Preparing for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies: reference material
Klyshnikova Lyubov Ivanovna
History and Social Studies Teacher
1. What does social science study?
2. Society.
3. Man.
4. Cognition.
5. Culture and spiritual sphere.
6. Economics.
7. Social sphere
8. Politics.
What does social studies study?
The object of study of social science is society. Society is very a complex system, which is subject to various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies one aspect of the development of society: economics, social relations, development paths, and others.
Social science - a general name for sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.
Every science has object and subject.
Object of science - a phenomenon of objective reality that science studies.
Subject of science - A person, a group of people cognizing an object.
Sciences are divided into three groups.
Science:
Society is studied by public ( humanitarian sciences).
The main difference between social sciences and humanities:
Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:
archaeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.
Archeology- a science that studies the past from material sources.
Economy– the science of economic activity society.
Story- the science of the past of humanity.
Cultural studies- a science that studies the culture of society.
Linguistics- the science of language.
Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.
Psychology– the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.
Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development social systems, groups, individuals.
Right – a set of laws and rules of behavior in society.
Ethnography- a science that studies the life and culture of peoples and nations.
Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of social development.
Ethics- the science of morality.
Aesthetics - the science of beauty.
Sciences study societies in the narrow and broad senses.
Society in the narrow sense:
1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.
2. Historical stage of human development (feudal society, slave society).
3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).
4. Uniting people for some purpose (animal lovers club, soldiers’ society
mothers).
5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).
6. Methods of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)
Society in in a broad sense - a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.
1. Society.
Social Sciences: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).
Society:
In a narrow sense: A group of people connected common interests and goals.
In a broad sense : A part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.
Society and nature interact and influence each other. Economic interaction – consumption of natural resources , environmental– protection of natural resources.
Noosphere (V. Vernadsky) – habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.
Society - dynamic system.
Systemic qualities of society: integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.
There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:
1. Economic- material production and industrial relations.
2. Political- politics, state, law, their relationships and functioning, media, army.
3. Social– relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.
4. Spiritual– forms public consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.
Directed development
progress stagnation regression
Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress controversial(both positive and negative processes)
Forms of progress: revolution and reform. Evolution – gradual development.
Scientific and technological progress (NTP) - qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.
Scientific and technological revolution (STR) – a leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.
Historical process – chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society. Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses. Historical fact - an event in public life.
Civilization – the totality of material, spiritual and moral means that a given society has in a given historical period.
The term put forward N. Danilevsky, called civilizations cultural and historical types. He distinguished civilizations according to 4 characteristics: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also distinguished.
Mentality- a way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group or individual
Two theories: the theory of stage development ( study development as a single process ) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).
Approaches to studying the historical process:
| Formational approach (K. Marx) | Civilization approach (A. Toynbee) | Cultural approach (O. Spengler) |
| It is based on the transition from one formation to another. Socio-economic formations: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. In a socio-economic formation there are two main components - the base and the superstructure. Basis - the economy of society, the components of which are productive forces And relations of production(method of production of material goods). Superstructure - state, political, public institutions. Changes in the economic basis lead to the transition from one socio-economic formation to another. Plays a big role class struggle. | Civilizations – stable communities of people united by spiritual traditions, similar lifestyles, geographical and historical boundaries. The basis is a change of civilizations. The development of the entire story follows the “challenge-response” pattern. Every civilization goes through four stages in its destiny: origin; height; break; disintegration ending in death and complete disappearance of civilization. | The central concept of this approach is culture. Culture is the totality of religion, traditions, material and spiritual life. Culture is born, lives and dies. Civilization within the framework of the cultural approach - the highest level of cultural development, the final period of development of a culture preceding its death. |
Global problems of our time – a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the whole world as a whole. I are an indicator of the integrity and interconnection of the modern world, pose a threat to humanity, and require joint efforts to be resolved.
Main problems:
1. Environmental: pollution, species extinction, “ ozone holes" etc.
The term "Ecology" was introduced E. Haeckel.
2. Demographic;
3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;
4. Resource problem;
5. The North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.
Globalization – strengthening integration ties in various fields between states, organizations, communities.
International organizations: UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Agency for atomic energy); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Organization intellectual property); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.
Human.
Origin theories: religious, evolutionary (C. Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)
Biosocial problem– the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.
At the moment of birth, a person is an individual. A person becomes a person through the process of socialization.
Socialization - the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience and forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.
Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).
Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).
Desocialization – the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.
Resocialization– the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.
Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, make choices, be responsible. “Freedom is a recognized necessity” - G. Hegel.
Interpersonal relationships - relationships between different individuals for different reasons.
Interpersonal relationships
Worldview of the individual– a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and man’s place in it.
Worldview:
ordinary, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.
Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject- the one who carries out the activity. An object- what the activity is aimed at.
Activity structure:
Needs according to A. Maslow.
1. Physiological, 2. Existential, 3.Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual
Cognition.
Cognition– a process aimed at obtaining knowledge.
Knowledge– objective reality given in the human mind. Knowledge is the result of cognitive activity.
Subject of knowledge- the one who knows. Object of knowledge- what knowledge is aimed at.
Epistemology– the science of knowledge.
Gnosticism (Gnostics)– they believe that the world is knowable (Plato, Socrates, K. Marx, G. Hegel).
Agnosticism (agnostics)– the world is knowable within limited limits or unknowable (I. Kant).
Types of cognition: sensory and rational .
Forms sensual knowledge:
Feeling– reflection of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena that arise when exposed to the senses.
Perception- a holistic sensory image of an object, phenomenon.
Performance- a sensory image of an object or phenomenon that arises with the help of memory without direct contact with the object.
Forms rational knowledge:
Concept – a form of thinking in which the general and essential properties of an object are recorded.
Judgment- a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied.
Conclusion – a form of thinking in which new judgments are derived from existing ones.
Two theories on types of cognition:
1. Empiricism (empiricists)– recognize sensory experience as a source of knowledge (T. Hobbes, D. Locke).
2. Rationalism (rationalists)– knowledge can be obtained with the help of reason (R. Descartes, I. Kant)
Intuition- a unique type of cognition outside the process of sensory acquaintance and without thinking.
Traits: suddenness, thoughtlessness, hidden mechanism.
The purpose of knowledge– receiving truth.
True– knowledge corresponding to reflected reality. Truth is objective in content and subjective in form.
Absolute truth- complete, exhaustive knowledge, not refuted by the further development of science.
Relative truth- incomplete, inaccurate knowledge, refuted by the further development of science.
Criterion of truth– a way to distinguish between true and untrue in the body of knowledge.
Types of knowledge.
I.Non-scientific knowledge:
Ordinary (everyday)
Practical (folk wisdom)
Religious
Mythological
Artistic (through the means of art).
II. Scientific knowledge – cognition aimed at obtaining objective knowledge. Target– description, explanation, prediction of reality phenomena. Signs: objectivity, consistency, validity, reliability, special language, necessity special devices and specialists.
Culture and spiritual sphere.
I. Culture (from Latin – “culture” - “cultivation, education”)
Cultural Traits: functionality, quality, value, normativity, creativity (creativity).
In a broad sense, culture– all types of transformative activity of man and society, as well as its results.
In a general sense, culture– the totality of people’s achievements in the material and spiritual spheres.
Material culture– created in the process of material production (buildings, equipment, tools).
Spiritual culture – includes the process of spiritual creativity and created spiritual values in the form of works of art, scientific discoveries, and religion.
Culture structure:
form– embodiment of cultural achievements content– significance for the individual and society.
Functions of culture: cognitive, informative, communicative, normative, humanistic.
Types of crops:dominant(dominant), elitist (for the chosen ones), massive (for the majority, commercial, through the media), folk (based on traditions, folklore, anonymous), donor(from which elements are borrowed), receptive(which borrows elements from another culture), dead(contents are outdated).
Subculture – culture social groups.
Counterculture - a subculture that is hostile to the dominant one.
Terms:
Accumulation of culture– replenishment of culture with new elements and knowledge.
Cultural transmission– transmission of culture through education.
Cultural diffusion– mutual penetration of cultures.
Acculturation of culture– the process of mutual influence of two or more cultures.
Assimilation of culture– absorption of a small culture by a larger one.
Adaptation of culture- adaptation of cultures to each other.
II. Spiritual sphere.
Structure of the spiritual sphere:
1. Spiritual needs– the need of society and people to create and master spiritual values. Spiritual needs are not given biologically, from birth. They are formed in the process of socialization.
2. Spiritual activity (production)– the activities of people to create spiritual values.
Types of spiritual activities:
1. Cognitive - scientific, religious, artistic
2. Value-oriented - attitude to the phenomena of reality
3. Prognostic - anticipation and planning of changes in reality
3. Spiritual values (benefits) – what is created in the process of spiritual production: works of art, teaching, scientific discoveries etc.
Religion.
Religion – a form of social consciousness and worldview based on belief in the existence of a supernatural principle.
Elements: faith, doctrine, religious activity, religious institutions.
Functions: ideological, compensatory, communicative, regulatory, educational.
Religions:
World: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam (large number of followers, beyond national boundaries)
National: Confucianism (China), Taoism (China), Judaism (Israel), Shintoism (Japan), Zoroastrianism (Iran).
Atheism- denial of the existence of God
Confessional- church, confession- religion
Morality.
Moral - a form of social consciousness that reflects ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, and the public relations, a set of norms of behavior of people in relation to each other.
Functions of morality: regulatory, educational, communicative, cognitive, ideological.
The fulfillment of moral norms is sanctioned by the norms of spiritual influence (evaluation, approval, condemnation).
Art.
Art - form of social consciousness and type human activity, which is a reflection of the surrounding reality in artistic images.
The science.
The science - the sphere of cognitive activity of people, a system of objectively true knowledge about natural and social reality, about man.
Elements of Science: scientific knowledge, scientific activity, scientific self-awareness.
Models of science development:
1. Gradual development
2. Through scientific revolutions. Scientific revolution – the process of a radical, qualitative change in the dominant system of ideas and theories (paradigm), which serves as a standard of thinking in a specific historical period.
Functions of science: cognitive, ideological, prognostic.
Functions modern science : productive, social, cultural and ideological.
Classification of sciences:
Natural technical social (humanitarian)
Education.
Education - purposeful cognitive activity to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities and improve them.
Self-education– the process of acquiring knowledge independently.
Functions of education: economic, social, cultural, preservation and transfer of cultural heritage.
Education in the Russian Federation:
preschoolgeneralprofessionaladditional
Features of modern education: integration of areas of knowledge, development of lifelong education, informatization (computerization), development of distance education (via the Internet), humanization (attention to the individual), humanitarization (increasing attention to social sciences, internationalization (creation of a unified system for different countries).
Economy.
Social sphere
Sociology– the science of patterns, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations. (O. Comte).
The structure of the social sphere includes:
I. Social connections – dependencies of social groups and people on each other (they can be formal and informal). Social connections:
1. Social contacts – unstable connections arising from specific reasons(for example, metro passengers).
2. Social interactions– stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).
3. Social relationships– ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).
II. Social groups – communities of individuals united according to some characteristic. (T. Hobbes).
Signs:
number: small groups (characterized by direct contact and informal communication), medium, large
demographic: by gender, age, education, marital status
settlement criterion: townspeople, villagers
confessional: Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims
by ethnicity, professionally etc.
III. Social communities– groups capable of self-reproduction.
Social stratification
Social stratification (differentiation) – stratification and hierarchical organization of society. (P. Sorokin).
Differentiation criteria: income(economic), amount of power(political) , education(occupation type), also distinguished prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of an individual's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.
Social layers:
Castes– strictly closed layers of traditional societies.
Estates – groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.
Classes– social groups distinguished by the way they participate in social production and distribution, place in the social division of labor.
Strata– informal groups that have relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, education.
Status
Status– a position in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.
Personal status- the position an individual occupies in a small group
Social status– the position of the individual in a social group.
Status set– a set of statuses of one person.
Prescribed(natural) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship
Acquired(achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.
Social role- a certain pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.
Social mobility
Social mobility (P. Sorokin) – the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.
Social mobility: horizontal - inside one layer and vertical– transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility May be descending and ascending.
Channels social mobility(“social elevators”) – education, army, schools, family, property.
Marginal – an individual who has lost his former social status unable to adapt to new social environment("on the edge").
Marginality– intermediate position of an individual between social groups associated with his movements in social space.
Lumpen- people who have sunk to the bottom of social life.
Social conflict.
Social conflict (G. Spencer) - a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.
Structure of the conflict: conflict situation - incident - active actions - completion
Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, competition. Most scientists consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.
Types of conflicts: internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.
National conflicts associated with exacerbation national issue - on the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in modern world.
Two trends in the modern world:
1. International – integration, bringing nations closer together.
2. National – differentiation, desire for independence.
Social politics states- purposeful activities of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1.improvement social structure society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (education development programs, pensions, healthcare, ecology).
Social politics: active- direct influence of the state (can be centralized and decentralized) and passive- mediated by economic factors
Policy.
Policy(Aristotle)– “the art of statecraft” - a set of connections and social groups that are characterized by dominance and subordination.
Policy: 1. sphere of life 2. relations between states, groups, nations regarding power3. activities of government bodies.
Policy functions :
1. defining the goals and objectives of society 2. coordinating the interests of groups 3. ensuring stability 4. monitoring the implementation of norms 5. distribution of resources.
Policy: micro level, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).
Politic system – a set of elements in which political power is exercised.
Signs of the state –
1. Availability of special public authority
2. Availability of a special control apparatus
5. Sovereignty of power
6. Monopoly on lawmaking.
Functions of the state – the main, socially significant areas of state activity.
Functions:
1. By object y: internal and external
3. By the nature of the impact: protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).
State form – a set of basic methods of organization, design and implementation state power, expressing its essence.
State forms:
1. Form of government – way of organizing supreme power.
Form of government : 1. Monarchy – power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited. 2. Republic - power is exercised by elected bodies elected for a certain period of time. Monarchy: 1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic. Republic: 1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.
2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure. Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.
3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and methods of exercising power. Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2 totalitarian, 3. military).
Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.
Signs of democracy: 1. recognition of the people as the source of power and sovereignty, 2. presence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5. publicity. 6. election of power, 7. developed system of local governments.
Forms of democracy: 1. direct (immediate), 2 indirect (representative).
Institutions of direct democracy: 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).
Electoral system(includes electoral law, electoral process and procedure for recalling deputies) – procedure for the formation of elected bodies.
Suffrage – principles and conditions for citizen participation in elections. Suffrage : 1. active(right to vote), 2. passive(the right to be elected). Signs : 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open. The results are determined using two systems : 1. majoritarian electoral system – The candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered the winner. 2. proportional electoral system – voting according to party lists and distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast. Mandate– a document certifying the rights of a deputy.
Civil society(G. Hegel)– this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct government intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people; Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and ramifications of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.
Constitutional state - a state that is subject to the law in its activities. Signs of a rule of law state: 1. law supremacy, 2. respect for rights and freedoms, 3. principle of separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.
Political Party - an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power. Signs of the party: 1. power struggle, 2. program with goals and strategy, 3. charter, 4. organizational structure , 5. presence of governing bodies.
Types of parties : 1. By methods: revolutionary, reformist . 2. By nature of membership: personnel, mass. 3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist. 4. By representation in government: ruling, opposition. 5. By the nature of the actions: radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.
Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) – the totality of a system of opinions, positions, values dominant in a society or group.
Types of political culture:
1. Patriarchal– orientation of citizens towards local values, 2. subject– passive attitude of citizens in political system. 3. political culture of participation (activist) – active participation of citizens in political life. Absenteeism– non-participation, avoidance of political life.
Political ideology – system of ideas . Types of ideologies:
1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2. liberalism– freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, law. 3. Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4. anarchism– elimination of the state 5. nationalism– superiority of the nation 6. extremism- violent methods.
Constitution of Russia – 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978, 1993 (12 December). The first in the world - 1787 – US Constitution. December 10, 1948– “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 1966 – “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”. 1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child" 1989 – "Ko
Right
Right
1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.
2. The ability to do, implement, have something (the right to work, education).
Signs of law (and norms of law): normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.
Theories of the origin of law: theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), liberal tradition (first law - then the state), statist tradition (first the state - then law), Marxist, sociological. Statism- a theory that states that state highest result and goal social development
Functions of law – regulatory, educational, protective.
Legal culture: legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement activities.
Differences between law and morality:
Source (form) of law – specific types of social phenomena that shape the law and the result of law-making by the state. Sources (forms) of law:
1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior rooted in society as a result of their repetition, which have turned into rules of conduct.
Arbitrage practice.
The Unified State Exam in social studies consists of two parts, which in total contain 29 tasks.
First part contains 20 tasks with short answer.
The answer to the tasks of the first part is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a word or phrase or a sequence of numbers written without spaces or separating characters.
Tasks 1–3 – basic-level conceptual tasks – are aimed at testing knowledge and understanding of the biosocial essence of a person, the main stages and factors of personal socialization, patterns and trends in the development of society, basic social institutions and processes.
Tasks 4–19 basic and increased levels, are aimed at testing the development of skills:
- characterize from a scientific point of view, the main social objects (facts, phenomena, processes, institutions), their place and significance in the life of society as an integral system
- search social information, presented in various sign systems (text, diagram, table, diagram)
- apply socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive problems on current social problems
The tasks in this group represent the traditional five thematic modules of the social science course:
- man and society, including knowledge and spiritual culture (tasks 4–6)
- economics (tasks 7–10)
- social relations (tasks 11, 12)
- politics (tasks 13–15)
- law (tasks 16–19)
Second part contains 9 tasks with detailed answers.
In the tasks of the second part, the answer is formulated and written down by the examinee independently in a detailed form. The tasks of this part of the work are aimed at identifying graduates who have the most high level social science training.
The tasks of the second part (21–29) together represent the basic social sciences that form the social science course high school(social philosophy, economics, sociology, political science, social psychology, jurisprudence.
Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper
| Parts of the work | Number of tasks | Maximum primary score | Type of tasks |
| 1 part | 20 | 35 | Short answer |
| part 2 | 9 | 27 | Detailed response |
| Total | 19 | 62 |
Time
The examination work is allotted 3 hours 55 minutes.
Recommended time to complete various tasks:
- for each of tasks 1–3, 10: 1–4 minutes
- for each of tasks 4–9, 11–28: 2–8 minutes
- for task 29: 45 minutes
There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest subject of the Unified State Exam. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.
Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2019 in social studies:
- The wording has been detailed and the assessment system for task 25 has been revised.
- The maximum score for completing task 25 has been increased from 3 to 4.
- The wording of tasks 28, 29 was detailed, and the systems were improved
their assessments. - The maximum initial score for completing all work has been increased
from 64 to 65.
Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?
1. Learn theory.
For this purpose, theoretical material has been selected for each task, which you need to know and take into account when completing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society
- Human
- cognition
- spiritual sphere (culture)
- social sphere
- economy
- policy
- right
Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.
To obtain a high result, the examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.
Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.
2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.
The examination ticket is divided into two parts:
- Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
- Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.
The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:
- 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
- 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
- 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
- 4 points - 25, 28.
- 6 points - 29.
You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.
Special attention Pay attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.
3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.
The more test tasks you complete, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on a demo version from FIPI in social studies. Solve complete and thematic online tests with answers, no matter what stage of studying the theory you are at. By registering on the site, check and analyze your mistakes and keep statistics in your personal account, so that later they will not be allowed in the exam.
Formula for exam success
High scores on the Unified State Exam = theory + practice + systematic repetition + clearly planned time for studying + desire / will / hard work.
Get ready. Try your best. Strive for success! And then you will succeed.
Wait three years for the promised one? No, this is not about the work of our beloved FIPI this summer! As promised, in mid-August we had at our disposal the main documents regulating the 2019 Unified State Examination in social studies - a demo version and a codifier. Let's be curious, what's new?
Do you want to streamline your preparation for the Unified State Exam and make it as productive as possible? Then you should take the Unified State Exam codifier as a basis. “To act without rules is the most difficult and most tiring task in this world,” believed the famous Italian writer A. Manzoni. This opinion is more applicable than ever to preparing for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2019.
It's the month of May. There is only one month until the Unified State Exam in Social Studies. How to prepare for an exam at the last minute? We must remember, as Zemfira sings, that “... everything important points fly by at particularly high speed...”
“An expert is a person who has done everything possible mistakes in a very narrow specialty,” said Niels Bohr. We suggest you not make mistakes, but familiarize yourself with the recommendations of experts on preparing for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies!
Written part of the Unified State Exam in social studies always causes difficulties for graduates. This requires not only a confident knowledge of theoretical material, but also the application of one’s own knowledge, a broad outlook and an understanding of social interactions. I propose to analyze the real tasks of Part 2, encountered at the Unified State Exam 2016.
Any sufficiently severe stress, positive or negative, is equally capable of crippling our sanity and giving us ideas and abilities that we cannot gain in any other way. I consider this idea of the popular modern writer Chuck Palahniuk more relevant than ever when preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies. So, how to use the stress of the Unified State Exam to your advantage?
It is always useful to look at the test that we have to go through through the eyes of those assessing its outcome. For example, for a football player - through the eyes of a referee, but for us - through the eyes of Unified State Exam experts. Let's get acquainted with the recommendations of the compilers of the KIMs of the Unified State Exam 2015 in social studies!
You, of course, already know about the stunning drop in scores on the Unified State Exam in social studies in 2014. "Forewarned - forearmed!" Let's reflect on the principles of USE assessment in 2015, stated by FIPI in the key documents of the future exam - the demo version and the specifier.
Each Unified State Exam campaign begins with the publication of fundamental state documents according to the Unified State Exam for each subject - demo version, codifier and specifier. Let's look at the changes that have occurred in the demo version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies 2015.
Do you know that part C will give you almost half the points on the Unified State Exam in social studies? On the Unified State Exam, you will count every point, therefore, no matter how difficult the written tasks are, they must be solved. Let's try to outline the main recommendations of Unified State Exam experts on Part C?
Do you use the text of the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation to solve social science problems and in preparation for the Unified State Exam? For your convenience, we place it in our materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam.
You don’t know how to build a complex plan for the Unified State Exam in social studies? Do you doubt the correctness of your plans for task 35 of the demo version of the Unified State Exam 2015? Of course, because it is considered one of the most difficult, it requires specifics, knowledge of theory and clear formulations.
The Unified State Examination in social studies is very popular among schoolchildren. The exam is considered easy: no calculations are required, no time-consuming calculations are required. This ease is deceptive, and passing the exam can be difficult for two reasons. Firstly, the social studies course consists of several sections that are only conditionally related to each other, so structuring the acquired knowledge can be difficult. Secondly, during the test you will have to quickly switch between different sections, which will require composure and the ability to concentrate.
Item Features
Social science is a discipline that includes a complex of sciences that are somehow related to society. These are sociology, psychology, social philosophy, history, history, cultural studies, political science, economics, jurisprudence, ethics, etc.
The training course is divided into several topics:
- Human and society
- Right
- Policy
- Economy
- Social relations
You will be asked questions on all of these topics in the exam. Coping with assignments without preparation will be very difficult even for those who received good grades in social studies classes from fifth to eleventh grade. It is necessary to refresh your knowledge, remember definitions, systematize what you have learned. This requires studying theory in social science.
Exam
Each exam ticket contains four types of tasks:
- with the need to choose one or more correct answers;
- to identify the structural elements of concepts;
- knowledge of terminology, definition of concepts;
- to establish the correspondence of positions.
20 tasks require a short answer, 9 require a detailed answer. Graduates will also have to write an essay. When passing an exam, it is impossible to do without knowledge of theory.
Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies
- Start preparing early. The subject seems easy only at first glance: getting the highest score is not so easy.
- During the preparation process, you will have to memorize many terms and definitions. You shouldn’t just mechanically cram the wording, facts, events, names proposed in the textbook. Try to understand the essence, and then it will be easier for you to remember the material.
- Write everything you need to memorize in a special notebook.
- Start with tasks that seem easy to you. You shouldn’t skip them - even if you are confident in yourself, it won’t hurt to brush up on your knowledge.
- After that, move on to more complex topics. Study the theory, repeat the definitions several times, and then proceed to practical exercises. Finally, again make sure you remember the terminology exactly.
- When doing practice tests, practice reading the questions carefully. Practice shows that misunderstanding of questions is one of the common causes of errors.
- Experienced tutors recommend starting your preparation in December-January by studying economics. This section is small in volume.
- After this, you should take on the most difficult thing - law. Practice shows that it is this section of social studies that causes the greatest difficulties for graduates. Spend more time studying law.
- Social relations, man and society - comparatively simple sections. You can tackle them last.
- Ideally, theory studies should be completed in April. After that, give yourself a little rest and do the repetition. Make sure you remember all the wording and definitions, and can repeat all legal acts by heart.