Plastering walls is one of the most ancient and effective ways leveling and decorating surfaces. The modern construction market offers a huge number of different solutions for plastering walls, but purchasing dry mixtures or mixtures already diluted with water can cost a significant amount. To save money, you can prepare the plaster yourself.

Necessary tools and materials for work

The preparation of plaster solutions begins with the preparation of the following tools:

• Mixing container (a regular plastic bucket will do).
• Containers for dosing components.
• A trowel for manual mixing, a drill, a hammer drill with a mixer attachment or a concrete mixer for machine preparation of mortar.

Materials you will need:

• Binder (clay, lime, cement).
• Filler (sand, stone chips or flour, sawdust).
• Water.
• Special additives to increase plasticity, viscosity, water resistance, if necessary.

Preparation of cement plaster for rough finishing

This material is most often used for rough finishing of interior and external walls residential premises. It is durable, moisture-resistant and has a long service life, but it is difficult to work with due to its heavy weight. In addition, it may take up to 14 days for cement compositions to completely dry and gain strength. This type of plaster should be made according to the following instructions:

1. Sifting sand. This procedure is carried out before preparing the solution for plastering the walls, using a large sieve. It is necessary to identify and remove stones, lumps of clay and sand, which are unacceptable in the plaster mixture.
2. Mixing dry ingredients. You need to measure out 1 portion of cement grade M400 or higher and 4 portions of sand, then pour them into a common container and mix thoroughly hand tools, since using a drill at this stage will create a huge amount of dust.
3. Adding water. The liquid must be added in small portions, constantly stirring it with a mixer. Ultimately, you should get a homogeneous mixture, the consistency of which will resemble thick sour cream. For machine plaster, the composition should be more liquid. Then the container is left for 10-15 minutes and mixed again.
4. Adding plasticizers and other special components. These substances are added at the very end in the proportions specified by the manufacturer. At the end, the solution is mixed again, after which application begins.

On a note! Cement-based solutions dry for quite a long time, so you can immediately prepare a large portion of the material, which will be enough for the entire wall or a significant fragment of it. It is allowed to mix the finished composition with a mixer from time to time so that it remains homogeneous.

To increase the strength of the material, lime is sometimes added to it. This solution is prepared in the same way as cement, but after mixing the main components, you need to take 2 portions of lime and dilute it with water in a separate container, then mix thoroughly. The result should be a so-called lime dough, similar in consistency to regular batter. Then diluted lime is added to the mixture of sand and cement, and only then water and other components are added.

Instructions for mixing lime compounds

This material was previously used everywhere. Its main advantage is its relatively low cost and high mechanical strength. The preparation of this type of plaster solution is as follows.

If used Not slaked lime, then you will have to spend considerable time to extinguish it. To do this, dry lime is poured into a container, and then poured into it cold water. As a result, a violent reaction will occur, which will be accompanied by heating and splashing, so the mixture in the container should occupy no more than 40% of the volume. When pouring liquid, you must wear protective clothing and goggles. After the reaction is complete, the mixture is closed and left to infuse for 2 weeks.

After this, you need to grind the slaked lime so that there are no lumps left in it. To do this, use a sieve through which the material is ground. Before diluting the material with water, add no a large number of sand and then mixed. Add sifted sand to the homogeneous mixture in the amount of 3 parts per 1 part of lime paste. You need to pour the material in small portions, constantly stirring and adding a little water. The result should be a solution with the density of thick sour cream.

Important! Such mixtures dry within 12-14 hours, so you need to make plaster in the amount that is used at a time. You also need to constantly clean the mixer attachment after each mixing of the plaster.

Lime-gypsum materials

The manufacturing process for this material looks exactly the same as that described above, but instead of adding 3 shares of sand, you need to make a gypsum solution. The consistency, as always, should be like sour cream. 1 share of gypsum must be diluted with water, then add the mixture to the previously prepared lime dough. At the end, mix everything thoroughly with a drill with a mixer attachment. Depending on the required strength, you can add a little more water or add a small amount of sand.

You should know! Compositions containing gypsum dry very quickly, so before starting preparation you need to divide the wall into sections of 1 square meter and prepare as much solution as needed to treat a given area.

In this case, the main component is alumina. This type of plaster has been used for several millennia. The preparation of the simplest solution is as follows:

• Before making a solution for plaster, alumina is placed in a container and water is added, and then left for 4-5 hours.
• The prepared clay is thoroughly mixed and sand is poured into it. The proportions of the solution for plastering walls are 1:3. The plaster must be thinned in stages, in small portions.
• Immediately after final mixing, the solution can be applied to the walls.

Only in such a solution can you constantly add water to maintain the required consistency. In the case of other mixtures, this is strictly prohibited.

Can also be prepared with the following materials:

1. Lime dough. It is added before the sand. The ratio is as follows: for 1 share of clay you need 0.5 shares of lime and 3 sand.
2. Cement. It is mixed with clay, while the proportions of plaster solutions are 0.2:1, after which it is mixed with 3 parts of sand.
3. Gypsum. This material will require 0.25 parts per 1 clay. First, these components are mixed, then sand is added. This mixture sets within a few minutes after the preparation of the solution is completed, and hardens in 30 minutes.

This material is used for both starting and finishing surfaces. It sets quickly and weighs little, so working with it is easy. But gypsum is hydrophilic, so it cannot be used for finishing wet rooms.

There are several options for making a solution, but the first step is the same for all - mixing the dry ingredients. Cooking methods:

• Mix 3 parts crushed chalk and 1 part gypsum, then add a small amount of wood glue. Add water and stir. Let us remember that the consistency is the same for all mixtures, despite the fact that the compositions of the plaster mortar are different.
• 2 parts of gypsum, part of drying oil and 0.1 part of NF-1 drier are mixed in a container, water is added, and mixed.
• 1 part regular plaster mixture, 1 part sawdust, 4 parts of gypsum are mixed and diluted with water.

You should know! To extend the drying time, PVA glue is added to the solutions; its share can be no more than 2% of the finished mass. The composition of the plaster solution can be changed slightly, depending on the required quality of the coating.

Additional components

To give solutions for plastering walls some properties or improve existing ones, the following substances are added to the plaster:

No more than 10% of the above materials from the total mass can be added to the plaster composition.

In order for the plaster to meet all requirements, during its manufacture you must adhere to the following recommendations:

They are made according to all the rules and in any case will be of higher quality than those prepared at home. Therefore, if House master does not have experience and is not ready to spend a lot of time and effort on preparation, it is better not to try to save money, but to immediately buy liquid or dry plasters at a hardware store.

Plastering is an integral stage of any repair work. Thanks to this process, the consumer properties of the treated surfaces are improved, and the reliability and durability of the walls is increased. High-quality prepared and correctly applied plaster prevents the spread of mold and fungi, removes all irregularities, chips and mechanical defects, and also helps strengthen the foundation.

Features of plastering – 3 layers

Mortar for plastering walls is easy to make with your own hands. It is necessary to level the surface. This operation is required both when performing exterior finishing, and internal. The characteristics and requirements depend on the place where the essence is applied. Thus, to carry out repair work indoors, you will need a technologically advanced and plastic mass, while external mixtures must first of all be resistant to changes in pressure and temperature, frost-resistant and resistant to moisture.

Solutions are applied to surfaces of all types and types. Plastering of plywood, chipboard sheets, wooden elements, cinder blocks and foam concrete, brickwork, concrete. Making at home suitable composition It is very important to pay attention to the adhesion of the finished product when choosing components and proportions.

The correct technology for applying plaster to the ceiling and walls includes three main stages:

• The spray is the first layer that needs to be applied to the building base. It is necessary to fill and level the largest pores and surface defects, as well as to ensure an appropriate level of adhesion and cohesion of subsequent plaster layers. During its formation additional elements, like lime and clay, are not used, and the thickness of the coating should not exceed 4 mm.
• The second level, which is called soil, is significantly larger in volume than the previous one and reaches 20 mm. Unlike liquid spray, this layer’s consistency is more consistent with thick plastic dough. Its task is to maximally level the base plane, regardless of its roughness.
• The last stage of work is the application of a coating to the surface, which is required for the final smoothing of unevenness and defects in the base. The thickness of the layer is from 3 to 5 mm, and enough water is added to achieve the maximum level of plasticity and viscosity of the solution. After covering, all that remains is to whitewash or paint the walls or glue decorative wallpaper on them.

What components are needed to prepare the mixture?

Many beginners, trying to make a plaster solution with their own hands, disrupt the mixing process from the very beginning. This is very important, since the key characteristics of the finished composition depend on high-quality and correct mixing. The main components include water, filler and binder. If necessary, enter Additional materials, including various additives and plasticizers.

Clay and lime can play the role of a binder. But the most popular and in demand is cement. It is excellent for preparing a mixture that is later used for external or interior decoration. At the same time, it is the most expensive option, since the other ingredients are seriously inferior to it in terms of quality, reliability and strength.

When choosing among many varieties, the easiest way is to choose M400 cement. This dry mixture is universal because it meets all the requirements of GOST, as well as apartment owners. Excellent for treating bathrooms, kitchens, hallways and, of course, living rooms. If the budget is limited, and repairs are carried out in low-impact structures, such as basements or plinths, then rational decision will be the purchase of Portland cement M300.

The strength of plaster is influenced by many factors, but the most important is the brand of cement. The higher this indicator, the better the quality of the solution.

Having decided on the binder, all that remains is to deal with the filler. Here the only and undisputed favorite is ordinary sand. It is recommended to take pure river fine fraction, which will ensure maximum mixing of all the ingredients of the future plaster. Together with cement it forms perfect material, characterized by resistance to cracking and high level strength.

The simplest and most popular proportion for preparing a cement-based plaster mixture includes one part of binder and three parts of sand. This recipe is suitable for almost any room. Water is added until the essence reaches the required viscosity level. For rooms with normal moisture levels, you can add a little more filler. If you want to achieve plasticity, then the correct ratio involves using one portion of cement and two parts of sand.

There are many plasticizers and additives designed to increase softness and pliability. finished plaster, change the hardening time and various characteristics of the solution. Home craftsmen often add detergents, soaps, and adhesives like PVA. Thanks to such materials, the adhesion of the essence to the concrete base, and also increases the level of protection against fungal bacteria and mold.

A big misconception is associated with the technology of mixing the mixture. For some “experts,” the order in which components are added does not matter. Many people first pour water into a container, then pour in cement, sand, lime and other materials. The problem is that the dry substance, after entering the liquid, turns into small lumps. It will take a lot of effort to stir them until the desired consistency is achieved.

To ensure a high-quality and homogeneous solution, experienced craftsmen It is recommended to do the following:

1. 1. Initially, you need to sift the sand using a sieve with small cells. Otherwise, all debris and large particles such as shells, pieces of silt, pebbles, and organic debris will end up in the solution. During plastering, they will leave grooves on the surface of the wall, clinging to the spatula.
2. 2. After this, you need to pour dry cement into the sand and mix everything thoroughly. If the filler is wet, it will need to be dried - mixing will be much easier when both components are dehydrated.
3. 3. Only after this is water added, and gradually, while the solution itself is constantly mixed. It is recommended to pour in new portions of liquid at a time when it is almost impossible to interfere.

Types of plaster mortars - different options

For preparing mixtures for treating external and interior walls many different components are used. Thus, a solution in which cement and lime act as a binder can boast of great popularity. This essence perfectly tolerates low temperatures, exposure to direct sun rays, counteracts the appearance of mold and fungi.

Unlike conventional cement plaster, lime analogues have a high level of plasticity and viscosity. This has a positive effect on their adhesion index, thanks to which they instantly and firmly adhere to the bases of walls and ceilings of any type and type.

In rooms with normal humidity it is worth using lime plasters, which dry quickly and absorb excess moisture. This composition has proven itself best for brick surfaces. The lack of cement affects the strength and reliability of the mixture; moreover, it hardens within three days. But this factor allows you to prepare fairly large volumes of essence, because if you wish, you can always add water if the substance in the container begins to harden.

It is recommended to use additives such as gypsum to coat and treat wood, stone and fiberboard substrates. In combination with cement and lime, the plaster is very durable and flexible, but it is not suitable for wet walls. The presence of this substance causes high speed solidification, which does not make it possible to prepare the mixture in large volumes or “revive” it with ordinary clean liquid.

Decorative cement mortars and glazing plasters, which require additional investments money and strength. Using such mixtures you can perform finishing halls, corridors and hallways. In addition to the main binding ingredients, many other materials are added, including minerals, mica, slaked lime, and marble chips.

If it is necessary to give a certain shade, which is typical for Venetian plaster, it is recommended to infuse color pigments. You can purchase all of these additives at the same hardware store that sells bags of cement and lime.

If you plan to apply the decorative mixture in baths or near a stove, you will need to increase the level of durability and resistance to extremely high temperatures. To do this, it is recommended to add fireclay powders and special refractory clays. As a result of this process, cement with the addition of these materials produces a strong essence that is resistant to heat, thanks to which it can even be used on the walls of fireplaces.

What is useful for kneading - let's move on to the tools

Mixing all the components of the solution is carried out in two ways - machine and manual. The easiest way to prepare the mixture is in a regular enamel bucket or other similar container. Having added cement and sand and mixed everything thoroughly, all that remains is to pour in water in small portions and continue to knead the composition using available tools.

If you need to make a large volume of solution, it is recommended to use a special trough or bath. Here, blunt shovels or bayonet shovels, as well as choppers with a flat base. To simplify the process somewhat, experts advise performing the movements on yourself, otherwise your arms and lower back will get tired too quickly.

If you have a construction mixer, it greatly simplifies the work. The nozzle is any suitable element, be it a curved wire or a blade. Concrete mixers also make it easier to mix the solution, but their use is only advisable if the volume of plaster is very large.

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Do-it-yourself mortar for plastering walls: proportions and subtleties of preparation 6 proven compositions

For several thousand years, plastering has confidently held the palm among others, including modern species wall decoration. Now there are high-quality ready-made mixtures, but their prices are high, so for large volumes developers prefer to use homemade mixtures. Let's take a detailed look at 6 time-tested recipes for preparing plaster mortars and compare them with factory versions.

Recipes for 6 types of plaster

Any plastering or masonry mortar consists of 3 main components - filler, binder and solvent. With a solvent, everything is simple; in all types of plaster, water is used as a solvent, river sand is used as a filler, but main secret quality lies in the choice of binder.

There are two types of sand used in the construction industry: river sand and quarry sand. They differ in that quarry sand contains a significant percentage of clay, so this sand is not suitable for every solution.

Recipe No. 1: clay-based mixture

Clay-sand plaster mortar has been known since time immemorial. Now the clay composition in its pure form is rarely used, since performance characteristics he has low ones. The only tangible plus is affordable price, because you can dig up clay with your own hands, and sand is inexpensive.

If you plaster the façade with clay mortar, it will have to be repaired every year. Clay is more suitable for interior walls in dry rooms, but even here you should not expect special strength; every 3 to 4 years such finishing requires cosmetic repairs.

One of the few areas where clay mortar is actively used to this day is plastering and laying stoves.

The ratio of components in clay-sand mortar ranges from 1:3 to 1:5 (clay:sand). Here everything depends on the fat content of the clay; “skinny” clay uses less sand, and more is added to “fat” clay. Instructions for determining fat content are in the video below in this article, and we will talk about the rules for preparing clay plaster.

Illustrations	Recommendations
	Step #1. You can dig up clay with your own hands, and take it from a depth of 1 m, since there are fewer impurities there. If you don’t want to swing a shovel, then buy a ready-made clay-sand mixture. There are many manufacturers from personal experience I can recommend the brand “Makarov’s Stove House”.
	Step #2. The second step is soaking the dry clay. It is poured into a container and filled with water. The clay soaks from 3 to 20 days, and it is stirred every day.
	Step #3. When the clay is completely soaked, it is rubbed through a metal sieve to remove debris. As a result, you will get a composition similar to sour cream.
	Step #4. Add 3 parts of sand to the solution. Stir. You put it on small area walls and leave for a day. If cracks appear after a day, then add more sand and try the composition on the wall again. So, experimentally, find the right proportion for this particular type of clay.

Often cement, gypsum or slaked lime are added to the clay mortar. The choice of one or another binder component depends on the purpose of the room.

• Cement enhances the strength of the coating and increases the wall's resistance to moisture.
• Lime increases elasticity.
• Gypsum promotes quick setting, but this plaster does not tolerate wet environments.

Recipe No. 2: lime-gypsum mortar

Lime mortar with gypsum is interesting because it is prepared both in its pure form (lime-gypsum) and with the addition of sand. The presence of gypsum determines a number of rules that must be followed during preparation.

• To prepare the starting plaster, take 1 part of slaked lime and from 0.3 to 1 part of gypsum. Sand comes from 3 to 5 parts.
• The finishing composition is prepared either without sand at all, or no more than 2 parts of sand are added. If sand is not added, then the lime-gypsum mixture is prepared in a 1:1 ratio. When sand is added, the proportions change and are now 1:1.5:2 (lime-gypsum-sand).
• When working with gypsum solutions, you need to be especially careful about the cleanliness of containers and tools. If particles of the old mixture get into the new batch, it will harden one and a half times faster.
• When preparing the solution, water is first poured in, then gypsum is added to it, followed by lime and sand completes the list. In this case, the solution is constantly stirred.

Recipe No. 3: lime-sand mortar

Lime mortar is good if you plan to do a large amount of work in a dry room; if soaked, it can be stored for up to 3 days. It is best used on brickwork or starting cement plaster. You can also throw it on wooden surfaces, but it is advisable to fill it with shingles (reinforcing mesh).

• For starting plaster, add from 2.5 to 4 parts of sand to 1 part of lime paste.
• The finishing composition is prepared either 1:1 or 1:2.
• During preparation, sifted sand is poured into a container with mixed lime in portions and mixed.
• When the solution reaches the desired viscosity, it is advisable to rub it through a metal sieve, after which it is advisable to mix it again with a mixer and can be applied. If the solution turns out to be thick, it is diluted with water.
• When wet, the composition has a grayish tint, but after drying the surface will become snow-white.

Recipe No. 4: cement-lime plaster

A mixture of lime and cement produces a composition that is universal in its characteristics. It can be used in both dry and wet areas. Moreover, this solution has high elasticity and is well suited for facade works. The setting time is up to 2 hours, so it can be prepared in large portions in a concrete mixer.

This composition is prepared in two ways:

1. Sand and cement are mixed dry, after which liquid lime milk is added to the container and everything is thoroughly mixed in a concrete mixer or construction mixer.

1. If you don’t have a concrete mixer at hand, then the following option is more suitable for a construction mixer: according to the recipe No. 3 described above, a lime-sand mortar is prepared, and at the end cement is added and everything is mixed with a mixer.

Recipe No. 5: cement-sand mortar

Cement mortar is considered a classic, but its elasticity is lower than that of its lime counterpart. However, this composition is excellent for finishing wet rooms, the basement of buildings and facades. Survival time is up to one and a half hours, the proportions are given below.

The scheme for preparing cement mortar is as follows:

• First, cement and sand are mixed dry; in this case, quarry sand can be used.
• Next, it is advisable to sift the dry mass through a metal construction sieve.
• Now with constant stirring it is added required amount water.

To increase plasticity, some craftsmen add to water soap solution or liquid dish detergent. You should proceed from the calculation of 30 - 50 g. for 5 liters of water.

Recipe No. 6: terrasite solution

Behind the tricky name hides one of the species decorative plaster. Upon closer inspection, the main load-bearing composition here is the above-described cement-lime plaster. The decorative effect is achieved by adding marble, granite or other mineral chips and mica.

Color comes from a coloring pigment, so red lead is used to achieve red. green color chromium oxide will give, and burnt umber will give brown. Such compositions are fine-grained “M” (mineral filler up to 2 mm), medium-grained “C” (filler up to 4 mm) and coarse-grained “K” (up to 6 mm).

At the amateur level such decorative compositions It’s easier to put a “fur coat” on the façade. In the very available option To put on a fur coat you need a broom, a stick and a container with solution. Use a broom to “scoop up” the solution and hit it against a stick towards the wall. Splashes of plaster fly onto the wall, gradually splashing the entire facade.

What is added to plaster

In cement-sand and cement-lime plaster mixture In addition to river sand, several other types of fillers can be added. They are used both to improve decorative qualities and to increase performance characteristics.

Illustrations	Recommendations
	Quartz sand. The range of sand is not limited to river and career types. The fraction of sand grains is of great importance; it ranges from tenths of a millimeter to 2.5 mm. For textured surfaces, a large fraction is taken, for smooth surfaces, a small fraction.
	Special protection. IN major cities and next to industrial enterprises Serpentinite or barite sand can be added to the plaster. These fillers partially block x-ray, electromagnetic and other types of radiation.
	Marble chips. Crumbs with a diameter of 1 - 4 mm are added to the plaster. Now this additive is actively used for arranging bark beetle cladding. To obtain a smooth marbled surface, plaster composition marble dust is added. But this technology requires lengthy grinding, so it is used only by professionals.
	Mica. There is an opinion that adding mica to the composition blocks the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation on walls, but this is nothing more than an advertising ploy. In fact, mica gives a bright decorative effect; on a sunny day, such a facade will shine with all the colors of the rainbow.
	Foam chips. When crumbly foam balls are added to the composition, the thermal insulation characteristics of the coating increase significantly. But the thickness of such plaster should be from 1.5 cm, plus it must be covered with some kind of finishing layer, because decorative qualities foam in cement is not high.

Subtleties of preparing solutions

In order for the plaster solution to adhere well, it must have an optimal consistency. Moreover, adding a lot of water is not an option; with this approach, the cladding will begin to crack as it dries. Too much thick composition will not adhere to vertical surfaces.

Exists folk way checking the readiness of the plaster (in the photo the stages go from left to right):

1. Run a trowel over the finished mixture and see if “torn” grooves remain on it, then you need to add water to the solution.
2. If after troweling the composition blurs and no traces remain, then it is too liquid, you need to add a dry mixture.
3. The solution is considered ready if, after running a trowel over it, there are no breaks or grooves on the surface and does not change shape.

Usage liquid soap as a plasticizer, of course, a cheap method, but not the highest quality. For getting good quality solution, a ready-made plasticizer is added to it, the proportions are indicated on the product packaging. Fortunately, you need very little of it and the price of such additives is relatively low.

Also, before plastering, the surface must be treated with primer a couple of times. In the case of homemade compositions, treating the walls with primer is mandatory, since, unlike factory mixtures, such plaster does not have additives that enhance adhesion.

Conclusion

Exact adherence to the above-described recipe and competent selection of components of plaster solutions will give good result. If you have any questions, write in the comments, I will try to help.

May 22, 2018

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No renovation or renovation project is complete without the use of plaster. Although its application is carried out at the very beginning of the repair, it affects the final result of all finishing work.

Incorrect proportions of the solution, insufficient understanding of what affects its adhesion can significantly affect the quality of the repair performed.

Therefore, the construction team is required to know exactly what composition may be required for various walls: gypsum, brick, clay, etc.

The plaster contains several important components that promote adhesion, as well as giving the solution special properties. The following binders are traditionally used for its preparation:

• Cement.

Affects the degree of strength of the plastered wall after applying the plaster mortar; the grade of material can affect the adhesion and degree of adherence of the composition to the surface;

• Clay.

Used to prepare solutions necessary for plastering surfaces with a high heating coefficient. Most often this composition is used for finishing stoves, as well as wooden houses.

It can also be used as a plasticizer if it is necessary to reduce the amount of cement in the solution;

• Lime.

Increases the plasticity of the solution and makes it easier to work with. Walls plastered with the addition of this substance have antifungal properties.

Another reason that the composition mortars adding slaked lime is that moisture from such a surface evaporates much more slowly, as a result, working with PCB becomes much easier;

• Gypsum.

This additive is used if it is necessary to speed up the drying of the applied solution. The disadvantage of this solution is the need to quickly develop such a composition; after 10-15 minutes it hardens and is impossible to work with.

In addition to binders, the solution must include sand. Typically, fine-grained material is used.

Plasticizers can be added to the resulting solution to give PCS additional properties: resistance to high temperatures, water resistance, as well as increased thermal insulation properties.

Possible options for plaster and methods of its application: cement or lime?

All plaster solutions can be divided into several types according to their composition, as well as the method of their application.

The most commonly used types of compositions are:

• Cement.

Suitable for almost any type of surface: brickwork, floor slabs, etc. Can be applied to internal and external walls of a building. In most cases, it is used in its pure form only during major repairs.

• Clay.

A universal composition for plastering wooden houses, as well as surfaces exposed to high temperatures.

The disadvantage of this mixture is low strength, so to eliminate this disadvantage it is necessary to upper layer covered with lime or lime-gypsum composition.

The advantage of clay is its high thermal insulation properties.

• Lime.

• Plaster.

Dries quickly and has high adhesion to any surface. It is a universal solution that can be used on any walls. Most often used for plastering plaster walls and partitions.

• Cement-lime.

Mainly used in capital construction of new buildings. The use of such solutions increases the speed and quality of work several times, and also increases the strength of the walls; due to the slow evaporation of moisture from the surface, the likelihood of cracking is reduced.

Use is limited to dry rooms.

• Lime-gypsum.

It is most widely used in plastering. wooden surfaces. To increase drying time, various plasticizers are added to it.

Used for finishing inside the building, exclusively in dry rooms.

• Lime-clay.

Used for fixing clay plaster. In most cases it is not used as a separate solution.

In addition to their composition, plaster solutions can be divided according to the method of their application:

• Simple.

In this case, only two layers are applied: primer and spray. The flatness is not checked using a rule; all irregularities are eliminated with a trowel. The layer thickness is about 12 mm.

• Improved.

Work is carried out using rules. Three layers of solution are applied: soil, spray and cover. The latter is rubbed using a grater. Thickness is about 1.5 cm.

• High quality.

Deviations from the vertical level are minimal. Defects along the plane of no more than a few millimeters are allowed.

Strict requirements are imposed not only on the composition of plaster solutions, but also on their application, since the final result of the work performed depends on this.

The master is also required to have a good understanding of the manufacturing process and proportions for each type of solution.

Proportions of different types of solutions for plastering walls with your own hands

In order to plaster the surface using simple method compliance is required following proportions for each type of solution:

• Cement.

Cement and sand are used as fillers. For soil the ratio is 1:3, for spray – 1:4, for the covering layer – 1:1.

• Clay.

Composition clay - sand. The same ratio of 1:3 or 1:4 or 1:5 is used for all layers.

• Lime.

The composition includes slaked lime and sand. Proportions for soil - 1:2, for spraying - 1:3, for covering - 1:2.

• Plaster.

Same ratio for all layers.

• Cement-lime.

The composition includes the following components: cement, lime, and sand. For each layer the ratio will be: soil 1:1:4; spraying and covering is done in a ratio of 1:1:3; 1:1:2.

• Lime-gypsum.

Lime, gypsum and sand are used. Ratio for soil: 1:1.5:2; for spraying 1:1:2. Covering is done without the use of sand in a ratio of 1:1 or 1:1.5;

• Lime-clay.

Composition: lime, clay, sand. The proportions of such a solution are identical for each layer 0.2:1:3-5.

In addition, in order to clearly understand the required proportions for each type of mortar used, the construction team must have everything necessary equipment and tools for its preparation.

What will you need to make the solution?

Quantity necessary tools depends on the total volume of work performed. Usually for overhaul in the apartment you may need:

• Concrete mixer. If ready-made building mixtures are used, you can use a mixer.
• Capacity. For these purposes, a galvanized trough and other containers can be used.
• Shovel Used for mixing the solution and pouring it into buckets for supply to the working crew.
• Clean buckets for water.

Some construction crews may use additional equipment.

What should you consider when preparing solutions?

Proper preparation of plaster compositions will significantly reduce material waste and produce the required amount of mortar for the planned amount of work.

• Cement.

The components sand and cement are mixed in the required ratio until the mixture is homogeneous, after which water is poured. Loss of cement laitance is strictly prohibited. The solution is mixed until smooth. Approximately one to one ratio; water for each bucket of cement used.

If the solution is mixed using a concrete mixer, water is first poured into it in the required ratio.

• Clay.

Often requires soaking the material. In this case, put a clay-sand mixture into a container and fill it with water so that it covers the surface by a few millimeters. Place another layer on top and repeat the operation. The next day, mix everything thoroughly.

• Lime.

The thickness of slaked lime is preliminarily determined and, if necessary, can be diluted with water to the required consistency, after which it is added to the sand-cement mortar.

• Plaster.

Water is taken in a ratio of approximately 0.7 liters per 1 kg of mixture. Dry gypsum is added into a container filled with water in a thin stream and mixed using a mixer.

• Cement-lime.

It is made in a similar way as the lime mixture. Then it is added to the finished cement mortar.

• Lime-gypsum.

Gypsum is added to the ready-made lime mortar. Since hardening occurs within a few minutes, mixing must be done in proportions that can be quickly worked out.

• Lime-clay.

First, a fatty clay solution is prepared. After which he required proportions lime is added.

Making solutions yourself requires practice and a good understanding of the reactions into which the astringent elements included in its composition enter. To facilitate the work of builders, you can use ready-made building mixtures.

Methods for preparing dry ready-mixes

In order to obtain a plaster solution, you will need to mix the dry mixture using a mixer and adding water. For simple plaster using Knauf “Start” mixture, you will need:

• reading capacity, with a capacity of about 25 liters;
• water. 18 liters;
• bag of mixture 30 kg.

Pour the contents of the bag into the prepared cold water, mixing it thoroughly using a mixer. It is necessary to obtain a uniform, homogeneous composition. After completing the work, it is necessary to develop the mixture within half an hour.

Suitable for finishing plaster Knauf mixture"Multi-finish". The ratio of water per kilogram of dry mixture is 0.45 liters. The solution must be mixed in a manner similar to the Knauf “Start” mixture.

The construction team needs to take many things into account when deciding what kind of mortar to plaster the room with. But knowing the basic proportions of preparation construction mixture, you can quickly plaster any walls.

Having decided to plaster the walls, you can purchase a ready-made dry mixture in the store, which easily turns into plaster after adding water. However, in this article we will take a different route and tell you how to prepare various plaster materials with your own hands.

Before you start preparing the solution, pay attention to its compliance with the base on which the plaster will subsequently be applied.

• Cement and cement-lime mortars are used for external walls of buildings, facade work, as well as for premises with increased level humidity.
• Lime and lime-gypsum mortars are optimal for finishing walls and ceiling surfaces in rooms with normal humidity levels.
• Solutions in which clay is the main binder are an excellent choice for plastering wooden and stone surfaces in dry climates.

• All materials must be sifted through a sieve with 3×3 (5×5) mm cells
• To prepare the solution, use a box whose depth is 10-20 mm.
• Any solution should be thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous mass is obtained using a wooden paddle 1 m long. The heterogeneity of the structure will prevent high-quality setting finishing material with base.
• After mixing the solution, make sure its normal fat content by lightly poking it with an oar: good composition should stick slightly to the oar. If the solution sticks too much, add filler to reduce the fat content; if the solution does not stick at all, add a binder to the mixture.

Compound: 1 part cement and 2-3 parts sand

Theoretically, the proportions of the solution can be increased to 1:6, however, compositions in which more than 3 parts of sand per 1 part of cement are characterized by low plasticity, and therefore are very labor-intensive to work with.

1. Pour a bed of sand into the box for diluting the mixture.
2. Cover the sand with several layers of cement.
3. Mix dry ingredients thoroughly.
4. Gradually add water, stirring constantly.
5. Finish adding water until you have a creamy mixture.
6. If desired, you can add a little PVA glue or building gypsum- this will speed up the setting of the plaster. In order to slow down the setting, add a small amount of detergent to the drawer.

Please note that the solution must be used within an hour after preparation, so for large volumes of work it would be logical to mix the components in stages, in small portions. Long-term storage of the composition will lead to its loss of good strength characteristics.

Cement-lime mortar

Compound: 1 part cement, 3-5 parts sand, 0.7-1 part lime mortar

1. Take quicklime and place it in a non-plastic bucket.
2. Add warm water to the bucket (the liquid should completely cover the lime layer).
3. Quickly cover the bucket with a lid and press down with a heavy load - when boiling, lime tends to “overflow its banks.”
4. Wait until the end chemical reaction and carefully strain the resulting cloudy substance through cheesecloth.
5. Every other day you can use lime mortar to create plaster.
6. Next, prepare a dry mixture of sand and cement (proportions 1:3).
7. Pour the milk of lime into the box with the dry mixture and stir until smooth.

Mortar

Compound: 1 part lime mortar and 3 parts sand

1. “Quench” the lime with water to obtain a lime mortar.
2. Add a little water and sand to the box with lime, which will make it easier to grind the composition.
3. Stir the mixture, carefully removing any lumps.
4. Add the remaining sand in small portions while adding water.
5. The readiness of the composition will be confirmed appearance solution: normal fat content and medium thickness.

Lime mortars can only be used on the day of production.

Lime-gypsum mortar

Compound: 1 part dry plaster (alabaster) and 3 parts lime paste

1. Dilute the plaster with water until you obtain a dough-like mass.
2. Add lime mortar to the plaster and mix.

Use the solution immediately after preparation, as it sets record-breakingly quickly - within 3-4 minutes, and complete hardening occurs within half an hour.

Clay solutions

You can prepare clay mortar using a technology similar to creating lime mortar. However, keep in mind that ready-made clay mortar is fragile, and therefore most often it is used with the addition of gypsum, lime or cement.

• Clay gypsum solution

Compound: 1 part clay dough (clay mixed with water until liquid), 0.25 parts gypsum and 3-5 parts sand.

• Clay cement mortar

Compound: 1 part clay dough, 0.2 parts cement, 3-5 parts sand.

• Clay-lime mortar

Compound: 1 part clay dough, 0.3-0.5 parts lime dough and 3-6 parts sand.

To obtain all the solutions, it is necessary to mix the binder components with each other, and then gradually add sand.

Please note that only specialists can prepare solutions containing various chemical additives (for example, sodium nitrite or chlorinated water).

Preparation of plaster mortar (video):