Residential area. Residential lands

Lecture on the topic: Residential areas of the city.

- Basic principles of designing microdistricts.
- We recommend the sequence of work when developing microdistrict planning projects.

RESIDENTIAL TERRITORIES OF THE CITY

Residential areas are areas intended for settlement.
The residential area includes:
residential areas, microdistricts, in old cities - quarters;
areas of administrative, economic, public and cultural institutions;
streets, roads, squares;
green spaces common use.
A full-fledged unit social organization life of the population is a residential area, which includes all institutions of daily and periodic cultural and social services for the population.
Residential areas should be well connected by main streets not only with industrial areas, but also with all other parts of the city, including city and regional centers, with external transport facilities, parks and other points of population attraction.
In addition, a system of pedestrian paths should be provided along which residents of the residential area could go to all public places located in the area. These pedestrian alleys should be routed in such a way that the number of their intersections with main streets is as small as possible.
Residential areas of the city are currently divided into microdistricts, which are the main structural unit of a residential area
Institutions of cultural and public services have different frequency of use; in accordance with this, they can be divided into groups - stages, with the establishment for institutions of each such level of certain walking distances or access distances (service radii), ensuring convenient use them.
There are three levels of service:
The first stage consists of institutions and devices that the population uses on a daily basis. These include: nurseries and kindergartens, schools, food and basic goods stores, canteens, cafes, pharmacies, consumer service shops (repair shops, collection points). The service radius is assumed to be within 350-500 m.
The second stage is institutions and devices for periodic use. Houses of culture, clubs, cinemas, libraries, shopping centers, restaurants, communication institutions (post office, telegraph), clinics, maternity hospitals and district hospitals, sports centers ( Sport halls, swimming pools, sports training grounds). The service radius is assumed to be within 1000-1200 m, which allows you to approach them on foot in 15-20 minutes, without resorting to transport.
The third stage is institutions and devices for occasional use, which are visited by the population much less frequently than institutions of the first two stages. This includes: administrative and economic institutions, palaces of culture, museums, exhibitions, theaters, circuses, concert halls, large cinemas, city sports centers (stadiums, swimming pools, water stations), city shopping centers, specialized hospitals and medical centers, scientific and training centers.
The main technical and economic indicators characterizing the planning and development of the microdistrict, as well as the residential area of the city as a whole, are:
- the density of residential development (or the percentage of net residential development), determined by the percentage of the territory directly occupied by the development to the residential part of the microdistrict territory, i.e. to the territory of the microdistrict minus district gardens, sports grounds, school sites, kindergartens, buildings of cultural, educational and public utility institutions;
- net housing density, determined by the number square meters residential area per 1 hectare of residential part of the microdistrict;
- net population density, determined by the number of residents per 1 hectare of residential part of the microdistrict.
In addition to these net indicators, in planning practice indicators of the same name are used, but gross, i.e., with all of the specified quantitative values assigned not to the residential part of the territory of the microdistrict, but to its entire territory. For a general description of the population density of the entire residential area of the city, the indicator used is residential population density, i.e. number of inhabitants per 1 hectare of residential area.
In small towns, the residential area of the city is one residential area, divided into microdistricts. IN major cities the system of public centers may also include urban subcenters that house administrative offices, communications institutions, and cinemas serving the groups of residential areas most remote from the center.
Depending on the relative placement of houses and their location in relation to the red lines of the microdistrict, the following methods of developing microdistricts differ: perimeter, group, line, combined.
Perimeter development (Fig. 1) is characterized by the placement of houses along the red lines of the streets that border the microdistrict. This construction method is characterized by the greatest simplicity in architectural terms, but has a number of disadvantages. These include the lack of connection between intra-block spaces and the street space, the forced unfavorable orientation of residential premises to the cardinal points, poor ventilation of microdistricts in the event of small sizes. With such development of areas with significant surface slopes, many buildings have to be located with the long side along the slope (across the horizontal lines), which creates a significant difference in height ground floor, and sometimes even the need to install additional floors.

Rice. 1. Perimeter development of the microdistrict

Group development (Fig. 2) is used for significant block sizes (10 - 12 hectares) and is characterized by the placement of residential buildings separate groups with the formation of relatively small courtyards and gardens. It has significant advantages over continuous perimeter development. Intra-block spaces with buildings and green spaces located in them are included in the overall architectural and spatial design of the street, which gives greater expressiveness and diversity to its appearance; The ventilation of the neighborhood is significantly improved. For ventilation of individual courtyards and gardens, gaps are arranged between the buildings included in the group. Only in northern regions with prevailing strong winds in the cold season the most favorable microclimatic conditions are created in closed courtyards with one gap between the houses for access to the entrances to the houses of a given group.

Rice. 2. Group development of the microdistrict

Row development (Fig. 3) is characterized by the arrangement of houses in parallel rows - lines, regardless of the direction of the streets. Row development arose from the desire to place all residential buildings in the same conditions with regard to insolation, ventilation and interconnection with intra-block spaces and transport routes. Row buildings, while having certain hygienic advantages, create some difficulties in architectural solution the street onto which in this case the ends of the houses face.

Rice. 3. Line development of the microdistrict.

When planning neighborhoods, much attention should be paid to landscaping. The green spaces of the microdistrict occupy a significant territory - at least 40% of its area. When designing intra-microdistrict green spaces, it is necessary to strive to ensure that they are not fragmented into separate small areas, but rather represent large enough tracts in the form of microdistrict gardens with areas for games and sports and corners for quiet relaxation. This, of course, does not exclude the establishment of lawns and row plantings of trees along driveways and passages and protective decorative landscaping along the contours of utility yards, parking garages, etc.
The overall architectural and planning structure of the microdistrict should create favorable conditions for a calm, healthy and comfortable life for the population. The mutual placement of residential buildings, children's institutions, schools, shops, and parking garages should be subject to the requirement of creating maximum peace for people living in the neighborhood. This especially applies to the mutual placement of residential buildings and areas for noisy games, as well as parking garages. When planning neighborhood gardens, areas for noisy games and sports should not be located in the central part of the garden, which should be intended for quiet relaxation. It is advisable to arrange such areas in the side parts of the garden, if possible concentrating them in one place and decorating them with trees and tall shrubs.
Intra-microdistrict driveways should not be end-to-end, facilitating transit travel through the microdistrict. For these purposes, it is advisable to make the routes of intra-microdistrict driveways with bends that make travel difficult and reduce the speed of vehicles. When designing a network of intra-microdistrict driveways, one should strive to ensure that its length is as short as possible. Entrances to the microdistrict from streets with local traffic should be arranged at least every 150 m, and entrances to the microdistrict - at least every 80 m.

Basic principles of neighborhood design

1. All institutions providing daily services to the population must be concentrated within a maximum R accessibility of 500 m;
2. The capacity of service institutions must fully correspond to the number of residents of the microdistrict;
3. The main directions of movement of the population within the microdistrict must be completely isolated from traffic;
4. The system of intra-microdistrict driveways should be intended only for local traffic (related to life activities and services). Transit of transport is completely excluded;
5. Residential buildings on the territory of the microdistrict must be located in accordance with the general architectural and compositional design of the residential area and the city as a whole.
1. Calculation of population and housing stock;
2. Selection of standard or individual projects residential buildings;
3. Calculation of the network of service institutions;
4. Design of a functional zoning scheme for the territory of a microdistrict;
5. Design of the layout of residential buildings;
6. Design of the placement of service buildings and childcare facilities;
7. Solution of the layout of passages and pedestrian connections of the microdistrict.
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The residential zone is a large element of the city, organically connected with its structure and enclosed within certain planning boundaries.

City area by functional purpose and the nature of use is divided into residential, industrial, incl. external transport, and landscape and recreational.

The residential area occupies an important place in the planning structure of the city. Such a zone according to SNiP 2.07.01-89* (clause 1.7) is intended to accommodate:

housing stock,

public buildings and structures, including research institutes and their complexes,

individual municipal and industrial facilities that do not require the establishment of sanitary protection zones (facilities that do not emit environmentally harmful, toxic, dusty or fire hazardous substances into the environment, do not create elevated levels noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, do not require access railway tracks);

for the construction of intercity communication routes, streets, squares, parks, gardens, boulevards and other public places.

The production area is intended to accommodate:

industrial enterprises and related production facilities, incl. complexes of scientific institutions with experimental enterprises, municipal and warehouse facilities, enterprises (for the production and processing of agricultural products);

sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises;

special purpose facilities (for defense needs);

external transport structures and extra-urban and suburban communication routes, intra-city road and transport networks;

areas of public institutions and common areas for the population working at city enterprises.

The landscape and recreational area includes green and water spaces within the boundaries of the city and its green zone, as well as other elements of the natural landscape. It may include parks, forest parks, urban forests, protected landscapes, agricultural lands and other lands that form the system open spaces; suburban areas of mass short-term and long-term recreation, inter-settlement recreation areas; resort areas (in cities and towns with healing resources).

For an approximate determination of the needs in the territory of residential zones, SNiP 2.07. - 01-89* recommends proceeding from the following aggregated indicators per 1 thousand people:

with an average number of floors up to 3 floors (villages) - 10 hectares for development without personal plots and 20 hectares - for estate development;

with a number of floors from 4 to 8 floors - 8 hectares;

with 9 floors and above - 7 hectares.

According to functional zoning, i.e. division of the city into parts for various purposes Based on the leading function (work, social life, everyday life, recreation), the residential zone includes territories of residential development, public facilities and daily services of the primary levels. In the residential zone, cultural and recreational facilities, as well as non-production facilities (scientific institutions, design organizations, management institutions, business, etc.). All objects of the residential zone are closely interconnected and form a single structure that provides everyday life, primary services and daily recreation for residents within the residential zone. The placement of production and public service facilities that require large transportation and create pollution was not allowed here. environment and so on.

The functional organization of a city presupposes differentiation and interconnection of its elements, which provide work activity, accommodation, recreation and other types of urban life activities of the population. One of the main functional parts of the city is its residential zone. The residential zone is located in one or several parts of the city. In the latter case, several residential areas appear in the city.

The residential area is essentially the main element of the planning structure of the residential area of the city. Its function is to provide maximum convenience for the population and create an expressive architectural appearance of the development while observing the necessary sanitary and hygienic standards. Providing maximum amenities means not only the provision of living space in houses with all public amenities, but also the construction of cultural and social services for the population - schools, kindergartens and nurseries, shops, cinemas, clubs, sports facilities, etc., as well as organization of a public transport system. Thus, the design of systems of cultural and public service institutions, landscaping, pedestrian movement and transport are the most important aspects of the social organization of the life of the population, without understanding which it is impossible to make a competent decision on the planning and development of residential areas. This position was fundamental in the design and development of cities in Soviet time, i.e. settlements in which we will have to live and work for many, many years to come.

The best organization of a residential area involves dividing it into microdistricts. Areas of existing development may be formed from blocks. The microdistrict is the main structural unit of residential development. The ideas for creating microdistricts arose during the period of the emergence of enlarged neighborhoods of Kharkov, Zaporozhye, and Leningrad by Soviet engineers in the 30s.

A modern microdistrict can accommodate 10–20 thousand people. and more depending on the size of the city. The territory of the microdistrict is determined within the boundaries between the main territories established by red lines, while ensuring accessibility for the population to the main service facilities of microdistrict significance at a distance of 500 m. All cultural and consumer service institutions that satisfy the everyday needs of the population should be located in the microdistrict.

The main technical and economic indicators characterizing the planning and development of the microdistrict, as well as the residential area of the city as a whole, are:

- density of residential development (or percentage of net residential development), determined by the percentage of the territory directly occupied by development to the residential part of the microdistrict, i.e. to the territory of the microdistrict minus microdistrict gardens, sports grounds, school sites, kindergartens, buildings of cultural, educational and public utility institutions;
- net housing density, determined by the number of square meters of living space per 1 hectare of residential part of the microdistrict;
- net population density, determined by the number of residents per 1 hectare of residential part of the microdistrict.

In small towns, the residential area of the city is one residential area, divided into microdistricts. In large cities, the system of public centers may also include urban subcenters that house administrative offices, communications institutions, and cinemas serving the groups of residential areas most remote from the center.

Depending on the relative placement of houses and their location in relation to the red lines of the microdistrict, the following methods of developing microdistricts differ: perimeter, group, lowercase, free, combined. Red lines of streets and highways are drawn to ensure urban planning discipline during the construction and reconstruction of cities. The red line of a street or highway designates conditional boundaries that separate the territory of main streets, driveways and squares from areas intended for development.

The building line defines the boundaries of the built-up area. In accordance with development projects, the building line may coincide with the red line, but, as a rule, it retreats from it into the depths of blocks and microdistricts by 3...6 m or more. The space between the red line and the building line is used for protective green stripes, isolating the territory of transport highways and sidewalks from buildings.

Residential structures are characterized by general planning methods of development: perimeter, group, row, free and combined.

Perimeter development is characterized by the placement of houses along the red lines of the streets that border the microdistrict. This construction method is characterized by the greatest simplicity in architectural terms, but has a number of disadvantages. These include the lack of connection between intra-block spaces and street space, the forced unfavorable orientation of residential premises to the cardinal points, and poor ventilation of microdistricts in the case of small sizes. With such development of areas with significant surface slopes, many buildings have to be located with the long side along the slope (across the horizontal lines), which creates a significant difference in the height of the ground floor, and sometimes even the need to install additional floors.

Group development is used for significant block sizes (10-12 hectares) and is characterized by the placement of residential buildings in separate groups with the formation of relatively small courtyards and gardens. It has significant advantages over continuous perimeter development. Intra-block spaces with buildings and green spaces located in them are included in the overall architectural and spatial design of the street, which gives greater expressiveness and diversity to its appearance; The ventilation of the neighborhood is significantly improved. For ventilation of individual courtyards and gardens, gaps are arranged between the buildings included in the group. Only in northern regions with prevailing strong winds in the cold season are the most favorable microclimatic conditions created in closed courtyards with one gap between the houses for access to the entrances to the houses of this group.

Row development is characterized by the arrangement of houses in parallel rows - lines, regardless of the direction of the streets. Row development arose from the desire to place all residential buildings in the same conditions with regard to insolation, ventilation and interconnection with intra-block spaces and transport routes. Row building, while having certain hygienic advantages, creates some difficulties in the architectural design of the street, which in this case faces the ends of the houses.

Free-range development is characterized by the arrangement of buildings in expressive compositions using mixed development. With free development, the issues of insolation, ventilation, protection from noise and dust are best resolved, creating an organic connection between the built-up space and external environment. In the conditions of such development, there is the possibility of functional zoning and the most convenient placement of cultural and public service institutions. Currently, it is very common when creating microdistricts.

Combined development combines elements of different compositional techniques and allows buildings to be placed while optimally complying with sanitary and hygienic requirements. Currently, such development is most applicable, especially in the reconstruction of areas.

The composition of the development of microdistricts is based on the use of all the above methods of residential development. More complex group and spatial compositions are also used.

The choice of development method is significantly influenced by natural and climatic conditions, such as the presence and absence strong winds constant direction, quantity sunny days per year, etc.

The construction of cities is an ancient tradition, known since people began to unite in families and clans to defend themselves and their territories. And if at the dawn of the history of the inhabitants of the Earth these were small villages that arose around a religious place and consisted of several huts and a palisade, then during the Ancient World and the Middle Ages these were already real cities, many of which are “alive” to this day.

Today there are multimillion-dollar megacities and even ghost towns, but, as in ancient times, divisions into residential areas. What this is can be understood by turning to the origins of urban planning.

Space of ancient cities

Judging by the excavations, there is no division into streets, squares and alleys in the villages of the 7-6 centuries BC. e. either there were none at all, or they were spontaneous. For example, the Turkish city of Catal Huyuk, which existed at that time, was a solid residential complex of houses standing so close to each other that it seemed monolithic. When building settlements, people then cared more about safety than about beauty and comfort.

Ancient residential areas are a sign of a more developed culture, which used the division of the city into social, religious and political areas, as was the case in the cities of the Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations. City structures and planning during their construction already provided for the intersection of streets and the formation of complementary architectural styles.

Since the archaic period, urban culture has adhered to geometric shapes, in which a rectangle or square was most often used when forming a line of residential buildings. For example, the residential areas (the definition in the 5th century BC was called the Hippodan grid) of the ancient Greeks were identical in all cities - the acropolis was built on a hill, and below were residential areas, built in a square and separated by streets that converged on a public square .

A similar grid has been used for many centuries and was suitable for settlements with a population of up to 50 thousand people. Such a layout could easily be adapted to the surrounding terrain, which the ancient architects used with skill.

During the Middle Ages, the appearance of cities changed radically. At first, residential buildings were erected spontaneously around a feudal castle or monastery, whose strong walls served as a refuge in times of danger, but then the circle expanded, new walls were built, behind which another settlement arose. This is what cities like Paris, Vienna, Milan, Moscow and others look like, and the method of such urban planning itself was called radial-ring.

Structure of the urban area

Unlike ancient settlements, modern urban planning is carried out according to a clear plan that provides for all the needs of the population. Residential areas are zones into which a modern populated area is divided, regardless of its size.

For example, in large cities and megalopolises there is a division into residential areas, which, in turn, are divided into districts and microdistricts. Together they create a single territorial and administrative unit of the settlement. Neighborhoods are separated by highways or natural areas, but unite public institutions. In medium-sized cities, residential areas are several residential areas, whereas in small villages there is only one.

When planning a modern city, its boundaries according to the natural relief are taken into account, as the builders did ancient world. For example, it could be a ravine, mountain, river or other natural obstacles. There are many known cities that originated on one side of the river, but as the population grew, they “captured” the other bank. For example, Kyiv (Dnieper), Dusseldorf (Rhine), Bremen (Weser), Budapest (Danube).

The structure of a residential area directly depends on its area. So in a metropolis, such a zone is divided into several microdistricts, the total population of which can range from 150,000 to 250,000 people, which is equivalent to an average city.

Placement of residential area

Since the residential area is intended for the construction of residential areas, its location is determined by such criteria as:

distance from hazardous production and heavy industrial zones;
number of buildings and distance between them;
planned natural or artificial recreation area;
the number of roads connecting microdistricts with each other and with the city center;
climatic conditions, especially wind directions;
direction of storm drains.

Thus, the placement of a residential area should even take into account the wind rose. If the direction air flow goes from an enterprise emitting harmful substances into the atmosphere towards residential areas, then this area is unsuitable for their construction.

To avoid problems in the future, the category of the enterprise according to its sanitary characteristics must be taken into account and a green zone must be organized:

from factories that posed a threat to human health, the distance to residential areas should be at least 1000 meters;
with average harmfulness indicators, the green zone is 500 m;
for less hazardous enterprises – 300 m;
completely harmless industrial companies can be located 100 m or even 50 m from a residential area.

All indicators must be carefully studied and taken into account so that residential neighborhoods are built in an optimally safe and comfortable place.

Architectural solutions for the development of a residential area

When a city plans to build another microdistrict, a compositional idea is formed, which is manifested in the architecture of its cultural and administrative center. This is a kind of “skeleton” of the residential area of the city, which is based on cultural objects, kindergartens and schools, government buildings, shopping and sports facilities.

Residential areas are located so that every resident of the microdistrict can easily reach the right place along internal passages or pedestrian alleys. It is important not only which shops, markets and other objects are included in the residential areas, but also in what architectural style they are built.

A professional approach is when the historical flavor of the city and the natural features of the surrounding area are taken into account. To take into account all the nuances and make sure that the new district fits into the citywide ensemble, one should build on its master plan.

The development of a residential area is also influenced by the presence and proximity of highways. Since any microdistrict is closed system, located on a certain plot of land, you should calculate in advance what the maximum number of houses and what number of floors can be located here. When established norms are violated, buildings appear that are popularly called dysfunctional - they are either built near roads or near industrial enterprises.

Calculation of the needs of a residential neighborhood

The total area of the city is divided into several zones, each of which has its own location and size of land:

residential areas are residential areas divided into districts or blocks with residential, cultural, scientific and administrative buildings;
the industrial zone is intended to accommodate production buildings and associated experimental, warehouse and other facilities;
The landscape and recreational area includes urban forests, parks, ponds and farmland.

for settlements with houses on average 3 floors and without private plots - this is 10 hectares;
for the same settlements, but with personal plots– 20 hectares per 1000 people;
in cities where houses have an average of 4 to 8 floors - 8 hectares;
V populated areas with a number of storeys of 9 and above – this is 7 hectares per 1000 inhabitants.

When a new residential area is being built, the calculation of the residential area is made taking into account two categories:

quarter (microdistrict) - occupies from 10 to 50-60 hectares, with 5 to 25 thousand people living in it, and in which the main institutions and enterprises for cultural and consumer services are concentrated, located within a radius of 500 m;
residential area - includes blocks and has an area from 80 to 250 hectares, within which there are objects of urban importance and various institutions within a radius of up to 1500 m.

In this way, calculations are made of the number of blocks (neighborhoods) with a certain amount of population for each residential area.

Noise Study Conditions

In addition to the direction of the winds, the noise level plays an important role in the construction of a microdistrict. It is divided into permanent and temporary (intermittent or fluctuating). Methods for measuring noise in residential areas involve studying its strength using special equipment.

To obtain accurate data, the following conditions must be met:

checking noise in residential and public buildings carried out during the daytime for 8 hours without a break, and at night - for at least half an hour during each of the noisiest periods;
the duration of the measurement directly depends on the nature of the sound;
to find out the strength of temporary noise, you should determine its peak and study it for at least 30 minutes;

As for intermittent noise, before measuring its intensity, you need to calculate at what intervals it continues and record their fluctuations during the day and night. When testing is carried out in residential and public buildings, the equipment should be located 1 m from the walls and 1.5 m from the windows and at a distance of 1.2-1.5 m from the floor level. To obtain more accurate data, all windows and doors in the room should be closed.

Measurement process

In addition to premises, noise measurements in residential areas must be carried out:

in places of public recreation;
in parks and squares;
on children's playgrounds in courtyards, kindergarten and school;
on the territory of hospitals and sanatoriums.

It is important that measurements are carried out at the same points in the territory during the day and at night, and there should be no electromagnetic emitters nearby that could affect the performance of the equipment. Also, calculations cannot be carried out during precipitation and if the wind speed is above 2 m/s.

Calculations are considered accurate if:

the microphone was directed in the direction of the main noise source and was located at least half a meter from the operator taking the measurements;
the sound level meter switch should be set in accordance with the type of sound being examined - intermittent and constant - in the “slow” position, for fluctuating noises - at the “fast” and “impulse” mark, if the source is impulsive;
the average performance of the device is taken into account if the sound is constant or intermittent;
for pulsed and oscillating - from the moment of counting.

All indicators of the device are brought together over a period of continuous measurement and checked against a table of permissible noise standards. If they do not meet the required indicator, work must be carried out to eliminate or reduce it. In residential areas, for example, this could be planting additional green spaces.

Calculation of storm runoff

In addition to winds and noise, the amount of precipitation plays an important role in the improvement of residential areas. Measurement and study of surface runoff from residential areas carried out in advance will make the residential area safe, since they are often the cause of environmental pollution with various impurities.

To learn about the components of storm flows, samples of rain and melt water are taken. Surface runoff entering municipal and storm sewers from enterprise areas is also subject to inspection. According to the law, everything wastewater, going from industrial zones to urban areas drainage system, must be cleaned to a level that is safe for human health.

All calculations are made for design and installation sewer systems in a residential area. Measures such as:

cleaning not only residential areas, but also industrial sites, whose surface runoff can enter the urban system;
regular inspection and repair of road surfaces that may be damaged by storm or melt water;
the use of borders in green areas through which runoff can pass to prevent soil from being washed away.

Such a system of measures should concern not only storm drains, which threaten to pollute residential areas, but also the air condition, especially in areas close to highways.

Calculation of needs

To understand what a residential area is, you should know that these are not only residential areas, but also the life support system of the people living in them. A microdistrict is considered comfortable only when everything necessary services services for everyday life and leisure of a person are located in close proximity to his home.

These include shops, pharmacies, kindergartens and schools, public service centers, cinemas and other institutions. The needs of each residential area must be calculated so that all these facilities are located at a distance of 50 m to 200 m from residential buildings. The most in a convenient way service to the population today is stepped. It provides for the full range of services to be available to all residents of the area.

Step service

All institutions in the residential area are built at a distance from each other, each at its own level of remoteness.

For example, everyday institutions, schools and preschool education, shops and pharmacies are located in close proximity to residential buildings - this is level 1.

Cultural and sports facilities, as well as public recreation areas, should be located at a distance of 300 m to 500 m (the second section of the residential area), while bazaars, hospitals and administrative buildings should be concentrated in a place that can be reached by public transport no more than 3-5 stops is the third stage.

An important place in the planning structure of the city is occupied by residential area. It contains residential buildings with the necessary service institutions, community centers, green spaces and individual enterprises, the sanitary characteristics of which allow them to be located in a residential area.

Residential areas include residential areas or groups of up to 150 thousand or more people, having a common architectural and planning organization. Their boundaries are natural and artificial boundaries: rivers, canals, reservoirs, tracts of green space, streets, roads, etc. The residential area includes a community center where periodic institutions and specialized centers are concentrated. The complexes of these institutions and service enterprises should be located along pedestrian roads, streets and squares. A residential area must have a unified architectural and planning organization of the territory, green spaces, and sports facilities.

In the same direction, the famous French architect Le Corbusier proposed developing the city's living environment, creating a project for the reconstruction of the “unsanitary district No. 6” in 1937 for Paris and a project for a residential unit in 1947 for Marseille. In his design, large groups of buildings on pillars were freely located among greenery. The area under the buildings was used for pedestrians. On free spaces there were children's institutions, cinemas, and sports grounds. Flat roofs houses were turned into playgrounds and solariums. Comprehensive services are as close to housing as possible. This is the main difference between the microdistrict and the previous structure of organizing the living environment.

A modern microdistrict can accommodate 10...20 thousand people. and more depending on the size of the city. The territory of the microdistrict is determined within the boundaries of inter-highway territories marked with red lines, while ensuring accessibility for the population to the main service facilities of microdistrict significance at a distance of 500 m. All cultural and consumer service institutions that satisfy the everyday needs of the population should be located in the microdistrict.

Neighborhoods should be connected to the public center by both transport and pedestrian routes, which, if possible, should have a minimum number of mutual intersections. There should be a good connection between microdistricts and objects of the city center, as well as with other elements of the city’s planning structure: an industrial zone, an external transport zone, a recreation area. The main burden in this falls on public transport. To create its network, determine optimal distances from residential buildings to public transport stops, intervals and speed of its movement. Parking spots for private cars are also chosen taking into account ease of use.

Residential areas are located based on the functional zoning of the city territory. However, the location of a residential area in the planning structure of the city depends not only on urban planning factors, but also on specific climatic conditions. One of the most important criteria the placement of residential areas in relation to industrial zones is the dominant wind direction. The location of the residential area on the windward side is considered the most favorable for the prevailing wind direction in relation to industrial enterprises that emit harmful substances. If the city is located on a river, then the residential area should be located above the industrial zone along the river. From the point of view of relief, it is considered better to locate a residential area on a hill than in a lowland, where harmful gaseous waste from industrial production can accumulate.

According to its sanitary characteristics, everything industrial enterprises are divided into five classes with different widths of required protective zones. For the most harmful enterprises, the sanitary protection zones of residential areas are 1000, 500 and 300 m. For less harmful and harmless enterprises, the sanitary protection green zone is 100 and 50 m wide. Its functions in this case can be performed by a wide, well-greened street.

The prevailing wind direction is determined by the wind rose, which is a graph depicting the wind regime in this place. It is compiled based on the results of long-term observations for a certain month, season, year for all populated areas. The wind rose is built according to 8 or 16 points - the main geographical cardinal directions. For these directions, on a certain scale, frequency values (as a percentage of the total number of observations) of directions or values of average and maximum wind speeds corresponding to each point are plotted in the form of vectors. The ends of the vectors are connected by a broken line.

The wind rose is constructed based on the results of the frequency of winds for the hottest month or the hottest quarter of the year. This is explained by the fact that during this period the most unfavorable sanitary and hygienic conditions are created: more pathogenic microorganisms develop. Worse environmental condition air environment around industrial enterprises. Therefore, the residential area should be located so that flows of polluted air from industrial zones do not spread to it at this time. The dominant wind direction corresponds to the largest vector of the wind rose, directed towards its center (Fig. 1).

Picture 1.

When mutually locating industrial zones and residential areas, the degree of danger and harmfulness of industrial production is taken into account. Based on this principle, they are divided into three categories. Industrial production Category I includes explosion and fire hazards, radioactive production associated with the development of mineral resources. Residential areas are located at a considerable distance from them (up to 20 km).

Industrial production of category II includes industrial enterprises of average production hazard. They are allowed to be located on the periphery of residential areas in compliance with the necessary sanitary gaps.

Industrial production of category III includes industrial enterprises of low production hazard or completely harmless. They are allowed to be located in residential areas of the city.

The size of the residential area when designing, depending on the size of the city, the number of floors of the building and the climatic region, is determined from 4 to 19 hectares per 1000 people.

Substantial part modern population Earth lives in cities. However, few people think about the territory on which their house stands. But land for residential development may not be available in every place. The material presented below is intended to provide a more complete understanding of this issue.

Residential territory: definition

Traditionally, before starting to study a particular issue, it is necessary to thoroughly familiarize yourself with the terminology used in it. So, residential areas - which can be used to accommodate public, residential and recreational areas, as well as some individual elements transport and engineering infrastructure. In addition, this may include other objects, economic activity and the placement of which does not require protective protection due to its impact. However, it is also necessary to take into account that residential territories are a term that applies only to territories located within and directly within cities. Thus, such a definition does not apply, for example, to villages.

Accommodation

The residential area of the city on average occupies about 60% of the total area. Based on the definition, various industrial, entertainment and utility facilities can be located on it. The organization of such territories has a clearly defined direction: creating effective and most convenient conditions for the execution of everyday and social needs population. This, in turn, helps to minimize time costs and increase the accessibility of all kinds of service points, cultural and entertainment institutions, as well as recreational places.

Compound

The structure of a residential area implies the presence of such objects as residential areas (blocks, microdistricts); roads and streets; green spaces intended for general use (parks, squares, gardens); areas of public, administrative and cultural institutions. Thus, a residential area becomes a full-fledged and balanced unit of a person’s social life, which contains a variety of institutions for both periodic and everyday cultural and everyday services for residents. The residential area is intended for mutual connection of city districts with each other, as well as with industrial districts, city centers, accommodation points and stops for external transport, and so on. In addition to all of the above, important element is a system of pedestrian paths. After all, it is thanks to them that citizens can quickly get to the places of public interest that interest them, located within the area in question. Therefore, for safety reasons, it is necessary to locate such alleys so that they have minimum number intersections with main streets.

Service levels

Currently, any cultural and cultural institutions household services characterized by varying degrees of frequency of visits. In accordance with this, the following classification was developed, according to which three stages are distinguished. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

First stage

It includes devices and institutions that are visited daily by a large number of residents. Such residential areas include kindergartens, schools, grocery stores, as well as points of sale of essential goods, cafes, pharmacies, and consumer service facilities. It is important to note that the accessibility of the previously mentioned places is within 350-500 meters.

Second stage

This category traditionally includes institutions that are visited with some frequency. These include libraries, cinemas, clubs, sports centers, healthcare organizations, communication points, etc. The accessibility radius in this case is taken to be 1000-1200 meters. This allows you to reach your destination in 15-20 minutes at an average walking speed, without using any means of transport.

Third stage

The last group includes items of so-called occasional use. This means that city residents visit such places less often than the institutions described earlier. These residential areas are museums, theaters, utility and administrative buildings, concert halls, specialized medical centers, and city sports facilities.

Basic indicators

When planning and subsequent development of microdistricts, many criteria are used. Some of them are the following most important technical and economic indicators:

1. Housing density (net and gross). It is characterized by the total number of square meters of habitable area per hectare of territory.

2. Development density of the residential area (gross and net). It is the ratio, as a percentage, of the area occupied by buildings to the directly inhabited buildings. The territories involved in the organization are not taken into account here. sports grounds, kindergartens and schools, as well as cultural and economic facilities.

3. Population density (net and gross). It is determined by the number of residents per 1 hectare of the territory of the microdistrict in question. It should also be noted that general characteristics expresses the value in relation to the entire so-called residential area of the microdistrict. This is the ratio of the number of people living there to one hectare of developed area. In relation to small towns, the entire territory is called a residential area, which, in turn, is divided into microdistricts. Large metropolitan areas may consist of the whole system public and administrative centers and subcenters. Their main task is to effectively service buildings that are located most remotely from the city center.

Development classification

When planning neighborhoods, many factors must be taken into account. For example, the size of the expected population, the development of zoning schemes, the placement of service buildings, the design of the location of houses and travel patterns.

Let's take a closer look at the last criterion. Depending on the placement of residential buildings relative to each other, four main directions of development can be distinguished: perimeter, line, group and mixed. The first type is characterized by the location of the long sides of houses along the streets that border the area. Distinctive feature This direction is the simplicity of architectural filling. However, there are several disadvantages: poor connection between courtyards and streets, unfavorable orientation to the cardinal points, low ventilation. In turn, row buildings are distinguished mainly by the parallel placement of buildings in relation to each other. This allows you to put each of them in the same conditions. However, the architectural design of the streets suffers. Group is used if the microdistrict is of significant size (about 10 hectares). The arrangement of houses in such situations is done in separate groups, each of which forms its own courtyard. Such placement has many advantages: excellent ventilation, expressiveness and variety, architectural simplicity.