It is difficult for us today to imagine that 200 years ago people did not know anything about electricity, most modern species transport, television, not to mention mobile phones, Skype, the Internet and other components of the modern information society.
In this regard, it will be interesting to consider the authorship of which inventions that became fateful for the development of mankind belong to Russian inventors. Of course, it is impossible to cover all areas of invention, so this article will contain a certain degree of selectivity and subjectivity. Let us immediately make a reservation that in the Russian state the main components of patent law (which is directly related to establishing the primacy of an invention) have been formed only since the 30s. XIX century, while in the West they became acquainted with this concept a little earlier. And therefore, the phrases “first to invent” and “first to patent” were not always identical.
Military affairs, weapons
1. G. E. Kotelnikov - inventor of the backpack parachute. While in the theater, the inventor saw in the hands of one lady a tightly rolled piece of fabric, which, after a little effort of the hands, turned into a loose scarf. So, the principle of a parachute’s operation appeared in Kotelnikov’s head. Unfortunately, the novelty initially gained recognition abroad, and only during the First World War did the tsarist government remember the existence of this useful invention.
Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention.
By the way, the inventor had other ideas that have not yet been implemented
2. N. D. Zelinsky - invented a filtering carbon gas mask. Despite the Hague Convention prohibiting the use of toxic substances? first world war The use of gas poisoning substances became a reality and therefore representatives of the warring countries began to look for ways to protect themselves from these dangerous weapons. It was then that Zelinsky proposed his know-how - a gas mask in which activated carbon was used as a filter, which, as it turned out, successfully neutralized all toxic substances.
Russian soldiers in Zelinsky gas masks on the front line during the First World War
3. L. N. Gobyato - inventor of the mortar-mortar. The invention appeared in field conditions in years Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Faced with a problem - the need to knock out enemy forces from the trenches and trenches located in the immediate vicinity, Gobyato and his assistant Vasiliev proposed using these conditions are easy 47 mm naval gun on wheels. Instead of conventional shells, homemade pole mines were used, which were fired at a certain angle along a hinged trajectory.
Mortar of the Gobyato system on the positions of Mount Vysokaya. D. Buzaev
4. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - inventor of a self-propelled mine (torpedo) and the first mechanically driven submarine in the Russian fleet.
Aleksandrovsky submarine
5. V. G. Fedorov - creator of the world's first machine gun. Actually, the machine gun was originally understood as an automatic rifle, which Fedorov began to create even before the start of the First World War - in 1913. Only from 1916 did the invention gradually begin to be used in combat, although, of course, the machine gun became a weapon of mass distribution during the Second World War .
Automatic machine of the Fedorov system
Communications, information transfer
1. A. S. Popov - inventor of radio. On May 7, 1895, at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society at St. Petersburg University, he demonstrated the operation of a radio receiver he had invented, but did not manage to patent it. The Italian G. Marconi received a patent and a Nobel Prize (together with K. F. Brown) for the invention of radio.
Radio Popova
2. G. G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, he developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable.
3. V.K. Zvorykin - inventor of television and television broadcasting based on the electronic principle. He developed an iconoscope, a kinescope, and the basics of color television. Unfortunately, he made most of his discoveries in the USA, where he emigrated in 1919.
4. A. M. Ponyatov - inventor of the video recorder. Just like Zvorykin emigrated from Russia in the years civil war, and, once in the USA, continued his developments in the field of electronics. In 1956, Ampex, under the leadership of Poniatov, released the world's first commercial video recorder.
Ponyatov with his brainchild
5. I. A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera. In 1893, in Odessa, the world’s first two films, “The Javelin Thrower” and “The Galloping Horseman,” were shown on a large piece of white sheet. They were demonstrated using a movie camera designed by mechanic-inventor Timchenko. In 1895, Louis Jean Lumiere, who together with his brother are considered the founders of cinema, received a patent for the invention of the cinema camera.
Medicine
1. N. I. Pirogov - the first use of anesthesia in military field surgery during Caucasian War in 1847. It was Pirogov who began to use bandages soaked in starch, which turned out to be very effective. In addition, he introduced a fixed plaster cast into medical practice.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to use anesthesia in military field surgery
2. G. A. Ilizarov - the name of this inventor is named after the device he designed in 1953. It is used in orthopedics, traumatology, and surgery. The device is an iron structure consisting of rings and spokes, and is mainly widely known for healing fractures, straightening deformed bones, and straightening legs.
Layout diagrams of the Ilizarov apparatus
3. S. S. Bryukhonenko - created the world's first artificial blood circulation apparatus (autojector). Through experiments, he proved that reviving the human body after clinical death is possible in the same way as open-heart surgery, organ transplantation and the creation of an artificial heart.
Today, surgeons can no longer do without artificial blood circulation machines, and the credit for their creation belongs to our compatriot
4. V.P. Demikhov is one of the founders of transplantology. He was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant, and the first to create a model of an artificial heart. Experimenting on dogs in the 1940s. was able to transplant a second heart, and then replace the dog’s heart with a donor one. Experiments on dogs later saved thousands of lives
5. Fedorov S.N. - radial keratomy. In 1973, for the first time in the world, he developed and performed operations to treat glaucoma on early stages(method of deep sclerectomy, which subsequently gained international recognition). A year later, Fedorov began performing operations to treat and correct myopia by applying anterior dosed incisions to the cornea using a technique he developed. In total, over 3 million such operations have already been performed worldwide.
Among other things, Academician Fedorov was the first in the country to perform an operation to replace the lens of the eye
Electricity
1. A. N. Lodygin - incandescent electric light bulb. In 1872, A. N. Lodygin patented the world's first incandescent electric light bulb. It used a carbon rod that was placed in a vacuum flask.
Lodygin was not only able to develop an incandescent lamp, but also patent it
2. P. N. Yablochkov - invented the arc lamp (went down in history under the name “Yablochkov’s candle”). In 1877, some streets of European capitals were illuminated by Yablochkov’s “candles”. They were disposable, burned for less than 2 hours, but they shone quite brightly.
Yablochkov’s “candle” illuminated the streets of Paris
3. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - three-phase power supply system. IN late XIX V. A Russian inventor with Polish roots invented something that is now familiar to any electrician and is successfully used all over the world.
The three-phase system developed by Dolivo-Dobrovolsky is still successfully used today
4. D. A. Lachinov - proved the possibility of transmitting electricity through wires over significant distances.
5. V.V. Petrov - developed the world's largest galvanic battery, discovered the electric arc.
Transport
1. A.F. Mozhaisky - creator of the first aircraft. In 1882, Mozhaisky built an airplane, but during tests near St. Petersburg, the airplane separated from the ground, but, being unstable, tilted to the side and broke the wing. This circumstance in the West is often used as an argument that the inventor of the aircraft should be considered the one who was able to fly above the ground in a horizontal position, i.e. Wright brothers.
Mozhaisky airplane model
2. I. I. Sikorsky - creator of the first production helicopter. Back in 1908-1910. designed two helicopters, but none of the helicopters built could take off with a pilot. Sikorsky returned to helicopters in the late 1930s, already working in the USA, having designed a model of the single-rotor helicopter S-46 (VC-300).
Sikorsky at the controls of his first “flying” helicopter
In which country was radio invented? And the helicopter? Russia's contribution to world progress is greater than it seems. We have selected a dozen brilliant technological solutions originally from our country
Electrotype
We so often come across products that look like metal, but are actually made of plastic and only covered with a layer of metal, that we have stopped noticing them. There are also metal products coated with a layer of another metal - for example, nickel. And there are metal products that are actually a copy of a non-metallic base. We owe all these miracles to the genius of the Russian physicist Boris Jacobi - by the way, the older brother of the great German mathematician Carl Gustav Jacobi. Jacobi's passion for physics resulted in the creation of the world's first electric motor with direct shaft rotation, but one of his most important discoveries was electroplating - the process of depositing metal on a mold, allowing the creation of perfect copies of the original object. In this way, for example, sculptures were created on the naves of St. Isaac's Cathedral. Galvanoplasty can be used even at home. The electroforming method and its derivatives have found numerous applications. With its help, everything has not been done and is still not being done, right down to the cliché of state banks. Jacobi received the Demidov Prize for this discovery in Russia, and a large gold medal in Paris. Possibly also made using this same method.Electric car
In the last third of the 19th century, the world was gripped by a form of electrical fever. That’s why electric cars were made by everyone who wasn’t too lazy. This was the golden age of electric cars. The cities were smaller, and a range of 60 km on a single charge was quite acceptable. One of the enthusiasts was engineer Ippolit Romanov, who by 1899 had created several models of electric cabs. But that’s not even the main thing. Romanov invented and created in metal an electric omnibus for 17 passengers, developed a scheme of city routes for these ancestors of modern trolleybuses and received permission to work. True, at your own personal commercial peril and risk. The inventor was unable to find the required amount, much to the joy of his competitors - owners of horse-drawn horses and numerous cab drivers. However, the working electric omnibus aroused great interest among other inventors and remained in the history of technology as an invention killed by the municipal bureaucracy. Pipeline transport
It is difficult to say what is considered the first real pipeline. One may recall the proposal of Dmitry Mendeleev, dating back to 1863, when he proposed to deliver oil from the production sites to the Baku oil fields. seaport not in barrels, but through pipes. Mendeleev's proposal was not accepted, and two years later the first pipeline was built by the Americans in Pennsylvania. As always, when something is done abroad, they begin to do it in Russia. Or at least allocate money. In 1877, Alexander Bari and his assistant Vladimir Shukhov again came up with the idea of pipeline transport, already relying on American experience and again on the authority of Mendeleev. As a result, Shukhov built the first oil pipeline in Russia in 1878, proving the convenience and practicality of pipeline transport. The example of Baku, which was then one of the two leaders in world oil production, became infectious, and “getting on the pipe” became the dream of any enterprising person. In the photo: a view of a three-furnace cube. Baku, 1887 Arc welding
Nikolai Benardos comes from Novorossiysk Greeks who lived on the Black Sea coast. He is the author of more than a hundred inventions, but he went down in history thanks to the electric arc welding of metals, which he patented in 1882 in Germany, France, Russia, Italy, England, the USA and other countries, calling his method “electrohephaestus”. Benardos's method spread across the planet like wildfire. Instead of fiddling with rivets and bolts, it was enough to simply weld pieces of metal. However, it took about half a century for welding to finally take a dominant position among installation methods. A seemingly simple method is to create an electric arc between a consumable electrode in the welder’s hands and the pieces of metal that need to be welded. But the solution is elegant. True, it did not help the inventor meet old age with dignity; he died in poverty in 1905 in an almshouse. Multi-engine aircraft
Multi-engine aircraft “Ilya Muromets” It’s hard to believe now, but a little over a hundred years ago it was believed that a multi-engine aircraft would be extremely difficult and dangerous to fly. The absurdity of these statements was proved by Igor Sikorsky, who in the summer of 1913 took into the air a twin-engine aircraft called Le Grand, and then its four-engine version, the Russian Knight. On February 12, 1914 in Riga, at the training ground of the Russian-Baltic plant, the four-engine Ilya Muromets took off. There were 16 passengers on board the four-engine plane - an absolute record for that time. The plane had a comfortable cabin, heating, a bath with toilet and... a promenade deck. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the aircraft, in the summer of 1914, Igor Sikorsky flew on the Ilya Muromets from St. Petersburg to Kyiv and back, setting a world record. During World War I, these aircraft became the world's first heavy bombers. Helicopter and quadroplane
Igor Sikorsky also created the first production helicopter, the R-4, or S-47, which the Vought-Sikorsky company began producing in 1942. It was the first and only helicopter to serve in World War II, in the Pacific theater of operations, as a staff transport and for casualty evacuation. However, it is unlikely that the US military department would have allowed Igor Sikorsky to boldly experiment with helicopter technology if not for the amazing rotary-wing machine of George Botezat, who in 1922 began testing his helicopter, which the American military ordered him. The helicopter was the first to actually take off from the ground and be able to stay in the air. The possibility of vertical flight was thus proven. Botezat's helicopter was called the "flying octopus" because of its interesting design. It was a quadcopter: four propellers were placed at the ends of metal trusses, and the control system was located in the center - exactly like modern radio-controlled drones. Color photo
Color photography appeared at the end of the 19th century, but photographs of that time were characterized by a shift to one or another part of the spectrum. Russian photographer Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky was one of the best in Russia and, like many of his colleagues around the world, dreamed of achieving the most natural color rendition. In 1902, Prokudin-Gorsky studied color photography in Germany with Adolf Miethe, who by that time was a worldwide star of color photography. Returning home, Prokudin-Gorsky began to improve the chemistry of the process and in 1905 he patented his own sensitizer, that is, a substance that increases the sensitivity of photographic plates. As a result, he was able to produce negatives of exceptional quality. Prokudin-Gorsky organized a number of expeditions across the territory Russian Empire, photographing famous people (for example, Leo Tolstoy), and peasants, temples, landscapes, factories - thus creating an amazing collection of colored Russia. Prokudin-Gorsky's demonstrations aroused great interest in the world and pushed other specialists to develop new principles of color printing. Parachute
Gleb Kotelnikov with his invention As you know, the idea of a parachute was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, and several centuries later, with the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps from balloons began: parachutes were suspended under them in a partially opened state. In 1912, the American Barry was able to leave the plane with such a parachute and, importantly, landed on the ground alive. The problem was solved in every possible way. For example, the American Stefan Banich made a parachute in the form of an umbrella with telescopic spokes that were attached around the pilot’s torso. This design worked, although it was still not very convenient. But engineer Gleb Kotelnikov decided that it was all about the material, and made his parachute from silk, packing it in a compact backpack. Kotelnikov patented his invention in France on the eve of the First World War. But besides the backpack parachute, he came up with another interesting thing. He tested the opening ability of the parachute by opening it while the car was moving, which literally stood rooted to the spot. So Kotelnikov came up with a braking parachute as an emergency braking system for aircraft. Theremin
The history of this musical instrument, which produces strange, “cosmic” sounds, began with the development of alarm systems. It was then that the descendant of the French Huguenots, Lev Theremin, in 1919, drew attention to the fact that changing the position of the body near the antennas of the oscillatory circuits affects the volume and tonality of the sound in the control speaker. Everything else was a matter of technique. And marketing: Theremin showed his musical instrument the leader of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin, an enthusiast of the cultural revolution, and then demonstrated it in the States. The life of Lev Theremin was difficult; he knew ups, glory, and camps. His musical instrument still lives today. The coolest version is the Moog Etherwave. The theremin can be heard among the most advanced and quite pop performers. This is truly an invention for all times. Color television
Vladimir Zvorykin was born into a merchant family in the city of Murom. Since childhood, the boy had the opportunity to read a lot and carry out all sorts of experiments - his father encouraged this passion for science in every possible way. Having started studying in St. Petersburg, he learned about cathode ray tubes and came to the conclusion that the future of television lay in electronic circuits. Zvorykin was lucky; he left Russia on time in 1919. He worked for many years and in the early 30s he patented a transmitting television tube - an iconoscope. Even earlier, he designed one of the variants of the receiving tube - a kinescope. And then, already in the 1940s, he split the light beam into blue, red and green colors and got color TV. In addition, Zvorykin developed a night vision device, an electron microscope and many other interesting things. He invented throughout his long life and even in retirement continued to amaze with his new solutions. Video recorder
The AMPEX company was created in 1944 by Russian emigrant Alexander Mikhailovich Ponyatov, who took three letters of his initials for the name and added EX - short for “excellent”. At first, Ponyatov produced sound recording equipment, but in the early 50s he focused on developing video recording. By that time, there had already been experiments in recording television images, but they required huge amount tapes. Ponyatov and colleagues proposed recording the signal across the tape using a block of rotating heads. On November 30, 1956, the first previously recorded CBS News aired. And in 1960, the company, represented by its leader and founder, received an Oscar for its outstanding contribution to the technical equipment of the film and television industry. Fate brought Alexander Ponyatov together with interesting people. He was a competitor of Zvorykin, Ray Dolby, the creator of the famous noise reduction system, worked with him, and one of the first clients and investors was the famous Bing Crosby. And one more thing: by order of Poniatov, birch trees were necessarily planted near any office - in memory of the Motherland. Tetris
A long time ago, 30 years ago, the “Pentamino” puzzle was popular in the USSR: you had to place various figures consisting of five squares on a lined field. Even collections of problems were published, and the results were discussed. From a mathematical point of view, such a puzzle was an excellent test for a computer. And so, a researcher at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Alexey Pajitnov, wrote such a program for his computer “Electronics 60”. But there wasn’t enough power, and Alexey removed one cube from the figures, that is, he made a “tetromino”. Well, then the idea came to have the figures fall into the “glass”. This is how Tetris was born. It was the first computer game from behind the Iron Curtain, and for many people the first computer game at all. And although many new toys have already appeared, Tetris still attracts with its apparent simplicity and real complexity. Famous inventors of the world have created many useful things for humanity. Their benefit to society is difficult to overestimate. Many ingenious discoveries have saved more than one life. Who are they - inventors known for their unique developments?
Archimedes
This man was not only a great mathematician. Thanks to him, the whole world learned what a mirror and a siege weapon are. One of the most famous developments is the Archimedes screw (auger), with which you can effectively bail out water. It is noteworthy that this technology is still used today.
Leonardo da Vinci
Inventors, known for their brilliant ideas, did not always have the opportunity to bring their ideas to life. For example, drawings of a parachute, an airplane, a robot, a tank and a bicycle, which appeared as a result of the painstaking work of Leonardo da Vinci, are still for a long time remained unclaimed. At that time, there were simply no engineers or capabilities to implement such grandiose plans.
Thomas Edison
The inventor of the phonograph, kinescope and telephone microphone was the most famous. In January 1880, he filed a patent for an incandescent lamp, which later made Edison famous throughout the planet. However, some do not consider him a genius, noting that the inventors known for their inventions worked alone. As for Edison, a whole group of people helped him.
Nikola Tesla
The great inventions of this genius were brought to life only after his death. Everything is explained simply: Tesla was so powerful that no one knew about his work. Thanks to the efforts of the scientist, a multiphase system was discovered electric current, which led to the emergence of commercial electricity. In addition, he formed the foundations of robotics, nuclear physics, computer science and ballistics.
Alexander Graham Bell
Many inventors, famous for their discoveries, have helped make our lives even better. The same can be said about Alexander Bell. Thanks to his painstaking work, people were able to communicate freely, being thousands of kilometers away from each other, and all thanks to the telephone. Bell also invented the audiometer, a special device that detects deafness; treasure hunting device - a prototype of a modern metal detector; the world's first airplane; a model of a submarine, which Alexander himself called a hydrofoil boat.
Karl Benz
This scientist successfully realized the main idea of his life: a vehicle with a motor. It is thanks to him that we have the opportunity to drive cars today. Another valuable invention of Benz was the internal combustion engine. Later, a car manufacturing company was organized, which today is known throughout the world. This is a Mercedes Benz.
Edwin Land
This famous French inventor devoted his life to photography. In 1926 he managed to open the new kind polarizer, later called “Polaroid”. Land founded Polaroid and filed patents for another 535 inventions.
Charles Babbage
This English scientist worked on creating the first computer back in the nineteenth century. It was he who called the unique device a computing machine. Since at that time humanity did not have necessary knowledge and experience, Babbage's efforts were unsuccessful. However, the brilliant ideas did not sink into oblivion: Konrad Zuse was able to implement them in the mid-twentieth century.
Benjamin Franklin
This famous politician, writer, diplomat, satirist and statesman was also a scientist. The great inventions of mankind that saw the light of day thanks to Franklin are the flexible urinary catheter and the lightning rod. Interesting fact: Benjamin, as a matter of principle, did not patent any of his discoveries, because he believed that they were all the property of mankind.
Jerome Hal Lemelson
Such great inventions of mankind as the fax machine, the cordless telephone, the automated warehouse and the magnetic tape cassette were introduced to the general public by Jerome Lemelson. In addition, these scientists developed diamond coating technology and some medical devices that help in the treatment of cancer.
Mikhail Lomonosov
This recognized genius of various sciences organized the first university in Russia. Mikhail Vasilyevich's most famous personal invention is an aerodynamic machine. It was intended for raising special meteorological instruments. According to many experts, Lomonosov is the author of the prototype of modern aircraft.
Ivan Kulibin
It’s not for nothing that they call this man the brightest representative eighteenth century. Ivan Petrovich Kulibin was interested in the principles of mechanics from early childhood. Thanks to his work, we now use navigation instruments, alarm clocks, and water-powered engines. For that time, these inventions were something of a fantasy. The genius's surname even became a household name. Kulibin is now called a person who has the ability to make amazing discoveries.
Sergey Korolev
His areas of interest were manned astronautics, aircraft engineering, design of rocket and space systems and missile weapons. Sergei Pavlovich contributed significantly to the exploration of outer space. He created the Vostok and Voskhod spaceships, the 217 anti-aircraft missile and the 212 long-range missile, as well as a rocket plane equipped with a rocket engine.
Alexander Popov
And this radio receiver is precisely this Russian scientist. The unique discovery was preceded by years of research into the nature and propagation of radio waves.
The brilliant physicist and electrical engineer was born into the family of a priest. Alexander had six more brothers and sisters. Already in childhood, he was jokingly called a professor, since Popov was a shy, thin, awkward guy who couldn’t stand fights and noisy games. At the Perm Theological Seminary, Alexander Stepanovich began to study physics based on Gano’s book. His favorite pastime was assembling simple technical devices. The acquired skills were later very useful to Popov when creating physical devices for your own critical research.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
The discoveries of this great Russian inventor made it possible to bring aerodynamics and astronautics to new level. In 1897, Konstantin Eduardovich finished working on the wind tunnel. Thanks to allocated subsidies, he calculated the resistance of a sphere, cylinder and other bodies. The data obtained were subsequently widely used by Nikolai Zhukovsky in his works.
In 1894, Tsiolkovsky designed an airplane with a metal frame, but the opportunity to build such an apparatus appeared only twenty years later.
Controversial issue. The inventor of the light bulb - who is he?
The creation of a device that produces light has been worked on since ancient times. The prototype of modern lamps were clay vessels with wicks made of cotton threads. The ancient Egyptians poured into such containers olive oil and set it on fire. Residents of the Caspian Sea coast used different fuel material- oil. The first candles made in the Middle Ages consisted of beeswax. The well-known Leonardo da Vinci worked hard to create the world's first safe lighting fixture invented in the nineteenth century.
The debate about who should be awarded the honorary title “Inventor of the Light Bulb” is still ongoing. The first is often called Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov, who worked as an electrical engineer all his life. He created not only a lamp, but also an electric candle. The latter device has become widespread in street lighting. The miracle candle burned for an hour and a half, after which the janitor had to change it for a new one.
In 1872-1873 Russian engineer-inventor Lodygin created electric lamp in its modern understanding. At first, it emitted light for thirty minutes, and after pumping out the air from the device, this time increased significantly. In addition, Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan claimed primacy in the invention of the incandescent lamp.
Conclusion
Inventors around the world have given us many devices that make life more comfortable and varied. Progress does not stand still, and if a few centuries ago there simply weren’t enough technical capabilities to implement all the ideas, today it is much easier to bring ideas to life.
When they tell you that Russia is the birthplace of bast shoes and balalaikas, grin in this person’s face and list at least 10 points from this list. I think it's a shame not to know such things.
And this is just a small part:
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zvorykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and television broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - inventor of the world's first airplane
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spaceship, the first satellite of the Earth
8. A.M.Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world’s first woman professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first crawler tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - three-dimensional animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, steering wheel, turning wheel
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction combine
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvesting machine
19. V.P. Demikhov was the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - geochemistry of isotopes
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov - the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk); also, under his leadership, the world's first H-bomb 400 kt power, blown up on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 (Tsar Bomba) thermonuclear bomb with a record power of 52,000 kilotons.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V. P. Vologdin - the world's first high-voltage mercury rectifier with a liquid cathode, developed induction furnaces for the use of high frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric/thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented the stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V.G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K.Nartov - built the first in the world lathe with movable support
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course physical chemistry, first discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the design of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. V.V. Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world, he invented a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of “non-Euclidean geometry”
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar track
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroplating and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I.Zhuravsky - first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world, compiled the atlas “Topographic Anatomy”, which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, plaster and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - first formulated the basic principles of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work “Reflexes of the Brain”
47. D.I.Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law chemical elements, creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world, developed a system of simultaneous telephone and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world, he developed a design for a rocket aircraft
52. N.N.Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V.I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created a photocell based on the external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible photosensitive non-flammable film, formed the basis for the creation of cinematography
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F. Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world he created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V.I. Vernadsky - naturalist, creator of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, was the first in the world to use lighting effects in the symphonic poem “Prometheus”
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first obtained artificial rubber
69. G.A. Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world, established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as we know, this was confirmed when filming our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first highly effective coal gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered the divisibility of the gene
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zawoisky discovered electrical paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered the pedogenesis of insects
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform surgery to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - first used blood transfusions of suddenly deceased people in the clinic
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted the existence and first created piezoelectric textures
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion excitation theory
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - physicist, equation of energy motion, concept of energy flow; By the way, he was the first to explain, practically and without ether, the misconceptions of the theory of relativity
84. E.S. Fedorov - founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a rangefinder for artillerymen
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit cards and a method of single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (nuclear radiation detector in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - Ch points (critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov is not the same Kalashnikov, but another who was the first in the world to equip river ships with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov is a mathematician who created the theory of stability, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as L.’s theorem (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov’s laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out bessemerization of copper matte and obtain blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov is a scientist who developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balsam Sh. (vinyline)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn - plant physiologist, first developed a method for carrying out photosynthetic processes under artificial light
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two great theories - thermal calculation aircraft engines and air-breathing engines
105. A.I. Leypunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for producing armor plates using the rolling method
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal miner (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first artificial blood circulation apparatus in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world, he proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - Colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov is an inventor, the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian trip around the world, studied the islands Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and Fr. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world’s first icebreaker of a modern type is the steamship of the Russian fleet “Pilot” (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker is “Ermak”, built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarova.
Our country is rich in talented scientists and inventors, whose work has made a huge contribution not only to the development of their own country, but also has become the property of world science and culture. Many of the brilliant scientists, whose inventions are used by the whole world, are unfairly forgotten or even unknown in their homeland.
We invite you to get acquainted with the best inventions and the most significant scientists, engineers and discoverers from Russia who deserve recognition.
01. VCR
Alexander PonyatovThe first working prototype and production model of the VCR was developed by the American company AMPEX, which was founded in 1944 by a Russian emigrant, Kazan engineer Alexander Matveevich Ponyatov.
The company name Ampex is an acronym formed from the first letters of the creator’s name and the word “experimental” - Alexander M. Poniatoff EXperimental.
At the beginning of its journey, the company was engaged in the production and development of sound recording equipment, but in the first half of the 50s it reoriented itself to the development of video recording devices and media for them.
At that time, there was already experience in recording images from a television screen, but recording devices required an incredibly large amount of tape. AMPEX invented a way to record images perpendicular to tape using rotating head units. The invention received quick recognition, and already in November 1956, a news broadcast was broadcast on the CBS television channel, which was recorded on Alexander Ponyatov’s VCR.
In 1960, the company and its founder received an Oscar for their invention, which made enormous contributions to the film and television industries.
The name of Alexander Ponyatov was little known to the general public in the USSR, however, in the USA, after the death of the engineer in 1982, the American Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, noting his outstanding contribution to the development of television technology, established the “Gold Medal named after. Poniatoff" (SMPTE Poniatoff Gold Medal), awarded for achievements in the field of magnetic recording of electrical signals.
Being and living far from his homeland, Alexander Ponyatov never ceased to miss his native land, how else can one explain the massive planting of birch trees at the main entrance of all AMPEX company offices. Alexander Matveevich personally ordered this.
02. Tetris
Alexey Pajitnov with his son About 30 years ago in the Soviet Union, a certain puzzle called “Pentamino” was very popular. Its essence was to construct figures on lined fields. The popularity of the puzzle reached such a level that special collections with problems were created and published, where some of the pages were devoted to solving problems from previous issues of the collections.
This game, from a mathematical point of view, was an excellent test for a computer system. In this regard, Alexey Pajitnov, a researcher at the USSR Academy of Sciences, developed a computer program similar to a puzzle for his “Electronics 60”. There was not enough capacity to create the classic version of the puzzle, where the field consisted of 5 cubes, so the field was reduced to 4 cells and a system for falling pieces was created. This is how one of the most popular computer games in the world - Tetris.
Despite modern development technology, Tetris is still very popular, and other games for smartphones and computers are being developed based on it.
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03. Galvanoplasty
Moritz Hermann Jacobi is a German and Russian physicist and inventor. In Russian style - Boris Semenovich Jacobi. They came into our lives so long ago plastic products, which have a thin metal coating that we no longer notice the difference. There are also metal products that are coated with thin layers of other metals, and exact metal replicas of products with a non-metallic base.
This opportunity arose thanks to the brilliant physicist Boris Jacobi, who invented the “galvanoplasty” method. The electroforming method involves depositing metals onto molds to produce perfect copies of the original objects.
This method is widely used in many manufacturing areas around the world and is extremely popular due to its simplicity and high cost-effectiveness.
Boris Semenovich Jacobi became famous not only for the discovery of galvanoplasty. He also built the first electric motor, a telegraph machine that printed letters.
Until the summer of 2017, the grave of the great scientist Boris Semenovich Jacobi looked like this, despite the fact that it is under state protection!
The grave of Boris Semyonovich Jacobi Restoration was planned by an initiative group from St. Petersburg, but there is still no exact information about the work carried out.
04. Electric cars
The end of the 19th century was characterized by a huge increase in popularity for electric transport and vehicles without internal combustion engines. In those days, every self-respecting engineer developed and designed an electric car. The cities were small size, so a range of several tens of kilometers on a single charge was quite enough for comfortable use of cars.
One of the enthusiasts was Ippolit Romanov, who created several decent electric vehicle models, which for a variety of reasons were not commercially successful.
The first Russian electric car and its creator - Russian engineer-inventor - Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov Moreover, he designed an electric multi-passenger vehicle that was capable of carrying 17 passengers and developed a city route map. This project was supposed to become the progenitor of modern trams, but he was not destined to come to life due to the lack required quantity investors.
However, Ippolit Romanov is considered one of the first inventors of electric vehicles, which this moment enjoyed enormous popularity, and was the first inventor of the progenitor of the modern tram.
05. Electric arc welding
Nikolai Nikolaevich Benardos is a Russian engineer, inventor of electric arc welding, spot and seam contact welding. An electric arc welding method that relies on the physical action of an electric arc that is created between an electrode and pieces of metal. This method was patented in 1888 by Nikolai Benardos, a native of Novorossiysk Greeks.
Inventions this method allowed to significantly reduce the cost various types installation work, as well as increase the speed of their implementation and the level of reliability. After its invention, the method spread extremely quickly throughout the world and, in less than 50 years, took a leading position in many areas where fastening metal structures is necessary.
Despite hundreds of his inventions, including electric arc welding, the inventor did not gain fame and died in 1905 alone and in poverty.
06. Helicopter
The first person in the world to design and build a helicopter was Russian engineer Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky. The first production models, called R-4, were created in 1942.
Igor Sikorsky In addition, Igor Sikorsky was one of the first inventors and testers of multi-engine aircraft, which at that time were considered too dangerous and uncontrollable.
In 1913, Sikorsky managed to lift into the air a four-engine Russian Knight aircraft, and in 1914 he set a record for flight duration, covering the distance between St. Petersburg and Kiev on an aircraft of this type.
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07. Color photographs
Self-portrait of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky. January 1, 1912, Library of Congress The first color printing was invented at the end of the 19th century, however, photographs of that time were distinguished by a colossal shift in spectra, which made the quality of the images far from ideal.
The domestic photographer has been studying color photography technology for a long time, Special attention he paid attention to the chemical component of the process. Thanks to painstaking work in 1905, he managed to invent and patent a unique substance to increase the sensitivity of a photographic plate. The chemical reagent allowed to significantly improve the quality of color photographs and stimulated the development of color photography throughout the world.
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