The course work contains 39 pages, 4 figures, 22 sources.
DIC, DOCTRINE, SECURITY, DEFENSE ORDER, EFFICIENCY.
The work examines the Russian military-industrial complex.
The purpose of the course work was to study the management system of the Russian defense industry.
The methodological basis of the research in this course work was the method of theoretical analysis.
As a result of the study, the characteristics and composition of the military-industrial complex were examined, the legislative foundations and structure of the management bodies of the military-industrial complex were studied, defense order as a basis government controlled The defense industry of the Russian Federation, as well as familiarization with the defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory and their current potential.
Introduction
1. Theoretical aspects studying the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation
1.1 Concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation
1.2 Legislative framework and structure of governing bodies of the military-industrial complex
1.3 Defense order as the basis of public administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation
2. Current state of enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
2.1 Characteristics of defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory
Conclusion
bibliography
DEFINITIONS, NOTATIONS, ABBREVIATIONS
OPK - military-industrial complex
VVST - armed, military and special equipment
MO - Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
Rosoboronpostavka - Federal agency for the supply of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel
GOZ - state defense order
GPV - state weapons program
Air Force - air Force
Air defense - air defense
Navy - navy
R&D - research and development
SSBN - strategic missile submarine cruiser
SPRN - missile attack warning systems
Radar - radar station
DEPL - diesel-electric submarine
OJSC "KnAAZ" - OJSC "Komsomolskoe-on-Amur" aircraft factory named after Yu.A. Gagarin"
Introduction
One of the most important means of ensuring national security are its armed forces and the military-industrial complex as a whole. National security - one of the main needs of the state and society - today is becoming extremely important for the successful implementation of its political, socio-economic and spiritual-ideological tasks. This implies the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the military-industrial complex (DIC), the development and production of weapons and military equipment, the required level of scientific, technical and military-technical potential that ensures Russia the role of a great power in the world. The need for such an understanding and real actions by the country's political leadership is also due to the actions of Western countries, and primarily the United States, seeking to change the balance of armed forces in their favor, both in the West and on the southern borders of Russia.
To increase production efficiency and quality of work, improve management in modern conditions knowledge of methods for justifying decisions, methods and techniques for analyzing planned and ongoing expenses in the field of economics is required.
This is especially necessary when solving problems of ensuring the country's defense capability, since here the cost of losses from erroneous or insufficiently substantiated decisions is greatest.
The Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537, is a political document reflecting a set of officially accepted views on the goals and state strategy in the field of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state from external and internal political threats , economic, social, military, man-made, environmental, informational and other nature, taking into account available resources and capabilities.
The most important tasks of ensuring national security are:
improving quality of life Russian citizens by guaranteeing personal safety, as well as high standards of life support;
economic growth, which is achieved primarily through the development of a national innovation system and investment in human capital;
science, technology, education, healthcare and culture, which are developed by strengthening the role of the state and improving public-private partnerships;
ecology of living systems and rational use of natural resources, the maintenance of which is achieved through balanced consumption, the development of advanced technologies and the expedient reproduction of the country’s natural resource potential;
strategic stability and equal strategic partnership, which are strengthened on the basis of Russia’s active participation in the development of a multipolar world order model.
The relevance of this topic is due to the growing tension in the world. The development of the world is following the path of globalization of all spheres of international life, which is characterized by high dynamism and interdependence of events. Contradictions associated with uneven development as a result of globalization processes and the widening gap between the levels of well-being of countries have intensified between states. Values and development models have become the subject of global competition. The vulnerability of all members of the international community in the face of new challenges and threats has increased. As a result of the strengthening of new centers of economic growth and political influence, a qualitatively new geopolitical situation is emerging. In conditions competition For resources, it is not excluded that emerging problems can be resolved using military force - the existing balance of power near the borders may be disrupted Russian Federation and the borders of its allies. The risk of an increase in the number of states possessing nuclear weapons. Such scientists as S.A. studied and analyzed this problem. Tolmachev, B.N. Kuzyk and E.Yu. Khrustalev.
One of the strategic goals of national defense is to ensure military security by developing and improving the state’s military organization and defense potential, as well as allocating a sufficient amount of financial, material and other resources for these purposes.
The object of research in the course work is the military-industrial complex of Russia.
The subject of the study is the mechanism of functioning of the control system of the state's military-industrial complex.
Target of this work- study the management system of the Russian defense industry in modern conditions. To achieve this goal, a range of tasks was determined to be solved within the framework of this course work:
characterize the concept and composition of the defense industry complex;
study the legislative framework and structure of governing bodies of the defense-industrial complex;
consider the defense order as the basis of state management of the defense industry of the Russian Federation;
get acquainted with the defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory and their current potential.
The work consists of an introduction, two interrelated chapters, a conclusion and a bibliography.
1. Theoretical aspects of studying the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation
.1 Concept and composition of the defense industry complex of the Russian Federation
Today, the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the MIC) of Russia is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, military and special equipment (hereinafter referred to as MIC), as well as producing a variety of high-tech civilian products. It is based on strategic enterprises and strategic joint stock companies. The list of these enterprises and societies was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 4, 2004 No. 1009 (as amended on September 1, 2014). This list contains more than 1000 items, including:
federal state unitary enterprises producing products (works, services) of strategic importance for ensuring the defense capability and security of the state, protecting morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation;
open joint-stock companies, the shares of which are federally owned and the participation of the Russian Federation in the management of which ensures strategic interests, the defense capability and security of the state, the protection of morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation.
The defense industry consists of several industries:
Aviation industry.
Rocket and space industry.
Ammunition and special chemicals industry.
Weapons industry.
Radio industry.
Communications industry.
Electronics industry.
Shipbuilding industry.
Intersectoral structures and enterprises.
.2 Legislative framework and structure of governing bodies of the military-industrial complex
The main document of strategic planning in the Russian Federation is the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation. It represents a system of views officially accepted in the state on preparation for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation. The Military Doctrine takes into account the basic concepts<#"justify">3. The Federal Space Agency regulates the work carried out by rocket and space industry organizations in the field of military rocket and space technology and strategic military rocket technology;
4. federal Service on military-technical cooperation carries out control and supervision functions in the field military-technical cooperation Russian Federation with foreign countries;
The Military-Industrial Commission of the Russian Federation is a permanent body that organizes and coordinates the activities of federal executive bodies to implement public policy on military-industrial issues, as well as military-technical support for the country's defense, law enforcement and state security;
Federal Agency for the Supply of Arms, Military, Special Equipment and Materials (Rosoboronpostavka) carries out the functions of a state customer in placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of government contracts for state defense orders across the entire range of weapons, military, special equipment and materiel.
Legislature:
The Expert Council on Problems of Legislative Support for the Defense-Industrial Complex under the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was created by decree Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated February 26, 2014 N 44-SF. The main objectives of the Expert Council are legislative support for the effective functioning and development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation and improvement legal regulation in the field of military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states.
.3 Defense order as the basis of public administration of the defense industry of the Russian Federation
The basis of state management of the defense-industrial complex is the placement of defense orders. The state defense order is a legal act providing for the supply of products for federal government needs in order to maintain the required level of defense capability.
The prerequisites for the formation of a defense order are the provisions of the military doctrine, the federal program for the production of weapons and military equipment, programs of military-technical cooperation with other states, the mobilization plan of the economy and some other conditions.
The development of a defense order is carried out in conjunction with the forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation and the project federal budget for the corresponding year. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Russia approves the work schedule for the formation of a defense order, which is brought to the attention of all developers.
The main indicators of the defense order are approved by the President of the Russian Federation. They are: production of products (works, services by type); work on the implementation of international treaties on the elimination, reduction and limitation of weapons; measures to mobilize the economy; construction work and technical re-equipment of facilities intended for defense needs; material and technical resources for which suppliers are set quotas for their obligatory deliveries (state reservations) to government customers and performers.
The defense order also specifies delivery dates; predicted cost (price); list of government customers and proposed performers and other conditions. The state budget provides for expenditures on defense orders as protected items that are subject to full financing.
For the most important types of material and technical resources for fulfilling a defense order, the Government of the Russian Federation sets quotas for enterprises for mandatory deliveries to the main contractor of the defense order at prices prevailing on the market.
The state customer is responsible for the timely delivery of the defense order to the contractor and for the targeted use of funds allocated to it from the budget. Fulfillment of the defense order is economically stimulated by allocations from the federal budget for construction, development of new equipment, guaranteeing a fixed level of profitability and other measures.
State customers, together with executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, hold competitions for placing defense orders for the supply of food to provide military and equivalent consumers.
When concluding government contracts for the implementation of defense orders, data from state statistics bodies on the level and dynamics of market prices for agricultural products and food products, taking into account inflation predicted by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia. When agreed with suppliers, contract prices are provided at a level not higher than the average market prices in force in the relevant constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Purchases and deliveries are made on the basis of direct contracts concluded with domestic producers. Orders for food supplies are placed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation at the location of the troops.
The defense order at all stages is developed and implemented in accordance with the requirements of the law to ensure the regime of maintaining state secrets. A defense order is mandatory if its placement does not cause losses during execution.
The rapid growth of Russia's state defense order (GOZ) began in 2005, when it increased by almost a third compared to the previous year, amounting to 148 billion rubles. A year later (2006), the State Armament Program for the period 2007-2015 (GPV-2015) was approved. Thanks to growing military funding, it became the first such program in Russia to actually begin to be implemented (Figure 1).
Figure 1 - Defense order of the Russian Federation in 2004-2011. (billion rubles)
This fact allowed the industry to begin building more or less long-term production plans.
In general, it can be argued that today the state defense order is the determining factor for Russian defense industry and serves as one of the effective instruments of the state’s industrial policy. Since 2005, the volume of state defense orders has exceeded the volume of the country’s military exports, and this is the first prerequisite for the formation of stable operation of all defense industry enterprises, and not just those that are export-oriented. It is well known that until the mid-2000s, stable economic situation Only those enterprises whose products were in demand abroad were demonstrated; the rest were barely staying afloat.
The exact range of weapons purchased under the GPV-2015 is unknown, however, in 2006, the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the general planned indicators: the program included equipping 200 formations and units. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation received about 3,000 units of new weapons for various purposes and more than 5,000 modernized weapons for various purposes. The ground and airborne forces were re-equipped with new, modernized weapons, and these are more than 300 battalions and several missile brigades. The Air Force and Air Defense have planned to receive more than a thousand combat systems from front-line and army aviation. The Navy has several dozen ships and submarines, including five strategic missile carriers.
In 2005 prices, it was planned to allocate 4.94 trillion rubles for the GPV-2015, of which 4.51 trillion rubles (91 percent) were intended for the Ministry of Defense. From total amount 63 percent was planned to be spent on the purchase of new weapons and military equipment; another 20 percent of the program budget was allocated for R&D.
From the point of view of funding volumes, the GPV-2015 was divided into two stages: 2007-2010 and 2011-2015, since for many types of arms and military equipment it was planned to sharply increase purchases precisely after 2010.
October 2010 The State Armament Program for the period 2011-2020 (GPV-2020) was approved, which is built on the basis of the “second part” of the GPV-2015, but is “supplemented and expanded” taking into account new realities. In GPV-2020, the main priority is given to the procurement of complex high-tech samples (more than 70% of the program volume). The lessons of recent armed conflicts, primarily in South Ossetia, are also taken into account. Based on this, the share of serial purchases of modern and promising models in the new GPV-2020 exceeds the similar indicator of GPV-2015 by 15-20%.
An important innovation of the GPV-2015 was the transition to three-year contracts. Meanwhile, the actual execution of these contracts faced a number of difficulties, caused primarily by the defective pricing mechanism.
Thus, despite the general correctness of the idea of transitioning to medium-term procurement contracting, in practice it faces a number of traditional unresolved issues. Traditional problems also include high lending rates.
New trend State Defense Order, there was an increase in purchases of arms and military equipment from foreign manufacturers. Previously, single purchases were made in the interests of the Ground Forces, but the potential acquisition of several Mistral-class universal landing ships could dramatically increase the share of foreign weapons in the Russian army.
Key priorities included: development of strategic nuclear potential; rocket and space defense equipment; equipping troops with modern strike systems, command and control, reconnaissance and communications systems, as well as strengthening military infrastructure. Changes in priorities were partly caused by the Russian-Georgian war of 2008, as a result of which the 2010 State Defense Order included such an area as “ensuring work to strengthen the contingent of our Armed Forces and building appropriate military infrastructure in the most important strategic directions, including the Southern, and modernization of the Black Sea fleet." Let's take a closer look.
.Strategic nuclear forces.
The priority of financing strategic nuclear forces (SNF) in Russia has never been questioned. However, throughout the 2000s, the relative share of strategic nuclear forces in defense spending decreased, which is obviously not due to a decrease in the priority of strategic nuclear forces, but to an increase in the absolute budget of the Defense Ministry. If in 1999-2000 about 95 percent of the state defense budget was spent on strategic nuclear forces, then in 2007 only 23 percent of the funds were spent on “nuclear” purposes.
Probably, in subsequent years this figure remained at the same level, which is indirectly confirmed by the fact that the GPV-2015 involves the allocation of about 20 percent of funds for the purchase of weapons and military equipment for strategic nuclear forces.
The main procurement programs for the Strategic Missile Forces are the programs for the purchase of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) RT-2PM2 "Topol-M" and RS-24 "Yars" (the development of which was completed within the framework of the GPV-2015). In 2007-2009, 24 Topol-M ICBMs (including 15 mobile ones) and the first three serial mobile Yars ICBMs were purchased. In addition, funding continued for work to maintain the previous generation missile systems: R-36M/M2, UR-100NUTTH and RT-2PM. It is obvious that by 2015-2017 the amount of funds for maintaining old systems in service will decrease, which, if the current level of purchases of new ICBMs continues, may mean a decrease in the share of expenditures on the Strategic Missile Forces.
At the same time, the share of the maritime nuclear component is likely to increase. Currently, the main actively funded programs are the construction of Project 955 strategic missile submarines (SSBNs) and the development of the main weapon for them - the Bulava-30 ballistic missile. Despite the fact that the slipway period of construction of the lead SSBN of Project 955 “Yuri Dolgoruky” was successfully completed in 2008 and the boat has been undergoing testing since 2009, the program remains in limbo due to unsuccessful launches of the Bulava. Meanwhile, the construction of serial SSBNs of Project 955A “Alexander Nevsky” and “Vladimir Monomakh” is underway, and the actual construction of the fourth SSBN of this project “St. Nicholas” has begun. In parallel with the construction of the fourth generation SSBN, active work is underway to modernize the SSBN of the previous projects 667BDRM and 667BDR, which form the basis of naval strategic nuclear forces. In 2007-2009, the repair of two SSBNs of projects 667BDRM and 667BDR was completed, and about 20 R-29RMU-2 Sineva ballistic missiles were purchased for them, and their production is carried out on the basis of a long-term contract. Thus, as of the beginning of 2008, OJSC Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant had an order for the production of Sineva missiles until 2014.
The aviation component of the strategic nuclear forces also received funding, and the main program here was the purchase and modernization of Tu-160 strategic bombers. In 2007-2010, the Air Force purchased one new bomber, completed from stock, and modernized three operational Tu-160s. At the same time, repairs were carried out on the Tu-95MS strategic bombers.
Thus, taking into account the scale of the work being carried out, it can be stated that in the strategic nuclear forces the naval component has the highest priority and the main funds of the state defense order are allocated to it. If the Bulava tests are successfully completed, the costs of naval strategic weapons may even increase, since it will be necessary to purchase ammunition for the SSBNs under construction - 16-20 missiles for each cruiser, and in addition, the pace of completion of the SSBNs will obviously accelerate.
And the GPV-2020 priority in military development remains strategic nuclear forces. In the next 10 years, they must almost completely renew their composition: 80% of the Strategic Missile Forces complexes will be new production systems and only 20% will be Soviet-made systems with extended service life.
.Space Forces.
In the field of procurement for the Space Forces, a stable situation can be stated. In recent years, the Space Forces have carried out approximately the same number of launch vehicles. The range of satellites launched is quite extensive: it includes reconnaissance, communications, relay, missile attack and navigation satellites. At the same time, significant financial resources are allocated for the development of a new type of launch vehicle "Angara" (including ground infrastructure for it), but the readiness dates are constantly being postponed. It seems that a sharp increase in spending on the Space Forces in relative figures should not be expected.
In addition to satellites, in accordance with the concept of military space defense, by 2016 it is planned to adopt new radars of the missile attack warning system (SPRN) “Voronezh-DM”, over-the-horizon radars “Container”, “Nebo”, “Podlet” and “Resonance” ", work on which is also financed. In 2007-2008, the leadership of the Space Forces confirmed the policy of abandoning the use of early warning radars located outside the territory of Russia, and as they are abandoned on Russian territory, it is planned to deploy two more early warning radars - “closer to the Urals and in the Far East.” In total, the Ministry of Defense plans to purchase five or six Voronezh-DM early warning radars with the goal of creating a complete radar field over Russian territory by 2015.
.Air Force.
The area of procurement for the Air Force has seen the most dynamic development in recent years. It was in 2007-2010 that the construction of the first prototypes of the Russian fifth-generation fighter T-50 was completed and its flight tests began. It is clear that funding for this program will continue and it will likely remain the most expensive for the Air Force. In addition, the Air Force is actively increasing its purchases of new equipment. Thus, in 2008-2009, contracts were signed for the supply of 130 aircraft. Of these, the largest contract in post-Soviet times should be noted for the supply of 48 Su-35S, four Su-30M2 and 12 Su-27SM3 fighters for a total amount of 80 billion rubles. The second largest contract was the contract for the purchase of 32 Su-34 front-line bombers worth 33.6 billion rubles.
During the period of GPV-2015, for the first time after an almost 15-year break, new aviation equipment began to be transferred to the Air Force. In 2007-2009, about 40 new aircraft were delivered to the troops, but most of them (31) were MiG-29SMT/UBT fighters, purchased by the Ministry of Defense after Algeria abandoned them. This deal, worth 25 billion rubles, apparently was not provided for by the GPV-2015 and actually became an “above-plan” purchase of the Air Force. The purchase of helicopters also began: the industry produced about 40 helicopters for the needs of the Russian Armed Forces, including about 20 of the newest Mi-28N combat helicopters. In 2010, another 27 aircraft and more than 50 helicopters (including eight Mi-28N and six Ka-52A) should be added to this number.
The period under review also saw serial production of the new S-400 air defense system. In 2007-2009, two S-400 divisions were transferred to the troops, and five more are expected to be delivered in 2010. In addition, tests of the Pantsir-S1 air defense missile system were completed, and in 2009, deliveries of serial systems to the troops began.
The repair and modernization of aviation equipment was actively carried out. The main programs were the modernization of the Su-27 fighters to the level of the Su-27SM, the front-line bomber Su-24M to the level of the Su-24M2 and the Su-25 attack aircraft to the level of the Su-25SM.
Work was also carried out to modernize MiG-31B fighters and a number of special purpose aircraft and military transport aircraft, but the volume of this work was insignificant.
.Navy.
In recent years, the Navy has managed to complete the construction of a number of long-term construction projects that have been on the stocks since Soviet times, as well as to lay down ships of new projects. Thus, in 2010, the multi-purpose nuclear submarine (NPS) of Project 885 “Severodvinsk” was finally launched, which is a milestone in the implementation of the program, and in 2009, the nuclear submarine “Kazan” of the same type was laid down. In 2010, after almost six years of testing, the lead diesel-electric submarine of Project 677 St. Petersburg was transferred to the fleet; in 2008, the Northern Fleet was replenished with the experimental submarine of Project 20120 Sarov.
As part of one of the recently identified priorities of the State Defense Order, the strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet was laid down: in August 2010, the Project 06363 Novorossiysk diesel-electric submarine was laid down and two more ships of the same type are expected to be laid down by the end of the year.
At the same time, the Navy's procurement policy gained greater prominence due to the discussion of the possibility of purchasing up to four French Mistral-class universal landing ships. The contract was signed for 2 ships in June 2011 with the French company DCNS. The total contract amount is almost 1.5 billion euros. This is the largest contract for the Navy, not counting the SSBN construction program, as well as an unprecedented case regarding the purchase of such expensive foreign equipment.
In the area of the surface fleet, positive dynamics should be noted. The frigate of Project 11540 “Yaroslav the Mudry” was completed (construction began in 1986) and the lead corvette of Project 20380 “Steregushchy” was put into operation, and the first production corvette of the same project “Soobrazitelny” was launched. Construction of the lead frigate of Project 22350, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov, continued; in 2009, the keel of the frigate of the same type, Admiral of the Fleet Kasatonov, was laid down, which was launched on December 12, 2013. In addition, in 2007-2009, the fleet was replenished with one Project 02668 sea minesweeper and five landing boats. In August 2010, the laying of the Project 21631 small rocket ship Grad Sviyazhsk took place, which became the lead in a series of five similar ships. The ship was launched on March 9, 2013.
Along with large combat units, the construction of auxiliary ships and boats was carried out, of which at least ten were built.
The Navy also actively carried out repairs on submarines and surface ships. Not counting strategic missile carriers, in 2007-2009 four nuclear submarines and one diesel-electric submarine were repaired, as well as several ships of the first and second ranks, including the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov. However, in 2009, funds for ship repairs were reduced, which immediately affected the pace of repairs, in particular the nuclear submarines of projects 949A and 971 of the Northern Fleet.
During the period under review, the Army did not experience major shocks in procurement policy and financing. An analysis of the dynamics of purchases of military equipment shows that the Ground Forces continue to systematically re-equip themselves with T-90A tanks (about 156 tanks were purchased) and modernized T-72BA (about 100 units), as well as proven models of military equipment, such as BTR-80, BMP -3 and BMD-3/4. New armored vehicles "Tiger" and "Dozor" were purchased in small quantities. Annual purchases of automobile equipment and purchases and repairs of artillery pieces remain at approximately the same level.
At the same time, the greatest difficulties are encountered in the purchase of new operational-tactical missile systems “Iskander-M”: in three years, about two divisions of these systems have been received by the troops. From the specifics of the procurement policy of the Ground Forces, it should be noted that the leadership of the Defense Ministry refused to finance a number of R&D (development of the new generation tank “Object 195”, self-propelled artillery system “Coalition-SV”), as well as the first purchases of foreign-made weapons and components. In particular, Israeli drones aircraft, French thermal imagers Thales Catherine and Italian light armored vehicles IVECO LMV.
In the Russian Federation, the functions of the customer for placing orders, concluding, paying, monitoring and accounting for the implementation of government contracts under the state defense order are performed by Rosoboronpostavka. Let's get acquainted with the results of its activities in 2013 (GOZ-2013).
Work on placement of the State Defense Order-2013 was carried out in accordance with the provisions of Federal Law No. 94-FZ dated July 21, 2005 “On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, and provision of services for state and municipal needs.”
As of September 1, 2013, Rosoboronpostavka accepted applications for 680 positions (1050 lots) in the amount of 322.4 billion rubles, of which 1039 lots were placed in the amount of 317.9 billion rubles, which is 796% and 84% more than the number of tasks placed within the framework of the State Defense Order 2011 and State Defense Order 2012, respectively (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Dynamics of placement of state defense orders
One of the problems still remains the quality of training Technical Specifications, which leads not only to a delay in order placement, but also to numerous requests for clarification of documentation provisions at the order placement stage. In general, according to the State Defense Order 2013, as of September 1, 2013, 417 requests for clarification of the provisions of the documentation for 241 lots were received from procurement participants (Figure 3).
Figure 3 - Structure of requests for clarification
Based on the results of tenders conducted by Rosoboronpostavka for the nomenclature of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation within the framework of the State Defense Order 2013, 762 government contracts were concluded in the amount of 248.7 billion rubles, the total amount of savings was 3.3 billion rubles. Of the concluded contracts, 152 are long-term and 8 are credit contracts with a completion date until 2020 (Figure 4).
Figure 4 - Dynamics of concluding contracts
Savings based on the results of the 2013 tenders increased compared to the 2011 State Defense Order and the 2012 State Defense Order in the comparable period of time - 25.5 and 5.5 times, respectively. As we see, the state defense order is effective tool implementation of government decisions in the military-technical and industrial spheres.
2. Current state of enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory
.1 Characteristics of defense industry enterprises of the Khabarovsk Territory
Currently, there are 1,353 defense industry organizations operating in Russia, located in 64 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They employ about 2 million people. There are 30 defense industry enterprises operating in the Far East, 14 of which have defense orders.
The Khabarovsk Territory today is among the most dynamically developing regions of the Russian Federation. The region produces more than one fifth of the industrial products of the Far Eastern Federal District, the main share of mechanical engineering and metalworking products, forest materials, the entire volume of petroleum products, steel and rolled steel.
Historically, the leading role in industrial production is played by enterprises of the defense complex, which have the most modern technologies and highly qualified personnel. They passed yet another test of their strength under conditions of the financial crisis and limited government defense orders.
In accordance with the Concept for the Development of Industrial Production in the Khabarovsk Territory, measures were then taken to formulate production programs through the production of civilian products, repurpose part of the capacities for these purposes, and work was intensified to attract export orders.
A convincing result of constructive interaction between the federal authorities and the government of the Khabarovsk Territory was the growth of state defense orders at the enterprises of the defense industry of the region. From 2008 to 2011 it increased more than fivefold. As part of the military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries, in recent years, export orders have been placed at the Komsomolskoe-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin" (KnAAZ), OJSC "Amur Shipyard" (ASZ), OJSC "Khabarovsk Shipyard" (KhSZ), FKP "Amur Cartridge Plant "Vympel" and a number of others. These orders are not enough to fully employ enterprises, but they make it possible to preserve unique production facilities and the personnel potential of the defense complex. Work continues with the relevant federal structures on an annual increase in state orders for enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the region, as well as its timely financing.
In the military-industrial complex of the region, the development of two priority areas is of particular importance - aircraft manufacturing and shipbuilding. Enterprises in these industries are involved in solving major government problems of national security. The organizational structure of industries is constantly being improved. For example, at the shipbuilding plants of the region, JSC Amur Shipbuilding Plant, JSC Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant, measures are being implemented in accordance with the “Concept for the development of enterprises integrated into the structure of JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation”. Two shipbuilding zones are being created: “Military shipbuilding zone “Amur” - on the basis of JSC ASZ” and “Small-tonnage shipbuilding zone “Khabarovsk” - on the basis of JSC KhSZ”. On the territory of the region there is also a federal state-owned enterprise “Amur Cartridge Plant “Vympel”, the only cartridge enterprise in the country with state form property. In the region there are enterprises producing explosives and recycling ammunition, repairing aircraft, overhauling weapons and military equipment of the air defense and air force.
The leading aircraft manufacturing enterprise in the Russian Federation is OJSC Komsomolskoe-on-Amur Aviation Plant named after Yu.A. Gagarin", part of OJSC Aviation Holding Company Sukhoi. The main products of the plant are military aircraft for the Russian Air Force and foreign countries. The state armament program until 2015 provides for the purchase of new types of combat aircraft for the Russian Air Force. Among them is a multirole fighter. During its creation, the latest technological advances were used, including those used in the construction of 5th generation aircraft. This machine is designed to strengthen Russia's leading position in the field of combat aircraft systems. Being a logical continuation of the Su-27 and Su-30, the new aircraft incorporated them best qualities and at the same time significantly surpasses its predecessors in combat potential and aerobatic performance. At the same time, the Su-35 provides high continuity, allowing pilots to retrain for a new type of fighter using the skills previously acquired on Su-27 family aircraft.
Another area of activity of the enterprise was the production of 5th generation aircraft under the program “Advanced Aviation Complex of Frontline Aviation” (PAK FA (T-50)). In Komsomolsk-on-Amur, on March 3, 2011, the first flight of the second prototype of the 5th generation aviation complex took place. Special requirements were placed on the T-50 equipment. A deeply integrated multifunctional complex of on-board equipment of a new architecture with elements of artificial intelligence, as well as a highly effective automated defense system, have been developed for it. Flying samples of the T-50 confirm that JSC KnAAZ is the most dynamically developing and technologically advanced enterprise in the region, producing the most modern aviation equipment for the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. JSC KnAAZ is also the executor of the program to create a family of Russian civil regional aircraft Sukhoi Superjet-100 (SSJ-100). Today this is the main project of the Sukhoi company and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft CJSC.
JSC Amur Shipyard is the center of underwater and surface shipbuilding in the Russian Far East. The company has the production capacity to carry out government contracts for the construction of ships for the country's navy and for export, as well as military and civilian vessels with a displacement of up to 25 thousand tons. The plant is building a multi-purpose patrol ship of Project 20380 “Corvette”, designed for operations in the near sea zone and combating enemy surface ships and submarines, as well as for artillery support amphibious assault. The ship has a superstructure made of multilayer composite materials, made taking into account the requirements of stealth technology.
The plant has accumulated extensive experience in the construction, repair and modernization of nuclear and diesel submarines of the Russian Navy. In addition to military shipbuilding, in 2010 the plant began construction of a multifunctional ice-class rescue vessel of Project MPSV-06 with a power of 7 MW. Two chemical tankers with a carrying capacity of 17.5 thousand tons each are also being completed. To develop the oil and gas shelf of Sakhalin Island, the enterprise built the floating base of the Molikpaq mobile drilling platform, a waterflooding module and an energy module for it, and carried out repairs and modernization of the Orlan oil production platform.
JSC "Khabarovsk Shipyard" is one of the largest shipyards in the Far East. The company has accumulated extensive experience in the creation of ships and vessels different classes and appointments. Production capacity allows us to simultaneously fulfill up to 25 orders with delivery of 5-6 ships per year. The enterprise specializes in the construction of high-speed ships and boats, including the Murena air-cushion landing craft. There was a need to master the construction of high-speed planing-type passenger vessels of the A-45 project, designed to transport 100 people at a speed of more than 70 km/h over a distance of up to 600 km along inland waterways. These vessels should replace the morally and physically outdated Meteor hydrofoils.
FKP Amur Cartridge Plant Vympel (Amursk) is one of the most modern enterprises in the Russian Federation for the production of live ammunition for small arms. World-class technologies allow us to produce five types of cartridges of 5.45 and 7.62 caliber. The production is based on unique, highly efficient technologies for manufacturing cartridges on special automatic rotary and rotary-conveyor lines using modern specialized continuous processes of heat treatment, transportation, preservation, control and packaging. The level of automation and mechanization of production processes is more than 90%.
OJSC "Khabarovsk Radio Engineering Plant" - the plant carries out major repairs of weapons and military equipment for the air defense and air force troops. These are S-300PS anti-aircraft missile systems, automated systems control of radio technical troops "Pole" and radar stations "Defence". The company also carries out service maintenance and restoration of anti-aircraft self-propelled guns, mobile units, radar stations, and power supply units. The infrastructure of JSC Khabarovsk Radio Engineering Plant, its equipment and staffing with highly qualified specialists make it possible to meet the needs of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in the Far Eastern region:
for the overhaul and modernization of weapons and military air defense equipment at the enterprise;
By service armament by mobile brigades at places of permanent deployment;
By maintenance and prompt restoration of the combat readiness of the weapons of units on combat duty.
OJSC "12 Aircraft Repair Plant" specializes in the overhaul of MI-24, MI-8 helicopters and TV3-117 aircraft engines.
At the beginning of 2014, a meeting was held in Blagoveshchensk on the placement of state defense orders in 2014 and for the planning period 2015-2016. In 2013, under the Federal Target Program “Development of the Defense Industry for 2011-2020”, 1.1 billion rubles were allocated to enterprises in the region; an increase in funding to two billion rubles is planned for the current year.
The program involves the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Plant, Khabarovsk Shipbuilding and Radio Engineering Plants. Based on the results of work in 2013, the volume of production at the enterprises of the regional defense industry increased by 30.5% compared to 2012 and exceeded 37 billion rubles. The volume of tax revenues to the regional budget from defense industry enterprises amounted to 1.5 billion rubles.
In September 2014, the Khabarovsk Territory and OJSC Rosoboronexport entered into a cooperation agreement. The agreement implies cooperation in the development of the region’s military-industrial complex, ensuring its stable operation and increasing export potential. According to the agreements, JSC Rosoboronexport, together with the Government of the region, will work on the issue of placing export-oriented orders at defense industry enterprises, including carrying out research and development work in the interests of foreign customers.
2.2 Modernization of production at defense industry enterprises
The Russian Federation will spend almost 23 trillion by 2020. rubles for defense. In general, by 2020, up to 80% of outdated defense industry equipment should be replaced with modern models, and labor productivity at specialized enterprises should increase by 2.6 times.
In accordance with production modernization plans, individual enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Khabarovsk Territory have done a great job of acquiring high-performance equipment from the best foreign and domestic companies. OJSC KnAAZ has implemented a large-scale technical re-equipment program for the construction of the Russian regional aircraft Sukhoi Superjet-100. Equipment from the world's leading manufacturers in the field of aircraft production was purchased, installed and put into operation. In particular, four CNC machining centers DMU-125 and DMU-200 (Germany), Bistas laser cutting machines (Switzerland), a Waterjet water jet (Sweden), and a Loire-FET stretch press (France) were installed and put into operation. In addition, a UDP-2 shot peening unit (Russia), an ARTN-13.5 panel heat treatment unit (Russia), a Loire-FEL crimping press (France) and other equipment.
In total, over the past seven years, 165 pieces of equipment worth over 5 billion rubles have been installed. It is also used in the production of the enterprise's main military products. In 2011, JSC KnAAZ together with the State Corporation Rosnanotech began implementing a project for the production of metal-cutting tools from hard alloys with nanocoating. As a result, a metalworking tool made from nanopowders without a cobalt binder will appear. Multifunctional nanocomposite coatings allow processing of viscous materials (stainless steel, heat-resistant nickel alloys, titanium alloys, etc.) at high speeds cutting The use of such a tool will increase the productivity of the enterprise’s machine equipment and reduce the cost of manufacturing products. Implementation of this project will lead to a reduction in the consumption of carbide tools by 1.9 times, the economic effect will be 142.3 million rubles per year.
Modernization of production in combination with actively used technologies will allow JSC KnAAZ to mass-produce 60 or more Sukhoi Superjet-100 aircraft annually, depending on market needs. As a result of the use of high-performance machines and equipment at KnAAZ, the labor intensity of production in 2015 will decrease by almost 4 times compared to 2009.
Over the past two years, JSC Khabarovsk Shipbuilding Plant has been carrying out technical re-equipment of production within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Development of the Defense-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation for 2007-2010 and for the period until 2015.” The modernization is aimed at updating the ship hull production and replacing the ship launching device. The goal is to build ships and vessels that, in terms of displacement and dimensions, are twice as large as those currently produced.
The Federal State Unitary Enterprise Far Eastern Production Association Voskhod has undergone modernization under the project “Production of demilitarization of artillery shells using the method of washing out with a high-pressure water jet “Struya-V” and “Production of a new type of industrial explosives “Emulsen-GS”. The introduction of these methods into production has allowed us to more than double production volumes over the past two years and ensure the profitable operation of the enterprise.
Conclusion
Having studied the legislative foundations and structure of the governing bodies of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, its main characteristics, as well as the importance of the defense order for the public administration of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, we can draw the following conclusion.
Achieving the required level of combat readiness of the Armed Forces is accompanied by significant expenditures of material, labor, financial and time resources. Therefore, ensuring combat readiness is not only a military task, but also an economic one.
The level of combat readiness depends not only on the amount of resources allocated to the country's defense, but also on the effectiveness of their use. The connection between the performance of all structural elements of the Armed Forces and the degree of efficiency in the use of resources is becoming increasingly close and tangible.
An indispensable condition Russia's external security has recognized a model for ensuring global, regional and subregional security with an adequate response to potential threats of the 21st century (political, military, economic, technological, social, etc.) with sufficient defense power. This indicates adequate military spending on modern stage ensuring the external security and territorial integrity of Russia as a state.
The most important tasks in this area are the concentration of resources on priority areas development of science and technology, support for leading scientific achievements, protection of intellectual property, development of scientific and technical information networks, fight against terrorism.
Currently, military reform is being actively carried out, designed to improve the financial situation in the Russian defense industry. Optimizing military spending plays an important role in this reform process.
Optimization as such does not imply a reduction in state military expenditures, but their more rational spending. The following optimization areas can be identified:
modernization of the military-industrial complex;
timely equipping of troops with the necessary weapons;
focus on modern military equipment of 5-6 generations;
more efficient use of fixed production assets of the defense industry.
In modern conditions of global instability, the Russian military-industrial complex is heading towards import substitution and the introduction of innovative technologies.
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Russia: shock effect
A series of processes - primarily completion cold war; the process of globalization in all spheres of life, including the economy; political changes in a number of regions of the world, especially in Europe, have caused a reduction in production volumes and, accordingly, a contraction in the defense industry of not only Russia, but also NATO countries (Figure 1).
But the drop in the volume of orders by more than one and a half times over 10 years in NATO countries did not have such a shock effect on the defense industry as a tenfold decrease in the volume of orders in our country. However, the contraction of the arms market has sharply intensified internal competition between military-industrial corporations. Industrial companies are forced to respond to such changes by carrying out large-scale restructuring measures that increase their efficiency and significantly reduce costs.
Thus, with a one and a half reduction in the order for weapons and military equipment over the same 10 years, employment in the defense industry decreased by almost half. In addition to the reduction in employment, important element The defense industry's response to shrinking markets was to concentrate development and production. Over a ten-year period, the number of companies involved directly in the production of weapons has decreased by a third.
Of course, in the 1990s, the domestic defense industry also sank under the influence of a number of well-known factors. Many businesses simply ceased to exist. But those teams that had serious scientific groundwork and prospects were able to survive. In the most difficult conditions, when there was no payment wage, hundreds of professionals left, and in such groups it was possible to preserve scientific schools.
For example, the Radio Engineering Institute named after Academician Alexander Lvovich Mints in 1994 immediately lost more than a thousand specialists who went to work for Beeline. But the institute still works fruitfully for the benefit of the country, being the undisputed leader in Russia in the field of creating modern early warning radars.
Consequences of globalization of the world economy
The most important factor in the restructuring of the defense industry in the last decade is the globalization of the world economy.
The driving forces of globalization in the defense industry include:
- increased competition with large companies created in the mid-1990s, primarily in the USA (mergers such as Boeing - McDonnell Douglas - Rockwell Defense, Lockheed - Martin Marietta - GD Aerospace - “Lorgan”, “Raytheon” - “Hughes”, etc.);
- a decrease in aggregate demand for weapons and military equipment due to reductions in defense budgets;
- relative increase in demand for R&D results for the creation of high-tech weapons systems;
- preparation for waging coalition wars within the framework of the military doctrines of most developed countries;
- inadequacy of the structure of most defense industries to new tasks and requirements, excess of obsolete capacities, increasing inefficiency of their further use;
- massive implementation of programs to optimize budget expenditures in order to maximize the return on investment;
- strengthening the orientation of industry towards the stock market in the interests of maximizing shareholder profits in connection with the expansion of private capital participation in the defense industry.
The problem of restructuring the defense industry intersects in this area with another delicate problem of globalization within the framework of the World Trade Organization - the problem of state support for market entities. Therefore, taking into account the experience of flaring trade disputes within the WTO, foreign defense industry corporations are forced to take into account prohibitions on indirect subsidizing of civilian products through military orders. Restructuring programs for diversified corporations must also take into account the limitations of international agreements such as the WTO.
In general, the system of conditions in which the Russian defense industry finds itself requires not only a change in its scale, but also dictates the need for a significant change in the basic principles of its functioning, the relationship with armed forces, state, world community.
Current problems of the Russian defense industry
1. Loss of the domestic electronic engineering base of the defense industry.
Currently, in Russia there is practically no production of modern industrial equipment for the radio-electronic industry. The radio-electronic industry in Russia has turned into a large assembly production of final products from imported element base and equipment mainly from leading Western and Chinese companies.
2. Loss of the scientific and technological base of the defense industry.
Domestic developments for breakthrough promising technologies are extremely few in number. But even their introduction into mass production faces insurmountable organizational and financial problems. Therefore, the radio-electronic industry exists either on a domestic, but outdated technological base, or on a modern, but foreign one. A big problem is the insufficient number of young, promising, highly qualified personnel. We need a coordinated system of measures and incentives to retain young people in the defense industry.
3. The country's transition to market relations in the defense industry did not create market pricing mechanisms.
The current pricing system does not stimulate enterprises to increase labor productivity and overall operational efficiency. The regulation of average wages and their standardization are structured in such a way that it is unprofitable for enterprises to increase production efficiency, since excess profits are withdrawn into state income. This does not allow for the rapid re-equipment of production and the stimulation of economically more successful enterprises.
It is necessary to radically change the pricing system and create real mechanisms for stimulating labor productivity and introducing innovative products in the defense industry.
4. Weak mutual coordination of work carried out in the defense industry.
The mechanisms of interaction between enterprises in the industry are ineffective. The activities of individual holdings are characterized by “subsistence” farming aimed exclusively at their own needs. As a result, the defense industry has still not solved the problem of eliminating duplication of work. It is necessary to quickly create a unified database of existing and developing technologies and a powerful expert and analytical structure that provides analytical support for decisions of industry management.
5. Weak connection between the goals of the state program for the development of the defense industry and ensuring the feasibility of the State Program.
It is necessary to develop target functions and indicators that reflect the degree of achievement of the goals of promoting the implementation of the State Program for Quantitative Assessment of the extent to which the state program for the development of the defense industry reinforces and ensures the feasibility of the State Program. The structure of the program and its organizational part must be linked to specific priority weapons and military equipment and enterprises (holdings) responsible for the development and production of these products. Such structuring of the program will make it possible to detail and consolidate responsibility for the implementation of program activities and GPV goals.
To implement the state program for the development of the defense industry, when developing it, it is necessary to focus on large enterprises(holdings) - the lead developers of the final samples of air and military equipment. Program activities should be justified and formed with their direct participation, with an increase in their role and responsibility for the implementation of the results technological work OPK into specific samples of military equipment.
6. Imperfection of the decision-making system on areas of R&D financing.
The system for making decisions on financing R&D is not supported by a long-term vision of technology development in radio electronics, and the mechanism for distributing funds for specific projects and monitoring of research results is not transparent enough and requires clarification and detail.
7. Imperfection of the infrastructure of the national innovation system.
The commercialization of technologies is at a low level, and the potential for conversion of competitive special technologies into civilian applications is not sufficiently used. The degree of implementation of the results of innovative scientific developments into specific industrial products on the domestic market does not exceed 20%. Less than 13% of production is exported. Exports are dominated by specialty products. At the same time, only a small part of domestic producers participates in international cooperation chains, while most companies have dropped out of the global cooperation system.
8. Low productivity and process efficiency.
The productivity and efficiency of processes is at an extremely low level, which is due to:
- underfunding combined with outdated, non-compliant modern market production and technological base, business models, operating models;
- poor level of development of market competencies among many Russian companies;
- insufficient efficiency of the processes for launching and promoting products on the market.
Thus, the Russian radio-electronic industry in its current state is practically uncompetitive at the global level. The huge lag in efficiency, small market share and low output, technological lag acutely raise the question of the speedy large-scale modernization of the radio-electronic industry.
It is necessary to continue the ongoing changes in the industry and, in this process, to make maximum use of the potential and competencies retained by Russian companies in certain segments and niches of the market (Figure 2).
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Necessary measures of state support for defense industry enterprises
Solving the problems that arise in this case is especially important for enterprises performing work using credit advances.
When forming and implementing the state program for the development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to develop a flexible system of measures for state support for the technical rehabilitation of defense industry enterprises. In particular, it seems necessary:
- return the investment benefit for income tax, in particular investments in equipment, as well as research and development work in full;
- cancel taxation of part of the profits of enterprises aimed at modernization and technical re-equipment of weapons and military equipment production;
- reduce the cost of leasing as the only real mechanism today that can provide technical re-equipment
- Russian industry in a short time;
- provide tax and customs benefits for enterprises developing the technological base of advanced research and development.
In organizational terms, it seems useful:
- creation in the Russian Federation of a structure (for example, a national center) for the development and implementation of state scientific, technical and innovative strategies in the development of dual-use technologies and for the adaptation of open research and development carried out with federal funds in the interests of the defense industry;
- organization of intersectoral coordination centers with the aim of combining efforts to create a new generation of element base (primarily in electronics and robotics) in the interests of the defense industry;
- ensuring effective legislative protection of intellectual property rights, as well as the results of research and development work.
It is necessary to carefully analyze the global experience in the development of the defense industry, take into account own characteristics, preserve historical continuity in the domestic defense industry, assess the needs of the army and navy based on modern threats to our security (and their long-term foresight). At the same time, it is necessary to develop and put into practice a system of measures to solve the listed problems of the domestic defense industry, increase the efficiency of its management, modernize the defense industry as soon as possible and create conditions for the development of internal competition in this area. The presence of a powerful national industry is a sign of the sovereignty and viability of the state.
This is exactly what our country urgently needs now (Figure 3).
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For the Russian defense industry, the outgoing 2017 was a fairly fruitful year, which was not accompanied by scandals or delays in the delivery of military products. The Russian military-industrial complex (DIC) is loaded with orders for many years, both as part of the implementation of state defense orders and the implementation of export contracts. In particular, on November 21, 2017, the head of the Federation Council Committee on Defense and Security, Viktor Bondarev, announced the volume of the agreed state arms program (GAP) for 2018-2025: 19 trillion rubles will be allocated for its implementation.
Supply of weapons and military equipment as part of the state defense order
According to Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, the state defense order in 2017 will be completed by 97-98%. On the Rossiya 24 TV channel on Wednesday, December 27, he noted that in terms of numbers, the result will be no worse than the 2016 indicators. Earlier in February 2017, Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Yuri Borisov, in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta, said that more than 1.4 trillion rubles would be allocated to fulfill the state defense order for 2017. According to him, the bulk of the funds, more than 65%, were planned to be used for serial purchases modern species weapons and military equipment.
We can already say that the large-scale state weapons program until 2020 has seriously stimulated the development of the Russian defense-industrial complex. Over the past 5 years, the share of modern equipment in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has increased 4 times, and the pace of military construction has increased 15 times. On December 22, 2017, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu reported to the country's President Vladimir Putin as part of the final expanded board of the military department, which was held at the Strategic Missile Forces Academy. Currently, a systematic process of rearmament of the Russian army with new ones is underway; in 2020, the share of such weapons in the troops should be 70%. For example, in 2012 the share of modern weapons and military equipment in the troops was only 16%, and at the end of 2017 it was about 60%.
As part of the final expanded board of the military department, immediate plans for the rearmament of troops were announced. Thus, the share of modern weapons in the nuclear triad of the Russian Federation has already reached 79%, and by 2021, Russian ground-based nuclear forces should be equipped with new weapons at a level of up to 90%. We are talking, among other things, about missile systems that can confidently overcome even promising missile defense systems. It is planned that in 2018 the share of modern equipment in the Russian army will reach 82% in the Strategic Nuclear Forces, 46% in the Ground Forces, 74% in the Aerospace Forces, and Navy – 55%.
Earlier, on December 22, he spoke about the main supplies of weapons and equipment to the troops based on the results of 2017. At the end of the past year, enterprises of the Russian defense industry were transferred to formations and military units Western Military District (ZVO) more 2000 new and modernized weapons and military equipment (WME). Troops Eastern Military District (VVO) received more than 1100 units of weapons and military equipment. In particular, the missile units are being re-equipped with new Iskander-M and Bastion missile systems; as a result of these actions, the combat power of the district has increased by more than 10%. To military units and formations Southern Military District (SMD) since the beginning of the year more than 1700 units of arms and military equipment, this made it possible to increase the share of modern weapons and equipment in the district to 63%. Thanks to the arrival of new military equipment, combat power Central Military District (CMD) over the past three years has grown by almost a quarter; in 2017, the district’s troops received about 1200 units of weapons and military equipment.
According to the Russian Defense Minister, more than 50 ships are being built for the country's Navy in 2017. The work is being carried out within the framework of 35 government contracts, under which 9 lead and 44 serial warships and support vessels are being built. In total, in 2017, the Navy included 10 warships and combat boats, as well as 13 support vessels and 4 coastal missile systems “Bal” and “Bastion”. The composition of naval aviation was replenished with 15 modern aircraft and helicopters. According to the minister, the Ground Forces received 2,055 new and modernized weapons, with which 3 formations and 11 military units, the troops also received 199 drones. A division was formed as part of the Russian Aerospace Forces special purpose and a military transport division. 191 new aircraft and helicopters were received, as well as 143 air defense and missile defense weapons. In total, the Russian military-industrial complex produced 139 combat aircraft and 214 helicopters in 2017, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin spoke about this on the Rossiya 24 TV channel.
For the future of the defense industry, it is important to increase the output of civilian products
For now, Russian defense industry enterprises can count on state defense orders, but funds for upgrading the armed forces will not be allocated indefinitely. The more the armed forces are equipped with new military equipment, the less the army will order from the domestic defense industry. The economic and political situation in which Russia finds itself today also affects the financing of government procurement of weapons. As part of the discussion of the state weapons program for 2018-2025, which has been ongoing since the end of 2016, the initial requests of the Ministry of Defense were reduced several times. The initial requests of the military department amounted to about 30 trillion rubles, but were then reduced by the government to 22 trillion rubles, and according to the latest data - to 19 trillion rubles.
In the near future, the Russian president sees spending on the country's defense in the range of 2.7-2.8% of GDP (in 2016 the figure was 4.7%). At the same time, it is planned to solve all previously set tasks for the modernization of the Armed Forces and the military-industrial complex, reports the RT website in Russian. The Russian Ministry of Defense and the defense industry have two strategic goals. The first is to bring the share of modern military equipment in the Russian Armed Forces to 70% by 2020. The second is to increase the share of civilian products in the Russian defense industry to 50% by 2030 (in 2015 this figure was only 16%). It is obvious that the second strategic goal directly follows from the first. The higher the level of equipment of the Russian army with new military equipment, the less products the military will order from Russian enterprises.
According to the forecasts of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, by 2020 the growth in the output of civilian products by defense industry enterprises is planned to increase by 1.3 times. Most likely, such a significant jump in production is planned to be achieved through the mass production of new passenger aircraft of various classes. The Russian government is relying on the production of passenger aircraft MS-21, Il-114-300, Il-112V, Tu-334, Tu-214 and Tu-204. It is expected that by 2025 the number of passenger aircraft produced in the country will increase 3.5 times - from 30 to 110 aircraft per year. In the future, the basis for the financial stability of the defense sector of the Russian economy should be not only long-term contracts concluded within the framework of the state arms procurement program. At meetings devoted to defense-industrial complex issues, Vladimir Putin has repeatedly said that industrialists should look for new markets; this is also relevant today for Russian arms exports.
It is worth noting that the partial reorientation of the defense complex towards the production of civilian products it's already underway in the regions, in particular in Udmurtia, which is a recognized forge of Russian weapons. As the first deputy prime minister of the government told reporters on Wednesday, December 27 Udmurt Republic Alexander Svinin, at the end of 2017, the republic’s defense enterprises increased the output of civilian products by 10%. According to the official, bringing civilian defense industry products to the market is an important task for the government of the republic in the context of declining state defense orders. The Deputy Prime Minister noted that in 2018, meetings with representatives of large Russian companies will be held every two weeks, this work should help in solving the problems of finding new markets for the products of defense enterprises. In December 2017, one meeting already took place, during which the head of Udmurtia and the heads of five defense enterprises of the republic, as well as the Chepetsk Mechanical Plant, met with the leadership of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). The meeting discussed the industrial potential of defense enterprises, which can be used in the aircraft industry.
Export of weapons and military equipment
There are no final figures on Russian arms exports for 2017 yet. But already in March current year within the framework of the 14th international naval and aerospace exhibition LIMA 2017 Viktor Kladov director of international cooperation and the regional policy of the Rostec state corporation, as well as the head of the joint delegation of the corporation and Rosoboronexport JSC, told reporters that the export of Russian weapons at the end of 2017 will exceed the figures for 2016. At the same time, in 2016, Russia exported arms and military equipment worth $15.3 billion.
Export supplies strong point Russian defense industry and the entire industry of the country. Russia's position on the global arms market is traditionally strong. Our country ranks second in the world in arms exports after the United States. The arms and military equipment market today looks like this: 33% comes from the United States, 23% from Russia, and China is in third place with a serious lag - 6.2%. At the same time, according to experts, by 2020 the capacity of the global arms market could grow to $120 billion. The trend in the international arms market is to increase the share of purchases of military aircraft, including helicopters, and the demand for air defense systems and marine equipment is also growing. At the same time, by 2025, according to military experts, in the structure of arms purchases by countries around the world, aircraft will already account for 55%, followed by marine equipment with a serious lag - about 13%.
As the publication writes, Rosoboronexport’s order portfolio currently exceeds $50 billion (with the execution period of concluded contracts from 3 to 7 years). Russia's top five customers are as follows: Algeria (28%), India (17%), China (11%), Egypt (9%), Iraq (6%). At the same time, approximately half of the supplied products already go to aviation, another quarter to various air defense systems. At the same time, experts note increased competition for Russian weapons from China, India, South Korea, Brazil and even Belarus.
If we talk about the most important export contracts of 2017, these include the signing on August 10, 2017 of a Russian-Indonesian agreement on the terms of Indonesia’s acquisition of 11 multirole Su-35 fighters Russian production. According to the agreement signed by the parties, the cost of acquiring 11 Russian fighter jets will be $1.14 billion, of which half ($570 million) Indonesia is going to cover with supplies of its own products, including palm oil, coffee, cocoa, tea, petroleum products, etc. . This does not mean at all that the goods will physically arrive in Russia; as a rule, in such cases we are talking about exchange goods that can be easily sold on the markets.
The second very important contract for Russia in the defense sector concerns Turkey and its acquisition of the S-400 Triumph anti-aircraft missile system. This deal became the main news event on for a long time. At the end of December 2017, the head of the Rostec state corporation, Sergei Chemezov, revealed some details of this transaction in an interview with journalists from the newspaper "". According to him, Russia’s benefit from supplying Turkey with the S-400 anti-aircraft missile system is that it is the first NATO country to buy our latest system air defense. Chemezov noted that Turkey bought 4 S-400 divisions for a total of $2.5 billion. According to Chemezov, the Turkish and Russian Ministries of Finance have already completed negotiations, all that remains is to approve the final documents. “I can only say that Turkey pays 45% of the total contract amount to Russia as an advance, and the remaining 55% consists of Russian loan funds. We plan to begin the first deliveries under this contract in March 2020,” said Sergei Chemezov about the terms of the deal.
Also in December 2017, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published a ranking of the Top 100 largest military-industrial companies in the world by sales volume in 2016 (both in domestic and foreign markets). The total volume of arms sales of Russian companies included in this rating increased by 3.8%; in 2016, they sold arms worth $26.6 billion. The top twenty largest companies included: United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) - 13th place with an estimated sales volume of $5.16 billion and United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) - 19th place with an estimated sales volume of $4.03 billion. On the 24th line of this rating is Concern VKO Almaz-Antey with an estimated sales volume of $3.43 billion.
Pros and cons for Russian arms exports based on the results of 2017
2017 brought both positive and negative aspects for Russian arms and military equipment export prospects. The positive aspects include the successes of the Russian army demonstrated in Syria. Fighting in Syria - this is a very strong advertisement for Russian and even Soviet weapons. In the war in Syria, even obsolete Soviet-made weapons and military equipment performed well, once again confirming their high combat qualities, as well as an excellent level of reliability.
In total, during the period from 2015 to 2017, during the fighting in Syria, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation checked and tested in combat conditions more than 200 types of weapons and military equipment. Basically, all the weapons tested confirmed what the manufacturers stated. performance characteristics. Of course, the operation in Syria became a real benefit for modern Russian aviation equipment and combat helicopters. For example, many countries are seriously considering the possibility of purchasing the modern Russian Su-34 front-line bomber. However, they performed well in Syria different samples weapons. For example, in Syria, a modernized high-precision 152-mm projectile “Krasnopol” was used; video recordings of the use of these projectiles can be found on the Internet today; this high-precision ammunition may also be of interest to potential customers.
For its development, the Russian military-industrial complex must remain competitive and look for new export markets for its products. In the context of declining government defense orders, this is especially important and relevant. Of course, Russia will not lose its second place as an arms exporter in the world in the foreseeable future, but the struggle for sales volumes in monetary terms will only increase. New “second-tier” players are entering the market, which at the same time have a well-developed high-tech industry. For example, the published SIPRI rating especially highlights the growth in the performance of military-industrial companies in South Korea, which in 2016 sold military products worth $8.4 billion (an increase of 20.6%). Russian enterprises must be prepared for the fact that competition on the international arms market will only increase.
A minus sign for Russian arms exports, and therefore for companies in the domestic defense-industrial complex, can be considered, which appeared at the end of October 2017. Under pressure from Congress, the administration of US President Donald Trump has named a list of 39 Russian defense industry companies and intelligence agencies, cooperation with which could lead to company and government sanctions around the globe. At the same time, how seriously the American leadership will approach the implementation of the new sanctions package can only be seen in the future. Experts note that the Trump government has the opportunity to both deal a truly significant blow to Russian arms exports and sabotage the introduction of strict restrictive measures.
Almost half of the newly published sanctions list were made up of enterprises of the Rostec state corporation, which is a monopoly agent for the export of Russian weapons to the international market. As Atlantic Council experts in the field of economic sanctions note: “The addition of new Russian companies of the military-industrial complex to the sanctions list will increase the potential risk for any state and any company that is associated with them business relations, forcing them to make a choice: either do business with the United States or with these Russian structures" Washington may use new sanctions as a possible blow to the main competitor in the international arms market. With the help of new sanctions, US authorities will be able to put pressure on third countries, their governments and companies. Therefore, the Russian military-industrial complex will have to work taking into account the possibility of these risks and increased sanctions pressure, which will not disappear anywhere in the foreseeable future.
As Ruslan Pukhov, a well-known expert in the field of weapons in Russia, director of the Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, noted in an interview with journalists, Russia today is not even among the 10 leading countries in the world in terms of economics and GDP, but the country ranks second in arms trade. It is already very difficult to further increase sales volumes: “their” sales markets are saturated (“Russia has already armed half the world with cornets, “dryers” were even delivered to Uganda), sanctions are also having an impact. Therefore, we need to focus on maintaining our second place - and the task is very difficult, new approaches are needed. “I see two options. The first of them is the struggle for non-traditional budgets: not the defense ministries of potential customer states, as is mostly the case today, but the police, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the border service and other departments where there may still be reserves for the products of the Russian defense industry. The second is the struggle for non-traditional sales markets, that is, for states where Russia has practically not worked on military equipment. One of these states is Colombia, which has always been considered an American “garden,” noted Ruslan Pukhov. It is worth noting that at the beginning of December 2017, Rosoboronexport took part in the Expodefensa 2017 exhibition in the capital of Colombia for the first time. This exhibition fits into the strategy of searching for new markets for Russian military products.
Photos used from the site rostec.ru
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Russia's military potential is initially perceived as very impressive. At the same time, not every citizen of the Russian Federation can clearly imagine the structure of the defense sector of their country. In addition, this information was not always available. Therefore, there is every reason to pay attention to the structure of the military-industrial complex.
Military-industrial complex of Russia
Regarding this topic, it is initially worth noting that the military-industrial complex can be safely attributed to an industry that has had a more than tangible impact on the development of the economy over many years of the existence of the Russian Federation.
And although some time ago such a concept as the Russian military-industrial complex was somewhat vague, in the mid-2000s progress in this area became obvious. If we talk about the situation that has developed in this moment, then it is worth mentioning the fact that the military-industrial complex has many progressive industries:
Aviation industry;
Nuclear;
Rocket and space;
Production of ammunition and ammunition;
Military shipbuilding, etc.
The following enterprises can be identified as the main players that deserve attention within the framework of the military-industrial complex:
- "Russian Technologies";
- "Rosoboronexport";
OJSC Air Defense Concern Almaz-Antey, etc.
What does the structure of the military industry look like?
Within the framework of this topic, it is necessary to initially highlight the following information: during the active 90s, the wave of privatization did not bypass the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Therefore, if you now analyze the ownership structure of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, you can easily notice that most of it consists of joint stock companies. More specifically, there are 57% of such joint-stock companies in the entire military-industrial complex. At the same time, there is no state share in 28.2% of such enterprises.
You can also refer to other data provided by Accounts Chamber. According to this information, approximately 230 enterprises operate within the aviation industry. But only 7 of them belong to the state (we are talking about a controlling stake).
One of the key features of Russian enterprises can be identified as their jurisdiction in various forms. federal organizations. At the moment, the structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes 5 government agencies that oversee the defense industries and are located in:
RACE. Operates in the field of communications and radio industry.
- "Rossudostroenie". Responsible for supervising shipbuilding production.
CANCER. Controls processes within the rocket, space and aviation industries.
RAV. In this case we are talking about the arms industry.
- "Rosboepripasy". This agency specializes in working with the specialty chemicals and ammunition industries.
Key elements of the military-industrial complex
If we consider the features of the Russian military-industrial complex, we cannot ignore the types of organizations that are part of it:
Design bureaus that are focused on working with prototypes of weapons.
Research organizations. Their main task is theoretical developments.
Manufacturing plants. In this case, resources are used to mass produce weapons.
Test sites and testing laboratories. It makes sense to talk about several important tasks here. This is the so-called fine-tuning of prototypes under real operating conditions, as well as testing weapons that have just rolled off the production line.
In order to paint a complete picture of the functioning of the military-industrial complex and identify all the facets that the Russian military-industrial complex has, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that enterprises that are part of the defense sector also produce products that have a civilian purpose.
Now it’s worth taking a closer look at the military-industrial complex
Nuclear weapons complex
It is difficult to imagine the development of military-industrial without this direction. It includes several strategically important areas of production.
First of all, this is the subsequent production of a concentrate from these raw materials. The next important step is the separation of uranium isotopes (enrichment process). This task is performed at enterprises located in cities such as Angarsk, Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk and Seversk.
To be fair, it is worth noting that 45% of all capacities that are concentrated in Russia are located in Russia. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the production of nuclear weapons is being reduced and the industries described above are focusing on Western customers.
Another task of this complex The military-industrial complex is both a development and an allocation. Its reserves, concentrated in the Russian Federation, will last for many more years.
Enterprises operating within the nuclear weapons complex are also involved in the manufacture of fuel elements that are necessary for the operation of nuclear reactors, the assembly of nuclear weapons and the disposal of radioactive waste.
Rocket and space industry
It can rightfully be called one of the most knowledge-intensive. What is the cost of an ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) alone, which requires approximately 300 thousand for full operation? various systems, devices and parts. And if we talk about a large space complex, then this figure increases to 10 million.
It is for this reason that the largest number of scientists, engineers and designers are concentrated in this industry.
Aviation industry
When studying the military-industrial complex of Russia, the industries and directions of this area, attention must be paid to aviation in any case. Here it is relevant to talk about large industrial centers, since head enterprises are needed to assemble products. Others simply do not have the necessary technical base to organize the required for quick and quality production processes.
In this case, two key conditions must always be met: the availability of qualified specialists and well-organized transport links. The Russian military-industrial complex and specifically the aviation sector are in a state of constant development, which allows the Russian Federation to act as major exporter weapons, including aviation.
Artillery and small arms
This is also an important industry. The Russian military-industrial complex can hardly be imagined without the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle. This is the most widespread type of small arms currently produced in Russia.
Moreover, outside the CIS it was adopted by 55 states. As for artillery systems, their production centers are located in cities such as Perm, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
Armor industry
If you pay attention to the centers of the Russian military-industrial complex, then after simple analytics you can draw an obvious conclusion: this direction of the defense industry can be defined as one of the most developed.
The tanks themselves are produced in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. The factories located in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg are at the stage of repurposing. As for armored personnel carriers, their production is carried out by enterprises in Kurgan and Arzamas.
Military shipbuilding
Without it, the Russian military-industrial complex cannot be considered complete.
At the same time, the largest production center in this area is St. Petersburg. Within this city there are up to 40 enterprises related to shipbuilding.
Regarding the topic of nuclear submarines, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that at the moment their production is carried out only in Severodvinsk.
What you should know about military-industrial complex conversion
In this case, we are talking about changes in the military industry, and more specifically, about its transition to the civilian market. This strategy can be explained very simply: the production capacities that currently exist are capable of producing significantly more military products than actual demand requires. That is, neither Russia itself nor its current and potential clients need that much.
Given this prospect, one obvious maneuver remains: to reorient some military enterprises to produce products that are relevant in the civilian sector. Thus, jobs will be preserved, factories will continue their stable operation, and the state will make a profit. Complete harmony.
The use of the military, so to speak, for peaceful purposes is also promising for the reason that at such enterprises there is a significant concentration of advanced technologies and specialists with a high level of qualifications.
Using such a strategy, it is possible to solve at least some of the problems of the Russian military-industrial complex. At the same time, stable production of the most relevant equipment for the army is maintained.
Obvious difficulties
Based on the information presented above, it is easy to conclude that the same conversion is not an easy task. In fact, it can be considered one of the most difficult tasks facing the military-industrial complex. Here simple solutions no by definition. In order for any progress to be observed in this area, significant efforts must be constantly made.
Another problem that we have to face is the uncertainty of the future financing of military-industrial complex enterprises. The military-industrial complex of Russia can receive funds from the state only for those enterprises that are part of any federal program or are classified as state-owned production facilities.
As for foreign investment, there is no reason to count on it confidently yet. In this case, factories with production lines, which are already outdated or are not capable of producing a wide range of competitive products and military products in particular.
If we try to assess the economic state of defense enterprises as a whole, we can conclude that it is very heterogeneous. The point is that there are factories whose products have a certain demand. At the same time, there are also those enterprises that are in a state of deep production crisis, regardless of the fact whether they belong to the state or not.
Nevertheless, one must be aware that the government is recording the state of some components of the military-industrial complex. This confirms the fact that the Coordination Council approved the main directions of development and stabilization of the situation.
In addition, in Russia there is an active unification of fundamental and applied scientific areas within the framework of the activities of military enterprises, which significantly increases the chances of the military-industrial complex for successful development and full-fledged functioning. Well-organized efforts are also being made to ensure maximum compliance of the products that come off the assembly line of military-industrial complex enterprises with the investment expectations of the Russian and foreign markets.
Results
It is obvious that, despite the difficult situation surrounding the military-industrial complex, there are definitely chances for a bright future and a progressive present. The government is constantly working to make the necessary changes that will allow defense enterprises work extremely efficiently.
Defense-industrial complex." First, we will define the military-industrial complex, consider its composition, and discuss its features. Also in this lesson we will get acquainted with the role it plays in the life of our country.Subject: General characteristics of the Russian economy
Lesson: Military-Industrial Complex
Defense-industrial complex (DIC) - a system of organizations and enterprises engaged in the development and production of military equipment, weapons and ammunition.
Part Defense-industrial complex included different types enterprises and organizations.
1. Research organizations. They are engaged in theoretical research, on the basis of which new types of weapons are developed.
2. Design bureaus. They create prototypes of weapons and ammunition and develop technologies for their production.
3. Testing laboratories and testing grounds. They check prototypes in the field, and also test finished products of defense enterprises.
4. Manufacturing enterprises. They carry out mass production of weapons, military equipment, and ammunition.
Rice. 1. Composition of the defense industry complex
A special feature of the defense industry is that the need for its products is determined not by market mechanisms, but by the state and its defensive needs and economic capabilities.
Military equipment is one of Russia's export items. This type of export is more profitable than the export of raw materials and supplies.
Russia ranks first in the world in terms of conventional arms trade, ahead of the USA, France, Germany and the UK.
Rice. 2. Military equipment
Defense-industrial complex can be considered as part machine-building complex, therefore, its placement is affected by the same factors as in mechanical engineering, but for the defense industry the most important is military-strategic.
Military-strategic factor includes distance from state borders, location of the most important enterprises in “closed” cities where access is limited.
The largest sectors of the defense industry are: Production of nuclear weapons. This part of the nuclear industry includes ore mining, production of uranium concentrate, uranium enrichment, production of fuel elements, separation of weapons-grade plutonium, development of nuclear weapons and ammunition, and disposal of nuclear waste. Main centers Sarov and Snezhinsk .
Rice. 3. Nuclear weapons complex
Rocket and space industry. High science intensity and technical complexity of manufactured products are the main features of this production. The main research institutes and design bureaus are located in Moscow and the Moscow region. The largest mass production of missiles and spacecraft located in Voronezh, Samara, Zlatoust, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Zheleznogorsk. Ranges for launching rockets and testing rocketry are located in sparsely populated areas: Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" city Mirniy Arkhangelsk region, Svobodny Cosmodrome Amur region.
Rice. 4. Launch complex Svobodny Cosmodrome
Aviation industry. The industry produces airplanes, helicopters, and aircraft engines. Enterprises are located mainly in large cities in Volga region e and on the territory Central Russia.
Rice. 5. Russian aviation industry
Military shipbuilding. The industry is most often located in the same place as civil shipbuilding. The main shipbuilding center is Saint Petersburg , research institutes and design bureaus are also located here . Submarines are produced in cities Severodvinsk (Arhangelsk region) , Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Big Stone (Primorsky Krai), in the Primorsky Territory and the Murmansk Region, the dismantling of nuclear submarines.
Rice. 6. At the shipyard
Armor industry. The main enterprises of this industry are located near metallurgical plants. Tanks are produced in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil , armored personnel carriers - in Arzamas , infantry fighting vehicles - in Kurgan
Production of small arms and artillery weapons. From the 17th century to the present day, a major center for the production of small arms is Tula , Since the 19th century, small arms have been produced in large quantities in Izhevsk . The famous hunting rifles and Kalashnikov assault rifles are made here.
Rice. 7. M.T. Kalashnikov
Since the time of Peter I, the production of artillery weapons has been concentrated on Ural .
Main small arms research and development center Klimovsk Moscow region
Ammunition production. The industry includes the production of explosives ( chemical industry) and ammunition assembly (engineering factories).
The enterprises are located in many regions of the country, development is in Moscow and Moscow region.
Radioelectronics industry and production of communications equipment. Focuses on labor resources, therefore it is located in many large cities. The main research and development bureaus of these industries are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Main
- Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: 9th grade textbook for students educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
- Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416 pp.)
- Atlas of economic geography, grade 9, from Bustard, 2012.
- Geography. The entire school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127 pp.)
- Geography. School Student's Handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576 pp.)
- Cheat sheet on economic geography. (For schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96 p.)
Additional
- Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
- Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189 p. :
- Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
- Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
- Geography of Russia. encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ross. enc., 1998.- 800 pp.: ill., maps.
- Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
- Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief statistical collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
- GIA-2013. Geography: standard exam options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: Publishing house " National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
- GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and standard examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: Publishing house "National Education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
- GIA-2013 Exam in new form. Geography. 9th grade / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012.
- Excellent student in the Unified State Exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012.
- What functions does the Russian defense industry perform, what is its scale?
- What is the peculiarity of the distribution of the leading branches of the military-industrial complex on the territory of Russia?
- Do you think there is a need to reduce the production of defense industry products? Base your answer.