, the ventilation of an apartment building is a single system, the construction of which begins in the basement and ends above the roof. Any attempts by residents to independently interfere with its operation, such as cleaning the ventilation in the apartment, dismantling its elements or remodeling, entail administrative liability!

More information about how the ventilation of an apartment building works video: