Residents of multi-storey buildings are often interested in the following questions: how to properly use a balcony and what is the permissible load on the loggia? According to the rules, all work related to the installation or redevelopment of a loggia must comply with SNIP. These standards predetermine the safe operation of the structure and are established depending on the type of structure. Depending on the composition of the building: brick or panels, balcony slabs may vary.
Operating rules
By established rules It is not allowed to store heavy objects or debris on the balcony. Unauthorized construction of the space between balconies is also prohibited. To prevent leaks or freezing in the duct, high-quality sealing and insulation must be performed. This can be done using foam rubber, felt or tow. To maintain sufficient temperature and humidity, the openings should be equipped with special polyurethane foam gaskets, which will need to be replaced after at least 5 years.
Appearance
Everything that serves as decoration: various fences, water drains, and flower boxes should be periodically updated. They should be painted with paints that are resistant to weather conditions. The paint color must be selected so that it matches the shade of the facade. The form, as well as the location of the florist, must correspond to the legal architectural project the buildings. They must be installed on special pallets, maintaining a gap from the wall of approximately 0.5 m.
In some apartment buildings, loggias have an external staircase, which connects the balconies in stages and is an emergency loophole.
Doors leading to these stairs must not contain any latches on the outside. Loggias through which evacuation will take place should not be glazed.
Structural load
How can you find out how much weight a loggia can support? different houses? Any building during construction has special calculations. These documents indicate how much the structure can be loaded and how many people can be on it. There are certain indicators by which you can make calculations and find out the required standards.
A separate SNIP has all the calculations of loads on certain structures. When calculating, it is necessary to take into account the full and reduced values of the requirements.
Taking into account the initial construction of the entire house, you can find out what the permissible load on the balcony will be:
Calculations
If citizens independently expand their living space, then another question arises: what can be the maximum load on the balcony? In this case, it is worth paying attention to the year the house was built, as well as the quality of construction.
According to standard rules, the maximum load on a balcony slab can be 220 kg/km2. But, another indicator is established by law - 112 kg/m2.
The slab, which has a size of 0.8 x 3.2 m, is designed for 286 kilos. It is important to consider the number of years it has been used. After all, if it is already more than 40 years old, then its strength is lost by about 70%. Such structures should not be overloaded to prevent them from collapsing.
Glazing is an additional load on the balcony
Lately, to escape the cold winters, many residents have glazed their balconies, and this is also an additional burden. To make calculations, it is important to know the following indicators:
- Weight exterior finishing balcony for 1 p/m.
- Stained glass window made of plastic, 1.5 m high and double glazing, weighing 55 kg.
- Siding with finishing elements per 1 m2 - 5 kg.
- Plastic trim – 5 kg.
Taking these indicators into account, the final load is 65 kilos, while the standard load is 50 kilos. It turns out that 15 kilos are extra. Therefore, before making calculations, it is necessary to carry out a preliminary inspection of the balcony. Light materials should be used for finishing: sandwich panels or siding.
On loggias, which themselves are heavy, glazing is extremely dangerous.
Permissible loads
For execution accurate calculations it is necessary to build on existing indicators. You can find out how much weight a kilogram of finishing or insulation can hold on a balcony if, for order, we take the load-bearing capacity of the loggia - 1770 kg. Distribute the weight loads over several points:
- on average, three people weighing 80 kg is 240 kg;
- various devices and items – 175 kg;
- load of rainwater or snow – 200 kg.
It turns out that the unglazed balcony receives a load - 615 kilos in our case. Taking into account the indicator before glazing, the mass is 922.5 kilos. This means that 847.5 kilos are needed for all materials to complete the finishing. For details on how to properly decorate a balcony, watch this video:
Materials and their weight
Now you need to find out what weight a balcony in a panel house will withstand after glazing. To do this, you need to calculate the weight of the materials: PVC blocks together with double-glazed windows - 80 kg x 6 = 480 kg. There remains a reserve of 367 kg. But, in any case, leave 100 kg in reserve. 267 kg are needed for cladding materials.
Before placing any objects on the balcony and planning the functionality of the room, you should accurately calculate the required load that it will withstand.
Today we will talk about how to properly operate balconies and what the permissible load on a balcony should be.
According to Gosstroy Resolution No. 170 “On approval of rules and regulations technical operation housing stock", littering, pollution, improper use, as well as placing bulky and heavy things on balconies and loggias, unauthorized installation of balconies, loggias, and building up the space between balconies is not allowed.
In the event of an emergency condition of balconies and loggias, it is necessary to close and seal the entrances to them, carry out security work and take measures to restore them.
To prevent leaks and freezing in places where walls meet and fill window (balcony) openings, the perimeter of window (balcony) frames must be sealed and insulated (felt, tow, foam rubber, etc.) with a compression of 30 - 50%.
In order to save fuel and improve the temperature and humidity conditions of the premises, window (balcony) openings should be equipped with sealing gaskets, preferably made of polyurethane foam (foam rubber), which must be replaced at least once every 5 years.
Don't forget about appearance balconies (loggias). Metal fencing, black steel drains and flower boxes must be periodically painted with weather-resistant paints. The color of the paint must correspond to that specified in the color passport of the facade.
The location, shape and fastening of flower boxes must correspond to the accepted project and architectural solution building. Flower boxes should be installed on pallets, with a gap from the wall of at least 50 mm; if the project does not provide for special external fastenings, the boxes should be installed with inside fencing of balconies (loggias).
If the balcony is glazed, the windows should be painted once every 5 years.
In a number apartment buildings balconies or loggias equipped external staircase connecting balconies or loggias floor by floor are considered emergency exits.
Doors leading to staircases should not have locks or other locks on the outside. In addition, balconies or loggias through which evacuation is carried out should not be glazed.
It is also not allowed to clutter loggias or balconies with household items (furniture, containers, etc.).
Special attention should be paid to the possible load on the balcony, since many residents of our country use it as a storage room. In accordance with SNiP 2.01.
07-85 “Loads and Impacts”, a uniform strip load on an area 0.8 m wide along the balcony railing should be 400 kg/m2. Over the entire area of the balcony slab – 200 kg/m2.
The horizontal load on the handrails of the balcony railings is 30 kg/m2.
How to calculate the load on a balcony slab?
If we rely on the SNiP “Loads and Impacts” data, then the maximum load along the edge of the balcony (0.8 m wide strip) will be 400 kg/m2, i.e. stress on linear meter edges of the balcony – 320 kg/m.p.Standard design load– 112 kg/m.p. But each series of houses may have its own indicators!
According to you specifically, I don’t know! But in any case - no more!
In your option - along the blind part of the balcony (side walls) the load will be about 240 kg/m.p. when using slotted bricks and 340 kg/m.p. when using solid brick. I wonder how to seal a slotted brick on an edge? Plaster! And the weight of the plaster! The front wall with double-glazed windows will give a load of about 180 kg/m.p. ( solid brick per 1 m height).
I hope outdoor and interior decoration it will be light, for example - siding!
This means that you do not reach the maximum load, which seems good! But you significantly exceed the standard load. This is already bad! Your house is not very new. Wear is probably more than 30%, which means the load-bearing capacity of the balcony slab is also reduced. About the same, by 30%. It’s true that they built with reserves! But with what, and how were they built?
You can hope you get lucky! And if not?
In general, you need to do technical inspection balcony! Better use lighter materials. Double-glazed window with a bottom blind sandwich,
lightweight insulated partitions, etc.
Every time before deciding to weld a balcony with a dubious slab, I suggest that the client load the balcony slab, naturally having first examined its wear. Gradually loading the slab up to 300 kg per sq.m.
IN regulatory document SNiP 2.01.
07-85* “Loads and impacts” gives permissible loads for various structural elements buildings, including balcony slabs. Standard values for uniformly distributed temporary loads on floor slabs, including balcony slabs, are given in Table 3 of this standard (clause 3.5, SNiP 2.01.07-85*).
Position 10 of Table 3 indicates that the standard load values for balconies and loggias, taking into account the load, are:
a) uniform strip on an area 0.8 m wide along the fencing of a balcony or loggia - 4.0 kPa (400 kgf/m²)
b) continuous, uniform over the area of a balcony or loggia, the impact of which is not more favorable than that determined by position 10a - 2.0 kPa (200 kgf/m²)
According to the SNiP 2.01 standard.
07-85* load-bearing elements of floors, coverings, stairs and balconies (loggias) are checked by manufacturers of reinforced concrete products for a concentrated vertical load applied to the element in an unfavorable position on a square area with sides of no more than 100 mm (in the absence of other temporary loads). In this case, the values of standard concentrated loads, if in the construction task based on technological solutions higher ones are not provided, the following should be adopted (clause 3.10, SNiP 2.01.07-85*):
for floors and stairs - 1.5 kN (150 kgf);
For attic floors, coverings, terraces and balconies – 1.0 kN (100 kgf).
The value of the payload, such as equipment and people, is determined by the purpose of the building and space. For an apartment in a residential building, the payload is 150 kgf/m².
To calculate the value of the total loads acting on the balcony slab, it is necessary to multiply the weight of the floor and the payload by the safety factors:
g f – reliability factor for load (floor weight – g f =1.2 and payload of an apartment in a residential building – g f =1.3); g n – reliability factor for the purpose of the building (residential and public buildings– g n =0.95, one-story residential buildings – g n =0.9).
However, it is necessary to keep in mind the degree of deterioration of the balcony, which is determined by the table of this document, as well as the deterioration of the walls, which is determined according to the document DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING STANDARDS VSN 53-86(R) “RULES FOR ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL WEAR OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS” (APPROVED BY ORDER OF THE USSR GOSPEL BUILDING DATED DECEMBER 24 1986 N 446)
Laying a foam block parapet on a loggia
When glazing a loggia plastic windows in most cases, it is necessary to make masonry parapets and side partition walls from foam blocks or hollow (lightweight) bricks. Let's look at cases where the use of foam block masonry on loggias is mandatory. We will also consider the advantages of masonry produced by LOGIA.RU specialists
8 advantages of our masonry:
Foam block masonry is additionally reinforced by us with metal inserts into the side reinforced concrete/brick walls of the loggia - this gives high stability to the masonry! Foam block masonry over 3 meters long in a straight line is additionally reinforced by us in each seam metal mesh(photo>>) and/or metal reinforcement > 10 mm in diameter - this gives high rigidity to the masonry and is strictly necessary so that the masonry does not swing and does not move freely. Foam block masonry on each loggia attached to the room, regardless of its length and location (number of storeys) we additionally reinforce each seam with metal mesh and/or metal reinforcement > 10mm in diameter! This is strictly necessary to ensure and increase the level of your safety! The masonry is made from high-density foam block brand D600 - which means that the density foam concrete block equal to 600 kg/m3. Foam block brand D600 belongs to the structural and thermal insulation type of foam concrete, i.e. is a material of thermal insulation class and is intended for the construction of load-bearing walls (strength class - B2.5 and higher). The foam block of this brand has a frost resistance coefficient of F15-F35, which makes it possible to use it in our winter conditions. The acoustic properties of such a foam block are such that sound is absorbed in it without being reflected, unlike walls made of heavy concrete or brick. It absorbs low noise frequencies especially well, which is very important for apartment owners whose windows and loggias overlook noisy automobile avenues. Due to long internal maturation, the thermal insulation and strength properties of the foam block only improve over time. The foam block masonry is additionally protected from precipitation by installing plastic siding/sheets and corners of galvanized straight or corrugated steel/asbestos cement sheets on the metal parapet with additional processing of all joints and junctions with silicone or polyurethane one-component low-temperature sealant. Foam block masonry in winter conditions produced by us down to minus 10°C using specialized antifreeze additive(potash). The freezing point of a solution saturated with this additive is minus 37°C, which allows the solution to dry in the cold rather than harden! The reliability of the masonry depends on the quality of the mounting mixture used for interblock joints. We use a strictly factory mixture of the M200, M300 brands. The laying of the parapet is carried out in compliance with the horizontal and vertical levels, which is necessary for the subsequent installation of glazing and carrying out work on insulation and finishing of the loggia.
Laying a foam block parapet is necessary when:
a metal parapet is initially installed on the loggia, on which plastic windows cannot be installed - in this case, we lay the parapet from a foam block parallel to the metal parapet
a reinforced concrete parapet is initially installed on the loggia, which is in the air and attached to the walls using metal plates/corners and welded joints— in this case, we lay the foam block parapet parallel to the reinforced concrete parapet
between your and the neighboring loggias there is a metal shield-partition made of asbestos-cement sheet. The partition is dismantled and in its place a partition wall from floor to ceiling made of foam block is erected (it is advisable to obtain the consent of the neighbor)
the level of the concrete parapet and the upper ceiling (i.e., the ceiling of the loggia) do not coincide in vertical level. In this case, thanks to the laying of a foam block parapet, it is possible to obtain an accurate window opening, and after PVC installation- windows to avoid freezing and water leakage onto the loggia.
It is important to know! We lay the parapet and side partition walls mainly from foam blocks and very rarely from lightweight ones ceramic bricks. Depending on the permissible load on concrete floor loggias (SNiP 2.01.07-85 loads and impacts) foam block or lightweight brick is used.
We recommend using foam block, because... Foam block masonry is much lighter than ceramic brick masonry. For comparison: weight 1 sq.m. a wall made of a single ceramic hollow brick is over 160 kg, while the weight of 1 sq.m. walls made of foam concrete D600 is no more than 70 kg! The difference is obvious.
When masonry is made from foam block prerequisite is to create additional protection against weather conditions, namely from direct moisture on the foam block itself. To do this, we install foam block protection on the parapet. At the same time, in order not to stand out from the general mass of loggias on the facade of the house, we offer several options for protecting the foam block from the street side.
The most common option for standard series of houses is to sheath the parapet with straight or corrugated sheets of galvanized steel. Sometimes plastic siding is used. Steel sheet is attached to the parapet using metal rivets, and each connection is treated with silicone sealant.
Another common solution in many series of houses is the installation of an asbestos-cement (aceid) sheet on the parapet as protection for the foam block. In this case, asbestos cement sheets are bolted to the metal parapet.
In some cases, on loggias with metal parapets it is possible (necessary) to enhance the support stability for loads under plastic glazing. In this case, additional horizontal and vertical reinforcing elements from a metal corner > or corrugated pipe > are installed and mechanically fastened onto the main metal parapet of the loggia.
We also offer and carry out an option without laying a parapet with foam blocks - this is glazing the loggia with plastic windows from floor to ceiling. It is important to correctly calculate the design of windows using reinforcing, expansion (additional) profiles and temperature compensators.
Most of all, such glazing is installed in modern monolithic brick houses with common facades.
It is important to know! When carrying out masonry work, you should know and remember that erecting masonry directly on the parapet itself in order to reduce the opening is a prohibited type of work. This not only distorts the architectural appearance of the building, but is also unacceptable according to the permitted loads on loggia floors (SNiP 2.01.07-85 loads and impacts)! Here are some examples:
It should also be understood that installation and masonry work on loggias should be entrusted to professionals in this field.
Sources:
http://www.lodjiya.ru/artlpages.php?id=74
Source: http://pilorama-lp.ru/nagruzka-na-balkon/
What weight can a balcony in a panel house withstand: how much can a balcony slab withstand?
Almost every apartment has a balcony or loggia. The difference between a balcony and a loggia is that the slab on which the entire structure rests protrudes above the facade of the house, while the loggia is a kind of niche, i.e. does not go beyond its limits.
The design feature of the balcony is such that three of the four sides monolithic slab do not have support, and this poses a potential risk of collapse due to increased pressure. This fact should make the owners think about what the maximum load on the balcony slab is.
There are many situations where considering the load weight limit is important. Moreover, violation of SNiP may result in an administrative fine.
Rice. 1 The maximum load on the balcony is 200 kg/m2
How do you know if a balcony can withstand new cladding?
Why is it important to know what load a concrete slab can withstand? First of all, for reasons of safety of yourself and others. There is always an example when a collapsed balcony slab caused a human tragedy and caused extensive material damage by falling on someone's car or underlying infrastructure.
Even relatively new houses, built 10-20 years ago, have load restrictions, even if the builders used reinforcement for the balcony slab.
And what can we say about Khrushchev, over 60 years old? Many old houses have an emergency status, this implies a constant danger of an accident when the balcony slab may not even withstand its own weight.
Under such circumstances, calculating the balcony slab is pointless.
IN everyday practice To find out how much weight a balcony can support, you need to:
- during repairs, glazing, insulation. sheathing;
- when you intend to install wooden / plastic windows;
- when you use it as a greenhouse, winter Garden, the only / additional pantry, storing old unnecessary things there;
- are you going to combine a balcony with a room, keep pieces of furniture there, household appliances.
In the case of combining a balcony with a room/kitchen, a BTI employee may be required to determine whether the balcony can withstand the expected load or not when coordinating the redevelopment with the combination of premises. It is necessary to find accurate technical data for the passport of a residential building when developing a project.
All the plans associated with the need to keep there a large number of things must be consistent with the technical parameters of the balcony slab. It should be borne in mind that the load capacity of the slab, which is about 1800 kg, and the permissible load are not identical concepts. There are many nuances here.
Main technical parameters of balcony slabs
The maximum permissible load on a balcony is specified by SNiP 2.01.07-85 with the calculation of kilograms per square meter. So, at the panel / brick house In normal operating condition, the maximum load is 200 kg/m2.
In total, in an average panel house, balcony slabs can withstand about 0.72 tons.
Rice. 2 When calculating the load, we take into account the weight of the cladding, glazing and precipitation
But this does not mean that you can immediately place heavy furniture and household appliances there with a total weight of more than 700 kg. It is important to consider other parameters:
- degree of wear (age) of the structure;
- presence/absence of glazing;
- weight of sheathing, insulation;
- apartment layout, balcony location (corner/facade);
- weight of possible precipitation (snow, rainwater).
The maximum load on the balcony, taking into account the weight of all structures (they include windows, transoms, wooden / plastic trim, used individually by owners for insulation and finishing) can be reduced by 100-150 kg.
It is also important to provide for the possibility of precipitation in winter in the form of snow, which can weigh up to 200 kg. In total, it becomes even easier to determine how much furniture/equipment can be stored and how much weight the balcony can support.
We subtract the weight of sliding windows from the resulting 720 kg window designs, sheathing, precipitation, we get 370 kg.
Don’t forget to take into account that people will periodically enter the balcony, so take the weight of three more people up to 80 kg, this will further reduce the load by 240 kg. Total for storing personal belongings, equipment, furniture, plants, various materials we have 130 kg left.
And this is if we take the new one as a standard panel house. For Khrushchev buildings, the maximum possible load can be up to 50-80% less than what we calculated for the panel one, i.e. 360-576 kg.
Considering the emergency condition and dilapidated balcony slabs, it is easy to understand: some balconies are not only unsuitable for storing things, but are simply dangerous. You cannot stand on them or go to the edge of the slab, because... There is always the possibility of collapse.
Remember, the load along the edge of the balcony will always be slightly higher according to the law of physics. Moreover, the thickness of a balcony slab in a Khrushchev-era building may be less than that of a panel slab.
Rice. 3 In dilapidated buildings, going out onto the balcony is simply dangerous
Important! The load on the loggia is not calculated as for the balcony, due to structural differences. Since the loggia is, in fact, part of the main floor slab of the house structure, the same SNiP standards apply there.
Maximum load on a balcony slab: how much can a balcony in a panel house withstand? Link to main publication
Balconies in Khrushchev-era houses, which were designed for a service life of 15–20 years, after this time often become dangerous for further use. Therefore, repairing a balcony slab is the only way to ensure safety, not only for yourself, but also for your neighbors below, if the balcony is located in a panel house on the second floor or higher. Such repairs involve either complete replacement slabs, or its high-quality strengthening. Sometimes it is possible to make the necessary changes in the design yourself.
Standard dimensions of balcony slabs:
- Length, mm – 3275;
- Width, mm – 800;
- Thickness, mm 150...220 (different thicknesses of the balcony slab are associated with different series of Khrushchev-era buildings that were erected).
In addition, concrete slabs for balconies are produced with a length range from 1200 mm to 7200 mm, with a width of 1200...1800 mm.
Loggia slabs have the same characteristics. The parameters of these products are regulated by GOST 25697-83, according to which they are divided into three groups:
- 1 Flat solid beam type (PB). In the monolithic version, they are part of the ceiling;
- 2 Flat solid console type(PBK). They are used only in Khrushchev buildings with heavy walls, withstanding a load of at least 110 kg/m2;
- 3 Ribbed cantilever type (PBR).
If you do a basic calculation of a balcony slab, you can come to the conclusion that latest version the presence of stiffeners in the design of the product increases the permissible loads. However, over time, strengthening the balcony slab becomes relevant for these cases.
Installation of balcony slabs in a panel house
The installation technology is determined by the material from which the walls of the building are constructed. For brick walls embedding is carried out in a niche limited by reinforced concrete support elements to a depth of at least 300 mm. In Khrushchev-era buildings, balcony slabs were clamped between blocks and then connected to them by welding. For this purpose, special anchor bolts are provided in the reinforcement frame.
You can strengthen the balcony in the following ways:
- Extending the balcony along the base of the slab without replacing it;
- Strengthening a balcony slab by reinforcing it;
- Complete replacement of a product that has become unusable when the maximum service life of the product has expired and reinforcement of the balcony is impossible;
- Strengthening the balcony parapet, for which its design is changed - the thickness of the rod, or its cross-section.
It is worth noting that it is theoretically possible to repair a balcony slab in a Khrushchev building with your own hands, but it is very dangerous, since it should be done exact calculation all arising loads and overturning moments. Not only the structure itself, for example, the dimensions of the console to be embedded, but also the attachment point for the console to the wall must be calculated. Most affordable option structures - embedding support slopes into the wall, which are welded to the lower plane of the balcony slab. From the point of view of structural mechanics, installing substitution struts from below is considered a more reliable option.
Important! It is mandatory to have the written consent of the neighbors below in case of installation of a strut during restoration concrete slab.
Installation of new balcony slabs is carried out only after the walls have been erected and the ceiling of the next floor has been installed. The product to be installed is lifted by a crane, a so-called mortar bed is arranged in the groove, after which the part is laid by installers strictly according to the markings, with a slight (no more than 1 0) slope in the opposite side. The horizontality of the installation is checked using a pair of building levels, and the presence of a longitudinal slope is unacceptable. Next, the steel parts of the slab and embedded parts are welded, the slab is anchored, and only after that the slings that held the balcony slab during installation are removed. This is done in the case when the width of the existing, still functional balcony is insufficient.
How to strengthen a balcony without replacing the balcony slab
Repair and strengthening of the balcony structure in Khrushchev is carried out in several ways:
- To reinforce a slab that is partially destroyed from below in order to extend its service life, the product is treated with concrete contact along the lower plane. However, the width cannot be changed. This restoration method is suitable only when no more than 10% of the main size of the reinforcement is affected by corrosion. This kind of work can be done with your own hands, not forgetting the safety rules.
- Strengthening balconies by installing an additional plate end-to-end to the bottom one, followed by welding the steel reinforcement elements together. This option is only possible for concrete walls.
- Do-it-yourself installation of additional side slopes. In this way, you can repair a balcony if the load on it is expected to increase, for example, as a result of glazing. The attachment point for balcony slabs in this case is the diameter of the jibs, the size of the anchors, and the method of installing them in the wall must be agreed upon with specialists. For buildings that are communally owned, an expert opinion will be required.
- Strengthening the balcony by replacing the parapet and/or railings. This method is often used when installing a glazing frame, especially if it is made of metal. This also needs to be done in case of obvious loss of parapet stability, and the process is quite accessible to do it yourself.
Advice! It is safer to do any restoration of the slab with your own hands from below, being in the cradle of the lift, and not on a safety rope attached to the balcony itself.
Any work related to the redevelopment of a balcony or apartment must comply with SNIP. This is a summary sanitary standards, which determine the safety of housing operation. They establish all the necessary standards depending on the type of structure. After all, for example, a balcony slab will differ, taking into account brick house this is a panel or Khrushchev building.
Balcony slab can withstand certain weight. A panel house has its own SNIP standards, a Khrushchev house and a brick house have theirs. Let's consider the basic provisions regarding the load. This information will be useful when deciding on major repairs of the balcony, as well as its insulation.
In order to calculate how much weight a balcony can support, you need to start from some indicators. Let's see how much the weight of materials for repair, finishing and insulation can be. To do this, let’s take the load-bearing capacity of the balcony to be 1770 kg.
Simultaneous weight loads can be divided into several main points:
- 240 kg – 3 people with an average weight of 80 kg;
- household appliances, utensils, linen, etc. – 175 kg;
- load from atmospheric phenomena. For example, not yet drained rainwater, snow, ice – 200 kg.
It must be said that the minimum strength coefficient in an open structure is 2. In enclosed spaces that are not exposed to environment, it will be less – 1.5. It turns out that in open form the balcony experiences a load in our case according to the maximum indicators - 615 kg, and taking into account its coefficient before glazing, the load is equal to 922.5 kg. It turns out that there is a load reserve of up to 847.5 kg for finishing and other materials. Now let's look at necessary materials glazing and their weight.
A standard balcony in a panel house will require 6 blocks of PVC profiles with 2-chamber double-glazed windows. Each of them weighs about 80 kg, which means total weight it turns out 480 kg. As a result, there will be a reserve of 367.5 kg. This despite the fact that in any case there should be a reserve of at least 100 kg. It turns out that on Decoration Materials 267.5 kg remains. This is not so much, especially considering that one square meter of facing tiles, for example, weighs from 20 to 25 kg. Therefore, before planning repairs on the balcony, it is very important to clearly calculate the load that the balcony slab can withstand, the features of the type of building (panel house, Khrushchev, brick house, etc.), and the total load.
Insulation of the slab
Without insulation of the balcony slab, major repairs, in fact, do not make sense. But insulation must also be calculated based on the loads. Moreover, a brick house has differences in design than a panel house with more than 5 floors. So let's look at the most optimal options insulation of the balcony.
If the balcony slab is not too damaged, reinforcement with metal mesh is sufficient. After its installation, the floor is filled with expanded clay concrete composition. It is necessary to calculate the amount of mixture so that the mesh remains in the middle between the entire thickness of the fill.
If the slab is very badly damaged, it is cleared of debris, then after applying the reinforcing mesh it is processed special composition. Before pouring it is done wooden formwork. After all the procedures, a screed is performed, after which it dries, penetrating waterproofing is applied, and then a liquid light cement mortar is applied.
In cases where the slope of the concrete slab is more than 10 degrees, an additional layer of screed is applied, which levels the surface to the desired level.
Strengthening
Often it is necessary to carry out not only work on insulating balconies, but also strengthening them. For this, a special stand strut is used. This option, alas, is not suitable for Khrushchev, since the maximum height there is 2.4-2.5 meters. This manipulation is done in houses with high level ceilings.
Strengthening is also possible by welding special overhead jibs to the reinforcement. This procedure is performed by punching grooves in the wall; they are made along the perimeter of the concrete slab. The cracks and resulting grooves are sealed with frost-resistant concrete. Just two jibs are enough to reliably strengthen the structure.
It turns out that major renovation on the balcony you need to approach with maximum composure. The slab cannot withstand too much load, which means that the quantity and quality of materials must be selected based on the consumer need for the use of the room, as well as the possible load reserve along with existing indicators. Then, with the correct calculation, the repair will be carried out efficiently, the room will be strengthened and insulated, which means it will last for many years.
A balcony is not only a decoration for any home and a comfortable seating area, but also an excellent place to store small household items. Repairing a balcony slab or strengthening it requires knowledge of the structure of the wall of the building itself, and also depends on the material that was used in the construction of the house.
The main types of slabs used for balconies and their features
A balcony is a slab that protrudes some distance from the wall of the building. For security purposes, it is fenced with railings along the entire perimeter. A balcony is a structure that includes a horizontal base plate, fastenings and fencing.
Today there are several types of balcony slabs, which differ in design:
Many people believe that all slabs are a continuation of the floor, but this is not entirely true. When building a balcony, a wide variety of fastening methods are used:
- Use of additional support. It is mounted on the ground floor, as it requires the presence of external steel, reinforced concrete or wooden support, fixed on the ground;
- Pinching in the structure of the wall of the house. A cantilever plate is used;
- Suspension to load-bearing walls balcony platform;
- IN frame buildings the support rests on the console interior walls or columns. In this case, there is no load on the wall.
- In panel-type houses, for example, in Khrushchev, balcony slabs are used with floors and supported on reinforced concrete structures.
- Installation in brick building carried out by pinching it in the facade of the house. Overhead and underlay elements made of reinforced concrete are walled into it. They make up a niche for the stove. The edge that is adjacent to the wall is thickened. A fairly large entry into the wall of the building is required. It must be welded using steel anchors to reinforced concrete elements.
The main reasons for the destruction of the balcony
As practice shows, the main reason why balconies collapse is depressurization of joints and violation of waterproofing. As a result, moisture enters the room, forming condensation, from which mold appears.
In addition, moisture can act on reinforced concrete, penetrating into it and causing corrosion on the reinforcement. The age of concrete directly depends on the penetrating ability of water – the older it is, the easier it is for moisture to penetrate inside. Corroded reinforcement loses its load-bearing capacity and expands, which causes a deterioration in the load-bearing capacity of concrete.
Also, the destruction of the base of the balcony is caused by high pressure on the slab, sudden changes in temperature and a long absence of capital and current repairs, as for example, in Khrushchev.
The reasons for the destruction of balconies can be errors made during installation. These include: the presence of a reverse slope of the slabs, the absence of drips and drains in the lower part of the concrete slab and the absence of protective screens protecting the slab from moisture penetration.
There are 2 stages of destruction of the base of the balcony:
- The first includes minor destruction when it is necessary to strengthen the slab. Such destruction occurs in houses whose age is approaching 40 years. You can do it yourself, as this is a minor repair. For example, in cases of crumbling corners.
- The second stage is the destructive appearance of the object. These include the collapse of part of the balcony, the appearance of cracks at the junction with the wall, open areas fittings, in top layer the platform is destroyed or in its lower part – detachment.
Who should repair the stove?
Due to the fact that the regulations do not stipulate what a balcony is (living area or part load-bearing structure), it is impossible to clearly answer the question of who to contact and who is responsible for the repairs. IN ideal the balcony slab must be replaced and strengthened by the management company, but the railings and parapet must be replaced by the apartment owner himself. However, it is impossible to accurately answer the question at whose expense the repairs are being carried out. On this basis, disagreements very often arise between apartment residents and the management organization.
If the fact of destruction of the integrity of the slab has been noticed, then you should write a statement to management company. This document is signed by a specialist and recorded in the appropriate journal. A good reinforcement of your words would be an application in the form of several photographs of a destroyed balcony. Neighbors who live on the floor below must leave their signatures on the corresponding application. The next step will be to decide on further actions. You can wait for utilities, or you can carry out repairs with your own hands or with the help of construction crews. In the latter case, an estimate is needed in order to receive a recalculation of the rent in the future. If none of the options are suitable, you can safely go to court.
Balcony restoration stages
In order to carry out repairs with your own hands, for example, in a Khrushchev building, you need to know in what sequence and what to do.
- The first stage will be preparation for repairs - clear the balcony of debris, remove all unnecessary objects, remove crumbled concrete.
- Exposed parts of the fittings must be cleaned of rust. The first layer is easy to remove, but the lower ones need to be treated with a special product.
- The mesh of reinforcement is attached to the slab with dowels. So that it lies in the concrete screed, leave a small gap between the mesh and the plate. Formwork boards are fixed along the entire perimeter of the board.
- Next, you need to prepare a solution consisting of cement and sand, which will be poured onto the reinforcement. Subsequently, the screed is covered with cement and rubbed, that is, “ironized.” It is important to remember that the thickness of the screed is twice or more times the thickness of the mesh.
- The surface located below should be treated with a primer and plastered a little later.
If the reinforcement cage is subject to more corrosion, the best way out the slab will be strengthened. Here it is necessary to carry out a set of preparatory measures.
- The first step is to install on the sides of the platform steel beams and secure them to the wall with a console. Weld the mesh to them and begin pouring concrete, the process of which was described above.
- Finishing repair work the surface should be waterproofed. Coating or roll-type materials are suitable for this purpose.
Conclusion
So, if you do the repairs yourself, you should remember that this is not an easy task. This largely depends on the degree of destruction of the balcony. Some things you can do yourself, and others you can entrust to professional construction teams. To avoid mistakes, it is recommended to carefully check the degree of wear of a certain element. If you have no experience in this matter, then it is better to contact an appraiser.