RECLAMATION OF LAND (from Latin re- - prefix meaning renewal, and c.-century Latin cultivo - cultivate, cultivate * a. land reclamation; n. Bodenrekultivierung, Boden-wiederurbarmachen; f. remise en etat des sols, rehabilitation des sols; i. recuperacion de terrenos) - a complex of mining, engineering and construction, land reclamation, agricultural, silvicultural and landscaping works aimed at restoring the productivity and economic value of lands disturbed by mining; is the main means of their reproduction and improvement of environmental conditions. The problem of reclamation is closely related to the development of the mining industry. Thus, an increase in the total volume of mineral raw materials leads to a constant increase in the area of ​​damaged land (at the beginning of 1984, over 2.5 million hectares, according to forecasts for 2005 - 6.4 million hectares).

Every year, about 150 thousand hectares of land are disturbed by mining operations, of which 40% are agricultural lands. The extraction of 1 million tons of iron ore leads to the disruption of 14 to 640 hectares of land, manganese ore - from 76 to 600 hectares, coal - from 2.6 to 43 hectares, ores for production mineral fertilizers- from 22 to 97 hectares, 1 million m 3 of non-metallic building materials - from 1.5 to 583 hectares. The greatest changes in the earth's surface and environmental pollution occur during open-pit mining, which accounts for over 75% of mining production. In, for example, 62,000 hectares of land are disturbed by quarries per year.

In the CCCP and other industrialized countries from total area of land allotment for mining enterprises, on average 20% is occupied by quarry dumps, 13% is allocated for tailings of processing plants, 5% is occupied by dumps and mine waste, 3% is turned into unsuitable land due to subsidence and failures of the earth's surface. Due to the increase in the volume of mining operations in the CCCP, 10-15 thousand hectares of land are required annually for dumps. The extraction and processing of minerals at mining enterprises is accompanied by disruption of natural landscape complexes (primarily soil cover). Significant areas are also damaged during the construction of utility lines. Thus, the construction of 1 km of one line of the main pipeline leads to the disruption of up to 4 hectares of land. One of the first attempts to reclaim land disturbed by mining was made in the USA (Indiana) in 1926.

In the CCCP, restoration of lands disturbed by mining has been systematically carried out since 1959. Initially, this work was carried out at separate mining enterprises in Estonia, in the Moscow region and iron ore in. Efficient system reclamation is carried out during mining, yields on restored lands reach 40 centners of wheat per hectare.

Reclamation is carried out in accordance with the national economic plan of the CCCP and is consistent with the objectives of comprehensive environmental protection. In 1968, the fundamentals of land legislation of the CCP Union and the Union republics were adopted (entered into force on July 1, 1969), prescribing the bringing of disturbed lands into a state suitable for use in the national economy. In development of land legislation, a number of directive acts have been adopted and regulatory documents on various aspects of reclamation, including the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the CCCP dated June 2, 1976 “On land reclamation, conservation and rational use fertile layer of soil during the development of mineral deposits and peat, carrying out geological exploration, construction and other work." Reclamation problems are considered at botanical, geographical and soil international congresses. To coordinate research in the field of reclamation, symposia of the CMEA member countries are regularly held, the first of which was held in the GDR (1962), CCCP first took part in the second symposium (1965).

The directions and methods of reclamation are determined by the mining and geological conditions of the deposit, the socio-economic and natural-climatic features of the area, development technology, economic activity and the development prospects of the area and are established on the basis of relevant projects by the authorities providing mining enterprises land for use. In the regions of the Far North, deserts and uninhabited areas, the nature of reclamation work is determined in each specific case by the Council of Ministers of the Union Republic together with Agroprom CCCP, State Forestry Committee CCCP and the ministry or department to which land plots are provided for use.

Depending on the nature of the land plots and the purposes of their use, the following areas of reclamation are distinguished; agricultural - to create agricultural land on disturbed lands; forestry - forest plantations various types; fishery - fish-breeding reservoirs; water management - reservoirs for various purposes; recreational - recreation facilities; sanitary and hygienic - for the purpose of conservation by biological or technical methods of disturbed lands that have a negative impact on the environment; construction - to bring disturbed lands into a condition suitable for industrial or civil construction. Typically, reclamation is carried out in two stages - mining (see Mining reclamation) and biological (see Biological reclamation). At the first stage, reclamation is carried out by the mining enterprise, at the second - by land users to whom the lands are transferred (or returned). To ensure the rational use of the soil layer removed during mining operations, earthing is carried out, i.e. a set of works to apply a fertile layer of soil and potentially fertile rocks to unproductive lands in order to improve them. The entire range of reclamation works is carried out at the expense of mining enterprises. Reclamation costs vary widely and depend on the natural, climatic, mining, geological, and technical conditions of the deposit being developed.

Increasing the efficiency and rate of reclamation is facilitated by: the inclusion of reclamation work in the technological chain of mining production and the use of main mining equipment for these works; reducing the volume of leveling work due to compact placement of rocks in dumps and creating a calmer surface relief; the use of hydromechanization means to supply the surface of the dump of rocks with a reclamation layer and soils; selective development and storage of overburden rocks in dumps with the placement of rocks suitable for biological reclamation on the surface of the dump; creation of a targeted structure of dumps that ensures high productivity of restored lands by improving the conditions of moisture accumulation and nutrition in the root layer; reducing the volume of work to remove soil from disturbed lands and restore the soil layer on reclaimed areas through the use of overburden rocks and processing waste with more favorable agronomic properties; development and application of methods for accelerated restoration of fertility of disturbed lands based on the use of bioactive preparations, bacterial fertilizers, phytomeliorants, structure-forming materials, etc.; development and application of effective methods for securing reclaimed surfaces and preventing wind and water erosion; development and use of specialized machines and mechanisms for reclamation work.

Reclaimed lands are considered as one of the types of products of mining enterprises, the production of which is planned and controlled.

Many types of management - construction, mining, repair or survey work - significantly destroy the soil cover, therefore, to restore it, reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out. Restored for introduction into circulation great amount fertile soil layer by special measures, which will be discussed in this article.

Dictionary

What are disturbed lands? These are those that have lost their economic value or, moreover, negatively affect the environment due to disturbed soil cover or when technogenic relief is formed after certain production activities.

What is land reclamation? This the whole complex actions that are aimed at restoring the national economic value of devastated soils, restoring their productivity, and improving the conditions of the entire environment. Technical and biological reclamation of disturbed lands is being carried out. To do this, they first need to be inventoried - identified, recorded and mapped, areas determined and the quality level established.

The directions of reclamation of disturbed lands are their restoration for one or another intended use. For example, the agricultural direction involves the creation of new agricultural land on disturbed soils.

Work on removing the fertile layer, transporting it and applying a new one - earthing. It can significantly improve even unproductive lands and potentially fertile rocks. The object of reclamation is a land plot with a disturbed fertile layer that is subject to restoration. Top part soil cover, humified and equipped with all physical, chemical and agrochemical properties favorable for plants, is called the fertile layer.

Resolution

Very relevant in modern conditions actions to organize agricultural work and restore all disturbed lands. Territories where reclamation of such lands has already occurred should be under special control.

The 1994 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation defines the general requirements for carrying out work on the reclamation of damaged soil cover. They are mandatory for all legal entities, officials and individuals. Reclamation of disturbed lands brings recreational, forestry and agricultural lands back into operation for further use for their intended purpose. There are two stages to restore soils - biological and technical.

When the reclamation of disturbed lands passes the technical stage, leveling is carried out, slopes are formed, the fertile layer of soil is removed and applied, reclamation and hydraulic structures are installed, toxic rocks removed by excavation are buried, various works are organized to create conditions for the second stage of activities.

Biological intervention restores soil fertility: agrotechnical, phytomeliorative measures that improve agrochemical, agrophysical, biochemical properties, as well as other indicators of fertility.

Types of reclamation

There are an incredible amount of disturbed lands on the planet. Reclamation is necessary in many cases. So, it is necessary to eliminate the consequences:

• field development open method or underground;
• laying pipelines, carrying out reclamation, construction, logging and some other work that is associated with damage to the soil cover;
• liquidation of military, industrial, and any other structures and objects;
• storage or burial of household, industrial or other waste;
• eliminating the consequences of soil pollution, when the condition for restoration is the removal of the fertile top layer.

The norms for such removal are established by the project for the reclamation of disturbed lands, depending on how much the level of fertility of a given area has fallen. The removed layer of soil usually also goes into use - it is reclaimed, after which it improves unproductive land.

Goals not related to agriculture or forestry are usually not pursued because they are not economically viable. The exception is cases when there is no possibility of using the removed soil layer for the forest fund or improving the land for agriculture. On the territory of each region there are organizations for the transfer or acceptance of reclaimed land. It also discusses other issues related to soil disturbance and restoration.

The Standing Commissions include land management, environmental protection, water management, forestry, agricultural, architectural and construction, sanitary, financial and credit and many other bodies, under whose supervision all stages of reclamation of disturbed lands take place.

Documentation

Acceptance (transfer) of all reclaimed lands must be carried out within one month after submission of notification of completed soil restoration actions to the Standing Commission. Carrying out reclamation of disturbed lands requires the following materials to be attached to the documents:

• Permission to carry out such work (copies), that is, a document certifying the right to use subsoil and land.
• A copy of the land use plan showing the boundaries of all restored areas.
• Disturbed land reclamation project.
• Data from surveys - soil and others, which are necessary for carrying out such work related to both the violation of the fertile layer and the elimination of the consequences of this.
• Working drawings - project documentation for anti-erosion, reclamation, hydraulic and other facilities, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and other measures that were provided for by the project.
• Inspection materials reflecting the implementation of soil restoration work, information on measures taken to eliminate identified violations.
• Information on the procedure for removing, storing, using, transferring the fertile layer, relevant documents confirming this.

This list of papers is supplemented and clarified in each case by the Standing Commission. Changes and additions are dictated by the nature of the land disturbance and its future use.

Acceptance

Reclaimed areas are accepted by a special commission with a mandatory on-site visit. It is approved by the chairman or deputy Standing Committee within ten days after filing the application by legal or individuals, renting out land.

Typically, the working commission consists of representatives of municipal and state bodies interested in land use, as well as members of the Standing Committee itself. Persons handing over and accepting reclaimed areas, representatives of design and contracting organizations, specialists and experts also take part in the acceptance of reclaimed areas. The procedure for reclamation of disturbed lands is checked after reviewing all required documents.

Pesticide pollution

Pesticides are inorganic and organic compounds, which are used in the fight against plant diseases and pests, against weeds, as well as to accelerate the ripening of a number of crops subjected to machine harvesting. Despite the fact that only about three hundred grams of such substances are applied per hectare, the soils become significantly clogged over time, so sooner or later they are subject to mandatory reclamation. The main task is to activate the processes of decomposition of residual forms of harmful substances. Directions for reclamation of disturbed lands can be very different according to the project, which provides percentage data on the composition of soil contamination.

Biodestructors are used to decompose certain compounds, soils are irradiated with ultraviolet light, fertilizers are applied - mineral and organic, and agro-reclamation and agrotechnical measures are carried out. To reduce the decomposition time of pesticides, chemical ameliorants are used that form non-toxic compounds; artificial or natural sorbents and lime are added to the soil. Then those crops that are able to absorb harmful compounds and process them are introduced into the crop rotation: corn, lupine, rapeseed. In this way, the soils are cleared of atrazine and linuron, as well as many other compounds.

Oil pollution

Taking into account the criteria for assessing the state of the environmental situation, appropriate measures are carried out, first of all, technical reclamation of disturbed lands, after which biological reclamation. There are three defined levels of soil pollution: background, increased and high pollution. The first is up to fifty milligrams of petroleum products per kilogram of dry soil. The second - up to a thousand milligrams, the third - up to five thousand. It is the third level that involves the purpose of reclamation of both soil and groundwater. The second level should alert those responsible who are obliged to carry out monitoring.

The development of a project for the reclamation of disturbed lands contaminated with oil and its products is being organized according to an equalized scheme. Initial actions are aimed at activating microorganisms in the soil so that they destroy hydrocarbons. The soil is also loosened, lime, gypsum, and high doses of mineral and organic organisms are added to it, then all this is plowed. A mulched surface consisting of nutrient mixtures is created, and increased rates of oil-tolerant crops are sown. White bentgrass, timothy grass, red fescue, awnless brome, perennial lupine, eastern beckmania, canarygrass, horned butterfly, alfalfa and clover are grown. Plants that grow on contaminated soil are fed to animals under strict control, since carcinogens and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons accumulate in them.

Ecological system

Land restoration depends on how the disturbed land reclamation project is designed, as well as in accordance with the emergency level of the environmental disaster situation. This whole line events engineering system ecology. Petroleum products are extremely mobile in the components of the geosystem. If the soils have been clogged for a long time and large areas of bound and free petroleum products have formed in the section of the aeration zones and groundwater, then the fight against them will be serious. This usually happens near oil depots and warehouses. fuel materials and oil refineries.

The engineering-ecological system must implement the tasks of removing mobile oil products, protecting rivers, water intakes, as well as reclamation of all damaged soils. Sources of contamination must be localized. The basis of the environmental engineering system is made up of structures: embankment dams, walls in the ground, vertical and horizontal drainage, injection and production wells. Many other measures that provide for the technical reclamation of disturbed lands are also good.

Quarry dumps

Twenty percent of the total area of ​​the territory of mining enterprises is allocated to quarry dumps, 13% to waste storage facilities from processing plants, 5% to dumps and mine waste, and 3% to completely unsuitable land due to subsidence and surface failures. The volume of mining work increases every year, and now approximately ten to fifteen hectares are used as dumps every year. Landscape complexes and soil cover are being disturbed. Engineering Communication and their construction also requires significant space. Reclamation of lands disturbed by mining operations in our country has been carried out systematically since 1959.

Complex schemes restoration work may include a wide range of activities depending on the degree of pollution and its chemical composition. For example, these:

• First year- loosening to degas the soil and stimulate all biochemical processes.
• Second year- regulation of water and nutrient regimes of the soil with biodestructors.
• Third year and all subsequent years- cultivation resistant crops until quality products grow.

High levels of pollution can force a complete change of fertile upper layer soil, which is removed and sent for processing. Overburden rocks stored in the form of an embankment (external dumps) are used only if they are radioactive and non-toxic.

Excavations and artificially created cavities are reclaimed mainly using consumer and industrial waste, that is, they are, in fact, their disposal, and this is a licensed type of activity. Quarry excavations and various types of dumps are used in the extraction of minerals and building materials in an open way.

Reclamation stages

This is a very complex multi-component system of activities, closely interconnected, structured by the level of tasks to be solved and technological execution. Preparatory stage- justification of measures from the investment side and development of working documentation. The technical stage is the implementation of the project in its engineering part.

Biological - the final stage, including landscaping, biological treatment soils, forestry construction, phytoreclamation and agro-reclamation measures, which are aimed at the complete restoration of soil-forming processes. The first two stages can take place over a long period of time - up to several decades, when complex environmental problems are solved.

Some lands on our planet are subject to increased damage. For example, areas of mining, deforestation, city construction, waste dumping, or military testing (such as nuclear weapon). Reclamation is used to restore land cover. What such a process is and how it is carried out is described in the article below.

Reclamation process and purpose

What is reclamation? This concept refers to a set of works on the economic and environmental restoration of lands and water bodies.

In connection with mining, construction or repair work, damage and destruction of soil and land cover occurs to a significant extent, therefore, to restore them, reclamation of these areas is necessary. This process involves a set of measures aimed at the reproduction of damaged areas. Such lands also include areas contaminated by something. For example, solid waste landfills are being reclaimed.

The purpose of the event is to improve the condition of the soil and environment, restore the functioning of destroyed lands and reservoirs. When carrying out reclamation, it is necessary to take into account the degree of pollution and damage, soil and climatic conditions, landscape and geochemical characteristics of the damaged lands.

Directions for reclamation

There are 5 areas for reclamation of disturbed lands in accordance with their further use:

1. Agricultural - used for perennial plantings, pastures, meadows, arable land, etc.
2. Water management - for reservoirs of various purposes, such as ponds for breeding game or fish, reservoirs.
3. Forestry - used for forest planting for special or operational purposes (sanitary protection, soil protection, water protection, etc.).
4. Architectural and planning - sowing field grasses (lawns), afforestation, water supply and irrigation of areas near residential buildings.
5. Recreational - recreation areas, beaches, swimming pools, parks, etc.

What is reclamation and what stages does it include?

The reclamation process usually includes two main stages - technical and biological, but a third one can be distinguished - preparatory. Let's look at all the stages in detail.

1. Preparatory stage - preparation of working equipment, standards and documentation is carried out, a preliminary budget is determined, and soil restoration work is carried out.
2. Technical stage - preparation of the landscape is carried out (leveling of industrial embankments, filling of holes, sinkholes, trenches, depressions, ditches), creation of hydraulic structures, disposal of waste, implementation of the plan for the engineering and technical component of the project.
3. The biological stage is the final part of the implementation of the process of reclamation of disturbed lands. Includes forest planting, soil cleaning, landscaping, a set of organizational and economic measures to improve agroclimatic and soil conditions in order to increase the efficiency of water and land resources. Conducted special work to improve the condition and properties of the soil.

What lands are subject to reclamation?

First of all, solid waste landfills and lands on which repairs were carried out need to be reclaimed. construction works, and also laid underground pipelines. In addition, reclamation is also necessary for the adjacent land space, which has partially or completely lost productivity due to the negative impact of waste.

Environmentalists say that the most difficult to restore are the lands that were used for storing and burying toxic waste. For such areas, special reclamation is required, which can last for years, the timing depends on the type of waste and the severity of the impact on the land.

Quarry reclamation is carried out constantly, since the mining process usually takes a long time. And the restoration of hydraulic dumps should begin only 6-8 years after the completion of their reclamation, this is exactly how much is needed to dry out and stabilize the territory. So, for each individual case it is compiled individual project reclamation.

Technical reclamation

The development of a reclamation project is a difficult and multi-stage process in which professionals from various fields, from ecologists to engineers, take part. Based on the goals of the project, documentation is prepared, work stages and a budget are drawn up. The project includes technical and biological reclamation.

Technical reclamation, depending on the budget, includes following works:

• chemical - involve the use of organic and chemical fertilizers;
• Thermal engineering - consist of complex stages of reclamation;
• water - include drainage or irrigation as needed, depending on the condition of the land;
• projective-structural - involve the organization of fresh landscape reliefs and surface planning.

This phase of the reclamation project is carried out by the mining enterprises.

Biological remediation

The biological recovery stage is performed after completion of the technical part. It involves restoring the fertile properties of the soil.

Objectives of biological remediation:

• restoration of land fertility;
• restoration of natural soil formation;
• increasing the level of self-cleaning and regeneration;
• revival of flora and fauna;
• planting plants in the damaged area that adapt well and have high regeneration rates;
• intended use.

None of the stages can be skipped or violated, since each has its own self-importance. At the end of the process, fresh forests are planted - this is called forest reclamation.

Plants used for reclamation

Plants for soil remediation must be selected in accordance with the following requirements:

• they must be adapted to local soil and climatic conditions;
• it should be " useful plants”, that is, those used in forestry and agriculture.

An excellent option would be to sow the land with medicinal plants. An important condition is the ability of grasses to quickly create a closed and durable grass stand that is resistant to washouts. Plants that are used to improve the quality of soil and land include:

• Red clover is a good source of atmospheric nitrogen for beneficial bacteria. No special soil is required for this plant.
• Meadow timothy is light-loving, has high winter hardiness, and is resistant to flooding.
• Meadow fescue is a grass with a powerful root system. It is resistant to mowing and grows quickly, durable and frost-resistant. Not picky about moisture.
• Ramson is a long-lasting herbaceous plant, one of the earliest sources of vitamins in the forest. The leaves are eaten as an ingredient in hot dishes, pies and bread, as well as raw.

Perennial grasses and trees and shrubs are used for quarry reclamation. Thanks to plants, the process of soil erosion is weakened and the stability of slopes is increased.

Restoration of commercial lands

Reclamation of a land plot used for agricultural needs is used for the purpose of planting agricultural plants on destroyed lands, and also includes the enrichment of productive land plots with a certain environment for the development and growth of plantings.

The technical part of agricultural land reclamation implies:

• forming an area a couple of meters above drainage or groundwater;
• backfilling the top layer with soil suitable for biological reclamation of damaged lands with further implementation of a set of measures that increase the properties of the reclaimed layer, which is achieved through certain actions and the application of fertilizers;
• enrichment of bulk rocks with nutrients, improvement of their structure, activation of biological processes by applying prescribed doses of fertilizer in combination with recommended processing for their subsequent use in agriculture;
• formation of hay pastures on a renewable surface.

What is reclamation and why is it needed? We can say that restoration of land cover is necessary for the further intended use of the site. Remediation is especially important for cleaning up the environment. For example, after the closure of a solid waste landfill, hazardous waste continues to accumulate at this site. chemical compounds that harm nature. In this case, the process of restoring soil fertility is carried out.

Introduction

The state of the lands of most cities in our country is an objective reflection of the processes associated with the first and second industrializations. As part of the land fund of large industrialized urban settlements, significant areas of inefficiently used land have appeared, disturbed as a result of the negative impact of technogenesis factors. These territories are contaminated with toxic chemicals, littered with landfills, and degraded as a result of erosion, landslides, and flooding. They have become a source of negative impact on the state of the urban environment, its natural and anthropogenic components

What is reclamation and its purpose

Reclamation is a set of works for the environmental and economic restoration of lands and water bodies, the fertility of which is a result of human activity decreased significantly. Disturbed lands of all categories are subject to reclamation, as well as adjacent land plots that have completely or partially lost productivity as a result of the negative impact of disturbed lands on them.

The purpose of reclamation is to improve environmental conditions and restore the productivity of disturbed lands and water bodies.

History of the development of reclamation of disturbed lands: world and Russian experience

The intensive development of the mining, oil and gas industries and the increase in mineral extraction lead to the disruption and withdrawal of significant areas of fertile land from use.

Mining of mineral raw materials and such types of human activities as the creation of landfills, ash dumps, tailings dumps, construction of military, industrial and civil facilities lead to the exclusion from use of lands valuable for the national economy. Every year around the world, 6-7 million hectares of fertile land are taken for these needs.

According to the annual state reports “On the state and protection of the environment Russian Federation", the specific land intensity of production increased from 6.9 hectares/million. tons of production in 2010 to 8.4 hectares/million. t. The area of ​​reclaimed land in the amount of disturbed land increased from 0.322 to 0.356 ha/ha.

Thus, the restoration of disturbed lands is an important state task, the solution of which will improve the environmental situation, ensure the return of lands and create conditions for development on them various types economic activity.

Reclamation includes a large complex of reclamation, agricultural, and forestry work to restore disturbed lands into fertile, ecologically balanced lands, close in basic soil parameters to evolutionarily undisturbed ones.

The purpose of reclamation is to create a new landscape. In the process of reclamation, all components of the landscape are created anew: the relief and thickness of the rocks that make up the subsoil of the future landscape are formed; the groundwater regime is restored; In accordance with the chosen type of development of reclaimed territories, the structure of the soil and plant horizons of the landscape is created. The artificially recreated environment forms animal world areas being restored.

The main task set before reclamation is to restore the productivity of disturbed lands. This task can be defined as promising, but difficult to achieve during the period of reclamation work, since its solution depends on the type of object, its functional purpose and natural conditions. Thus, the reclamation of landfills, toxic dumps, tailings dumps, ash dumps and other objects can only be environmental, aimed at protecting the surrounding lands, preventing erosion processes and creating a cultural landscape on these objects. Reclamation of lands on which the resumption of negative processes is possible (contaminated lands or those under constant technogenic influence) should be carried out only on the basis of monitoring data.

Reclamation methods are determined, first of all, by the composition and properties of the rocks going into the dump, stripping technology and the climate of the area.

When using disturbed areas for agricultural and forestry crops, the level of fertility of soil dumps is of paramount importance. Therefore, for the successful implementation of land reclamation, it is necessary to study the composition and properties of overburden rocks with the compilation of a map of the distribution of rocks with their agronomic characteristics.

Worldwide experience in land reclamation totals only about 80 years. The first land reclamation work was carried out in 1926 in areas disturbed by mining (USA, Indiana).

In Russia, in 1912, in the territory of what is now the Vladimir region, experiments were carried out on their cultivation and cultivation of agricultural plants in abandoned peat mining areas.

Reclamation was widely developed in Europe and the USA in the pre-war years and mainly after the Second World War.

Currently, successful work on the reclamation of lignite and hard coal mines is being carried out in Germany, Poland, England, the USA and other countries.

In the first stages of development, reclamation was carried out mainly for landscaping purposes. For example, in the Rhine lignite basin there are 3 stages of reclamation.

Reclamation in the Rhine Basin is based on landscape-ecological analysis with development long-term plans further development of the landscape. It is planned to create ecologically balanced landscapes. At the same time, 2000 hectares are taken as a unit of area for an ecologically balanced agricultural landscape, and 2500 hectares for a recreational landscape. Exhausted quarries are turned into reservoirs for recreation and sports, and the slopes are subject to afforestation.

In England, with its high population density, preference is given to agricultural reclamation and the use of dumps for urban and recreational development. The establishment of parks and construction on mining lands has been practiced since the middle of the last century; now such parks exist in many cities of the country.

In France, Denmark, Belgium, Italy and other European countries, a significant problem of environmental protection is the landscaping of coal mine waste heaps and the reclamation of construction materials quarries.

In the United States, land reclamation is carried out by the Forestry and Geological Surveys, the Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of Mines and a number of federal departments and state agencies. State laws regulate mining and reclamation activities.

A number of specialized associations have been created to restore lands disturbed by open-pit mining. Vegetative reclamation, which consists in creating forests for recreational purposes, has become predominant here.

Aero-seeding, seed placement on steep slopes with hydraulic infill, and planting are widely practiced. manually. Great importance given to the selection of wood species and shrub plants, most resistant to complex environmental conditions, which is made on the basis of observations of the natural overgrowth of dumps. The advantage of American programs is the close linkage of reclamation with work plans for the protection of soils and waters within the boundaries of special reclamation areas into which the entire territory of the country is divided.

In Germany, priority is given to the restoration of land for agricultural use, but forest reclamation issues occupy important place V common system protection and restoration of technogenic landscapes. State forestries have successfully created forest plantations on rocky mine dumps in the Ore Mountains. The spruce forests planted on such dumps more than a hundred years ago are mature full-tree stands. However, the greatest scope of forest reclamation work was achieved in areas disturbed by open-pit mining of brown coal. All legal provisions put forward a requirement to create a new cultural landscape in disturbed territories. Landscape planning is under the control of state organizations; based on long-term plans, mining enterprises enter into long-term contracts with state land users, which stipulate all types of reclamation work, deadlines and quality requirements for territory preparation. Mining enterprises carry out leveling of dumps, application of fertile soils, chemical reclamation and general engineering and technical development of the territory.

In Canada, the forest service began experimental work for the reclamation of dumps on an area of ​​4 thousand hectares. All mining companies in the country are required to have reclamation plans, according to which they begin reclamation no later than three years after the completion of stripping operations. The main difficulty in mountainous areas is securing the surface of eroding and polluting air and water dumps, consisting of waste from ore enrichment, tailings and slag. For this purpose, grasses are sown and trees are planted on the flat tops and slopes of dams and water treatment facilities. All reclamation work is carried out in accordance with plans to prevent pollution of rivers, in the upper reaches of which mines and dumps are usually located.

In the domestic literature, the term “reclamation of territories” first appears in 1962 (in the work of I.V. Lazareva, who highlighted foreign experience in reclamation and considers this problem in relation to the use of land disturbed by industry for urban planning purposes).

One of the first reclamation works in Russia should be considered the development of peat workings in the north and north-west of the European part of the country for forestry purposes.

Krupennikov I.A., Kholmetsky A.M. The following stages of development of reclamation work in Russia are distinguished:

· 1906-1949 - an increase in the area of ​​land disturbed by industry, awareness of the need for their restoration, the emergence of an idea, scattered experiments.

· 1950-1968 - sharp increase in area open-pit mining minerals, beginning legal regulation, development of requirements and guidelines for reclamation, systemic scientific and industrial experiments, first generalizations, scientific and technical meetings, disparate planning of reclamation activities.

· 1969-1980 gt. - adoption of the land code and special government regulations on reclamation, inclusion of reclamation work in technological process production, the first theoretical developments and scientific and organizational development of reclamation science, the emergence of the problem of recycling soils removed from lands alienated from agriculture and water farming, the development of state and industry standards.

· Since 1981, intensive development of the theory of accelerating soil processes and the creation of a highly fertile soil profile began by reducing soil loss during the reclamation process, expanding the scale of land restoration work, etc.

In our country from 1971 to 1980. reclamation was carried out on an area of ​​713 thousand hectares, i.e. the annual volume of reclamation work amounted to 71.3 thousand hectares. Their significant growth was laid down in the State Comprehensive Program for Improving Soil Fertility

Russia for 1992-1995, where it was planned to annually reclaim up to 96 thousand hectares for subsequent agricultural use.

Since 2004, there has been no body in the country that would centrally collect data on the state of land resources. In 2013, scientists and environmentalists proposed developing an environmental protection law. The document should regulate the responsibility of subsoil users at all stages of design, operation and liquidation of enterprises, as well as the conduct of comprehensive environmental monitoring.

Today, these clear rules for technogenic enterprises are not spelled out. How the mechanisms for eliminating the consequences of mining deposits are not spelled out.

In the summer of 2012, Kuzbass parliamentarians appealed to the Russian government with a request to restore the system of statistical monitoring of the state of reclamation, removal and use of fertile soil layer, which ceased to exist in 2008. In the fall of 2012, the government ordered this surveillance to be resumed. Annual reports in form No. 2-TP (reclamation) from legal entities, citizens, individual entrepreneurs, extracting minerals, as well as carrying out construction, land reclamation, logging, survey work and waste disposal, are now accepted by the territorial divisions of Rosprirodnadzor.

In conditions where there are no real projects, control has not been established, and most importantly, funds for reclamation are not provided, it is necessary to create a mechanism for eliminating the consequences of field development, with the creation of liquidation funds.

According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, funds will be contributed to liquidation funds by both subsoil users and the state. A project to amend several legislative acts at once - on subsoil, on insolvency and bankruptcy, the Code of Administrative Offenses and tax code- at the approval stage.

According to scientists, federal legislation should become a framework: it is high time to transfer the main rule-making functions local authorities authorities. Because the natural conditions in different regions big countries are different. This means that approaches to land restoration must be different. In some places, agricultural biological reclamation is needed, and in others, sanitary and protective remediation is needed.

When carrying out work related to soil disturbance and land reclamation, compliance with established environmental and other standards, rules and regulations is mandatory. Land reclamation is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 23, 1994 No. 140 “On land reclamation, removal, preservation and rational use of fertile soil layer” and the Basic Provisions on land reclamation, removal, preservation and rational use of fertile soil layer, approved by the Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Roskomzema dated December 22, 1995 No. 525/67.

Assessment of the quality of land reclamation work should be carried out by a commission consisting of municipal specialists in accordance with current regulations and standards for land reclamation and protection: GOST 17.5.3.04-83 “Nature conservation. Earth. General requirements for land reclamation"; GOST 17.5.1.03-86 “Classification of overburden and host rocks for biological land reclamation”, GOST 17.4.203-86. "Protection of Nature. Soils. Soil passport"; GOST 17.4.3.01-83. "Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for sampling”; GOST 17.4.4.02-84. "Protection of Nature. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples"; GOST 28168-89. “Soils. Sample selection"; GOST 17.4.3.03-85. "Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for methods for determining pollutants"; GOST 17.473.06-86. "Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for the classification of soils according to the influence of chemical pollutants on them".

The organization of use of disturbed lands has changed with the development of market relations: economic factors have become priority - objectively justified payment for land and used Natural resources, tax revenues. This led to a reorientation of the urban management system from administrative methods to economic ones.

In the new conditions, there is a need to improve existing approaches to assessing the qualitative condition of urban lands, identifying, recording and classifying disturbed urban areas. The main problem of restoration and return to economic use of disturbed lands is the imperfection of the legal framework regulating these issues. The main drawback of the current legislation in the field of urban land use is that most of the existing regulations are devoted to the problems of land use and protection, rather than their restoration. In addition, urban lands are considered only from the point of view of their socio-economic aspects to the detriment of natural and environmental ones, that is, the subject of regulation of these documents is mainly land plots as real estate objects, and not urban lands or soils as components of the natural environment.

According to experts, today there is an urgent need for change regulatory framework. Improving legislation can become a solid basis for carrying out large-scale land restoration work.

Certain types of industrial, mining and construction activities can cause serious damage to soil cover. Violation of environmental and agrotechnical properties does not allow the use of land for agricultural purposes. In particular, such consequences can be caused by the laying of communication systems, the construction of linear facilities, the development of quarries for the extraction of minerals, etc. The situation can only be corrected by the reclamation of agricultural land, which is a complex of restoration measures.

What is reclamation?

As a rule, reclamation involves restoring the original properties and characteristics of the soil layer for its subsequent use for agricultural needs. However, similar measures can be used for other purposes. For example, to restore the recreational and forestry parameters of the treated area. In other words, land reclamation is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the necessary environmental and agrotechnical properties of the soil.

Wherein this process does not mean that the cover should be restored to increase lost fertility. For example, when working with forestry lands, forest reserves are formed through new plantings. But it is primarily agricultural lands that are subject to reclamation. True, there are different directions in this area. For example, land reclamation may include the organization of perennial pastures, the creation of areas for future arable land, as well as the preparation of soil for gardens and hayfields.

What lands are subject to reclamation?

The most common category of affected areas relates to land where pipelines have been laid or construction work has taken place. From the point of view of the complexity of restoration, it is worth noting the areas that were used as landfills for disposal and storage of hazardous waste. In such cases, special remediation of contaminated land is carried out, the duration of which can be calculated in years, depending on the nature of the waste and the severity of its impact on the environment. Negative influence The development of deposits in combination with prospecting and geological exploration activities also has an impact on the soil layer. One way or another, a special reclamation project is developed for each case.

What is taken into account in a reclamation project?

First of all, experts take into account primary data on natural conditions terrain. Climatic, vegetation and hydrological factors are taken into account. Next, the actual state of the land at the time of reclamation is analyzed. At this stage, the area, intensity of overgrowth, shape of the relief, nature of land use, degree of pollution, as well as the condition of the soil cover are determined. In addition to this data, the land reclamation project also contains information about the chemical and granulometric composition of the soil, its agrophysical and agrochemical parameters. Evaluated in documentation and possible timing exploitation of the land after reclamation. At the same time, the risk of repeated violation of the optimal state of the soil cover is taken into account.

Technical land reclamation

At this stage, leveling, creation of slopes, as well as removal and renewal of the soil layer are carried out. Depending on the requirements of the project, hydraulic engineering and reclamation devices can be organized. In general, this is the main part of the activities aimed at preparing the land for further intended use. Work is being carried out in several areas, including thermal engineering, hydraulic engineering and chemical operations. Thermotechnical land reclamation is heating the soil through mulching, which covers the fertile layer. The use of hydraulic technologies aims to rid the area of excess moisture, as well as changes in the frequency of land flooding. Chemicals allow you to restore the original properties and characteristics of the soil by adding components such as lime, clay, gypsum, sorbents, etc.

Biological land reclamation

At the stage of biological reclamation, agrotechnical and phytomeliorative procedures are used, which should improve the biochemical, agrochemical, agrophysical and other characteristics of the land. Unlike technical measures, in this case it is assumed to work with the most severe violations. In particular, land reclamation of this kind helps to restore areas that were damaged under the influence of hazardous industrial waste. We can talk about the complete destruction of the natural components of flora and fauna. Modern means biological restoration show the effectiveness of reclamation, but in terms of time and financial costs they can also significantly exceed traditional technical means soil renewal.

Result of reclamation

The quality of reclamation can be judged by several parameters. First of all, this is the absence of unnecessary objects on the territory, among which there may be rock fragments, construction garbage and production designs. Also, the site must have an integral landscape structure without the presence of obvious rubble, pits, drainage channels, mine failures and embankments. In addition, land reclamation must necessarily contribute to the complete or partial renewal of the soil-forming process. Modern technologies allow to significantly increase the soil's ability to self-purify. Against the background of such processes, the biological state of the land is normalizing.

Conclusion

Even if we do not take into account the advisability of using land for agricultural needs, restoration of fertility has a beneficial effect on the natural components associated with the territory. For this reason, reclamation must be carried out without fail, regardless of its further application. Of course, if the interested party has a plan for the specific exploitation of the territory, then the reclamation project should initially be adjusted to meet the designated goals. In such cases, restoration measures not only help eliminate the consequences of harmful effects on the soil, but also, if possible, enrich it with the necessary components that are significant from the point of view of future use.