A significant part of Russian spelling is occupied by the rules of hyphenation, separation and continuous writing word forms. Complex adjectives, examples of spelling of which will be given in the article, illustrate the rules of spelling of the Russian language.
Compound word - what is it?
The lexical arsenal of the Russian language includes simple words, consisting of one root, one base ( blue, young, red, autumn y). If a word consists of several stems or parts of stems, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.
Difficult word: ways of education
They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.
| Way | Description | Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples |
| Addition | Morphological in which compound word is formed by merging stems with the help of a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones). | wool weaver, carnivorous, circulatory, long-range |
| Fusion | Lexical-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels is merged into a complex one. | two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy) |
| Abbreviation | Conventional phonetic method: a complex word (noun) is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters. | department store, salary, KamAZ, NATO, Unified State Exam |
Compound adjectives: continuous spelling
The spelling of complex adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by complex examples which are given in the tables below.
In this case, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together, or be part of a phrase where the adjective is not part of the complex word.
| № | Rule | Compound adjectives: examples |
| Together | ||
| 1 | When forming a complex from a complex which is written together. | oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamship |
| 2 | When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from phrases “noun + adjective” that name geographical objects. | alpine skiing - alpine skiing, science - natural Sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopolyansky - Yagodnaya Polyana |
| 3 | If the adjective denotes a scientific term or is a special word. | Lepidoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk canning, baking, geological exploration |
| 4 | If the first part of a compound word is as follows: high-, higher-, deep-, thick-, steep-, large-, light-, small-, small-, many-, low-, lower-, sharp-, flat-, strong-, weak-, thick- , thin-, hard-, heavy-, narrow-, wide-. If such elements have explanatory words, then the spelling is separate. | little-studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), well-known (widely known abroad) |
| 5 | general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late. | common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, early ripening, late Scythian |
Compound adjectives: hyphenated
The set is written semi-continuously. Rules for hyphenation and compound adjective words (examples) are given in the table below.
| № | Rule | Hyphenated compound adjectives: examples |
| Hyphenated | ||
| 1 | When forming a compound adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen. | northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, since there is a prefix) |
| 2 | If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a first name and a surname. The exception is Eastern surnames. | Pushkin-Gogol, Lev-Tolstovsky, Jules Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh City) |
| 3 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal words (a conjunction can be placed between them And or But). | convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional |
| 4 | If an adjective is formed by merging several equal but heterogeneous words. | official business, electronic computing, comparative historical |
| 5 | If the first part of a compound word is military, popular, mass, educational, scientific. | military-legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical |
| 6 | If the adjective reflects the shade of the color. | grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black |
| 7 | Compound adjectives-toponyms. | West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural |
The phrase "adverb + adjective"
Complex words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.
So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally inwell-fed- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"
Spelling complex adjectives: examples from literature
In works fiction Compound adjectives are widely used.
They allow you to accurately describe an object and distinguish it from its environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky lilac distance, cloudy milky fog, matte pale foliage, blue-winged eagles, an impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, a thin, broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-ringing screams and others.
Each of us has at least once had the opportunity to check how to write such adjectives as “popular science”, “zootechnical”, “two-story”, “blue-green”. To make a mistake means to make a serious mistake in knowledge native language. However, it is not always clear how the presence or absence of a hyphen is determined.
Adjectives consisting of two, and sometimes even three stems at once are called complex. If you remember simple rules, then you no longer have to use search engines to check the next phrase.
When is a hyphen placed between parts of a compound adjective?
The Russian language provides four cases in which the constituent parts of an adjective are separated by a line.
- If the two underlying words are heterogeneous in meaning. For example, “popular science” - the parts of the adjective do not complement each other, but describe two different concepts.
- If the adjective comes from a compound noun, which, in turn, is written with a hyphen. For example, “northeast” - since the original noun “northeast” contains a hyphen, the adjective derived from it must also be equipped with a hyphen.
- If both parts of a complex adjective describe some quality of the object - “blue-green”, “sweet and sour”.
- If a word consists of two equal parts, and the hyphen between them can be replaced without loss by the conjunction “and”. For example, “literary and artistic concept” - one can say that the concept is “literary and artistic”, the essence will remain the same.
In what cases is a complex adjective written together?
Remembering in which cases a hyphen is not necessary is also quite easy.
- If the first part is a numeral. For example, “two-story” or “three-digit.” Also, a hyphen is not placed if the first part is an adverb ending in “o” and “e”. The words “sedentary” and “highly flammable” would be examples.
- If the adjective comes from a compound noun, also written without a hyphen - for example, the word “semiannual”, formed from “half a year”.
- When the first or second part of an adjective cannot be used on its own. For example, in the word "broad-chested", the first part has descriptive meaning only when combined with the second part.
In addition, most scientific and lexical terms are written together. A hyphen is not placed in phrases with a subordinating connection within a sentence - for example, “blood vessel,” that is, “a vessel that carries blood.”
In the Russian language, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex names adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke an error. However, you should not be afraid of them, because there are clearly defined rules.
Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:
1. Derived from nouns spelled together. For example:
- Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (love of freedom).
2. Derived from phrases, the types of connections between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:
- railway ( Railway), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Krasnoarmeisky (Red Army), woodworking (processing wood), meat-procuring (procuring meat), rail-rolling (rolling rails), national (common for the people), etc.
This group also includes adjectives that denote a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like “adverb + adjective”. For example:
- wild, evergreen, highly respected, rarely used, etc.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper names are written with a small letter .
Note 2. Complex adjectives, formed by combining an adverb with a simple adjective, are often confused with phrases like “adverb + adjective (or participle),” which, naturally, are written separately. For example:
- childishly trusting, poorly hidden, wildly annoying, forever young .
Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable in nature.
3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:
- hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (tongue), deaf-mute, etc.
Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:
1. Derived from nouns that were originally written with a hyphen. This group also includes complex adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements), formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. For example:
- diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, north-eastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
- Lev-Tolstvosky, Alexander-Pushkinsky, Stephen-King, Chuck-Polanovsky, etc.
- Erofey-Pavlovichsky
Note 1. The exception is the adjective “Zamoskvoretsky”, which is written together.
Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if the prefix appears in them:
- podalmaatsky, zaorehovozuevsky.
2. Derived from two or more equal words:
- interest-free, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.
2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and undertones. For example:
- rollingly loud, iridescently melodious, provocatively ringing;
- pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.
3. Included geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:
- North Caucasus, South Korean, East China, West Ukrainian, etc.
Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:
- Literary and artistic (club), mass political (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.
Note 2. Words whose first part is the stem “sam-”, “sama-” are also written with a hyphen. For example:
- Self-third, self-heel, etc.
Russian language 6 class Date ________
Subject : HYPHEN AND CONTINUOUS SPELLING
COMPLEX ADJECTIVES
Goals: educational: introduce the conditions for using a hyphen in complex adjectives, distinguishing between continuous and separate writing words;
developing: develop the ability to correctly write complex adjectives;
educational: shape the culture verbal communication.
Lesson type: combined
Methods: informational and developmental, creative and reproductive,
control method, visual
Equipment: cards for individual work
illustrative material
LESSON PLAN
I. Organizational moment
Greetings. Student concentration.
Parsing offers
Snowflakes - one of the most beautiful , complex And absolutely unique creations nature , her centuries-old secret .
IV. Preparing to study the topic
Pay attention to how the word is spelledcenturies-old.
Replace this word with a combination of words. What can be concluded?
Announcement of the topic, goals, objectives of the lesson. Familiarization with the work plan.
V. Assimilation of new knowledge
1. Reading spelling ______________________
2. Drawing up a diagram:
with a hyphen: together:
1. color can be replaced with a phrase
bright blue railway (railway)
dark red heavy duty (large load)
2. you can put AND
bitter-salty
3. cardinal directions
northeastern
4. repetition of words
good-excellent
VI. Primary knowledge test
– In what cases will it be attached? Are they written together, and in which ones - with a hyphen?
1. Choose adjectives that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another.
Green-eyed girl musical and entertainment broadcast, Central Urals direction, ski resort, ancient Russian language, lavender suit, water transport artery, south-eastern shore, iron foundry.
*********************************************************************
Green-eyed (green eyes) girl,Central Urals (Middle Urals) direction.
Ski (alpine skiing) resort,Old Russian (Ancient Rus') language.
Water transport (water transport) artery,iron foundry (cast iron) workshop.
2.Choose adjectives that are written with a hyphen.
Light (blue), fruit (berry), steel (foundry), life (joyful),parachute (landing), explosive (dangerous), scientific (popular),potatoes (harvest),sanitary (hygienic), ten (year old), northwestern).
************************************************************
Light blue (color)
Fruit and berry (you can insert and)
Parachute landing (you can insert and)
Popular science (you can insert and)
Sanitary (can be inserted and)
Northwestern (from northwest).
3.Choose adjectives that are written together.
Guest (host) hosts, pain (quencher), vegetable(animal) world, thirty(degree) freezing, literary (artistic) circle, railway (road) station, green(golden fields), dark (chestnut) hair, ancient (Russian) language, Russian(English) dictionary, three-room apartment, steam whistle.
Selective dictation
* Write out complex words from the text and explain their spelling.
Interesting facts about snowflakes.
Snowflakes are a very beautiful and interesting material created by nature. Each of us tried to see these beauties. But this is very difficult, since they immediately melt
1. doesn't happen pentagonal or heptagonal snowflakes. All snowflakes are strictly hexagonal form.
2. in one cubic meter There are 350 million snowflakes in the snow.
3. snowflakes light-pre-light , its weight is only about a milligram, sometimes 2, 3 mg.
4. the most overweight the snowflake was discovered in 1887. Its diameter was 38 cm. The size of an ordinary snowflake is on average 5 mm.
5. snowflakes - air purifiers , they clean the air from dust and fumes. That's why it's easy to breathe during snowfall .
6. snowflakes only seem to us white-white due to the refraction of light at the edges of the crystals, but in fact they are completely transparent, as they consist of 95% air and 5% water.
7. snowflakes – vaporous substances, they are formed not from water, but from water vapor. Zamor O The symbol of a melted snowflake will not revive her.
8. And one more interesting fact. Beautiful six-rayed artificial snowflakes can be obtained in a special installation. On the island of Honshu there is a Museum of Snow and Ice named after the Japanese scientist Ukihiro Nakaya, who was the first to create an artificial snowflake. There is also a machine for making snowflakes.
This is such a snowflake, interesting and still not fully studied.
Lesson summary
Homework_____________________________________
|
Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen or together. A hyphen is used if a complex adjective: 1) denotes shades of colors:yellow-blue, bright red; 2) derived from compound nouns, which are written with a hyphen: southwestern (southwest), Tien Shan (Tien Shan); 3) formed by adding equal words, between which a conjunction can be inserted And: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), meat and dairy (meat and dairy), Russian-English (Russian and English). Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway - railway, athletics - athletics. Yellow-blue (color). Southwest (southwest). Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata). Bitter-salty (bitter and salty). Zheleznodorozhny (railway). |
When applying this rule, think like this: (car) repair- this is a complex word, it is formed from a combination of words in which one is subordinate to the other (repair of wagons). This means that this word needs to be written together: car repair. (convex)concave- this is a complex word, it is formed from the bases of words independent of each other convex And concave, you can insert a conjunction between them And. This means that this word must be written with a hyphen: convex-concave.
330 . Write down complex adjectives in two columns: in the first, write down those that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another; in the second - those that are formed from two words independent of each other. Emphasize the connecting vowels.
Magazine and newspaper, socio-political, pulp and paper, chess and checkers (competitions), ancient Ru..kiy, Ru..co-French..iy, oil tanker, left..bank, yellow-red, agricultural, Western European, iron foundry, science fiction, copper smelting, socially useful.
socio-political
socially useful
331 . Together or with a hyphen? Indicate the conditions for choosing continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives (see example in the box). What category do these adjectives belong to?
(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (middle) century, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow)red, (three) meter, (garden)garden, (rail)rolling, (north)western, (forty)kilometer, (ancient)Russian, (factory)factory, (cotton)paper, (two)room, (cast iron) foundry.
332 . What compound adjectives can be formed from these words? Write them down, indicating the conditions for choosing the hyphenated spelling of compound adjectives.
Yellow green; White blue; Red White; light, purple; dark, blue; pale, blue; bright, pink; dark, chestnut.
333 . Write down compound adjectives formed from these words.
Sample: pale, pink, face - pale pink, pale-faced, pink-faced.
Dark, brown, hair; black, white, eyebrow; blue, green, eye; red, blue, nose; white, pink, marshmallow.
334 . I. Write down complex adjectives that are written together in one column, and in the other - adjectives that are written with a hyphen.
(Light) blue, (crimson) red, (dark) chestnut, (water) wire, (agricultural), (silver) white, (blue) green, (steam) transport, (heat) carrier, (helicopter) flight, (ice)cold.
II. In word combinations, replace the highlighted words with adjectives. Write down the adjectives along with the nouns.
Sample: Factory for ship repairs- Shipyard.
Paper, sensitive to light; case first stage; building twelve floors; polygon With equal sides ; collected works in five volumes; fruit and berry culture; factory for casting iron; woman with gray hair; man with broad shoulders; requirements sanitary and hygienic; production writing paper; young woman at seventeen.
335 . Read and title the text. Write it down using missing commas. Indicate the conditions for selecting the orthogram being studied.
336 . Read two excerpts from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bul6a”. In your opinion, what type of text are these sentences taken from? Write it down using missing commas. Underline the adjectives that describe the color of the steppe and sky in the morning and evening. Explain the meaning of words you don't know.
1. The so..tse appeared long ago in the cleared sky and bathed the steppe with its life-giving (warmth)creative light. The further the steppe went, the more beautiful it became. The entire surface of the earth seemed like a (green)golden window along which mi(l, ll)ions of different colors were splashed.
2. In the evening the whole steppe completely changed. Its entire motley space was enveloped by the last bright reflection of the social world and gradually darkened, so that one could see how a shadow ran across it, and it became (dark) green; the fumes rose thicker, every flower, every grass gave off ambergris, and the whole steppe smoked with an incense.. stench. Across the (blue)dark sky, as if with a giant brush, wide stripes of roses...gold had been painted; From time to time, light and transparent clouds appeared in white tufts.