Divided into two large categories: independent and service. Among the independent ones, participles are considered to be one of the most difficult to understand. The main difficulty for students is the division into passive and active participles. In fact, this task will be possible for anyone who knows the identifying features that all representatives of this part of speech possess. In order to distinguish between passive and active participles, you need to remember two simple formulas:
A) The active participle serves to denote the attribute of the object that performs the action.
B) The passive, in turn, is necessary to designate the subject of the action, that is, the object to which this action is directed.
Sometimes the active participle is difficult to distinguish from the passive participle only by meaning. In this case, you need to pay attention to the grammatical and morphemic characteristics of the word. To form this part of speech, special identifier suffixes are used, by which we can confidently judge whether we see an active participle or a passive participle in front of us.
Active present participles
They take their basis from present tense verbs (not perfect form) with the addition of the suffixes -ushch, -yushch (for the first conjugation) or -ashch, -yashch (for the second conjugation). For example, the participle “running” is formed from the verb I conjugation to run. Picture 1: A girl preparing soup (cooking is an active present participle).
Active past participle
It is formed from the base of the infinitive of verbs in the past tense (perfective form), with the addition of the suffixes -ш, -вш. For example, the participle "fallen asleep"formed from the verb “to fall asleep.” Verbs with a suffix - well, are somewhat out of this rule, since for active participles formed from these verbs, the corresponding suffix disappears. Example: get wet - wet.
Passive participles
They are formed according to the same rules, but differ from real ones in identifying morphemes. Thus, passive participles of the present tense, formed from the base of the infinitive of past tense verbs, are characterized by such suffixes as -nn, -enn, -yonn, -t. Examples: say - said (suffix -nn), heat - red-hot (suffix -yonn).
The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function
Participle - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle may be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)
Signs of verb and adjective in participle
Verb signs | Signs of an adjective |
1.View (imperfect and perfect): burning(nesov.v.) forest(from burn)- burnt(Soviet) forest(from burn). | 1. General meaning (like an adjective, a participle names attribute of an object and answers the question Which?). |
2. Transitivity/intransitivity: singing(who?/what?) song- running. | 2. Gender, number, case (like an adjective, the participle changes by gender, number and case, and the gender, number and case of the participle depend on the gender, number and case of the noun with which the participle is associated, i.e. participle agrees with a noun): ripened ear, ripened berry, ripened apple, ripened fruit. |
3.Returnability/non-refundability: lifter- rising smoke. | 3. Declension (participles are declined in the same way as adjectives), cf.: evening- burning, evening- burning, evening- burning etc. |
4. Active and passive meaning (voice): attacking enemy battalion- battalion attacked by the enemy. | 4. Syntactic function (both participles and adjectives in a sentence are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate). |
5. Time (present and past): reading(present tense) - read(past tense). | 5. Short forms (a participle, like an adjective, can have short forms): built- built, closed- closed. |
Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.
Participle ranks
Participles are divided into active and passive.
Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.
Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.
AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).
Formation of participles
1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).
2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).
3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.
4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.
5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.
Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).
Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.
Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.
Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.
Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.
Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (P rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).
Participles Verbs | Valid | Passive |
||
Present tense | Past tense | Present tense | Past tense |
|
-ushch (-yushch) from verbs of I conjugation; asch (box) from verbs II conjugation | -vsh ■ш | -om, -eat from verbs of I conjugation; -them from verbs of II conjugation | -nn, -enn, -t |
|
Imperfective transitives | Reading | + read | Readable | + read |
Perfective transitives | Read | Read |
||
Imperfective intransitives | Sitting | sitting | - | |
Perfective intransitives | Blooming | |||
Note. Most imperfective transitive verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.
Short form of participles
Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)
IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).
Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.
In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)
Participles and verbal adjectives
Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives mean constant signs objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.
Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).
Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.
Participles They are used mainly in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.
Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.
Scheme morphological analysis participles. I. Part of speech ( special shape verb). II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine). 2. Permanent signs: 1) active or passive; 3. Variable signs: 1) full or short form (for passive participles); 4) case (for participles in full form). Sh. Syntactic function. The secluded monastery, illuminated by the rays of the sun, seemed to float in the air, carried by the clouds. (A. Pushkin) | A sample of morphological analysis of a participle. I. Illuminated(monastery) - participle, a special form of the verb, denotes the attribute of an object by action, derived from the verb illuminate. II. Morphological characteristics. 1. Initial form - illuminated - 2. Permanent signs: 1) passive participle; 2) past tense; 3) perfect appearance. 3. Variable signs: 1) full form; 2) singular; 3) masculine gender; 4) nominative case. III. Syntactic function. In a sentence it is an agreed definition (or: it is part of a separate agreed definition, expressed by a participial phrase). |
Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
Active participle - this is a participle showing the attribute of the object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws, who painted (or painted) a picture.
Passive participle is a participle showing the attribute of an object that is experiencing action on the part of another person or object: a picture drawn (or drawn) by a student.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read - reading, reading, read (imperfect form); read – read, read. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.
I. Active present participles are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation. Vez-ut - lucky, rabot-yut - working, bor-yut-sya - struggling, der-at - holding,
II. Active past participles tenses are formed from a stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh-, if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh-, if the stem ends in a consonant: read-t - read, vi-t - seen, carry-ti - carried.
The active participles of the present and past tenses from reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling – struggling; fight - struggling.
Formation of passive participles of the present and past tenses.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: read-yut - read-em-y; see - kind-of.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om-: ved-ut - ved-om-y; attracted - attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) Using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -a (-я), -е: chit-t – read; sow - sown; vide - seen.
b) Using the suffix -enn (-yonn-), if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant sound or in and (and the suffix -i- is omitted): take away - taken away; bake - baked; paint - painted; illuminate – illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify - glorified.
In this case, verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternating sounds.
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t-: my-t - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint – crumpled; touch - touched; grate – grated; lock - locked; grind - ground; prick - pricked.
Notes 1. Verbs of group “v” include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in i, ы, у, о, as well as i (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t – twisted, we- t - washed, touch - touched, prick - chopped, crumple (mn-u) - crumpled, squeeze (sozh-u, squeeze-u) - compressed.
2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: ter-t - grated.
Table of formation of participles.
Short form of passive participles .
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open-open. The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. The short form of passive participles ^ is not inflected and serves as a predicate in the sentence. Compare: 7. The forest shrouded in fog makes noise. - The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached the open door. - The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is: predicate.) Passive participles short form are formed when po--. the power of the suffix -n- or less commonly -t-. c Unlike participles full form in short participles there is one n: the book read, the book has been read, the painted butts are painted.
2. Russian language dictionaries. Their meaning. Features of the dictionary entry different types dictionaries.
Dictionary - a book containing a collection of words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.), arranged according to a certain principle, and providing information about their meanings, use, origin, translation into another language, etc. ( linguistic dictionaries) or information about the concepts and objects they denote, about figures in any fields of science, culture, etc.;
1) Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about morphological and
syntactic properties of the word. Grammar dictionaries include words arranged in direct or reverse alphabetical order. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammatical dictionary.
2) Word-formation dictionaries– dictionaries showing the division of words into their components
morphemes, the word-formation structure of a word, as well as a set of words with a given morpheme - root or affix. Words in word-formation dictionaries are given with division into morphemes and with stress.
3) Spelling dictionaries– dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard
writing. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, industry, reference dictionaries for press workers, and school. Let us also remind you that you should check the spelling of words using reputable dictionaries.
4) Spelling dictionaries– dictionaries reflecting the rules of literary pronunciation.
5) Synonymous dictionaries describe words that differ in sound and spelling, but
identical or similar in meaning. This definition of synonyms should be considered working, since it does not claim to comprehensively cover the essence of synonymy.
6) Dictionaries of antonyms - linguistic dictionaries-reference books that provide a description
antonyms. The main tasks of antonym dictionaries:
· Systematized presentation of lexical units with opposite meanings (including phraseology).
· Analysis of the semantics of antonymic pairs (paradigms).
· Fixation and analysis of characteristic patterns of the use of correlative antonyms, their connection with synonyms.
7) Dictionaries linguistic terms – a type of industry encyclopedic dictionaries.
8) Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, word meanings, or combinations of words that appear in
a certain period of time or consumed only once. In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year amounts to tens of thousands.
9) Homonym dictionaries is a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, words that coincide
in their design (sound and/or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.
10) Paronyms- these are words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in
sound (in connection with a common root or basis), but differ in their meanings.
11) Dictionaries– linguistic dictionaries that explain the meanings of words and
phraseological units of any language by means of this language itself.
12) Terminology dictionaries– dictionaries containing the terminology of one or more
special areas of knowledge or activity.
Ticket No. 10
1. Basic ways of forming words.
1. Prefix method- a way of forming a word by attaching a prefix to the whole word. For example:
run → run, yacht → superyacht, inform → misinform, grandson → great-grandson, public → antisocial, always → forever, take → take away, sound → ultrasound, champion → ex-champion, important → crucial, symmetry → asymmetry, mobilization → demobilization, organization → reorganization
2. Suffix method- a way of forming a word by adding a suffix to the base of the word. For example:
read → reader, blue → turn blue, white → white, ocean → oceanarium, exam → examiner, two → two, comfort → comfortable, three → thrice, meow → meow, swamp → swampy, wheeze → hoarse, white → whiten, two → twice, academy → academician, share → shareholder, music → musician, program → programmer
3. Prefix-suffix method– a method of forming a word by simultaneous addition
prefixes and suffixes to the base of the word. For example: city → suburban, sound → voice, Moscow → Moscow region, clear → find out, river → interfluve, muscle → intramuscular, five → five of us, dense → close, deadline → early, ticket → stowaway, shore → coast, pain → anesthetize.
4. Addition (pure addition)- a way of forming words based on the coordinating or subordinating
combinations in which the last component is the whole word, and the first component (components) is the stem. For example: light and pink → light pink, product turnover → commodity turnover, vegetable and storage → vegetable storage, fish protection → fish protection, official and business → official business, scientific and popular → popular science, Russian and English → Russian-English.
5. Abbreviation (complex abbreviated method)– a way of forming derivative words (nouns) by
addition of truncated segments or truncated segments and whole words of the original phrase (less often, words). For example: civil registration → registry office, agro-industrial complex → agro-industrial complex, state apparatus → state apparatus, radio station → walkie-talkie, head of the farm → caretaker, head of the educational department → head teacher.
2. Vocabulary. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.
VOCABULARY is the vocabulary of a language.
LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.
WORD- this is the basic structural-semantic unit of language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. Characteristics words are integral, distinguishable and integrally reproducible in speech.
Main replenishment routes vocabulary Russian language.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:
Words are formed on the basis of word-forming material (roots, suffixes and endings),
New words come into the Russian language from other languages due to the political, economic and cultural ties of Russian people with other peoples and countries.
LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- the correlation of sound design fixed in the speaker’s mind linguistic unit with one or another phenomenon of reality.
Single and polysemous words.
Words can be unambiguous or ambiguous. Unambiguous words are words that have only one lexical meaning, regardless of the context in which they are used. There are few such words in the Russian language, these are
scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),
proper names ( Petrov Nikolay),
recently emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),
words with a narrow subject meaning (binoculars, can, backpack).
Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they can have multiple meanings. In each individual context, one meaning is actualized. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning and meanings derived from it. The main meaning is always given in explanatory dictionary in first place, followed by derivatives.
Direct and figurative meaning of the word.
Direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it may change over time. For example, the word "table" had Ancient Rus' meaning “reign, capital”, and now it has the meaning “piece of furniture”.
A figurative meaning is a meaning of a word that arose as a result of the transfer of a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some similarity.
For example, the word “sediment” has a direct meaning: “solid particles present in a liquid and deposited on the bottom or walls of a vessel after settling,” and a figurative meaning is “a heavy feeling remaining after something.”
HOMONYMS- these are words that have different meanings, but are identical in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a “spherical flying smoky mass” (a club of smoke) and a club is a “cultural and educational institution” (a railway workers’ club). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.
SYNONYMS- these are words close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.
Synonyms may differ slightly in sign or style, sometimes both. Synonyms that completely match in meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language; these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).
Synonyms are used to make speech more varied and avoid repetition, as well as to give a more accurate description of what is being said.
ANTONYMS- these are words with opposite meanings.
Antonyms are words that have correlative meanings; You cannot put in an antonymic pair words that characterize an object or phenomenon from different sides (early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).
If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning has its own antonym (for example, for the word “old” in the phrase “old man” the antonym is the word “young”, and in the phrase “old carpet” - “new”).
Like synonyms, antonyms are used for greater expressiveness of speech.
Ticket No. 11
1. The role of language in life and society.
Active participles denote the attribute of an object that itself produces an action: Today at five o’clock in the morning, when I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden (M. Lermontov).
Passive participles denote the sign of an object that is experiencing action from another object: Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned (M. Lermontov).
PARTICIPLE FORMATION
When forming participles, the following verbal features are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb (both active and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only active participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
- Type of verb (perfect verbs do not form present participles. Imperfect verbs do not form real present and past participles; most imperfect verbs do not form passive past participles, although these verbs have corresponding forms of present passive participles).
- Verb conjugation (both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the verb conjugation).
| Verbs | Participles |
|||
| valid | passive |
|||
| present. time | past time | present time | past time |
|
| transitional | ||||
| imperfect form | + | + | + | + |
| perfect form | - | + | - | + |
| intransitive | ||||
| imperfect form | + | + | - | - |
| perfect form | _ | + | ¦ 1 | -P |
- Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of the verb (passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Active participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya in all tenses, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is located before this suffix: laughing boy, laughing boy (cf. the verb: laughing, laughing); the suffix -sya appears at the participle after the ending: smiling.
feminine and neuter singular (-i, -y, -aya, -ee) or plural endings (-i, -i).
Not all types of participles are formed from a number of verbs.
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
During the lesson you will become more familiar with the concept of “participle pledge”, consider the differences between real and passive voice(semantic and grammatical). Special attention During the lesson, pay attention to the suffixes that form participles.
Topic: Communion
Lesson: Active and Passive Participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises No. 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise: write down phrases with participles, indicate suffixes of participles, determine the voice of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Visible from afar 3. Towering structure 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Memorable 7. Intimidating 8. Awe-inspiring 9. Inspiring respect 10. Enthusiastic tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.