Nepenthes grows on the island of Madagascar, belongs to the genus Nepenthes, or pitcher plant. Next to the usual leaves, these plants also develop those in which reddish, up to cm long, “jugs” with a lid at the top grow at the end.
Sarracenia Its tubular leaves-vessels reach cm. They also attract insects with nectar, which fall into the water collected at the bottom of the living vessel. Hairs sticking out on its inner wall and pointing down prevent insects from getting out.
Venus flytrap The Venus flytrap grows in the swamps of North and South Carolina in the United States. The oval halves of the leaves of this plant are located at an obtuse angle to one another. Long, strong, claw-like teeth grow along their edges. Each half has three sensitive bristles.
Venus flytrap As soon as the insect touches them, the halves instantly close. The trap is designed in such a way that the plant catches the insect with lightning speed and with a tight fixation. Fine stubble on inside the leaf is activated upon contact, within 30 seconds there is an “identification” of the prey directly from others external factors, for example a raindrop.
Pemphigus This plant produces bubbles on its leaves up to 5 mm in diameter with a hole that is closed from the inside by a valve with hairs. When a mosquito larva or a small crustacean touches the hairs on the lid, the animal is instantly sucked into the bubble along with water. Sometimes even fish fry and tadpoles are captured. They also serve as food for the plant.
Sundew Attracted by the shiny droplets, the insect will land on a leaf and will no longer be able to fly off it - “dew” is a sticky liquid. The hairs lean toward the insect like tentacles. Then digestive juice is secreted, which in composition resembles gastric juice animals.
Sundew Sundew has very sensitive leaves, they react to the weight of an insect of only 0.008 mg! Sundew is able to react not only to weight, but also to animal products: pieces of meat, cheese, bones. When the food is digested, the leaf straightens, shaking out the chitinous shell remaining from the insect. The hairs also straighten, droplets of juice appear, and the leaf is ready to hunt again.
Why did carnivorous plants appear? The fact is that they grow in water, in swamps or poor soils, where they lack nutrients - phosphorus, nitrogen, as well as sodium, potassium, and magnesium salts. So, with the help of all sorts of ingenious traps and Velcro, they hunt small animals to supplement their diet.
Biology Presentation - Carnivorous plants
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Carnivorous plants considered a miracle of nature. Typically, such plants live in nitrogen-depleted areas, and animals are used as an additional source of nitrogen. Attracting insects by color, smell or sweet substances, plants catch them in one way or another, and then secrete enzymes into the trap that digest the caught victim. The products formed as a result of such extracellular digestion are absorbed and assimilated.
Carnivorous plants use five various types devices for catching prey:
1. Jugs - traps
2. Slamming traps
3. Sticky traps
4. Suction traps
5. Trap villages
Jugs - traps
Slamming traps
Sticky traps
Suction traps
Traps - villages
Jug traps - Nepenthes
Pitcher traps - Sarracenia
Jug traps - Heliamphora
Pitcher traps - Darlingtonia
Sticky traps - Rossolist
Sticky Traps - Sundew
Sticky traps - Zhiryanka
Slamming traps - Venus flytrap
Slamming Traps - Aldrovanda
Suction Traps - Bladderwort
Traps - villages - Genlisey
Download Biology Presentation - Carnivorous Plants
Carnivorous plants are considered a miracle of nature. Typically, such plants live in nitrogen-depleted areas, and animals are used as an additional source of nitrogen. Attracting insects by color, smell or sweet substances, plants catch them in one way or another, and then secrete enzymes into the trap that digest the caught victim. The products formed as a result of such extracellular digestion are absorbed and assimilated.
There are 450 species of such plants belonging to 6 families; they can be found all over the world in the most different places a habitat.
Since these carnivorous plants feed mainly on small insects, they are also called insectivores.
Carnivorous plants use five different types of adaptations to capture prey:
1. Jugs - traps
2. Slamming traps
3. Sticky traps
4. Suction traps
5. Trap villages
The type of trap is not a sign by which carnivorous plants are divided into families
Jugs - traps
These plants use various tricks to lure prey. The edges and inner walls of the trapping leaves of some of them are painted bright red, while others secrete a sugary substance.
There are two possible explanations why the prey does not fly out of the trap: an intoxicating substance contained in the sugary liquid that quickly puts the prey to sleep, or an overhanging lid that disorients the insect.
Slamming traps
The trap is formed at the end of the leaf, the petiole plays the role of a loop, and the leaf itself forms two lobes bordered by teeth. Each of them has sensitive hairs that activate the trap.
This happens when an insect disturbs one of the hairs. But only when the second hair is touched, a sufficiently powerful electrical impulse is sent from the base of the plant, causing the trap to slam shut. The trap slams shut very quickly - within one fifth of a second.
Sticky traps
Some plants use a sticky substance. As soon as the insects land on a leaf, they become stuck in a sugary liquid secreted by special stem glands in the leaves. Trying to escape, the victim forces the neighboring hairs to bend towards the source of the movement and, as a result, finds itself even more firmly grabbed.
Suction traps
These plants live in ponds. Bubbles hanging from their leaves have a hole covering a free-hanging valve. Special glands pump out almost all the water from the bubble so that the valve remains tightly closed due to the water pressure from the outside. A sugary substance is then released, which attracts prey and at the same time strengthens the valve. The bristles direct the prey to the valve, which instantly opens when the prey touches the signal hairs. The pressure forces the valve to open inward, and the prey, along with water, is sucked into the vial. Then the valve quickly closes, water is pumped out, and digestion of the catch begins.
Traps - villages
The trapping leaves of the plant have a short petiole, divided into two tubes extending under water or underground. A spiral slot runs along the entire length of the tubes, along the inner surface, which contains a number of hairs directed inward. The glands located on the outer edge secrete an adhesive substance. Small aquatic or soil organisms are guided by their hairs into the trap, from where they can no longer escape.
Jugs - traps - Nepenthes
The tropical plant predator Nepenthes is capable of catching not only insects, but even small mice, frogs and reptiles.
After 5-7 hours, the caught prey is completely digested. Inside large jugs there is up to a liter of digestive juice.
Orangutans eagerly drink this sour, refreshing liquid.
Jugs - traps - Sarracenia
This is a North American marsh plant.
Catches cockroaches and flies with long tube-shaped traps - green graceful “glasses” 10-15 cm high, which are modified leaves growing from the rhizome. Above the traps rise wide, umbrella-shaped formations resulting from the expansion of the midrib.
Jugs - traps - Heliamphora
Grows in Venezuela and Guyana.
These are perennial herbs, with trap leaves in the shape of pitchers, forming rosettes. At the top of the wide-open funnel there is a small spoon-shaped outgrowth in which a large amount of nectar is produced. The height of the plants ranges from 7-40 cm. The color of the leaves is green with a purple tint, the central vein is bright purple.
Pitchers - traps - Darlingtonia
Darlingtonias are found on marshy soils west coast North America.
The trap leaves of this plant reach a height of one meter and are dangerous even for small birds. They resemble a cobra with a swollen neck preparing to attack.
Their sweet smell attracts crawling and flying insects.
Sticky traps - Rossolist
Rosolist is an insectivorous plant that grows in Portugal and Morocco mainly on dry, rocky soils.
The linear leaves and stem are densely covered with glands that secrete a sticky liquid similar to dew drops. The insect, once on the leaf, is doused with liquid, dies, dissolves and is absorbed by the plant.
Sticky Traps - Sundew
In the center of the leaf, the glandular hairs are short, and at the edges they are longer. The head of the hair is surrounded by a transparent droplet of thick sticky viscous mucus. Small flies or ants, attracted by the shine of these droplets, sit or crawl onto the leaf and stick to it. The insect thrashes and thrashes, trying to free itself from the trap, and in doing so inevitably touches neighboring sticky drops. All the hairs of the disturbed leaf bend towards the prey and soon envelop it in mucus.
One sundew plant can digest several dozen insects per day.
Sticky traps - Zhiryanka
The hunting apparatus of the butterwort is a leaf. On the upper side of the leaf there are stalked glands that secrete sugary mucus to attract insects, and sessile glands that produce mucus with a set of enzymes for digesting prey.
An insect sitting on a leaf sticks to its surface, after which the leaf slowly curls and the captured insect is digested.
Slamming traps - Venus flytrap
It feeds on insects and spiders.
Grows in humid temperate climates Atlantic coast USA.
If the prey is small, it can crawl out of the trap, but if there is an insect thicker than 3-4 mm inside the valves, it will inevitably die. The more desperately it beats in the trap, the tighter the leaf flaps are compressed, more and more adjacent to one another and squeezing the prey. The inner surface of the leaf is dotted with small red glands that secrete a liquid that contains digestive enzymes and formic acid.
Slamming Traps - Aldrovanda
Aldrovanda swims freely in the pond.
Its thin herbaceous stem with whorls of 7-9 leaves, similar to the leaves of a Venus flytrap, is always under water.
Wide, flat, leaf-shaped petioles of the leaves are narrowed near the leaf blade, where they end in long awl-shaped bristles that stick out like peaks in all directions. Leaf blade consists of two semicircular halves inclined towards one another. This is the plant's trapping apparatus.
Suction Traps - Bladderwort
This interesting plant prefers silted, humus-rich reservoirs that become spring-autumn period refuge large quantity aquatic organisms.
A unique organ, the trapping vesicle, helps this plant capture prey, which is why they got the name “pemphigus.”
Traps - villages - Genlisey
Genlisei can be found in South America and tropical areas of Africa
They are true predators, although they appearance does not indicate their insidious properties. The fact is that, firstly, their hunting organs are located underground, and secondly, the production of genliseys is very small.
The underground outgrowths emit a special signal substance that lures single-celled organisms into trap holes.
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Carnivorous plants Sintsov E. A. "G"
Sundew (Drosera) General information about sundew: sundew, sundew family. Number: There are 100 species in the genus. Place of origin: Temperate zones, Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa.
Varieties of sundew English sundew (Drosera anglica) Perennial, the leaves of which are collected in a basal rosette, from which emerges one, rarely several thin reddish stems. The leaves are elongated, 3-5 mm wide, often eight times as long as wide; naked below, densely pubescent above with red erect hairs with glands. Stipules 7-14 mm long, split in the terminal lobe. The flowers are collected in a sparse raceme, bisexual, five-parted, with a white corolla. Blooms from mid-June to late August.
Cape sundew (Drosera capensis) The leaves are oblong, spatulate-linear, 4-6 cm long and 0.3-0.4 cm wide, narrowed into a petiole, in a dense rosette, reddish, ciliated, with red iron-bearing bristles. Petiole up to 10 cm long. Peduncle with 20 flowers, up to 20 cm tall. The flowers are red. Flowering in May-August.
Round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) Low perennial herbaceous plant height from 7 to 20 cm with leaves collected in a basal rosette. One or more stems emerge from the center of the rosette, much longer than the leaves. The leaves are long-petiolate, bare below, shiny, green, covered with more or less red hairs and glands on top. The flowers are small, five-parted, in ridge-shaped inflorescences at the ends of erect stems. The flowers are bisexual and regular. The fruit is a smooth ovoid capsule, longer than the calyx pressed against it. Blooms from June to August.
Spatulate sundew (Drosera spathulata) The leaves are oblong spatulate, narrowed into a short petiole, form a dense rosette, reddish, densely covered with iron-bearing hairs. The flowers are very small, almost sessile, collected 10-15 in small, unbranched racemes, red.
Sundew care and maintenance Lighting: Bright, sunny place with access fresh air. In winter - cool at a temperature of about 5C or slightly above 10C. Green species from subtropical areas require a temperature of about 18C. Watering sundews: the soil should be constantly moist, except for the dormant period, provided that the plant overwinters in a cool place. For irrigation, only soft water should be used. Water in the pan does not harm the plant. Sundew propagation: By seeds sown in moist peat in a seedling forcing greenhouse at high humidity air. Small seeds are not covered. Under the same conditions, leaf cuttings take root well. Feeding sundews: It is not necessary to fertilize the plant. If there is a lack of nutrients, you can occasionally feed the plant with weak flower fertilizer or liquid medium, used for hydroponics.
Pests and diseases of sundew As a true predator, this plant has practically no enemies and does not get sick. If not properly cared for, it will die. Rarely cultivated indoors.
Nepenthes General information about Nepenthes Nepenthes, pitcher family. Number: There are about 50 species in the genus. Place of origin: Tropical regions of Asia, Australia, Seychelles, Philippines and Madagascar.
Varieties of Nepenthes Nepenthes madagascariensis (Nepenthes madagascariensis) Plant 60-90 cm tall. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate. The jugs are large, 20 cm long, winged, crimson, the lid is in large glands. Wet, warm greenhouses.
Nepenthes mixed (Nepenthes x mixta) Hybrid of Nphenthes maxima x Nepenthes northiana. The pitcher is large, up to 30 cm long, swollen, cylindrical, yellow-green, with red spots inside.
Nepenthes rafflesiana Epiphytes. The leaves are oval, lanceolate, 20-30 cm long and up to 10 cm wide. The pitcher is 10-20 cm long and 7-10 cm wide, urn-shaped, light green with red spots and stripes, on a long tendril, bluish inside, with red spots.
Nepenthes care and maintenance Nepenthes lighting: light throughout the year, but not in direct sunlight, constant temperature - 20 degrees. In winter, a slight decrease in temperature has a positive effect on the formation of pitchers. Watering Nepenthes: loose soil should be constantly moist. It is recommended to immerse the pot with the plant in water. For watering, use only soft, cool water. Reproduction of Nepenthes: in early spring apical cuttings are effective only in a seedling forcing greenhouse at a temperature of at least 25 degrees and high air humidity. Humidity: Optimum humidity level - 80%. Watering and feeding Nepenthes: loose soil should be constantly moist; It is recommended to immerse the pot with the plant in water; For irrigation, only soft water should be used; optimal level humidity - 80%. Fertilize from March to September every 2 weeks with flower fertilizer, the concentration is half that indicated on the package.