Family as a social institution. Family as a social institution (9) - Abstract 1 family social institution

A family is a primary community of people connected by marriage or blood relationship, within which the upbringing of children is ensured and other socially significant needs are satisfied. For sociologists, the family is, first of all, a social institution that regulates human reproduction through a special system of roles, norms and organizational forms.

The initial basis of family relationships is Marriage is a socially determined form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual relations, and also establishes marital and kinship roles. Marriage is considered the only acceptable, socially approved and legally established form of sexual relations between spouses. It includes in its structure both norms and a set of customs regulating marital relations between a man and a woman (betrothal, wedding ceremony, honeymoon, etc.).

Currently, in Western societies, marriage is associated with monogamy, when one man can be married to no more than one woman at a time. At the same time, monogamy is not the most common form of marriage on a global scale. American anthropologist George Murdoch, who conducted a comparative study of 565 different societies, found that polygamy(that is, a form of marriage in which a man or woman can have more than one spouse) is allowed in 80% of them. There are two types of polygamy: polygyny, in which a man can be married to more than one woman at the same time; and less common polyandry, in which a woman is simultaneously in two or more marital unions with different men (as a rule, this form of marriage gives rise to a situation where the biological father of a child born in such a marriage is unknown).

From the point of view of the scope of choosing a spouse, marriages are divided into endogamous(prisoners within their own community) and exogamous(concluded between representatives of different groups). This results in two types of family: socially homogeneous (homogeneous), in which spouses and their parents belong to the same social groups, strata and classes, and socially heterogeneous (diverse).

The categories “marriage” and “family” are closely interrelated, although they also have many differences. Unlike marriage, which is only a relationship between spouses, the family is also a social organization that affects both marital and parental relationships. Individuals who get married become relatives to each other, while their marriage obligations are bound by family ties

a much wider circle of people (blood relatives of one side become relatives of the opposite side).

The structure of the family includes the following groups of relationships, which together create the family as a special social phenomenon:

• natural-biological, that is, sexual (sexual) and consanguineous;
• economic, based on housekeeping, organization of everyday life and family property;
• spiritual-psychological and moral-aesthetic, associated with feelings of marital and parental love, with raising children, with caring for elderly parents, with moral standards of behavior.

Today, according to a number of researchers, several main functions of the family can be distinguished:

• - reproductive, i.e. biological reproduction of the population on a social level and meeting the needs for children on a personal level;
• - educational - socialization of the younger generation, maintaining the cultural reproduction of society;
• - economic - obtaining material resources from some family members for others, economic support for minors and disabled members of society;
• - the sphere of primary social control - moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life, as well as regulation of responsibilities and obligations in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older generation;
• - social status - providing a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;
• - leisure - organization of rational leisure for all family members;
• - emotional - receiving psychological protection, emotional support, emotional stabilization of individuals;

There are two main forms of family organization:

• related("or extended) family, characteristic of traditional societies, based not only on the marital relationship of two people, but also on the blood relationship of a large number of relatives (in fact, a clan of relatives along with spouses and children).
• nuclear (from lat. nucleus- core,) or married family, characteristic of modern societies (where children have the opportunity to live separately from their parents after marriage); the basis of such a family is a couple of people connected by marriage (husband and wife), as well as their children, forming

who are the biological, social and economic center of the family, all other relatives belong to the periphery of the family;

Family life, its historical types and structure depend on the general trends in the socio-economic development of society. During the transition from a traditional society to a modern one, the family changes significantly. As the household ceases to be the primary productive unit, home and work are separated, and there is a shift from the extended family, consisting of several generations dominated by elders, to decentralized nuclear families that place marital ties above family ties. A one-child family is replacing a large family.

In relation to the individual, families are divided into parental and reproductive. TO parent families include those in which a person is born, to reproductive - those that a person forms when he becomes an adult, and within which he raises a new generation of children. At the same time, depending on the place of residence, families are distinguished matrilocal(when the spouses live with the wife’s parents), patrilocal(when a married couple moves in with the husband's parents), or separate(when spouses live separately from the parents of the wife and husband and run a separate household).

There is a transition from a family based on sociocultural prescriptions to interpersonal preferences. In turn, the family influences all aspects of society. It is a kind of micromodel of society, all its social connections.

In modern Westernized post-industrial society, “non-traditional family” model, based on same-sex marriage. The most important role in its legalization was played by the UN Cairo Conference on Population and Development in 1994, which established, in principle 9 of the Program of Action for Population Regulation, the equality and equivalence of different types of sexual unions, including same-sex ones. Currently, same-sex marriage (as well as same-sex partnerships) is legalized in a number of EU countries, Canada, some US states and South Africa.

The complex nature of the family as a social entity requires different methodological approaches to its sociological analysis. Modern sociology views the family, first of all, as a system of social and gender roles.

Gender roles represent one type of social role, a set of expected behavior patterns (or norms) for men and women. A role in social psychology is defined as a set of norms that determine how people in a given social position should behave. Each person performs a number of different roles, for example, wife, mother, student, daughter, girlfriend, etc. Sometimes these roles do not combine, which leads to role conflict (for example, between the role of a businesswoman and the role of a spouse).

In industrial society, there was a so-called “patriarchal” hierarchy of gender system roles, based on a gender contract "housewives"(English - housewife) for a woman and a “breadwinner” (English - breadwinner)- sponsor of family life for a man.

In post-industrial society, the gender contract of the “housewife” is being replaced contracts of “equal status”(English - equal status), according to which the hierarchy of patriarchy is replaced by equalization of the position, rights and opportunities of men and women both in the public (politics, education, career, cultural life) and in the private sphere (housekeeping, raising children, sexuality, etc. .). Changes in gender contracts are due to transformations that occurred in late modern society: the emergence of the welfare state, mass consumer society, the feminization of men and the masculinization of women influenced a radical change in the traditional gender order.

The problem of divorce is closely related to the change in the type of relationships in the modern family: new family models give rise to their own forms of breaking these relationships. In a traditional marriage, divorce is understood as a break in relations in legal, economic, and psychological terms, while the modern form of family relationships brings the psychological problems of separation to the fore. Partners, most often, do not find common ground in personal interaction; and in this case, psychological peace becomes more preferable for them than, for example, economic difficulties.

Among the main factors predetermining divorce today are the following:

• - industrialization;
• - urbanization;
• - population migration;
• - emancipation of women.

These factors reduce the level of social control, make people's lives largely autonomous and anonymous, and the sense of responsibility, affection, and mutual care is greatly reduced.

The most common causes of immediate divorce between spouses are:

• 1. Domestic problems (housing instability, financial insecurity, etc.)
• 2. Interpersonal conflicts (loss of love, respect, affection; jealousy of one of the spouses; different views on life in economic, social, spiritual terms)
• 3. External factors (betrayal, interference in the relationship of third parties, for example, parents of spouses, the beginning of a new relationship, etc.)

“Marriage today has ceased to be a connection aimed at transferring property and status to another generation. As women gain economic independence, marriage is less and less a consequence of the need for economic partnership... In all likelihood, the increase in the number of divorces is not associated with deep disappointment in marriage as such, but with an increasing desire to turn it into a full-blooded union that brings satisfaction.”

E. Giddens "Sociology"

The nature of the connections between people who marry has changed over the past few decades. Political, economic, and social changes in the modern world have contributed to the fact that public opinion has become more tolerant of different models of family life. And yet, the situation of divorce is a critically acute experience in the life of an individual, which does not have a one-time nature, but develops over a long time.

The beginning of the 20th century is a period not only of revolutionary activity, active modernization, feminization, numerous social changes in public life, but also a stage of drastic changes in marriage and family relations. Changes in family structure throughout the world in the twentieth century allow us to talk about the transition to an era of small children, an increase in divorces and a fall in the number of registered marriages, the alienation of the individual and his autonomy.

Gradually, there is a transition to a specific model of marriage: late marriage - either after achieving economic independence from parents, or after completing education and acquiring a profession.

The crisis of the modern family is largely due to significant changes in social life as a whole. What are the manifestations of crises in the family? First of all, its instability. In large cities, over 50% of marriages break up (in some places the divorce rate reaches 70%). Moreover, for more than a third of disintegrating families, their life together lasted from several weeks to 4 years, i.e. not very long. Family instability leads to the growth of single-parent families, reduces parental authority, and affects the possibilities of forming new families and the health of adults and children.

To the instability of the family one should add its disorganization, i.e. an increase in the number of so-called conflict families, where raising children in an atmosphere of quarrels and scandals leaves much to be desired. This has a very negative impact on both adults and children. It is in such families that the sources of alcoholism, drug addiction, neuroses and delinquency are discovered.

The difficult economic and social situation requires serious stress from modern people, which often causes stress and depression, which have already become an integral part of our daily lives. That is why today there is a particularly acute need for a “safe haven”, a place of spiritual comfort, a similar place should be a family - stability against the backdrop of widespread variability. However, despite such a clear need, the institution of the family is currently experiencing a rather acute crisis: its very existence, which has been unchanged for many centuries, is under threat.

“In world science, there are various points of view on the state of the family in modern society, which can be ordered on a continuum that resembles a battlefield. On one front there is a position asserting that the family is deteriorating, experiencing a deep crisis, the causes of which lie in social cataclysms, ideological or moral and ethical transformations, and this destruction of the family harms both society and the individual. On the other there is a diametrically opposite point of view. The social changes that have taken place over the past two hundred years (and in our context also the rapid changes of the last decades) have exposed the fact that the family as an institution is outdated and, in such an old-fashioned form as it exists now, must either disappear or undergo a radical remodeling. ...Between these radical points of view, there is a more moderate position, shared perhaps by the majority of scientists, that the family, although in a state of crisis, turns out to be a very adaptive and strong entity that can withstand the blows of fate. As we have already mentioned, this is a kind of battlefield for the monopoly of social control over the individual. Need I say that the spearheads of all three divisions are directed against each other, at the enemy’s known vulnerable spots? The balance of the ammunition, as well as the tempting, apparent accessibility of the object of their claims, convinces us that the end of the battle is still far away.”

Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R. “Sociocultural analysis of non-typicality”

• Murdock G. (1949) Social Structure. New York: The Mac Millan Company.
• See, for example, Antonov A.I. Sociology of the family M., 2010; Zritnsva E.I. Sociology of the family M., 2006; Chernyak E.M. Sociology of the family M., 2004, etc.
• See: Zritneva E.I. Sociology of the family. M: Humanitarian. Ed. VLADOS Center, 2006.

Concept of family and marriage- an object of study by sociologists, psychologists, religious scholars, legal scholars and even talk show hosts. We, of course, are interested in the family not in the understanding of Andrei Malakhov, but from the point of view of social science.

“The family is the unit of society,” says the host of the ceremony at the registry office and does not even suspect that this is the main thesis sociology of the family, that is, the branch of sociology that studies marriage And family relationships. In fact, the definition of family is somewhat more complicated. Family- This small social group, and also this. Every person in society has some kind of marital status (single, divorced, married, widower, etc.; in active search, by the way, this is not marital status). Thus, every inhabitant of our planet has something to do with institution of marriage and family.

Marriage (also known as marital union or matrimony) is a historically conditioned, sanctioned by society and (almost always) state form of contract between a woman and a man, the purpose of which is to create a family. Marriage brings the family to an official level: family members acquire rights and responsibilities. The marriage union is protected by the state, has restrictions and entails legal consequences in case of violation of the family code. Code on Marriage and Family created with the aim of protecting family members by the state at the legal level.

Family structure.

Family structure (family structure)- these are different options for family composition:

1. Nuclear family - husband, wife, child (one or more).
2. Complete family (or extended family) - nuclear plus grandparents, uncles, aunts (all living together), sometimes - plus another nuclear family (for example, the husband's brother with his wife and child, again - if everyone lives together ).
3. Blended family (rearranged family) - may include a stepfather or mother (stepfather and stepmother) and, accordingly, one or more stepchildren.
4. Single parent family.

Based on the number of children, families are:

• childless;
• single children;
• small children;
• middle children;
• large families.

By place of residence:

• matrilocal (with wife's parents);
• patrilocal (with husband's parents);
• neolocal (separate from all this joy).

When considering subsequent types of family and its organization, one will have to hit a certain degree of radicalism, from the point of view of generally accepted moral standards.

By the number of partners there are:

• monogamous families (two partners - the most common form of family relationships since ancient times);
• polygamous families:
  1. polygyny (polygyny - one man, three or more women, as in Sharia law);
  2. polyandry (a rare phenomenon - one woman and three or more men; for example, among the peoples of Hawaii and Tibet);
  3. Swedish family (three partners of different sexes - a man and two women or vice versa) - an interesting fact is that this type of family is associated with Sweden only among Russian speakers, and Swedish society is conservative, and this type of relationship is extremely rare there.

By gender composition of partners:

• mixed-sex family;
• same-sex family.

Same-sex marriage allowed in some countries, or in some areas of certain countries (for example, in the USA and Mexico - not in all states). Having mentioned them, it is impossible not to mention that this type of relationship has been the subject of fierce debate and debate for many years. I am forced to move away from an abstract, impartial position and emphasize several points.

Persecution or oppression of supporters of same-sex relationships is a violation of the Declaration of Human Rights. However, same-sex relationships are one thing, and same-sex marriage is another. And the opportunity for same-sex partners to adopt and raise a child is generally third. If the first is normal, but it should have some kind of censorship (that is, gays should not show off their type of relationship, because in this way they can psychologically traumatize others, and this is also a violation of social norms). Secondly, this is not normal, although it is not critical. The most correct thing (I can’t say for sure) would be to recognize same-sex marriage at the level of society, but not at the level of the state and law; and again - censor. Everything described regarding the first and second points coincides with the official policy of the Russian Federation and some other countries. When I talk about censorship, I mean that “if a gay wants to go to the parade, he must be a veteran.”

Regarding the third (adoption) - this is unacceptable. It is unacceptable, as it contradicts social, moral, and religious norms. In addition, it affects the child’s psyche and is unacceptable from a medical point of view.

Let's return to family and marriage.

Functions of family and marriage.

Family functions- these are the relationships within this family and the family’s relationship with society, that is, its internal and socially significant characteristics.

1. Reproductive function. This function contains both sexual need and the need for procreation.
2. Economic function - issues of food, family property, family budget and improvement.
3. Regenerative function - inheritance (surname, property, family values, social status, family business).
4. Educational and upbringing is the function of socialization of children.
5. Initial social control is a function of instilling norms of behavior with elders, the concept of responsibility and responsibilities.
6. Recreational function - entertainment, leisure, recreation, hobbies, etc.
7. Function of spiritual communication (spiritual mutual enrichment).
8. Social-status - reproduction of the social structure within the family, since the family is society in miniature.
9. Psychotherapeutic function - satisfies the needs for recognition, support, psychological protection, sympathy, etc.

In conclusion, we can say that the family is the most ancient social institution, and the history of the family is, in fact, the history of humanity. In addition, the family, as a unit of society, manifests the problems that exist in a given society. Therefore, the sources of problems in the family should be studied not only by family psychologists and Andryusha Malakhov, but also by politicians, legal scholars, and sociologists.

It is the most important in social relations. It is studied by sociologists, psychologists, sexologists and many others. This partial attention is no coincidence. The family is one of the important bearers of the principles of culture and personal education, which are already traditional and passed on from generation to generation. A person receives his initial education in the family. There he is taught behavioral skills and given an education.

Each specific society has its own concepts and lives. Therefore, people included in this community form the opinion that their foundations are the most correct.

Family as a social institution , is so important for society that it makes no sense to consider any particular type as the main one. The roots of family relationships lie deep in antiquity. It was then that the birth of this institute began.

Family typology includes types that differ depending on the form of its organization and the family ties of the people included in it.

One of the main types is the combination: husband, wife and children. This is the classic version that everyone thinks of when the word is mentioned. This type is called conjugal. It is based on a marriage relationship between two people who are not related.

The second type is the related family. It is based on blood relationship. Usually these are numerous relatives representing a clan, which includes brothers and sisters, their husbands and wives, children, aunts, uncles, etc.

The family, as a social institution, exists in these two forms, but their importance is not the same. Usually a relative is necessary for celebrations, communication and maintaining family ties. The marital type is of great importance. In this case, the role of family in a person’s life is enormous. Even the legislation prescribes certain norms and rules in relation to children or parents, but says nothing about connections with more distant relatives.

A married family involves the relationship between spouses and their children. The related type includes a wider range of connections. In such a family, spouses are subject to greater influence from their relatives, and are only half included in the new family.

The upbringing a child receives also depends on it. In a related family, care and responsibility for him lies not only with the parents, but also with numerous relatives. His social circle is extensive, and this has a good effect on his upbringing. Many relatives are ready to take on the responsibilities of parents.

As a social institution, it largely represents the marital type. This is due to the place of residence, which may be far from the rest of the relatives. Many people do not maintain family ties due to certain circumstances.

Marriage is one of the more acceptable forms of family. Officially formalized relationships are not only about future offspring and their upbringing. Marriage also comes with many other rights and responsibilities. It can be called a model in which the family is represented as a social institution. Each individual society has its own norms of behavior that develop over the years. They also depend on economic conditions.

Sometimes a situation arises when the choice of a spouse does not depend on the person. It occurs on the basis of certain rules and principles, which are limited only by the boundaries of a particular society.

In most cases, the family, as a social institution, is monogamous. But there are rare cases of polygamous marriages.

For every person, the family is a model for the formation of character and norms of behavior in society. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the development of this institution.

The concept of “family” is found in scientific literature quite often, and many of them have become so ingrained in people’s consciousness that it is already quite difficult to determine the author of each definition.

The family is seen as a social institution, a social unit, a small group of relatives who live together and conduct joint economic activities.

Family? is an organized social group whose members are connected by a commonality of life, mutual moral responsibility and social necessity, which is determined by the need of society for physical and spiritual self-reproduction.

The family belongs to the most important social values. According to some scientific theories, it was the form of the family that could determine the general direction of the evolution of macrosocial systems for many centuries. Each member of society, in addition to social status, ethnicity, property and financial status, from the moment of birth until the end of life has such a characteristic as family and marital status. For a child, the family is the environment in which the conditions for his physical, mental, emotional and intellectual development are formed. For an adult, the family is a source of satisfaction for a number of his needs and a small team that places various and quite complex demands on him. At the stages of a person’s life cycle, his functions and status in the family change successively.

The simplest example of a social institution is the family. A person spends most of his time in it, and it is the family that carries out so many social functions that it leaves an indelible imprint on the entire development of a person. It is also embodied in many forms of social relations and satisfies a wide variety of human needs.

A family is a small group based on blood or marriage. Members of this group are connected by a common life, mutual support and moral responsibility. She builds her own system of behavior patterns, sanctions and rewards that establish effective relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, as well as children among themselves.

In addition, the family is needed for the growth, proper development and socialization of children. The quality of this child’s living environment is determined by a number of parameters: demographic (family composition, number of members), socio-cultural (level of education and participation in public life of parents), socio-economic (property and employment of parents), technical and hygienic (living conditions , lifestyle), etc.

The modern family is radically different from families of past centuries, primarily in its emotional and psychological functions. The relationship between parents and children is becoming more and more emotional and is based on deep affection for each other, as children become the main value of life for many. However, this makes family life even more difficult.

The reasons for this could be various things. For example, in most modern families there are no grandparents, brothers/sisters, uncles/aunts who could diversify possible interpersonal relationships. In addition, the authority of parental authority is replaced by the authority of the parents’ personality.

The word "family" has Slavic and Indo-European roots (cf. lit. ?eima). Relates us to the meaning of territorial community (cf. lit. Zeme: Earth).

A family is most often viewed as a group of relatives. In this case, the relationship can be either blood: parents and children, brothers, sisters, or legal: husband, wife, stepfather. Family members include: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, grandfather, grandmother. Extended family members include uncle, aunt, nephew, cousins, and second cousins. Also, to denote a family, the Latin word “surname” is often used, which in Russian primarily means “a common name for family members”

The emergence and development of Christianity made adjustments to patriarchal families - traditions were preserved, but the position of women improved slightly.

The modern Russian family is a unit of our society with all its shortcomings, differences from the previous generation, and the peculiarities of the Russian mentality. The family does not stew in its own juice - its formation is influenced by place of residence, politics, economics, morality and the views of modern society. The modern family in Russia is characterized by a number of attitudes and patterns of behavior.

Double standards are a thing of the past. Now what is permitted for a man is also permitted for a woman. This is the main difference between a modern family and the families of our grandparents. In the first post-war years, people built families in conditions of an acute shortage of men, so in marriage the husband could behave as he pleased, and the wife tried with all her might to prevent the marriage from breaking up. Now, two generations later, everything is different.

Both spouses became more tolerant of their partner's premarital sexual experiences. If previously a girl was embarrassed that she was not getting married as a virgin, now this is the norm. In many couples, it is common to talk about sexual experiences with previous partners. Accordingly, the attitude towards adultery in many cases has become more tolerant.

The roles of both spouses have become equal: the man is actively involved in raising children and running the household, the woman is more often involved in her own business and building a career. A wife can easily earn much more than her husband. Men are not shy about running a household, staying at home with children, and even going on parental leave.

The attitude towards civil marriage, and in fact towards cohabitation, has become much more tolerant. Women have learned to exercise their rights even without being legally married. In addition, they no longer feel economically dependent on their husband. Moreover, there are young mothers who consciously raise children without a husband, earn money on their own and manage to devote time to home.

The meaning of some family symbols has disappeared. For example, wearing wedding rings is no longer considered mandatory. Many people buy rings only for a wedding ceremony and nothing more. Many other wedding attributes (wedding, for example) began to be considered unnecessary. Another example: it used to be that spouses should sleep in the same bed. In modern families, spouses often sleep in different rooms, finding this more convenient.

Legislation on matters of marriage and divorce has become more liberal, which has become a prerequisite and reason for a more tolerant attitude towards divorce. Spouses are no longer afraid of losing their family. Children from single-parent families are no longer teased in children's institutions, since many children are psychologically accustomed to having one parent.

New times mean new views on life, especially family life. The Soviet family ideology: “once and for a lifetime” has been practically forgotten. Most of the traditional signs of marriage have been destroyed, and new ones have not been created. What is a modern family nowadays?

Let's remember how our grandparents lived before, and then our parents. A strong and friendly family with two or more children, they met when they were young, got married, at first lived with their parents, gradually overcame difficulties (they constantly saved money for household appliances, then for a car, then for a cooperative), winter holidays - skiing , summer - at the dacha. A sort of measured, calm and uncomplicated family life.

The new generation of twenty-somethings is at a crossroads. How to build family relationships? How their parents no longer want it, but how they would like it - they themselves don’t know. The classical family with its principles and foundations was successfully replaced by a “Western marriage.” An incomprehensible desire to imitate everything foreign and imported has acquired a caricature character.

Perhaps soon the institution of marriage will disappear, die out as an unnecessary and unclaimed element of a “civilized” society. I propose to understand the main problems of the modern family.

Marriages for life are very rare. Those who managed to stay together for 10-15 years are more likely to cause surprise than delight. Creating something serious in the era of individualism is becoming more and more difficult. People no longer want to fix relationships and create their own happiness; it’s easier to throw them out of life and forget them like last year’s snow. Freedom is so tempting, so maintaining family relationships for decades is becoming increasingly difficult.

Early marriages are now a rarity. Only our parents could do this. Modern youth first wants to get on their feet, get a profession, a job, create their own business, acquire housing, a car, etc. according to the list and only then thinks about starting a family.

Our parents were looking for their soul mate among colleagues and classmates, from their immediate circle. Nowadays, with the development of the Internet, the geography of dating searches has expanded. Lovers easily change country, faith and everything for the sake of happiness. It's much harder to keep love at a distance.

Dating with the consent of relatives was not the worst option. Now everyone listens only to their own heart. We listen, we wait, we look for our “prince on a white horse”... until retirement. And the advice of the older generation is no longer a decree for us.

The Knights ended with the beginning of Perestroika. Some 15 years ago, a “knocked up” bride would definitely have married a naive young man. Nowadays, pregnancy is not a reason to start a family. Free love, open relationships are in fashion, and couples are in no hurry to get married, even when their children are already getting married.

Why tie the knot in an official marriage when you can live in a civil one? Typical reasoning of men. And women are forced to deal with this, their fear of being left alone. Civil marriage is like a sample - we lived together, didn’t like it, and separated. We got along with the next partner and so on in a circle. It seems that there is a relationship, but at the same time, no one owes anything to anyone. And most importantly, there is no responsibility that men fear like fire.

Emancipation destroyed our women. They fought for equality, but ended up with loneliness and lack of family life. What kind of man likes it when a woman tries to take the helm of the family boat?

Everyone knows that a normal, natural marriage is traditional, when a man and a woman get married. This was before, now there is freedom of morals. And the most popular marriages are between a man and a man, between a woman and a woman. This also includes civil, guest marriage, free marriage, marriage between swingers. But in the end, no pleasure, just wasted time, nerves and money.

How do you like the modern habit of spending weekends and vacations separately from each other? For today's youth, this is called a break from family life. First, separate interests, weekends, holidays abroad, then different bedrooms, and it all ends in divorce and loneliness.

Every year there are more and more of them. Now everything has become simpler, people no longer want to fight for their happiness. It doesn’t work out, it doesn’t go well - goodbye, the door is open, the suitcase is packed and off we go in search of new sensations or relationships.

The institution of marriage is a union of two people who are able to adapt to any reality whenever they want. Yes, the old dies away, the new is born. What to choose: old-fashioned traditions or open relationships, sex under a marriage contract or for love? Why can’t you take only the good from everything, mix it and get something new? A new happy family, beautiful and healthy children. It is important not to confuse the proportions and ingredients.

Now there is an opinion about the collapse of the family institution. The basis for these unpleasant results is the high number of divorces, children with one parent, elderly people without child care and new family forms. The question of what will happen to the institution of family in the future is more relevant than ever. Scientists involved in the study of marriage are increasingly drawing conclusions that despite numerous changes, the increase in childlessness and families with a small number of children and many other transformations, the family unit, formed on the usual traditional vision of marriage, remains the unit of society where various needs can be realized and the capabilities of the individual - both child and adult. The emotional relationship of an individual with family members reflects the growing importance of family values. Despite the following unpleasant phenomena, such as cohabitation without legal registration, secondary families, divorce, a decrease in the number of children in families, as well as the desire for independence of women, citizens of our country began to value family more strongly. Based on this, the changes that many call the “crisis of the Russian family” are in fact better called the transformation of the family to modern conditions, a change in intra-family relations themselves, and a transformation taking place on a stable traditional social-normative basis.

Previously, patriarchal families were more common, but now nuclear families are gaining popularity.

The most common in modern urbanized society are nuclear families, which consist of two. In such a family there are three nuclear positions (husband, wife, children (child)).

An extended family is a family that includes nuclear families that live in one place and maintain a common household. Such families consist of 3 or more generations - parents of spouses, spouses and their children.

In second families, which are based on a second marriage, together with the spouses there may be children from a previous marriage and children born in a new marriage.

The increase in the number of divorces has increased the percentage of remarriages, which were previously created mostly due to the death of the previous husband or wife. Previously, children of secondary marriages were much less likely to have three “parents”. Because of this, relationships have become more complicated among children who have only blood parents and who, in addition to the blood parent, also have an adoptive one.

In the works of most sociologists, the state of the modern family is regarded as a crisis. The crisis manifests itself in a number of problems that the modern family faces and solves.

Problems of connection between family and society. In modern conditions, the formal connection between society and family is weakening. The basis of the family is the married couple, but today there are a large number of families in which the spouses do not formalize their relationship through the institution of marriage. Sociologists note that the number of women who consider themselves married exceeds the number of men. One of the consequences of this is an increase in the number of single-parent families - the formal (or actual) absence of one of the parents, the presence of “coming” parents (the so-called guest marriage).

The most important problems are: problems of premarital behavior of people in society; new forms of family relationships (same-sex families have been legalized in a number of states) and society’s attitude towards them; divorces; regarding divorced spouses and children; family interaction with preschool institutions and school; marital conflicts, etc.

Changing the nature of interpersonal relationships in the family. According to historical tradition, in a family there should be subordination of children to elders, a woman should be subordinate to a man. Currently, young people are increasingly striving to live independently and choose their own profession and life path. The process of women's emancipation led to the emergence of three types of family relationships:

Traditional (the role of leader is assigned to a man; several generations live under one roof);

Non-traditional (the traditional attitude towards male leadership is preserved, but without sufficient economic and other reasons);

Egalitarian (a family of equals in which there is a fair distribution of household responsibilities; joint decision-making).

Changes are taking place in both the traditional roles of women and men. In the sociology of the family, the role of a woman is actively studied, on whose position the moral climate in the family largely depends, its stability, and who today is increasingly changing her exclusively “home” mission to the mission of an active member of society. Sociologists have recorded an inverse relationship between the level of professional employment of women and the birth rate. Professionally employed women spend much less time caring for children than non-working women. At the same time, participation in public life broadens a woman’s horizons, enriches her intellectual and emotional world, which has a beneficial effect on her role as a mother-educator. Today, various ways out of the current situation are proposed: return the woman to the home (for this, her household work should be paid); redistribute functions in the family (both spouses, while working, equally participate in caring for and raising children); to help women carry out double workloads through the comprehensive development of consumer services.

An acute problem is the relationship between parents and children, representatives of the younger and older generations. The family influences a person’s entire life, but its role is most significant in the first years of a child’s life, when a number of the most important socio-psychological personality traits are formed. Raising the younger generation is a lot of work, requiring significant both physical and mental effort. The most important condition for the proper upbringing of a child is the ability of parents to wisely convey to their children a feeling of love, the conviction that the child is immensely dear to someone and a sense of reciprocal care, the ability and willingness of children to value loved ones.

Changes in family functions. The modern family is becoming increasingly small. For population reproduction, it is necessary that in society there should be approximately 24% of families with two children, 35% with three children, 20% with four children, 7% with five children or more, 14% with no children and one child. Today in the Russian Federation, approximately 90% of families have 1-2 children, which means that the birth rate has fallen below the limit of simple population reproduction.

The amount of work performed by the family is reduced. Family work is becoming increasingly easier due to the use of modern household appliances. At the same time, a reduction in joint family work activity can lead to the formation of dependent attitudes and neglect of work.

The emotional and leisure function of the modern family is becoming increasingly important in modern conditions.

Problems of crises in family relationships. According to some data, about a quarter of families never quarrel. Most families go through periods of crisis and aggravation of family relationships. Crises in family relationships can arise for various reasons. Often the cause of conflicts is the rudeness of the husband, drunkenness and alcoholism, infidelity, the fading of the feeling of love, the simplification and primitivism of relations between the sexes, etc.

Sociologists note a number of crises corresponding to the stages of family development. There are several stages in family development: 1st - stage of childlessness; 2nd - stage of reproductive parenthood; 3rd - stage of socialization parenting; 4th - stage of primogeniture. Each of these stages has its own problems, crises and qualitative changes in relationships. At each stage, the level of people’s culture, their ability and willingness to make compromises and consciously build family relationships is of great importance.

Often, a crisis in family relationships leads to divorce. The most important negative result of divorce is raising a child in a single-parent family (in the absence of one of the parents): a complete family as a social institution has the highest moral and educational potential.

Despite the crisis of the family as a social institution, its value for most people remains. The changes represent the beginning of a new stage in the development of family relations, a new historical turn in the development of the family institution.

Introduction 2

Chapter 1. The concept of “social institution” 4

Chapter 2. Types and functions of social institutions 7

Chapter 3. Family as the most important social institution 11

Conclusion 16

List of references 19

Introduction

Family is always super important. To her, whatever she may be, we owe our birth and personal development; we stand before her at a crossroads, choosing our own answer to the question of marital status; we consider her to be perhaps the main measure of our own viability.

From a theoretical point of view, an objectively distant consideration of the family not only sets alienation in the subtext, but also, bringing to the light of day the “mirror of statistics”, in addition to more or less interesting particular conclusions, leads to rather trivial general conclusions such as “a strong family means a strong power” and vice versa. It is necessary to search for other approaches to uncovering family issues. One of these approaches is value-based. Its essence is to consider the family as a value developed by humanity, to realize the real achievability of this value today and to anticipate its further spread as a component of progress.

This approach allows us to abstract from many trivial aspects of the topic, from all problems that do not fall into the focus of value consideration (definitions of marriage and family, their evolution in the course of history, etc.), to abstract from any complete review of the results of specific sociological studies devoted to various aspects of the family and family relationships. These studies are certainly needed, but their excess can create the illusion that the presence of them as an obligatory basis for any research is almost the only criterion for scientificity in sociology. The intended value approach to the family, in principle, cannot be realized through empiricism, because, not being a self-developing system, the family itself does not contain most of the material that could serve to explain and understand what it is and what happens to it must happen.

A value-based approach to the family as a sociocultural phenomenon is feasible within the framework of sociology. It is known that the family is included in aspects of the consideration of many sciences - philosophy, psychology, ethics, demography, sexology (the list goes on). Sociology sees the family as a special integrity, and this interest in the study of the family as a whole, as a system, puts sociology in a special relationship to it, because a systemic, holistic consideration presupposes the integration of all knowledge about the family, and not the isolation of its own (along with others) aspect.

The question of the role of the family in society is central to understanding family issues. But what kind of family should we be talking about? About modern. One that was the product of the long development of mankind and which can be classified as modern not only in historical time, which is the same for everyone, but also in social time, which also counts the speed of social transformations. Aware of the vagueness of the proposed modern criterion, it is advisable to note that within the limits of this uncertainty it still works and allows, for example, the patriarchal type of family not to be classified as modern.

1. The concept of “social institution”.

Social institutions (from the Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term “social institution” is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social ties and relationships. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization itself is called institutionalization.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points:

1) One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is a corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize the joint activities of people in order to satisfy certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and raising children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The Institute of Higher Education provides training for the workforce, allows a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.

2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature and have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent social entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

What kind of systems are these? What are their main elements? First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and guides their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts,

arising in the process of everyday life, ensures a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. The mere presence of these sociocultural elements does not ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, and embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personal needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.

3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Externally, a social institution is a collection of persons and institutions equipped with certain material means and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who have certain material assets (buildings) for their activities , finances, etc.).

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal for its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, and a set of social positions and roles typical for a given institution. Based on all of the above, we can give the following definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the members’ fulfillment of their social roles, defined by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

2 . Types and functions of social institutions.

Each institution performs its own characteristic social function. The totality of these social functions adds up to the general social functions of social institutions as certain types of social system. These functions are very diverse. Sociologists of different directions tried to somehow classify them, present them in the form of a certain ordered system. The most complete and interesting classification was presented by the so-called “institutional school”. Representatives of the institutional school in sociology (SLipset; D. Landberg and others) identified four main functions of social institutions:

1) Reproduction of members of society. The main institution performing this function is the family, but other social institutions, such as the state, are also involved.

2) Socialization - the transfer to individuals of patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given society - institutions of family, education, religion, etc. 3) Production and distribution. Provided by economic and social institutions of management and control - government bodies. 4) The functions of management and control are carried out through a system of social norms and regulations that implement the corresponding types of behavior: moral and legal norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. Social institutions manage the behavior of the individual through a system of rewards and sanctions.

Social institutions differ from each other in their functional qualities: 1) Economic and social institutions - property, exchange, money, banks, economic associations of various types - provide the entire set of production and distribution of social wealth, connecting, at the same time, economic life with other spheres of social life.

2) Political institutions - the state, parties, trade unions and other types of public organizations pursuing political goals aimed at establishing and maintaining a certain form of political power. Their totality constitutes the political system of a given society. Political institutions ensure the reproduction and sustainable preservation of ideological values ​​and stabilize the dominant social and class structures in society. 3) Sociocultural and educational institutions aim at the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values, the inclusion of individuals in a certain subculture, as well as the socialization of individuals through the assimilation of stable sociocultural standards of behavior and, finally, the protection of certain values ​​and norms. 4) Normative-orienting - mechanisms of moral and ethical orientation and regulation of individual behavior. Their goal is to give behavior and motivation a moral reasoning, an ethical basis. These institutions establish imperative universal human values, special codes and ethics of behavior in the community. 5) Normative-sanctioning - social regulation of behavior on the basis of norms, rules and regulations enshrined in legal and administrative acts. The binding nature of norms is ensured by the coercive power of the state and the system of corresponding sanctions. 6) Ceremonial-symbolic and situational-conventional institutions. These institutions are based on a more or less long-term acceptance of conventional (under agreement) norms, their official and unofficial consolidation. These rules govern everyday

contacts, various acts of group and intergroup behavior. They determine the order and method of mutual behavior, regulate methods of transmission and exchange of information, greetings, addresses, etc., regulations for meetings, sessions, and the activities of some associations.

Violation of normative interaction with the social environment, which is society or community, is called dysfunction of a social institution. As noted earlier, the basis for the formation and functioning of a specific social institution is the satisfaction of one or another social need. In conditions of intensive social processes and the acceleration of the pace of social change, a situation may arise when changed social needs are not adequately reflected in the structure and functions of the relevant social institutions. As a result, dysfunction may occur in their activities. From a substantive point of view, dysfunction is expressed in the unclear goals of the institution, the uncertainty of its functions, the decline of its social prestige and authority, the degeneration of its individual functions into “symbolic”, ritual activity, that is, activity not aimed at achieving a rational goal.

One of the obvious expressions of the dysfunction of a social institution is the personalization of its activities. A social institution, as is known, functions according to its own, objectively operating mechanisms, where each person, based on norms and patterns of behavior, in accordance with his status, plays certain roles. Personalization of a social institution means that it ceases to act in accordance with objective needs and objectively established goals, changing its functions depending on the interests of individuals, their personal qualities and properties.

An unsatisfied social need can give rise to the spontaneous emergence of normatively unregulated types of activities that seek to compensate for the dysfunction of the institution, but at the expense of violating existing norms and rules. In its extreme forms, activity of this kind can be expressed in illegal activities. Thus, the dysfunction of some economic institutions is the reason for the existence of the so-called “shadow economy”, which results in speculation, bribery, theft, etc. Correction of dysfunction can be achieved by changing the social institution itself or by creating a new social institution that satisfies a given social need.

Researchers distinguish two forms of existence of social institutions: simple and complex. Simple social institutions are organized associations of people that perform certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the fulfillment by members of the institution of their social roles determined by social values, ideals, and norms. At this level, the control system has not emerged as an independent system. Social values, ideals, and norms themselves ensure the sustainability of the existence and functioning of a social institution.

3. Family as the most important social institution.

A classic example of a simple social institution is the institution of the family. A.G. Kharchev defines a family as an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, connected by a common life and mutual responsibility. The initial basis of family relationships is marriage. Marriage is a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their conjugal and kinship rights and obligations. But the family, as a rule, represents a more complex system of relationships than marriage, since it can unite not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives. Therefore, the family should be considered not just as a marriage group, but as a social institution, that is, a system of connections, interactions and relationships of individuals that perform the functions of reproduction of the human race and regulate all connections, interactions and relationships on the basis of certain values ​​and norms, subject to extensive social control through a system of positive and negative sanctions.

The family as a social institution goes through a number of stages, the sequence of which forms the family cycle or family life cycle. Researchers identify a different number of phases of this cycle, but the main ones are the following: 1) entering into a first marriage - forming a family; 2) the beginning of childbearing - the birth of the first child; 3) the end of childbearing - the birth of the last child; 4) “empty nest” - marriage and separation of the last child from the family; 5) cessation of the existence of a family - the death of one of the spouses. At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics.

In the sociology of the family, the following general principles have been adopted for identifying types of family organization. Depending on the form of marriage, monogamous and polygamous families are distinguished. A monogamous family provides for the existence of a married couple - husband and wife, while a polygamous family - as a rule, flies have the right to have several wives. Depending on the structure of family ties, simple, nuclear, or complex, extended family types are distinguished. A nuclear family is a married couple with unmarried children. If some of the children in the family are married, an extended, or complex, family is formed, including two or more generations.

The family as a social institution arose with the formation of society. The process of family formation and functioning is determined by value-normative regulators. Such, for example, as courtship, choosing a marriage partner, sexual standards of behavior, norms that guide wife and husband, parents and children, etc., as well as sanctions for non-compliance. These values, norms and sanctions represent the historically changing form of relations between a man and a woman accepted in a given society, through which they regulate and sanction their sexual lives and establish their marital, parental and other kinship rights and responsibilities.

At the first stages of the development of society, relations between men and women, older and younger generations were regulated by tribal and clan customs, which were syncretic norms and patterns of behavior based on religious and moral ideas. With the emergence of the state, the regulation of family life acquired a legal character. Legal registration of marriage imposed certain obligations not only on the spouses, but also on the state sanctioning their union. From now on, social control and sanctions were carried out not only by public opinion, but also by government agencies.

The main, first function of the family, as follows from A.G. Kharchev’s definition, is reproductive, that is, the biological reproduction of the population in a social sense and satisfying the need for children in a personal sense. Along with this main function, the family performs a number of other important social functions:

a) educational - socialization of the younger generation, maintaining the cultural reproduction of society;

b) household - maintaining the physical health of members of society, caring for children and elderly family members;

c) economic - obtaining material resources from some family members for others, economic support for minors and disabled members of society;

d) the sphere of primary social control - moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various spheres of life, as well as regulation of responsibilities and obligations in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older and middle generations;

e) spiritual communication - personal development of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment;

f) social status - providing a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;

g) leisure - organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;

h) emotional - receiving psychological protection, emotional support, emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy.

To understand the family as a social institution, the analysis of role relationships in the family is of great importance. Family role is one of the types of social roles of a person in society. Family roles are determined by the place and functions of the individual in the family group and are subdivided primarily into marital (wife, husband), parental (mother, father), children (son, daughter, brother, sister), intergenerational and intragenerational (grandfather, grandmother, elder , junior), etc. The fulfillment of a family role depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, first of all, on the correct formation of the role image. An individual must clearly understand what it means to be a husband or wife, the eldest in the family or the youngest, what behavior is expected of him, what rules and norms this or that behavior dictates to him. In order to formulate the image of his behavior, the individual must accurately determine his place and the place of others in the role structure of the family. For example, can he play the role of the head of the family, in general or in particular, the main manager of the family’s material wealth. In this regard, the consistency of a particular role with the personality of the performer is of no small importance. A person with weak strong-willed qualities, although senior in age in the family or even in role status, for example, a husband, is far from suitable for the role of head of the family in modern conditions. For the successful formation of a family, sensitivity to the situational demands of the family role and the associated flexibility of role behavior, which is manifested in the ability to leave one role without much difficulty and enter a new one as soon as the situation requires, is also of no small importance. For example, one or another wealthy family member played the role of financial patron of its other members, but his financial situation has changed, and a change in the situation immediately requires a change in his role.

Role relationships in the family, formed when performing certain functions, can be characterized by role agreement or role conflict. Sociologists note that role conflict most often manifests itself as: 1) conflict of role images, which is associated with their incorrect formation in one or more family members; 2) inter-role conflict, in which the contradiction lies in the opposition of role expectations emanating from different roles. Conflicts of this kind are often observed in multi-generational families, where second-generation spouses are both children and parents and must accordingly combine opposing roles; 3) intra-role conflict, in which one role includes conflicting demands. In a modern family, problems of this kind are most often inherent in the female role. This applies to cases where the role of a woman involves a combination of the traditional female role in the family (housewife, childcare provider, caring for family members, etc.) with a modern role that involves equal participation of spouses in providing the family with material resources.

The conflict can deepen if the wife occupies a higher status in the social or professional sphere and transfers the role functions of her status into intrafamily relationships. In such cases, the ability of spouses to flexibly switch roles is very important. A special place among the prerequisites for role conflict is occupied by difficulties with the psychological development of a role associated with such characteristics of the spouses’ personalities as insufficient moral and emotional maturity, unpreparedness to fulfill marital and, especially, parental roles. For example, a girl, having gotten married, does not want to shift the family’s economic concerns onto her shoulders or give birth to a child, she tries to lead her old lifestyle, not subject to the restrictions that the role of a mother imposes on her, etc.

Conclusion

So, the family as a unit of society is an inseparable component of society. And the life of society is characterized by the same spiritual and material processes as the life of a family. The higher the culture of the family, therefore, the higher the culture of the entire society. Society consists of people who are fathers and mothers in their families, as well as their children. In this regard, the roles of father and mother in the family, and in particular the educational function of the family, are very important. After all, the kind of society in which our children will live depends on how parents teach their children to work, respect for elders, and love for the surrounding nature and people.

The consequences of bad communication in the family can be conflicts and divorces, which cause great social harm to society. The fewer divorces in families, the healthier the society.

Thus, society (and it can also be called a large family) depends in direct proportion on the health of the family, just as the health of the family depends on society.

The family is one of the mechanisms of self-organization of society, the work of which is associated with the approval of a number of universal human values. Therefore, the family itself has value and is embedded in social progress. Of course, crises of societies and civilizations cannot but deform the family: a value vacuum, social apathy, nihilism and other social disorders show us that the self-destruction of society inevitably affects the family. But society has no future without progress, and there is no progress without family.

The family gives rootedness in society: a lonely person either withdraws into himself or dissolves in society, in work, in performing public affairs (in this case, as a rule, the feeling of being useless to oneself does not go away), and the family makes a person a bearer of the interests of many gender and age groups of the population and even a full-fledged consumer.

Family is the stronghold and igniter of human love, so necessary for everyone. E. Fromm was right when he argued that awareness of human separateness without reunification in love is a source of shame and, at the same time, guilt and anxiety. At all times, in all cultures, a person faces the same question: how to go beyond the limits of his individual life and find unity. Love allows us to answer this question positively: “You can often find two people who are in love with each other and do not feel love for anyone else. In fact, their love is the selfishness of two... Love makes a preference, but in another person it loves all of humanity, everything that is alive” 1 . These ideas are not new. Even V. Solovyov believed that the meaning of love is in the justification and salvation of human individuality through the sacrifice of egoism, but Fromm’s argument is better oriented towards the modern reader.

One who does not have the experience of love in the family is not able to love his neighbor. Love is a unique kind of knowledge, penetration into the secret of personality. “The only way of complete knowledge is an act of love: this act goes beyond thought, goes beyond words. It is a bold dive into the experience of oneness.” The family helps to reveal the creative potential of the individual and contributes to his creative self-realization. It does not allow a person to forget about values ​​of a different kind. And it is natural that “in general, married people are happier than those who are single, divorced, or lonely as a result of the death of one of the spouses” 2.

What has been said is enough for the main conclusion: the enduring significance of the family as a conquest of social progress, its main purpose is to endow people with fullness, both social and psychological. The value of the family lies in the fact that only it is capable of supplying society with the people it so desperately needs, people capable of true love, as well as “finishing” men and women into qualitatively new, harmonious social subjects. After all, only a lover has the right to the title of a person. By the way, for whom the “value-lyrical” argumentation in form seems inappropriate or unconvincing, can use the terminology of systems research. Everyone has the right to a language acceptable to them - as long as it does not compromise the meaning.

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M.P. Mchedlov “Religion and Modernity” M. Publishing House of Political Literature,

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