Hydroelectric power plants use the power of water to generate electrical energy. Self-made stations solve the problem of distance from centralized power grids or help save on electricity.
Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power stations
Hydroelectric power plants have the following advantages over other types of alternative energy sources:
- They do not depend on the weather and time of day (unlike). This allows more energy to be produced at a predictable rate.
- The power of the source (river or stream) can be adjusted. To do this, it is enough to narrow the channel with a dam or provide a difference in water heights.
- Hydraulic installations do not make any noise (unlike).
- Many types of low power stations do not require any installation permits.
The disadvantages of homemade hydroelectric power plants include the inability to work in cold weather. In addition, the aquatic environment is aggressive, so the station parts must be waterproof and durable.
When designing mini-hydroelectric power plants for use as an alternative energy source for own home The following factors should be decisive:
- Proximity of the river to the house. Install homemade station It's not worth it far from home. The further away the installation, the lower its efficiency, because some of the energy will be lost during transmission. In addition, it is more difficult to protect your hydroelectric power station from theft or damage.
- Sufficient flow speed or the possibility of increasing it. The power of the station increases exponentially with increasing water speed.
It's easy to find out the speed. Throw a piece of foam or a tennis ball into the water and time the time it takes for it to swim a certain distance. Then divide the meters by seconds and you will know the speed. The minimum sufficient water speed for a homemade hydroelectric power station is 1 m/s.
If the flow rate of your river or stream is below this value, then it will be increased by a small dam or narrowing pipe. But these options can cause additional difficulties. The construction of a dam requires permission from the authorities, as well as the consent of neighbors.
Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station
The design of a hydroelectric power station is quite complex, so it will be possible to build only a small station on your own, which will save on electricity or provide energy to a modest household. Below are two examples of the implementation of a homemade hydroelectric power station.
How to make a mini hydroelectric power station from a bicycle
This version of the hydroelectric power station is ideal for cycling trips. It is compact and lightweight, but can provide energy to a small camp set up on the banks of a stream or river. The resulting electricity will be enough for evening lighting and charging mobile devices.
To install the station you will need:
- Front wheel from a bicycle.
- A bicycle generator that is used to power bicycle lights.
- Homemade blades. They are cut out in advance from sheet aluminum. The width of the blades should be from two to four centimeters, and the length should be from the wheel hub to its rim. There can be any number of blades; they need to be placed at the same distance from each other.
To launch such a station, it is enough to immerse the wheel in water. The immersion depth is determined experimentally, approximately from a third to a half of the wheel.
To build a more powerful station for permanent use, more durable materials will be needed. Metal and plastic elements, which are easier to protect from exposure to the aquatic environment, are best suited. But they are also suitable wooden parts, if you soak them in a special solution and paint them with waterproof paint.
The station requires the following elements:
- Steel cable drum (2.2 meters in diameter). The rotor-wheel is made from it. To do this, the drum is cut into pieces and welded again at a distance of 30 centimeters. Blades (18 pieces) are made from the remains of the drum. They are welded to a radius at an angle of 45 degrees. To support the entire structure, a frame is made from angles or pipes. The wheel rotates on bearings.
- A chain gear is installed on the wheel (the gear ratio should be four). To make it easier to bring the axes of the drive and generator together, as well as to reduce vibration, rotation is transmitted through the cardan from the old car.
- Suitable for generator asynchronous motor. To it should be added another gear reducer with a coefficient of about 40. Then for a three-phase generator with 3000 revolutions per second with a total reduction coefficient of 160, the number of revolutions will decrease to 20 revolutions per minute.
- Place all electrical items in a waterproof container.
Described starting materials easy to find at a landfill or from friends. You can pay specialists for cutting a steel drum with a grinder and for welding (or do everything yourself). As a result, a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of up to 5 kW will cost a small amount.
Generating electricity from water is not that difficult. It's harder to line up autonomous system power supply based on a homemade hydroelectric power station, maintain the station in working order and ensure the safety of people and animals around it.
An interview from Moscow journalist Andrei Polyakov, who kindly provided us with his material, which due to his workload he could not post on his website. The conversation may be interesting to someone, so we posted it here, adding photos and sketches that appeared in the video.
The conversation took place in the summer of 2011.
- Micro hydroelectric power station from an air pump (snail).
- Homemade Stepper Low-speed generator on permanent magnets, without gearboxes and rolling bearings, at a mere cost.
- Turbine made of Wood. Is it really real? Sketches.
- How to Transmit mechanical energy over 100 - 5,000 meters without electricity?
- How and what to make a generator from in extreme conditions of network outage?
- The film “Village of Water Mills” is a hint about Harmony with Nature.
- Gravity is a source of energy. Scheme. It's simple.
Erast, at what stage is work on your homemade micro hydroelectric power station now? Will the moment of the first test come soon?
We are just doing it for now. We do what is called “a teaspoon per hour” because of the abundance of worries that also cannot be pushed aside. 95% complete welding work. In other words, the “machine” already exists. All that remains is to stick around with little things, and with them, as you know, there is more fuss than with an array of iron. This includes cleaning, painting and drilling, riveting, assembly with bolts, installation of magnets, windings with semiconductors.
What is this product in general and what is its operating principle?
Simply put, this is an ordinary centrifugal type air pump, 1.2 meters in size, of which there were and are a great many in enterprises and collective farms, popularly or in the slang of technicians called a “snail”. Its body is slightly reshaped, the outlet opening is opened wider, and its operation, already as a micro-hydroelectric power station or hydraulic turbine, is designed as if backwards. That is, the entrance and exit for air change places, the exit window has become an entrance-socket for the incoming water flow of the river. The body is located lying down, which is very advantageous in shallow waters and on small rivers. Water comes out along the shaft, below and above from two holes cut in both decks. The shaft has stainless steel tips.
The impeller from the same pump is several larger diameter welded to the shaft and inserted into the housing of this former pump. With this arrangement, a centripetal vortex is formed, which rotates the impeller one and a half to two times faster. Moreover, this acceleration is also helped by the flaps fixed inside, redirecting the flow to the impeller at a more favorable angle, and even with the formation of vortices in the gaps between themselves and the impeller flaps. Thus, the centrifugal air pump became a centripetal type hydraulic turbine, presumably with a power of 0.2 - 0.5 kW. And with even greater current strength it can be “stretched” by 1 kW.
Photo 2. 
What is the point of this alteration and what do we get as a result?
We have an energy source made at extremely low cost. One average pension is enough at cost to produce it. Its power, presumably, should be about 200-500 Watts, based on powering the walkie-talkie, emergency lighting, charging batteries, video-audio equipment, computer, etc. It is transparent, installed and removed by one or two people. Moreover, this is an example of implementation on just one axis of rotation, in two assemblies of birch bearings. Everything is cooled and lubricated with water. Without any gearboxes, pulleys or belts, without high-tech bearings that require lubrication from petroleum products and protection from water with all kinds of seals. Birch can be soaked or boiled in oil, drying oil, rosin, wax, paraffin. Impregnate with any acceptable water-repellent compound. This was precisely the main feature.
A ring 600 mm in diameter, with thirty permanent magnets, should be attached to the impeller. EMF (Electromotive force) occurs in six or nine windings filled with resin to insulate from water. It turns out similar stepper motors, low-speed multiphase (6 or 9 phase) generator. Then, through diode bridges, everything is output to two wires of the cable and, already on the shore, it is finally straightened to direct current. And then “do with him what you want.”
So we are talking about the fact that this thing should work at any time of the year?
Yes. Even under the ice. And almost all year round. But apparently it will be necessary to clean the grass and twigs from sediment and remove them from under the ice before the spring ice drift. Autumn slush - fine ice during the first frosts - is also of course not needed. In general, a couple of months a year fall outside the year of operation.
On what waters? On small rivers or what? That is, in a small current?
It is designed for a current of about 5-8 km/hour. Not less. And here this is exactly the range in areas up to 3-5 meters deep at the core.
How can we call it “small”? Look, when you stand at Kazyr, such power rushes, it takes your breath away. I just want to “come to an agreement” with him, and then harness him somehow...
Photo 3. 
It's clear. Using the example of this micro hydroelectric power station, can more powerful ones be created?
Yes. More powerful ones can be created. But I wouldn’t go down this path at all. I have a blank from an even larger pump, designed for 1-3KW. The body and its “native” impeller. I brought it once for the same purpose. But now I’m thinking, is it worth cutting it? Because I want to stop making welded structures.
And what we are doing now is smaller, at 200-500 watts. is done only to show that it is possible and it works. Because some people don’t really believe in that either. And then, if we repeat such a thing, then in a tree. Entirely made of wood.
The main trick is this. To show that this is being done, well, practically for free. We calculated so that it would be possible even permanent magnets install from household equipment by removing transformer hardware from meters or electromagnetic relays (starters), winding wires from anywhere, selecting them according to the cross-section and number of turns, winding them, filling them with bitumen. And it will work. There will be no magnets - we will make excitation windings. If necessary, we can even make a turbine out of a log. We’ll choose something even, drill it with drills or feather drills, drive the blades into wedges (at the desired angle) and get a mechanical drive.
There are plenty of ideas and ready-made developments. We can even build a swinging blade and transfer energy by reciprocating motion to the shore with a simple galvanized (or even aluminum) wire from an overhead wire from high-voltage poles. And then use it for the movement of the sawmill frame or convert it into rotation of the machine parts. This was successfully used in past centuries and in Holland, for example, it has survived to this day, after 350-400 years.
Photo 4. 
A separate topic is the use of winds. For all their inconstancy, they have great power and using them more energy V mechanical form can be done great amount work in just an hour or two.
Everything is based on the idea of “how to do it without money or purchases.” In the most critical case. And not because it is impossible now, but because one day it may become impossible. Turn off the switch - extreme weather ensues. And the switch is dying. Look, our “Shusha” has already given a sign. They fussed, ran around, and then calmed down. Almost all. But there was a sign!
The word “wood” was heard here, but everyone will say “how will wood work in water? Will it still get wet?”
Great question! And quite natural given our upbringing in the society in which we were born and raised. But imagine that we were born in the 17th century. Would we have such a question? It would never have occurred to me! Everything on the tree worked there. And in water and in fire and in foundries and forges...
Photo 5. 
Ships were tossed and chattered in the seas for 30 years. The Japanese (and Chinese) still have water in the provinces for washing in wooden barrel heated over an open fire, similar to the school experiments of our childhood (when water was boiled in a paper cup). The water wheels themselves, which powered almost all the machines and equipment, were made of wood and worked in water. Barrels without water dry out and begin to leak. There are laws of physics and “secrets” of carpentry that not only deal with wetting and swelling, but even use this to increase the strength of the entire structure. Many rocks do not rot in water and whirlwinds and can even survive metal.
Rice. 6. 
In addition, if we mention vortices, it is useful to know that they work well in devices made of diamagnetic materials. That is, made of non-magnetic material. What exactly does the tree have to do with it? best option. Burnt clay and stone are also good. They are the ones who can catalyze processes in water. Look at the rivers. It is these materials that water comes into contact with. And if you are careful and observant, you can see the seemingly supernatural behavior of water in Nature.
But that's not the point. This is all interesting, but not the main thing yet. We are considering the topic from the point of view of so-called extreme conditions, this is the notorious word for emergency situations. The upcoming circumstances will not ask us whether we want to construct in wood or consider it junk. They will simply leave us with one tree and several iron stashes around the yards. That's all. The enema will wash away all our dreams and delusions. But we really need to understand what we will be left with.
We must boldly admit that we are sick with technocracy. And it will be our destruction. Especially in these times. Well, for example, our mega-toys were washed away or blown away, something collapsed there. Well, this is actually happening these days. Here and there. Collapses, sinks, burns...
The earth is alive. She wants Harmony. She breaks our toys. They interfere with her life and threaten to destroy her, while we, with serious faces, run across its surface with all sorts of shooters, and do big things, either under water or under her skin. Yes, we tormented Mother Earth with our stupid games! Especially with your own negative emotions, aggression.
And now its Harmony is approaching. Wow! And she feels good... Silence. Space sounds. And for us there is an emergency. Extreme conditions in the middle of Great Harmony. Absurd and that's all.
But I understand perfectly well that it is simply impossible to convey these things to most people. The psychology of perception has changed too much. I was treated for habitual thinking for about 10 years.
Photo 7. 
After watching Akira Kurosawa's short film "Watermill Village" (from the "Dreams" series), I was very inspired. I felt to the depths of my soul HOW HARMONIOUS IT IS! And only 10 years later I began to understand simple words, said by the elder. And then I still had to “cure” from the desire to make everything from purchased welded pipes.
Photo 8. 
I've been very lucky in life. Reality taught me difficult lessons. It took me eight years to create this micro-hydroelectric power station of ours. He collected the iron (while the collective farms collapsed, and their remains had not yet been consumed). And for a long time I could not begin to do anything. There were no opportunities. But none. Such languor of the idea forced us to hone everything down to the smallest detail. Learn not to demand from Reality and from people. Don't get attached to the result.
Later, he started, sacrificing a lot in his life. Few people know anything about this. I advanced by 70%. And again there was a break of one and a half to two years. And all this led to a simple thought: if I had immediately made a turbine in a tree, I would have done it long ago. On your own home workbench. This all helped me understand that this is the only way it should be. Due to upcoming conditions. For a year I toiled with the thought “how should this be arranged?” It took me a long time to find a solution.
One day I lay down on my bed and began to meditate on a completely different topic. How, I wonder, did these ancient Greeks soften basalt and cast statues from it? I remember a friend told me.
“Took off” something. Then, since things were going crazy, I started thinking about a turbine made of wood. Twisted, spit... And Ooooh! Oh! Here I “saw” her in all her glory. And I was so inspired that I really saw her beautiful. It is beautiful!
The electronic drawing shows the assembly diagram. This is, of course, a pitiful semblance of the imaginary, but I still think it will be understandable.
Rice. 9. 
Absolutely in the likeness of a snail pump. Two decks of shields connected in a tongue and groove are edged with a set of slats, like a cooper's stave. Brought together to two main load-bearing beams with two wire hoops - sixes or belts made of the same wood, pulled in with wedges or wire ties. In both decks there are holes for the impeller, similar to the same water wheels. This same rotor is inserted into them onto two beams with bearings. All wood. Only the rotor shafts are made of hex head bolts and threads similar to wood screws. This (without details) is a turbine made of carpentry-assembled wood with elements of cooper's assembly, just one of several mental developments. Some things are already designed and in the model. The nodes and connections have been worked out.
Photo 10. 
I already mentioned in the last conversation about the period of conditional poverty. Useful thing poverty. She makes you THINK. During my next move, I brought with me an impeller from an even larger air pump (scroll) 250-300 kg. And I began to wonder how I could deal with him now. Shaft 1m. long and 100 mm. in diameter, with 90 kg. the weight had to be pulled out with a huge puller, which is not there, turned on a lathe, and inserted on the other side, welding more parts.
I again ran into money and orders (because I sharpen myself, but I don’t have my own machine and there’s no access nearby either), I ran into turning work, transportation, etc. And then I finally realized that I was doing nonsense and now I don’t need it. I spent so much time and money transporting this rotor so many times, just for the sake of my own epiphany. I’ve been hanging around with it for so many years, trying to turn it into a water wheel or turbine, and only now “it’s come to the giraffe.” And I began to understand more deeply the technologies of the 17th and 18th centuries from the perspective of technologies from the times of the Earth’s transition. I realized that all this hardware of ours is, by and large, unnecessary. It entails welding, with all the connection problems, lack of power in towns and villages, consumable electrodes, disks, turning work, fussing, and essentially MONEY.
If I had money then, the necessary conclusions and insights would not have been made. If I were now offered to live that poverty-stricken period again, but with money, I would refuse. Otherwise I would have sold my insights. Then they could buy them from me. But they are expensive. You can't measure them with money. I simply lived the lessons that still lie ahead for everyone who believes that there will always be money.
And even since we have created some workshops, we can do this in hardware together, on our equipment, chipping in with our pensions and earnings. But this is still a certain complexity. It does not show how to LIVE WITHOUT MONEY and live without technocracy. But I set a goal for myself (I deliberately turned myself in this direction) - to collect possible information, adapt and distribute it widely, to show how it is possible to do something without technocracy. Literally from what WILL REMAIN WITH US AT OUR DISPOSAL and there will be no other. When the hour "H" comes.
And later, having explored the topic of upcoming events on the planet even more deeply, he formed a system or concept of technology and technology of the transition period called “Stalker 2012-17-30”. With a bit of a joke, the decoding of the abbreviation is as follows:
Armageddon Technology System of the Human Concept of Unified Development.
And Stalker is a guide to the unknown, the transcendental, the anomalous, which awaits us all. And if Stalker is a guide, then Stalker technologies will help us “go through” the period of Earth’s transition.
We certainly hope to complete it. There is no miracle. Everything is very simple.
When will this happen?
Now we will wait for spring. Maybe we'll make it earlier. We’ll cut out half a meter of ice with a chainsaw and “fish” for it. But I wouldn’t make any deadlines and I wouldn’t promise anything, especially so. Few of our deadlines come true. Let's live by the process and not the result.
And I can also add: We work with it only because we started it once. In fact, our interest has long been directed to other areas.
Let's touch on this area just. That's what I wanted to talk about.
Yes. These are gravity wheels or the so-called unbalanced wheel principle, which is the simplest and affordable alternative for any yard or household. The question is controversial, of course, for people who are not initiated, and especially for adherents of the orthodox scientific approach. But those who search in this area have long understood that gravity can do useful work. And we were convinced in practice.
Returning to the topic of the previous conversation, the dogma ABOUT the IMPOSSIBILITY of creating a device with an efficiency higher than 100%, or an engine that turns itself, seemingly without consuming anything, and even produces work, is a false dogma. And those who do not know about it or do not believe in it often do everything successfully and everything works for them.
At the end of the second millennium, a lot of contact (channeling) information began to appear, all kinds of references and warnings (in books and other literature) that flows of information about “new” sources of free energy would soon simply pour over the edge into thousands and millions of minds, and suppress they will become simply impossible. Millions of people will receive information on a conscious level and make “their” inventions in real life. Disinformation will also not be able to stop this truly gigantic wave. This is exactly what is happening these days.
Quite legally, there are many sites where, along with misinformation, there are a lot of gravitational wheels exactly similar to those that were presented as not working in books like entertaining physics by Jan Perelman (or other authors). But they work. And there are hundreds of types and principles. Enough video. Turning a blind eye to this, proving to yourself that it is impossible, this is deception, editing, computer graphics, is hiding your head in the sand.
Gravity wheels are the smallest “pawn” that can be sacrificed by giving it to us in order to save the remaining “pieces”. There are more serious developments. And here we can recall the phrase from the New Testament: “But even dogs eat crumbs from their masters’ table” (in another place children). A hungry person will really go through grub. If you are truly hungry, then where does all your pride go? They gave me a piece and thank you. Why should we be picky?
Here's JUST one example: (YouTube - Chas Campbell - Gravity Wheel)
Photo 11. 
One good American guy made a gravity wheel about 3 - 3.5 m in diameter. Below are gearboxes - chain, belt, pulleys and flywheels. The electric generator rotates from them. The roller is very “pinched”, but despite the low quality, we were able to understand that this is a type of unbalanced wheel with a controlled shift of the center of gravity. And naturally, the white disk covers the mechanism that controls the loads. But it’s clear that it’s pale burgundy color the weights, probably interconnected with a slight play, are closer to the center on the left, and further on the right, almost on the periphery. At the top, as they rotate, they rise, and at the stage of movement at the bottom, they also rise. That is, at the top they move away from the center, and at the bottom they are pulled towards it. There is no need to pay attention to the white lines between the outer rim and the inner disk. These are reinforcement elements for rigidity.
Roughly speaking, the loads describe a circle eccentric to the center of rotation of the wheel itself. The rotation goes clockwise. Dyadechka includes a load of 2.5 - 3.5 kW on the power tool. This is between 3 and 4 kW mechanical power. It is not so important on which rods (swinging or not) the loads are suspended. The mechanism for managing them is important.
At first, the control mechanism seemed somewhat complex, but workable. And later we came to the conclusion that everything is much simpler.
Rice. 12. 
Here is a drawing from the Do It Yourself magazine 15-20 years ago, in an article about water wheels for your own household. Such good old water wheels with rotating plates (blades) began to be used after simple, steam-powered water wheels with static unregulated blades, so that the blades would enter at a more favorable angle, slap the water less in vain, and in general their efficiency is higher than simple ones. They are already a hundred years old or more.
Rice. 13 
And if we slightly rotate the drawing, remove the details we don’t need and add our own, then this is what happens. A direct hint from the past. You can imagine two hubs with spokes, spaced a short distance apart, having a common rim. And a crankshaft passes through both hubs, the middle journal of which is spaced from the main axis (main journals) at a distance of 0.5 from the difference in the position of the loads on the radius. The third, control, hub is attached to this middle neck. From it there are rods (pushers, rods) to the load coupling units (movable coupling, with play, since points A converge and diverge. One of the rods must be rigidly connected to the hub, the rest must swing.
That's actually the whole mechanism. It is very simple, which many people fail to understand. This raises a lot of controversy. The mind cannot accept the idea that this is simply how it works. "A! Just? - Can't be!" They say it must be difficult. And it is rejected. In fact, “everything ingenious is simple” comes from things like these. Not primitive, but simple.
It is noteworthy that by “random” coincidence(and as the wise say, there are no accidents) the drawing of the Gravitational Wheel was number 13. What does this mean? Mysticism, Rock, Devilishness?
This is Mysticism, but far from rock.
"13"- It has nothing to do with devils and other things, where this is attributed to people who have had this attitude towards the number “13” drummed into them since childhood.
"13" doesn't resonate and is not proportional to any numbers, dimensions and vibration frequencies of this dimension.
IT'S BETWEEN. That is, it symbolizes the transition, transition state. It's like "Tone - Semitone" on the keyboard, in music, in color, in sound. So “13″ is the number of TRANSITION. Everything is as it should be.
It's a sign! (Laughing) It's time to GO to Wheels. (Laughter again...)
How else can we move into the future? With a DE-energized socket in your teeth or what?..
Let's return to the turbine. So you can do something like this? Without attracting any large funds. It's still a tree, as far as I understand.
Yes, the fact of the matter is that we want to take the path of not attracting any funds. All we can attract is what we don’t need to attract. It just might speed things up. No more. Maybe we won’t attract anything at all. But will we do it? - Let's see. Maybe we'll find something better.
Because while we were “making” the turbine in a rush, we had outgrown it. It’s no joke, a year and a half breaks. Time passes, the turbine stops. We involuntarily communicate, consult, learn new things. As long as we live to see the bright moment to take on this, maybe we will outgrow it.
It seems to me that something needs to be brought to the end.
So we are finishing the turbine. It’s not easy, but we jokingly agreed - we work in “retro style.” We joke with each other - imagine, we fly around on saucers, and then we wanted, “let’s build a sailboat or a yacht, a real piece of wood. Let's take a walk, breathe in the fresh wind, the scrapes, the bumpiness. Like once upon a time. IN past life" And we work with the turbine, thinking about something else. Otherwise, those who are expecting a turbine from us and have invested may not understand us if we give up. Here we are trying for the sake of relationships, and not for the sake of a better result.
After all, the main point is that we will be saved, first of all, by trusting, good relationships, selfless help as in our own family, no matter how much we try to implement this. Otherwise, if everyone is for himself, no pieces of iron or wood will save us, no matter how many we make and stockpile. Behind these just a few words lies the main thing. Just one mention, and life depends on it.
Well, you will make a turbine. Of course, she will give you an idea again, but I think you will follow through with it. On what basis? new stage you can come out with such gravitational things.
Well, what is 3.5 kilowatts in your own household? In fact, there is no need for more. This is more than excessive habits. Any carpentry machine consumes about 3 kW. This electrical power. And if we cut out the “generator - wires - engine” link, just like that, the “clack” is cut out. And directly mechanical transmission done. Maybe even our own variators. And there are even fewer losses. The yield is greater. Our carpentry machine, made in any way, especially if made using 17th century technologies, will work from this power. This is enough to provide for the entire economy. Turn on one or the other alternately and that’s enough. Of course, we are not talking about mandatory presence only electric hotplates and kettles with irons. Natural fire Food gives much more health than all this rubbish. Perhaps as an exception or a spare addition. And light generally requires little things of energy.
Let's draw conclusions: In principle, by combining these things into a certain system, a separate farm can be energy-closed, self-service, say, along a river of some kind...
Or without a river.
Yes, without a river. And these huge substations are not needed, there is no need to disperse it all. As I understand from what has been said, this can be done by almost any person who is more or less intelligent. For some wheel that was invented a long time ago, there is an engineer, there are people who are ready to do it. All this is quickly done and replenished independently, from materials from Nature. That is, we do not lose anything in any cataclysm, since the electrical mechanisms will not fail.
Yes. Yes. We are considering precisely the moment of life in extreme conditions. We are not currently setting the task of creating an alternative to centralized power supply. We just need to survive. The management circles have done a great job of making their future for themselves. Right? They did everything that was considered necessary for their own salvation. We also have the right to do something for our own salvation. You need communications, lighting, minimal video, audio equipment (if it still continues to work) and mechanics, machines. We need to build, make materials, alternative equipment. We want to live. We are given such a right, right?
A question of quality of life. How exactly to live?
Regardless of system shocks. After all, everyone (if not the blind) sees these shocks.
That is, you are optimistic about the number 111, which is rapidly developing in 2011, set new date quantum evolutionary leap. Either 11. 11. 11. Or 05. 11. 11. And that the symbol of salvation 111 is a bus that runs along the route Tayaty - Karatuz, number 111 :-)
The combination of circumstances suggests a lot. But I’m not particularly stuck... Maybe the fact that we have come to new information and have new experiences is also the manifestation of all these signs.
(An example of the implementation of birch bearings on a pottery machine in 2006.
Photo 14. 
The power of water flow is renewable natural resource, allowing you to receive almost free electricity. Energy donated by nature will provide an opportunity to save on utilities and solve the problem with recharging equipment.
If there is a stream or river running near your home, it is worth taking advantage of it. They will be able to provide electricity to the site and the house. And if you built a hydroelectric power station with your own hands, economic effect increases significantly.
The presented article describes in detail the manufacturing technologies of private hydraulic structures. We talked about what is required to set up the system and connect it to consumers. Here you will learn about all the options for miniature energy suppliers assembled from scrap materials.
Hydroelectric power plants are structures that can convert the energy of water movement into electricity. so far they are actively exploited only in the West. In our country, this promising industry is only taking its first timid steps.
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If there is a pond with a dam or stream near your home, you can make an excellent source of free additional energy. The article will look at an example of how you can make a hydroelectric power station using a water wheel with your own hands. A power station made in this way is capable of delivering a current of up to 6 A; when installed on a small stream, the installation showed a result of 2 A. This is enough to turn on the receiver and a couple of light bulbs. The power depends on the force with which the water flows.
Materials and tools:
- corners and scraps of sheet metal;
- disks to create a wheel (used from the housing of the Onan generator, which failed);
- generator (made from two 28 cm Dodge brake discs);
- the shaft and bearings were also taken from Dodge;
- copper wire with a cross section of about 15 mm;
- Neodymium magnets;
- plywood;
- polystyrene resin (needed for filling the stator and rotor).
Manufacturing process:
Step one. Creating a wheel
To create a wheel you will need two steel disks. In this case, their diameter is 28cm (11 inches). The disk needs to be marked so that it is clear where to install the blades. To make the blades, take a pipe with a diameter of 4 inches and cut it lengthwise into 4 parts. In total, the wheel has 16 blades. To secure the discs, they are tightened with four bolts. Next, you can install the blades at the desired positions. They are welded together. The gap between the discs is 10 inches, that is, the length of the wheel is 10 inches.
At this stage, the assembly of the hydroelectric power station is completed, the wheel is ready, now you need to make a nozzle and a generator. On one side of the disk there is a hole for convenient fastening wheels to the generator.
Step two. Making a nozzle
The nozzle is needed to direct water to the wheel. Its width is 10 inches, the same as the width of the wheel. The nozzle is made of whole piece metal by bending. Next, the structure is welded together using welding.
Now you can install the wheel on the axle and the mechanical part of the hydroelectric power station is almost ready. All that remains is to assemble and install the generator.
The nozzle is made adjustable in height, this allows you to control the flow of water depending on the situation.
Step three. Assembling the generator
The process of creating a generator consists of several steps. First you need to make a winding, it consists of 9 coils. Each coil has 125 turns. The diameter of the copper wire is 1.5 mm. Each phase is formed by three coils, which are connected in series. There are 6 ends in total, this will allow you to make both a star and a triangle connection.
Finally, the coils are filled with polyethylene resin and the finished stator emerges. It is 14 inches in diameter and 0.5 inches thick.
To assemble the generator you need plywood, a template is made from it. Next, 12 magnets measuring 2.5 x 5 cm and a thickness of 1.3 cm are installed using this template. Finally, the rotor is also filled with polyethylene resin. That's all, after drying the generator is ready.
Under the aluminum cover there are rectifiers, which are made from three-phase alternating current constant. The ammeter scale has a range of up to 6 A. With the minimum gap between the magnets, the device produces 12 Volts at 38 rpm.
There are two offset screws at the back of the generator that allow you to adjust air gap. Thus, it is possible to select the most appropriate operating parameters of the generator.
Step four. The final stage generator assembly and installation
All fasteners, as well as the water wheel, need to be painted. Firstly, this will make the device look more beautiful. And secondly, the paint will protect the metal from rust, which will quickly appear near a water source. It would be nice to equip the generator with a protective wing that removes splashes, but the author did not have any suitable material.
In the photo you can see the place where the generator will be installed. This is a pipe from which water flows from a dam. The difference is about 3 feet. The wheel will only take a certain part of the total water flow. On practice best results showed the position when the water enters at an angle of 10 o'clock and exits at an angle of 5 o'clock. Then the greatest power is achieved.
Mini hydroelectric power station is small hydroelectric power station, which produces not a large number of electrical energy.
Operating principle of mini hydroelectric power station
The operating principle of small hydroelectric power plants is no different from the operating principle of large power stations. The water of a water formation, river, lake, reservoir, under the influence of pressure created by its mass, moves in a given direction and enters the blades of a hydraulic turbine. The turbine transmits its rotational motion to the rotational motion of a generator, which produces electric current.
Water pressure is created by building a dam or natural course water, or both methods at the same time.
Device classification
Hydroelectric power plants generating power up to 5.0 MW are considered small.
Existing small hydroelectric power plants are classified according to:
1. Operating principle
- Using a “water wheel” - in this case, the receiving wheel is placed in aquatic environment parallel to the surface of the water, and is only partially submerged. The water masses, exerting pressure on the wheel blades, cause it to rotate, which is transmitted to the rotational movement of the generator.
- Garland design - in this version of the device, a cable is laid from opposite sides, onto which the rotors are rigidly attached. Masses of water moving progressively rotate the rotors. The rotational motion of the rotors is transmitted to the cable, which, in turn, rotates and transmits its rotational motion to the rotational motion of the generator. The generator is installed on shore.
- With a Darrieus rotor - the basis for the operation of devices of this type is the pressure difference on the rotor blades. The pressure difference is created by water flowing over the complex surfaces of the rotor.
- With a propeller - the principle of operation is similar to operation wind generator, with the difference that in the case of a mini hydroelectric power station the blades are placed in an aquatic environment.
2. Application possibilities
- Industrial use (180 kW and above) - used for power supply to enterprises or sales to consumers.
- Commercial use (up to 180 kW) - small energy-intensive enterprises and groups of houses are used to supply electricity.
- Household use (up to 15 kW) - used for power supply of individual houses and small facilities.
3. According to the turbine design
- Axial - in units of this design, water moves along the axis of the turbine and hits the blades, which begin to rotate.
- Radial-axial - in this design, water initially moves radially in relation to the axis of the turbine, and then in accordance with the axis of its rotation.
- Bucket - water enters the surface of the bucket (blade) through nozzles, thanks to which the speed of the water increases, it hits the turbine blade, the turbine rotates, the next blade comes into operation and the process continues
- Rotary-blade - the blades rotate around their axis simultaneously with the rotation of the turbine.
4. According to installation conditions
Pros and cons of the device
The advantages of use include:
- Environmental safety of installations for the environment;
- An inexhaustible source of energy;
- Low cost of generated energy;
- Autonomy of installations;
- Reliability of installations;
- Long service life.
Disadvantages of use include:
- Potential danger to inhabitants of water bodies;
- Limited possibility of installation conditions of the installation.
Manufacturers of plants and equipment
A limited number of enterprises both in our country and abroad are engaged in the production of equipment for mini hydroelectric power stations. This is explained by the limited use of small hydroelectric power plants due to the small availability of necessary water bodies, as well as trends in energy development in different countries.
Of the foreign companies successfully operating in this area of business, these are
- "CINK Hydro-Energy" Czech Republic - performs the full range of work from design and supply of equipment to installation and commissioning of installations.
- "Micro hydro power" China - produces and sells equipment sets for small installations household use.
- Engineering and technical firm "Gidroponics" LLC, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The company produces and sells hydrogenerators for small hydroelectric power plants.
In Russia they work in this market
- AEnergy LLC, Moscow. The company is engaged in supporting the development of alternative energy sources. In the field of small hydropower, the company offers a full range of services from design to service completed installations.
- Interindustry scientific and technical association "MNTO INSET", St. Petersburg. The company is engaged in the design and development of equipment for mini hydroelectric power stations, manufacturing and installation of its products. The product line includes:
- Mini hydroelectric power station with a propeller impeller, power from 5.0 to 100 kW;
- Mini hydroelectric power station with a diagonal impeller, power 20.0 kW;
- Mini hydroelectric power station with a bucket impeller with a power of up to 180 kW;
- Hydraulic units for small hydroelectric power plants.
- Company "NPO Inversion" Yekaterinburg. The company produces equipment and kits for mini hydroelectric power plants with a power of up to 10 kW.
Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station
In order to make it yourself, you need ingenuity, the ability to work with your hands and water body, 
yes, some little things like car generator, a wheel from any vehicle and a transmission mechanism (pulleys, gears, gears).
First you need to make a water wheel. To do this, take a wheel from a bicycle, motorcycle or car. The blades are attached along the diameter of the wheel; for this you can use any material, as long as it is durable and does not bend - iron, plywood, hard plastic, ebonite, etc. Best to mount bolted connection so that it is possible to replace blades damaged during operation. The blades are located at an equal distance from each other. 
A frame is made on which the wheel is mounted. At the points of attachment to the frame, it is necessary to provide for the installation of bearings into which the wheel rotation axis is inserted. A large pulley or a large sprocket is mounted on one end of the axle. A small pulley or smaller sprocket is mounted on the generator axle.
Option for a homemade mini hydroelectric power station with vertical wheel installation
The wheel is placed in water, it can be vertical installation in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the water, or horizontal - when the wheel is completely immersed in water. In the second case, it is necessary to take into account that the wheel should be immersed in water no more than 2/3 of the thickness of the disk.
The pulleys are connected to each other by a belt, and the sprockets by a chain.
The system is ready for use.