Speech culture is, first of all, the spiritual culture of a person and the level of his general development, as individuals; it testifies to the value of the spiritual heritage and cultural assets of humanity.
We can say that the culture of speech is an expression of love and respect for the native language, which is naturally connected with the history of the native country and its spiritual wealth.
And in addition to the main components of cultural speech - literacy and adherence to generally accepted norms literary language– such means of language as vocabulary, phonetics and stylistics are also of decisive importance.
Cultural speech and culture of speech
In order for speech to be truly cultural, it must not only be correct, but also rich, which largely depends on a person’s lexical knowledge. To do this, you need to constantly replenish your lexicon in new words, read works of different stylistic and thematic directions.
It is important to highlight for yourself keywords one topic or another, remember successful and unusual sayings and phraseological units. But in order to make the most correct use of your vocabulary and expressions, it is necessary to constantly develop both oral and written speech.
With this, the direction of your own thoughts changes, which are subsequently formed into words. You must try to find mutual language With different people and highlight for yourself different topics for conversation.
The concept of speech culture
After all, the concept of speech culture is associated not only with linguistic abilities, but also with the general culture of the individual, with his aesthetic and psychological perception of the world and people.
A culture of speech develops a higher level of spirituality and nobility in a person, and this concept is a condition not only for an educated and highly developed person, but also a necessity for any cultured and attentive person.
After all, human speech is the most frequently used and acutely necessary method expressing oneself for a person, and making his speech richer and more interesting, a person learns to express himself and his opinion more fully.
Human communication
To communicate with other people, it is extremely important to maintain a culture of speech, which in this case consists of politeness, attentiveness, the ability to support any conversation and support the interlocutor.
It is the culture of speech that makes communication easier and freer, because then it becomes possible to express one’s opinion without offending or offending anyone.
It is also important to note that cultural speech contains not only the spiritual wealth of our ancestors, who created such a wealth of words and expressions, but also the peculiar magic and magic of the traditions and customs of the people to whom the language belongs.
Beautiful, well-chosen words contain power that is more powerful than any physical force, and this feature of language has been tested by time.
The level of speech culture partly reflects a person’s way of life, and to a greater extent – the way of life of entire nations. And it is within our power and capabilities to correctly use the spiritual and cultural heritage of speech, which, in spite of everything, continues to develop and enrich itself.
Speech culture is the ability to master the norms of oral and written language (mastery of the rules of pronunciation, stress; rules of grammar,
word usage, etc.).
Speech culture is also the ability to use means of expression language in different conditions communication, in accordance with the purpose and content of the text.
Speech culture cannot be improved in isolation from general culture. To improve the quality of your language means to improve the quality of your spirituality. Cultural speech reflects and influences the psyche and individual development person. Increases the degree of his unity with his inner world and those around him in general. Speech, as a piece of culture, is language in action.
Each person in the structure of speech has active and passive vocabularies. By active vocabulary we mean a vocabulary that is used to express one’s thoughts; words of more or less frequently sold stock; words that they own. A passive dictionary is a dictionary that includes a very large number of words that are understandable or the meaning of which, more or less accurate, can be guessed from the context, but many of which only emerge in consciousness when they have to be read or heard from others. Active and passive vocabulary is linguistic terms. It is also necessary to say something about the reproductive use of words. By reproductive mastery of a word we mean one that gives the student the opportunity to:
a) use the word correctly, expressing your thoughts in accordance with the lexical side of the language;
b) find the corresponding equivalent for native language equivalents foreign word, regardless of context;
c) correctly write and pronounce the word, as well as form its grammatical
Words that belong only to the passive vocabulary, i.e. those that need to be mastered only receptively, students must learn based on context. On the basis of this, an understanding of the lexical meaning of the word should be achieved. Reproductive and receptive are methodological terms.
It is especially important to note that in our understanding the term “active” is not equated with the term “conversational”, as many tend to do. Firstly, by active dictionary we do not mean such a dictionary colloquial speech, which always includes some elements that are not part of the literary language and have, to one degree or another, the character of argot.
Secondly, taking into account the tasks facing students of general development and broadening their horizons, their active vocabulary should be wider than what is commonly called a dictionary of everyday speech. All this, however, is part of the structure of speech culture.
The term “culture of speech” is used in the broad and narrow sense of understanding this expression. When we talk about the term “speech culture” in in a broad sense, then this term is synonymous with “hearing culture”; in the narrow sense under the culture of speech
specifically understand the reaction of linguistic means and capabilities in everyday communication (both oral and written).
The concept of “speech culture” includes two stages of mastering the literary language:
1. Correct speech.
2. Speech skill.
Correct speech is compliance with all literary norms of the language.
A linguistic norm is a sample of stable lexical and grammatical material or a generally accepted custom that all speakers and writers of a given language must adhere to. The assessments of the options are very categorical and defined: right/wrong; in Russian/not in Russian; acceptable/unacceptable; acceptable and
Correct speech is the subject of school teaching of the Russian language (most consistently in the field of grammar and spelling).
Speech skill is not only following the norms of the literary language, but also the ability to choose from existing options the most semantically accurate, stylistically appropriate, expressive and intelligible (understandable). The assessments of the options here are less categorical.
A high culture of speech presupposes a sufficiently high level of moral development of a person, a conscious love of language, as well as a culture of thinking.
The pinnacle of speech culture, the standard and “reference point” of phenomena about created qualities is recognized as the literary language, in which the cultural traditions of the people, the achievements of wordsmiths and writers are consolidated and accumulated.
Contaminating your native language with various borrowed words is considered undesirable.
° Test questions!
1. What is speech culture? What is its basic structure?
2. What two stages of mastering a literary language do you know? Tell us about them.
3. What is a language norm?
More on the topic §1. Definition of the concept of “speech culture” and highlighting its main components:
- basic concepts of speech culture. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language.
A culture of speech
– the area of spiritual culture associated with the use of language; qualities of speech that ensure the effective achievement of the goal of communication while observing language rules, ethical standards, situational requirements and aesthetic attitudes.
The term K. r. indicates the degree of development achieved by society in the field of speech use. In K. r. connects language and social experience of using language. The tradition of speech use (especially the experience of the most authoritative people in this area - Chrysostom, masters of eloquence) is translated into the field of value characteristics: some means of language and speech techniques are highlighted and recommended as role models (become a literary norm), others are not recommended as social condemned or unprestigious. Thus, the concept of K. r. is based on. lies the concept of normativity.
When mastering the culture of his native speech, a person has four major guidelines: a set of norms lit. language, the totality of the ethical principles of its people, the totality of the goals and circumstances of communication, and, finally, the national idea of the beauty of speech (linguistic, ethical, communicative and aesthetic factors and, accordingly, the components of cultural speech are distinguished accordingly). In each specific case, the speaker has to take into account not one, but all four reference points, so choosing some units and abandoning others, connecting them correctly is not so easy and in native language. This is all the more true since each of the components of cultural speech, corresponding to the named guidelines, represents an extensive set of speech customs and rules that are accepted in society and adhered to by the majority; they can be studied separately. Rule, correctness, and norm are the central concepts of cultural justice, operating in all its spheres.
The linguistic component of literary translation, first of all, covers the rules of preference for literary linguistic unit, and not its non-literary linguistic competitor, i.e. circle of mandatory norms lit. language (correct put, but not lay down; engineers, but not engineer, plural; what time is it now?, but not what time is it?). In order to make this choice and achieve correctness of speech, you need to have an idea of the division of the national language into lit. and Nelit. varieties (dialects, vernacular, jargons), about the features of lit. language and its composition, as well as know the range of facts related to competition relations, as in the above examples. The second part of the language component is related to the rules for choosing one of the options within the lit. language - the variant that is more suitable for a certain area of use, i.e. circle of variable norms lit. language (in colloquial language it is better to say potatoes: peel potatoes, boil potatoes, in business - potatoes: purchasing potatoes, potato prices). In order to make this choice correctly, you need to have an idea of the functions. speech styles and emotional-expressive stratification of linguistic units. This component also includes the completeness of understanding of the linguistic unit on which it depends, and mastery of the laws of logic in the creation and perception of texts, expressed in logical speech.
Ethical component of K. r. associated with the verbal expression of the moral code of the people and taking this factor into account. In this case, the choice in favor of a more effective unit of communication is made not only between literary (correct) and non-literary (incorrect), but also between correct units. For example, greeting Hello, Konstantin Alexandrovich!(1), and greetings Hello, Kostya! (2), Hello, Kostya!(3) are correct, but in communication between adults in a formal setting or when a younger person addresses an older person, (1) would be better, and in informal communication between peers or a friendly address from an older person to a younger person, (2) or (3) would be better. Right choice here requires knowledge of cultural traditions and prohibitions, an understanding of what relevance And purity of speech.
The communicative component is associated with the influence that the communication environment and external circumstances have on speech, i.e. situation. K.r. assumes that, having mastered language norms and knowing cultural and ethical synonymy, one must also behave flexibly in relation to the situation. With the same relationship (let's say, with a senior official) in a “meeting on the go” situation, the greeting can be shortened to one word Hello, and the presence of third parties will force fellow peers to choose something that is not usual for them “Hello, Kostya! – Hello, Andryukha!”, but a more neutral option. Will influence the choice even more effective means extreme situation: under her influence, many rules cease to matter. The situation also determines the amount of speech necessary and sufficient in a particular case. Flexibility is also required by adapting speech to the capabilities of the addressee: the presentation of information must correspond to the speech erudition of the interlocutor. In the theory of speech qualities, these properties are called appropriateness, conciseness, clarity of speech.
The aesthetic component is associated with ideas rooted in Russian culture about what is beautiful and what is ugly in speech. These ideas relate to specific external qualities of speech: utterance But Anna didn’t have it either ugly and inconvenient due to unusual Russian. vowel combination language; in expression I knew that the storm would not threaten us the sound repetition is unaesthetic (whatever). In general, they are associated with the concept of wealth And expressiveness of speech.
Thus, the sphere of K. r. - this is the sphere of interaction between language and culture, language and non-linguistic reality, the use of language taking into account the requirements of national culture and the circumstances of communication. Various communicative qualities, naturally, are not strictly separated; they partially overlap and complement each other.
The science of K. r. are called the same as the object she is studying: a culture of speech, and if it is necessary to emphasize their difference, then speech culture theory. K. R., in general, studies the nature of language use and deals with the regulation of speech activity from a normative position. This area of linguistics belongs to the field of linguistic axiology: all linguistic and speech data, as well as the developments of all sciences on which linguistic linguistics is based. (including linguopragmatics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethics, aesthetics, linguistic and cultural studies) are translated into an evaluative plane based on the concept of a norm interpreted as a cultural value. In addition, the tasks of this science include predicting changes in the norm based on the sum of external and intralingual factors. At the same time, the phenomenon of “anticulture” is also considered, both in general and in particular (communicative aggression and communicative failures), as well as communicative interference.
K.r. how the field of linguistics developed for a long time and in various options. It originates from the works of M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokova, Y.K. Grota. One of the first special works, which influenced the further development of the K.R. is the work of V.I. Chernyshev "Correctness and purity of Russian speech. Experience of Russian stylistic grammar" (1911). As an independent scientific discipline, K.R. took shape by the 20s of the twentieth century, standing out at the intersection of linguistics, rhetoric and stylistics as an integrative applied direction of science. In the creation of the theory of K. r. and practical normalization activities (primarily, the creation of cultural and speech equipment explanatory dictionaries) leading scientists take part: G.O. Vinokur, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, D.N. Ushakov, later R.I. Avanesov, S.I. Ozhegov, F.P. Filin and others. Their works formed the theory of norms and normativity, developed a taxonomy of language norms, and laid the foundations of normalization. The regulatory branch of the financial system, which had such a strong support, was actively developed in the future (by such scientists as K.S. Gorbachevich, L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich, L.I. Skvortsov, etc.).
The communicative aspect of K. r. initially received less attention. However, in parallel, on an empirical basis, such a cultural-speech discipline of a communicative orientation as practical stylistics ( M.K. Milykh, D.E. Rosenthal). Its main content is a well-founded criticism of speech based on the theory of communicative speech qualities, the systematics of which was made in ancient rhetoric, and proposals for improving speech and text in accordance with the specifics of a certain sphere of speech interaction, communication tasks, the author’s goal setting and the characteristics of the addressee. This branch is now productively used in the training of journalists, language teachers, and editors ( L.M. Maidanov).
The first holistic concept in the field of the theory of red. also arises on the basis of practical needs in the training of humanities specialists. Its author is B.N. Golovin consistently examines all the relationships between speech and non-speech structures external to speech (the concept was developed in the 60–70s of the twentieth century; in 1976, the first university textbook on this issue was published: “Fundamentals of the Culture of Speech”). Systemic connections between speech and language, speech and thinking, speech and reality, speech and man, speech and communication conditions, according to Golovin, create a common coordinate grid verbal communication, which allows us to consider different qualities speech (logic, accuracy, clarity, appropriateness, etc.) on a single – communicative – basis and taking into account their mutual conditionality in the communicative act. The relationship between the general criteria of speech culture and the principles of speech functioning is also clearly traced in the works of A.N. Vasilyeva (1990 and others).
Development of the theory of K. r. associated, especially in the last decade, with increased attention to the communicative component, the strengthening of anthropocentrism and a more vivid identification of cultural approaches to the material. The concepts of norm and normativity have also undergone some changes: normativity as the foundation of speech culture is now understood not only as a property of units language system, but also as a parameter of discourse and text. The theoretical basis of these ideas is, first of all, the typology of norms, according to which, along with linguistic (systemic) norms, communicative and stylistic norms are distinguished ( Jedlicka and etc.). The communicative-pragmatic aspect of speech culture is being developed most actively now, since it is with it that the success and effectiveness of communication is most closely related. Modern studies of communicative norms assume an orientation towards values developed in Russian communication (including ethical and aesthetic) and regulations (including those related to the moral sphere), i.e. characterized by ethical and cultural content, a focus on understanding and disseminating tolerant verbal communication as opposed to the phenomena of “anticulture”. Thus, in the latest works ( E.N. Shiryaeva, L.K. Graudina, S.I. Vinogradova, N.N. Kokhteva, N.I. Formanovskaya etc.) K. r. appears as an integrative science about the effectiveness of verbal communication, at a new stage in the development of scientific knowledge, converging with rhetoric.
Lit.: Vinokur G.O. Language culture. – 2nd ed. – M., 1929; Rosenthal D.E. A culture of speech. – 3rd ed. – M., 1964; Itskovich V.A. Language norm. – M., 1968; Actual problems culture of speech / Edited by V.G. Kostomarov and L.I. Skvortsova. – M., 1970; Gorbachevich K.S. Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. – L., 1971; His: Norms of the modern Russian literary language. –2nd ed. – M., 1981; Ozhegov S.I. Lexicology. Lexicography. A culture of speech. – M., 1974; Practical stylistics of the Russian language. – Rostov n/d., 1974; Skvortsov L.I. Theoretical foundations of speech culture. – M., 1980; Fundamentals of speech culture: a reader / Comp. L.I.Skvortsov. – M., 1984; Maydanova L.M. Essays on practical stylistics. – Sverdlovsk, 1986; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. – 5th ed. – M., 1987; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – 2nd ed. – M., 1988; Jedlicka A. Types of norms of linguistic communication // New in foreign linguistics. Vol. XX. – M., 1988; Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M., 1990; Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech: theory, methodology, practice. – Izv. RAS. Ser. L. and Ya. T. 51. – 1992. – No. 2; The culture of parliamentary speech / Edited by L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva. – M., 1994; The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. – M., 1996; Culture of Russian speech / Edited by L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva. – M., 1998; Maydanova L.M. Speech criticism and literary editing. – Ekaterinburg, 2001.
T.V. Matveeva
Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .
See what “Culture of Speech” is in other dictionaries:
A culture of speech- Speech culture is a concept widespread in Soviet and Russian linguistics of the 20th century, combining mastery of the linguistic norms of oral and written language, as well as “the ability to use expressive language means in different conditions... ... Wikipedia
A CULTURE OF SPEECH- A CULTURE OF SPEECH. 1. Knowledge of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form. 2. The area of linguistics that deals with the problems of speech normalization, developing recommendations for the skillful use of language. K.r. contains such... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
A culture of speech- level of speech development, degree of proficiency in the norms of a language or dialect, together with the ability to reasonably deviate from these norms. See also: Speaking Financial Dictionary Finam... Financial Dictionary
A CULTURE OF SPEECH- compliance of individual speech with the norms of a given language (see Language norms), the ability to use linguistic means in different communication conditions in accordance with the goals and content of speech; a branch of linguistics that studies the problems of normalization... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
A CULTURE OF SPEECH- SPEECH CULTURE, compliance of individual speech with the norms of a given language (see Language Norm); a branch of linguistics that studies the problems of normalization of literary language... Modern encyclopedia
The concept of speech culture is deeply connected with literary language. The “sign of quality” in the professional activity of a person involved in jurisprudence, diplomacy, politics, teaching at a university or school, journalism, management, as well as any radio and television worker, is the ability to clearly and clearly express one’s thoughts verbally, that is, to speak beautifully and competently. This not only attracts the attention of the audience, but also influences them properly.
Literary norm
The central concept of speech culture is the norms of the literary language. They need to be mastered by every person whose activities are related to people, the organization of their work, who must conduct business or political negotiations, raise children, take care of health, and provide a variety of services.
What does the concept of norm mean in speech culture? Certain rules of word usage, pronunciation, use of traditional, unshakably established stylistic, grammatical and any other linguistic means.
The concept of speech culture can be considered by dividing three main components: communicative, ethical and normative. By observing the norms of the literary language, you can achieve the ideal syllable. The basic concept of speech culture is a language norm; this aspect is the most important.
Patterns of language functioning
Despite all the strict requirements for compliance with literary norms, the manner of speaking must be flexible and clichés must be avoided. That is, the concept of speech culture includes the ability to express specific content in its inherent verbal form. The functioning of language is a creative and diverse process.
Aspects: normative, communicative and ethical
In addition to the already discussed normative, the concept of “speech culture” includes aspects: communicative (that is, connecting, establishing contacts and relationships between objects of communication) and ethical, related to the norms of etiquette. All of them will be discussed here according to the key meaning of each.
The basis of the communicative aspect on which it stands modern concept speech culture is precisely the choice of linguistic means necessary for the proposed goal. No less important here is communicative expediency in building verbal interaction.
Native speakers, according to the requirements of the communicative aspect, which is included in the concept of sound culture of speech, must focus on the prevailing conditions of communication and master a variety of functional means. In this way, they will be able to adequately support this communication and move it in the right direction.
The ethical aspect prescribes clear knowledge and indispensable application of all the rules of speech culture in each specific situation. This is speech etiquette - formulas of greetings, requests, questions, gratitude, congratulations; addressing, according to agreement, “you” or “you”, by name in full or abbreviated form, and so on.
To choose one or another standard option speech etiquette many factors influence: the age of the communicants, the purposefulness of speech, social status, time and place of interaction, the nature of the relationship - informal or official, intimate or friendly. Foul language is strictly prohibited, and a raised tone when speaking is always condemned.
Culture of public speech
Public speech is considered mainly in general outline: it should be simple, intelligible, emotional and meaningful. Most often, a person receives first assessments from others based on the way he speaks. From oral speech, interlocutors usually draw the correct conclusion about who the speaker is. Whatever he talks about, his portrait has already been created and his personality has practically been revealed.
What could be more connected with general culture, with intelligence, with spirituality, than the culture of speech? The definition of the concept is very simple: this is the degree of proficiency in language norms and the use of the countless riches of the language, something like a passport, which precisely indicates what environment raised the speaker and what is the level of his culture.
The degree of mastery of the richness and norms of language shows how competently, accurately and clearly the speaker expresses his thoughts, how he explains life phenomena. And most importantly, what impact does his speech have on his interlocutors.
Prerequisites for learning speech culture
First of all, a culture of thinking and a conscious love of language are needed. Accuracy of thinking helps to choose means for expression, this is especially important in cases where an incompletely correct expression leads to real errors. You need to think not only about WHAT to say, but also about HOW to do it.
Expand the concept of “culture of speech” for yourself - and you will see that all aspects are tied to normativity, including clarity and accuracy, purity and correctness of speech, the absence of dialectal, colloquial words, narrow professional expressions, archaisms and barbarisms.
It’s great if the speaker’s skill is added to all this: a wealth of vocabulary, logical structure, a variety of phraseological structures, a variety of vocabulary, artistic expressiveness.
Linguistics defines the concept of the subject of speech culture as a purely motivated use of linguistic material and means, that is, they are optimal for a given situation, and it is precisely this content that will achieve the goal of the statement. It is necessary to use the only necessary words and constructions for each specific case.
Lawyer speech culture
The concept of “speech culture” includes normative aspects, and it is worth considering separately in the field of jurisprudence. This profession requires high moral and moral qualities, as well as a high level of education and a broad outlook, since a lawyer deals every day with a wide variety of life phenomena. He must correctly evaluate each of them, accept correct solution and convince all people who turn to him that he is right. The basic concept of speech culture presupposes the presence of all these qualities in any speaker, and especially in a lawyer.
The communicative roles a lawyer plays are also very different: they draft bills, conduct business correspondence, write protocols of interrogations and inspections of crime scenes, as well as resolutions, statements of claim, indictments, rulings and sentences, agreements and contracts, complaints and statements. The concept of “speech culture” includes aspects that are especially deeply studied by lawyers, thanks to the daily acquisition of diverse communication experience.
Violation of language norms in jurisprudence, and not only in it, causes a negative reaction from interlocutors. Not entirely accurate asked question provokes misunderstanding. A lawyer is forced by duty to be a speaker at trials, a propagandist of legal knowledge, and a lecturer. This example demonstrates especially well the concept of speech culture and its social aspects. The qualities of good speech must certainly be improved in the work of a lawyer.
Components of speech culture
The basic concept of speech culture is the norms of literary language, oral and written, that select and organize linguistic means for a specific situation and, subject to ethical standards, ensure the expected effect for the purpose of communication. Simply put, this is the ability to write and speak correctly, clearly, expressively and politely.
Here again we are faced with the very concept of speech culture and its aspects. Key points on the three above aspects: normative, communicative and ethical - will become clear when studying the table.
Here the existing connections between the communicative qualities of speech and its culture itself are revealed. The first property, undoubtedly, is correctness - following linguistic literary norms in the process of communication. Normativity of speech as compliance with a language norm, as well as deviation from it - the result of correct or wrong choice one of the options that the language provided.
Spelling and pronunciation
Even the simplest noun “ruble” is equally normative in both spelling and pronunciation. However, how clearly the characteristic of the concept “culture of speech” is manifested among some native speakers with the following pronunciation options: rubel, rubel, rubel, rubel and even abbreviated like this - rupees. Any obscenity violates the correctness of speech.
Errors in statements can be both grammatical and stylistic. Here it is necessary to note sentences with incorrect coordination, control, and shaping. You can often hear inaccuracies in the lexical plan and errors in stress, errors in the use of abbreviations (for example, “it” and not “she” - NATO), suffers even more often short form or comparative adjectives (“weaker”, “better dressed”, etc.), and also missing words in the phrase (“the film “Leviathan” will take place” instead of “the screening of the film “Leviathan” will take place”).
Precision speech inaccuracies
Errors of this kind are a litmus test, a real speech test for the speaker, allowing one to accurately determine the cultural level of proficiency in Russian speech. The speaker needs to exclude the following words and phrases from the vocabulary:
- “to lay down” in the non-prefix form;
- "put on" instead of "put on";
- “take action” instead of “accept”;
- “voice” in the sense of “name”, “say out loud”, “report” (here there can only be one meaning - “record the sound separately from the image in the film”);
- "intentions" instead of "intentions";
- “accept” and “begin” instead of “accept” and “begin”;
- “incident” and “compromise” with an extra letter “N”, etc.
Grammatical errors
Here the Russian language as such is truly “lame” for many speakers. Word forms (conjugation, declension) are formed incorrectly, words are poorly combined in a phrase, and sometimes the very structure of large sentences reveals the illiteracy of the speakers - the syntax is broken. All this discredits the concept of speech culture in relation to the speaker and characterizes him very negatively.
The main reason for such problems is inattention, as well as the lack of an internal plan for constructing a phrase and the entire statement or control over its implementation. The speaker does not hear himself, the consciousness does not feel responsible for what is said. These reasons can be eliminated, you just have to want to.
Stylistic sloppiness
Inaccuracies, roughness, and even direct deviations from unshakable stylistic norms offend, first of all, the ethical and aesthetic feelings of listeners. That is, they inevitably negatively characterize talking man. Stylistic sloppiness is sometimes perceived as much worse than dirt under your nails.
First of all, this is under no circumstances acceptable obscene language, that is, obscene language. In second place are unfounded repetitions: “appealed in a televised address,” “ historical excursion took place in the history of the city" and so on. Here, too, the aesthetic sense of the listeners suffers.
Among other deviations from stylistic norms, we should note the use of jargon. These include:
- clerical and bureaucratic speech (“discuss issues in tranches”);
- youth, professional vocabulary (“loh”, “bummer”, “write text”);
- words from the lexicon of the criminal world (“to soak in the toilet”, “to run over”);
- interspersed with colloquial words (“no”, “raise a question”);
- inclusion of archaisms and high-style book vocabulary (as a rule, it is inappropriate and violates the purity of the style);
- superficial confusion of words that have a similar sound, something in common in morphological composition, or a similar semantic or syntactic position is a fairly common mistake in spontaneous speech; the reason is ordinary ignorance of the meaning of these words or phrases (“fulfill the peculiarities” and so on).
Conclusion
“Correct speech is good, but good speech is better,” - this can be paraphrased famous quote from Danelia's film. Linguists divide the culture of speech into two levels: the lowest - the ability to speak correctly, the highest - to speak well, that is, masterfully.
IN correct speech there are no errors, all language norms are observed, but the speaker, scientist, politician, teacher is difficult to perceive by listeners. He seems to be smart and speaks well. This happens because he did not have enough additional qualities in order for his speech to turn from correct to good.
The qualities needed are:
- knowledge of the subject of one’s own speech;
- knowledge of the audience and the ability to master it;
- ability to use intonation, control breathing, and the vocal apparatus;
- good vocabulary;
- ability to make a choice the best option expressions of thought from all those proposed;
- use of non-verbal means of communication.
The characteristics of the concept of “speech culture” include not only a normative, but also a communicative aspect; the same manifestations distinguish good speech from simply correct speech. In the struggle to master real mastery, the speaker will have to learn not only to write and speak accurately, but also to first mentally assemble brick by brick the “building” of both monologue and dialogue.
The speech of a truly cultured person is logical, precise, expressive, pure, and from it both the level of education and the internal culture of the speaker can be easily determined. The language develops, enriches itself, purifies itself, but without proper attention and careful treatment it will certainly become impoverished.
Vladimir Dahl's dictionary contains 200,000 words. Alexander Pushkin used only 21,197 words. The expression “only” in this context is, of course, a joke, since out of the half a million words in the Russian language, a school graduate speaks and writes only one and a half thousand, and a university graduate about eight thousand.
You can compare: five hundred English words- this is 70% of the traditional literary language. In Russian, you will need to select 2000 to balance the percentage.
Stylistic norms began their development with Lomonosov’s grammars, absorbing all the best from ancient, German and French influence. The first textbook on speech culture can be considered the work of V.I. Chernyshev, written at the beginning of the twentieth century. But the very concept of speech culture arose only in the twenties, as the first Soviet intelligentsia, universal literacy and worker-peasant proletarian culture appeared. It must be admitted that the struggle for the purity of the language was carried out purposefully and tirelessly.
the degree of perfection of oral and written speech, characterized by compliance with its normativity, expressiveness, lexical richness, manner of politely addressing interlocutors and the ability to respectfully respond to them.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
A CULTURE OF SPEECH
1) this is such a choice and such an organization of linguistic means that, in a certain communication situation, while observing modern language norms and communication ethics, make it possible to ensure the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks (E.N. Shiryaev); 2) a section of linguistics that studies the problems of normalization (see language norm) and optimization of communication. K.r. teachers - the subject of a humanitarian general cultural plan. One of the central ideas of the course K. r. teachers - the relationship of concepts: culture - a cultured person - the culture of speech - the culture of professional (pedagogical) communication. K.r. - a multi-valued concept, it includes two stages of mastering a literary language: correctness of speech, i.e. mastery of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, stress, word usage, vocabulary, grammar, stylistics), and speech mastery, i.e. ... not only following the norms of the literary language, but also the ability to choose from coexisting options the most semantically accurate, stylistically and situationally appropriate, expressive, etc. High K. r. presupposes a high general human culture, a culture of thinking, and a conscious love of language. Lit.: Golovin B.N. How to speak correctly. - 3rd ed. - M., 1988; His own. Fundamentals of speech culture. - 2nd ed. - M., 1988; Ladyzhenskaya TA. Living word: Oral speech as a means and subject of learning. - M., 1986; Skvortsov L.I. Speech culture // LES. - M., 1991; His own. Theoretical foundations of speech culture. - M., 1980; Shiryaev E.N. What is speech culture //Russian speech. - 1991 - No. 4.5. L.E. Tumina