Human modern society engaged in a variety of activities. To describe all types human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.
Emergence various types activity is associated with the socio-historical development of man. Fundamental activities in which a person is involved in the process of his individual development, are communication, play, study, work.
- * communication - interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
- * game is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is learned;
- * teaching is the process of systematic acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform labor activity;
- * labor - activity aimed at creating social useful product, satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people.
Communication is a type of activity consisting of the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of a person’s development and the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges with a child emotional state, helps you navigate the world around you. IN early age communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child’s speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, role-playing games develop interpersonal communication skills with peers. The younger student is busy with educational activities, and accordingly, communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult’s professional activity leave an imprint on the nature of communication, behavior and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it; new connections and relationships arise between people.
A game is a type of activity the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of the preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society and learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the types of games we can distinguish individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games are of great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and relaxation.
Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In progress historical development knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching became a special type of activity. Teaching influences mental development individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the correct choice of techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).
Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not the work itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Typically, work is characterized as a conscious activity that is aimed at achieving a result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of the individual, since it influences the development of his abilities and character.
Attitudes towards work are established in early childhood; knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to express oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.
Thus, each of the types of activity discussed above is most characteristic of certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive abilities and behavioral characteristics.
Depending on the characteristics of a person’s relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.
Practical activities are aimed at changing the world around us. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society).
Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing collective life and orienting a person to solve problems of the meaning of life, happiness, and well-being.
Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining norms and principles of life), predictive activity (building models of the future), etc.
The division of activity into spiritual and material is arbitrary. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.
By spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.
Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:
- § social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
- § economic (productive forces, production relations)
- § political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
- § spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).
It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where people live different people, but the relationships of the same people in connection with different aspects of their lives.
The social sphere is the relationships that arise in the production of direct human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and relationships between them. Man taking up a certain position in society, is included in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city resident, etc.
The economic sphere is a set of relationships between people that arise during the creation and movement of material wealth. The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society.
The political sphere is the relationship between people associated with power that ensures joint security.
The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:
- § political organizations and institutions -- social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
- § political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
- § political communications - relationships, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between political system in general and society;
- § political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.
The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relationships that arise during the production, transmission and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).
If material life a person is associated with the satisfaction of specific everyday needs (food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of a person’s life is aimed at satisfying the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.
The inclusion of society is mass, collective, individual.
In connection with social forms of bringing people together for the purpose of carrying out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (person, group of people, public organization and so on.). Depending on social forms associations of people in order to carry out activities establish individual (example: management of a region or country), collective ( ship systems management, teamwork), mass media (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).
Dependence social norms- moral, immoral, legal, illegal.
Conditions based on the activity’s compliance with existing general cultural traditions and social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law or constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, drug distribution, all of this is illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activities, that is, to study conscientiously, be polite, value their relatives, help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.
The potential of new things in activity - innovative, inventive, creative, routine.
When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin.
Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways of its implementation, monotonous, monotonous, template activity is revealed, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and new things are most often not given (Manufacture of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But creative, inventive activity, on the contrary, carries with it the character of originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by its specificity, exclusivity, and uniqueness. And elements of creativity can be used in any of the activities. Examples include dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions here, here is the embodiment of fantasy and its implementation.
Types of human cognitive activity
Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:
- · everyday - consists of sharing experiences and the images that people carry within themselves and share with the outside world;
- · scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. the main objective scientific cognitive activity - create ideal system material world;
- · artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;
- · religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are assessed from the point of view of pleasing to God. This also includes moral standards and moral aspects of actions. Considering that a person’s whole life consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.
Types of human spiritual activity
The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such types of activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth taking a closer look at the types creative activity person. These include artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but to reveal them you need to work long and hard.
Types of human labor activity
In the process of work, a person’s worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of work activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although the work of the intellect does not appear outwardly, in fact these types of work activities are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.
Types of human professional activity
IN in a broad sense The concept of profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity comes down to the fact that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activities.
- 1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
- 2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.
- 3. Man-technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of humans and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
- 4. Man - sign systems. Activities of this type involve interacting with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
- 5 people - artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.
Kinds economic activity of people
Human economic activity has recently been fiercely contested by conservationists because it is based on natural reserves that will soon run out. Types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones and everything that can benefit humans and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.
Types of human information activities
An integral part of human interaction with the outside world is information. Types of information activities include receiving, using, distributing and storing information. Information activities often become a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.
Types of human mental activity
Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The most simple view mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost invisible compared to the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. That’s why creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.
Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two types of this activity - creation and destruction. The second, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of human transformative activity in nature have led to troubles and disasters.
Only creativity can come to the rescue here, and this means, at a minimum, the restoration of natural resources.
Activity distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types benefit the development and formation of personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the disastrous consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to clear conscience do what you love and consider yourself people with a capital letter.
Let's read the information
.
Activity human - a type of human activity aimed at cognition and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one’s existence.
The main activities are play, study, work.
A game- a type of unproductive activity, the purpose of which is entertainment, relaxation, and not the production of material goods. Character traits games:
- existence of rules
- conditional situation
- use of substitute items
- goal - satisfaction of interest
- Personal development (enrichment, necessary skills)
Teaching (study)- a type of human activity, as a result of which the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and mastery of methods of action necessary for successful interaction with the world occurs.
Learning can be organized, unorganized, self-educational.
1. Organized training- the learning process that takes place in educational institutions.
2. Unorganized (informal) learning - a learning process that is carried out in other types of activities as their by-product, additional result.
3. Self-education - selfeducation, the acquisition of systematic knowledge in any field of science, technology, culture, political life, etc., presupposing the direct personal interest of the student in organic combination with independent study of the material.
Learning activities are the most important condition development of human consciousness and preparation for independent life in society. Continues to occupy great place and after graduation.
The essence is mastering the experience of previous generations. The result is the assimilation of the values and norms of the national culture.
Work- a type of human activity aimed at achieving certain goals, at preserving, modifying, adapting the environment to meet human needs.
Characteristics of work:
- expediency
- focus on achieving programmed, expected results
- availability of skills, abilities, knowledge
- practical usefulness
- getting the result
- personal development
- transformation external environment human habitat
The specific difference between work and play and study is the creation of products that are useful to humans - both material and spiritual.
Scientists have developed doctrine of activity , which is leading for each age period of a person’s life, because
- that it is she who forms the most important personality traits at each age stage.
- that all other activities during a person’s life develop in its wake.
|
Age period |
Leading activity |
Related/additional activity |
|
Child before entering school |
Gradual learning and hard work |
|
|
Schoolboy |
Teaching (study) |
Work, play in free time |
|
Teenager |
Communication (many researchers think so) |
Teaching and new games |
|
Adult |
Study, play, communicate in free time |
Let's look at examples teachings (studies).
|
Organized | 1.Training in secondary educational institutions(schools). 2.Training in professional educational institutions(lyceums). 3.Training in higher educational institutions (universities, institutes, etc.). |
|
Unorganized (informal) | 1.Trainings - “Development of management skills”, “Art public speaking" etc. 2. Seminars - “Active sales”, etc. 3.Consultations on various topics. 4.Courses Intensive courses " English language. Conversation practice", course "WEB-design", course "Real estate agent (realtor)", etc. |
|
Self-education |
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was engaged in self-education: he learned to read and write early and by the age of 14 he had read all the books he could get his hands on: Magnitsky’s Arithmetic, Smotritsky’s Slavic Grammar and the Rhymed Psalter of Simeon of Polotsk. In 1730 he went to Moscow and, hiding his origin, entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, where he received good preparation in ancient languages and other humanities. Latin language knew it perfectly, and was subsequently recognized as one of the best Latinists in Europe. |
Let's complete online tasks(tests).
Used Books:
1. Unified State Exam 2009. Social studies. Directory / O.V. Kishenkova. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. 2. Social studies: Unified State Exam-2008: real tasks / author-comp. O.A.Kotova, T.E.Liskova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. 3. Social studies: complete guide/ P.A.Baranov, A.V.Vorontsov, S.V.Shevchenko; edited by P.A. Baranova. - M.: AST: Astrel; Vladimir: VKT, 2010. 4. Social studies: profile level: academic. For 10th grade. general education Institutions / L.N. Bogolyubov, A.Yu. Lazebnikova, N.M. Smirnova and others, ed. L.N. Bogolyubova and others - M.: Education, 2007. 5. Social science. 10th grade: textbook. for general education institutions: basic level / L.N. Bogolyubov, Yu.I. Averyanov, N.I. Gorodetskaya and others; edited by L.N. Bogolyubova; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". 6th ed. - M.: Education, 2010.
Internet resources used
Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Man is a social being. He cannot fully develop without contact with other people. Only by constantly learning do we become stronger and gain access to the most hidden corners of our soul. Types of human activity are closely related to the understanding of one's predestination. The choice of a life path depends on character, ambitions, living conditions, readiness to act despite significant obstacles, that is, it is determined by external and internal components. With some effort, we have the opportunity to fully move forward.
Let's consider the main types of human activity. It is worth noting that not all of them will be manifested in the life of a particular individual, since much depends on the level of consciousness, on how ready the person is to take responsibility. What types of human activities exist? Let's try to figure it out.
A game
It is a rather entertaining component that certainly accompanies any development. Play as a type of human activity deserves special attention. After all, it is from here that the active process of learning about the world around us begins. Otherwise, it would hardly be possible to learn something, to express oneself in outside world. If you watch a child playing, you will notice one interesting feature: he models different situations that are of interest to him, solves important problems. A huge imagination forces him to come up with complex plot moves; his consciousness literally gushes with ideas.
Passion for the game process helps to free yourself from disturbing thoughts and learn to look at the surrounding reality differently. This type of activity is a way of understanding the world through playing many models and roles. Main feature is that in the game a person is not afraid to make decisions and acts intuitively, relying on his inner vision.
Communication
All types of human activity are closely interconnected. It is impossible to imagine one without the other. Interaction with others is as necessary as learning and the opportunity to conduct research. Communication is a human activity aimed at satisfying the deep need for recognition and understanding. Establishing warm relationships is impossible without trust.
Education
Ideally, it should be carried out throughout life for effective self-improvement. Learning is a type of human activity aimed at obtaining new information, which later becomes our knowledge. In the process of acquiring new skills, a person improves his abilities and gets the opportunity to fully work on himself. A mature person understands the need for such changes, since they are aimed at internal transformation. IN childhood learning primarily involves acquiring new knowledge. A child needs to master many subjects before he goes into adulthood.
In many cases, effective learning becomes a reason to take pride in your achievements. Here everyone will have individual merits. A distinctive feature is the fact that in order to carry out the learning process it is necessary to make efforts on your own, because knowledge will not appear by itself.
Physical work
For many, this activity is an indicator of a useful pastime. Many people are imbued with sincere respect for those individuals who are engaged in this activity. Physical labor is valued and encouraged in society. It is believed that such a person really earns money honestly and therefore can be considered noble. This type activity is also necessary because it allows you to develop physically and remain resilient. This is extremely important in our time of rapid development of physical inactivity. People who choose such activities for themselves maintain excellent physical fitness, can cope with any unforeseen situation, as long as it requires strength and activity.
Brainwork
This activity is the lot of sophisticated and intelligent people. As a rule, mental activity is chosen by those individuals who are focused on performing an intellectual task. This type of human activity largely determines scientific and social progress. The more a person is engaged, the sooner he develops in some branch that is significant for himself. The development of thought occurs gradually, under the influence of certain components.
Mental work has always been valued, especially in certain circles. Intellectual consciousness is a seeking character that constantly strives to reach an understanding of complex things. Concentrating on the main thing, it can become an amazing guide to the world of intellectual components. To engage in mental activity, you must have a certain character and constantly work on yourself. The more books a person reads, the more he studies something, the more powerful he develops intellectually, and the sooner his capabilities expand.
The science
Tendency to research work largely determines character. Science is a type of human activity that requires a developed analytical mind. This required condition. Otherwise, the activity will not have significant success. The main feature is that all conclusions and conclusions are made based on logical components. When engaging in scientific activities, you definitely need to prove something, based on the theoretical approaches of scientists and their practical developments. Here you cannot simply draw conclusions if they are not supported by appropriate knowledge. Science requires maximum clarity and precision. It is impossible to act at random without having an idea of the subject of your research. It is noteworthy that scientists, getting used to building complex conclusions, then begin to treat life as an ongoing chain of assumptions and conclusions. It is very difficult to free yourself from such a worldview when making a decision based on a purely scientific approach. The thing is that life sometimes turns out to be much more complicated than any research work.
Art
It is a type of human activity aimed at meeting the needs of members of the intelligentsia. The ability to understand works of art is an indicator of the development of aesthetic taste. Not everyone can appreciate real literary works, paintings by great masters and music. To do this, you need to have a sophisticated worldview and, at a minimum, an increased interest in a certain type of art. Such people have refined taste and often have additional talents. The main feature is that individuals who are interested in art are often so immersed in a fictional world that they stop noticing the surrounding reality.
Art always requires a certain dedication from a person. After all, such an activity could never develop if it were not given enough time and attention. A person passionate about art always sacrifices something in order to do what he loves. As a rule, life always guides such people, helping them to constantly feel the enduring meaning of their actions. They necessarily have a high goal that justifies and allows everything. They act not for money, but in the name of a bright idea.
Trade
A type of human activity that has flourished since ancient times. A person who has chosen trade for himself, as a rule, highly values his own material wealth. He is able to assess the benefits and notice significant prospects in any situation. In most cases, people are significantly successful in their chosen activity if they have the inclination for it. Trade is an integral element of life. Such a person is distinguished by the fact that he is aimed at obtaining material benefits and values. It is of great importance to him what clothes he wears, what he eats, and how great his well-being is. Traders act quite calmly and purposefully in many matters. They are not influenced by emotions and therefore achieve significant results faster. Representatives of other spheres could envy them with great enthusiasm.
Marketing
This trend undoubtedly originates from trade. Marketing is a type of human activity entirely aimed at obtaining material benefits. This area assumes that a person knows how to understand complex issues, act based on your own long-term planning. Great importance there is such a thing as self-organization. Only by fully concentrating on the task can you solve it. You can't do it without proper planning. Marketing assumes that a person will act clearly and in accordance with the requirements of modern society.
A simple mistake can lead to irreparable consequences, so self-control and the ability to keep feelings under control are extremely important here. Of course, not everyone succeeds in this. A successful marketer is one who is free from his own doubts and worries. Home distinctive feature Such a personality is self-confidence. After all, the ability to make decisions quickly really leads to success.
Creation
The need for creation is inherent in each of us. Another question is whether the person is working on himself, whether he is ready to devote enough time and attention to his creativity. This activity requires not only great dedication, but also enormous endurance and patience. Sometimes you need to have a strong will in order for something to happen. Creative path can never be called simple and easy. Sometimes a person needs to go through many trials in order to achieve success. A person is forced to make every effort, because only in this case does he develop, become self-sufficient and self-confident.
Self improvement
Occupies a special position in the life of an individual. If we stop working on ourselves, it will be difficult for us to cope with our own emotions. Such a personality begins to degrade over time and ceases to develop existing abilities. Self-improvement is an integral element of any activity. Whatever a person plans to do, he must devote Special attention to your inner world.
Working with feelings and emotions is very important. Thanks to her, we become more aware of what is truly valuable in life.
Instead of a conclusion
Thus, the main types of human activity are work, play, science or art, and each deserves special attention. It is important that the personality develops and does not stand still. This is facilitated by complete dedication.
Social studies lesson in 10th grade
KOU teachers " high school No. 2 "(internal-correspondence)"
Kosenok Irina Vasilievna
Lesson topic : “Human activity and its diversity”
Goals and objectives: explain the concepts and terms: “activity”, “motives of activity”, “needs”, “interests”, “creativity”, “goal”, “means of achieving the goal”, “actions”, “unconscious”; to acquaint with the social essence of human activity, with the typology of activity, to find out the nature and characteristics of creative activity; develop in students the ability to carry out a comprehensive search, systematize social information on the topic, compare, analyze, draw conclusions, rationally solve cognitive and problem tasks; promote the production civic position students.
Lesson type: research lesson.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
One day Khoja Nasreddin woke up in the middle of the night, went out into the street and began to crow. The neighbors heard this and asked: “What are you doing, Khoja?” “I have a lot to do today,” he replied, “I want the day to come early.”
What is this parable about? - What does it have to do with the topic of our lesson?
What is "activity"? How do animal activities differ from human activities? What role does activity play in our lives?
We will answer these questions in our lessons. We will consider the following questions:
1. Essence and structure of activity.
2. Needs and interests.
3. Variety of activities.
4. Creative activity.
All living things interact with environment. Outwardly, this manifests itself in movements - physical activity. But animals are characterized by adaptation to their environment. They only use what nature has given them.
A person has such specific form interaction with the environment as an activity.
Activity - a form of activity aimed not only at adapting to the surrounding world, but also at changing, transforming the external environment; to obtain a new product or result.
Thus, both animal behavior and human activity are appropriate, butgoal setting is inherent only to humans.
In the course of such activity, human powers and abilities are realized, which are then embodied in the products of activity. It is in this chain that it manifests itself social essence activities.
Let's check the progress of our reasoning using the diagram:
1. Essence and structure of activity
Let's get acquainted with the essence and structure of activity. Read in § 5 and find:
What is a “subject” of activity? - What is the “object” of activity?
Where does a person begin any activity? - What is a “goal”?
How do people usually achieve their goals? - What are “actions”? Give examples - What determines the success or failure of an activity?
What does the expression “The means must correspond to the end” mean?
Is it possible, having set a noble goal, to use dishonest means?
What do you think about the expression “The end justifies the means”? Give reasons for your answer.
(As students answer, a diagram is built on the board.)
Activity structure
2. Needs and interest
Now we must determine what motivates a person to act. For what? Yes, at least in order not to become the hero of the next parable, which was called “The Diligent Woodcutter.”
A diligent woodcutter honestly collected firewood, he was paid well and praised for his hard work. Only one thing was hidden from him: the brushwood went to the fires of the Inquisition, where people were burned. What is the parable about?It says that a person must always comprehend his actions, foresee their consequences, know what will happen as a result - good or evil.
Read in § 5 of the textbook: - What is a “motive”? - What role do motives play in human activity?
What can act as motives? - What are “needs”?
What three large groups did the textbook authors divide the needs into?
Characterize and analyze them. - Which of them do you think are the most important? Explain your choice.
Remember and characterize the needs scale developed by A. Maslow.
What are “social attitudes”? Give examples.
What are “beliefs”? What role do they play in human activity?
Why do “interests” play a special role in the formation of motives?
How are they formed? What do they depend on? - What is “ideal”? "Social ideal"?
What does “moral ideal” mean to you? - What do we mean by the concept of “conscious activity”?
Do we always act consciously? What is the “unconscious”?
What drives human activity
3. Variety of activities
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his fairy tale “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals” places on desert island two honored officials, accustomed to living on everything ready. Here they suddenly discover that “human food, in its original form, flies, swims and grows on trees.” “Consequently, if, for example, someone wants to eat a partridge, he must first catch it, kill it, pluck it, fry it...”
About what activity we're talking about in the above fragment? What types of activities are there? Try to list them.
In order not to get lost in the variety of activities, scientists have created certain models for classifying human activity. Let's get to know them. Read in § 5:
Characterize and analyze the first model of classification of activities: practical, spiritual.
Characterize and analyze the second model for classifying activities: creative, destructive.
Give examples of specific types of activities.
How do you feel about the glory of Herostratus? Why?
(As the answers progress, a diagram is built on the board.)
4. Creative activity
What is “creative activity”? How is it different from other activities?
What associations do you have when you hear the word “creativity”? (After the students’ answers, as the teacher explains, a diagram is built.)
Creative activity
Creativity is an activity that generates something qualitatively new that has never existed before
The source of activity can be imagination, fantasy
Fantasy is a necessary component of creative activity
Intuition is the most important component of creativity. Unconscious
The unconscious is associated with creative efforts
Lesson summary
What is the social essence of activity?
What is the structure of the activity?
How are the goals, means and results of activities related to each other?
What are the motives for the activity?
How are needs and interests related?
What are the features of creative activity?
Reflection.
Activity- active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring from a person high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity perception, attention, memory, thinking, emotional stability. The structure of activity is usually presented in a linear form, where each component follows the other in time: Need - Motive - Goal - Means - Action - Result.
Need- this is need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, it is necessary to understand this need and its nature. Motive is a conscious impulse based on need that justifies and justifies activity. A need will become a motive if it is perceived not just as a need, but as a guide to action.
Target- this is a conscious idea of the result of an activity, an anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. ability to independently set goals. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. A person is able to form his own programs, creating something that has never existed in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in the activity of animals, it is not an activity. Moreover, if an animal never imagines the results of its activity in advance, then a person, starting an activity, keeps in his mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.
Facilities- these are the techniques, methods of action, objects, etc. used in the course of activity. For example, to learn social studies, you need lectures, textbooks, and assignments. To be good specialist, you need to get professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in their activities, etc.
Action- an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity consists of individual actions. For example, teaching activities consist of preparing and delivering lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.
Result- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills and abilities, the result of labor can be goods, the result scientific activity- ideas and inventions. The result of an activity can be the person himself, since in the course of the activity he develops and changes.
Types of activities in which each person is inevitably involved in the process of his individual development: play, communication, learning, work.
A game- This special kind activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself - entertainment, relaxation.
Communication is an activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged. It is often expanded to include the exchange of material items. This broader exchange is communication [material or spiritual (information)].
Teaching is a type of activity whose purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities by a person.
Work- This is a type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result.
Characteristic features of work: expediency; focus on achieving programmed, expected results; presence of skill, skills, knowledge; practical usefulness; obtaining a result; personal development; transformation of the external human environment.