INNER WORLD
RUSSIAN IZBA
1 . What material were huts built from in Rus'?
1 . What material were houses built from in Rus'?
2. What was the name of the part of the peasant house,
made from treated logs?
3. With what symbolic concepts
Did the peasants connect different parts of the house?
IZBA - a room heated by a stove
“The peasant was clever and put a hut on the stove.”
GODDESS
The main decoration of the house was the icon.
The icons were placed on a shelf-shrine.
In addition to the icons, the shrine also contained objects consecrated in the church: holy water, willow, and Easter egg.
OVEN is the soul of the house,
the main amulet of the family,
family hearth.
OVEN - home
brownie.
SIX - a wide thick board on which
pots, cast iron pots, and household utensils were placed
Where to start drawing a Russian hut?
- Determine what you will depict: the female half, the red corner, the male half, the stove...
- Think about the layout of the drawing.
- Determine where in the drawing there will be an image of the floor, ceiling, walls.
Let's start the practical part of the lesson, read the assignment carefully.
The sequence of constructing a perspective image of a hut
Carrying out practical work refer to the test on the slide. In the first lesson on this topic, you must complete a linear construction of a drawing of a hut and begin arranging household items in the graphic.
Red corner
table
bench
The hut is not red in its corners,
and red with pies!
The presentation was prepared according to the program of B.M. Nemensky for an art lesson in the 5th grade on the topic “ Inner world Russian hut."
Natalya Driller
A long time ago in Rus' they preferred to live in wooden houses, believing that living in them is healthier. They were built from logs and called huts.
A stove was placed in the middle of the upper room. They said about her: “The stove is the head of everything.” The head is the most important thing. Why is the stove in the hut the most important?
The Russian stove, like a dear mother, will feed and warm when necessary, cure and dry
On the left side, behind the stove there was workplace housewives. Here women did household chores. Which? (Cooked food, washed dishes, did laundry, etc.) In the old days, a woman was called..? (Baba.) That’s why the place behind the stove was called woman's cut. Kut means corner: woman’s corner, or woman’s kut.
The men's corner is a conic, where a large chest was usually placed. The most valuable property was stored in it, and the owner of the house slept on it. Small men's work was performed in the konik.
On the other side of the upper room - on the right - there is an icon hanging, there is a dining table and benches. This part of the upper room was called the red corner. Red means beautiful. Here they met guests, treated them, treated them and all the most important family issues decided.
The red corner was the most important and honorable place in the house. It contained a home iconostasis. It was considered important that when entering a hut, a person should first of all pay attention to the icon. In connection with this, there was even a saying: “Without God, you cannot reach the threshold.” The red corner was always kept clean, and sometimes decorated with embroidered towels.
There are also chests in the upper room. They served the owners instead of cabinets and bedside tables. They stored clothes, fabrics, and jewelry. The more chests there were in the house, the richer the family was considered.
Where did people sleep? (On the stove, on benches, on chests.) And in some huts they made floors - these are shelves. They slept on them.
“In a hut, singing, a maiden spins, and, friend of winter nights, a splinter crackles in front of her” (A.S. Pushkin)
A torch was used to illuminate the room.
People honor those who love work. If you have patience, you will have skill.
The guest was greeted with affection, with a bow to the ground, treated with joy, and seen off with reverence. The first to come out was the hostess in her festive attire. The treat began with bread and salt, then they treated them to the best that was in the house.
After the meal there was tea. When leaving the guest they always said: “Good riddance.”
Proverbs and sayings
Welcome, dear guests, you are welcome!
A guest in the house is a joy for the owner.
A red guest gets a red seat.
The bird that is not happy with its nest is stupid.
Whatever is in place runs into your hands.
The house is being painted by the owner.
Puzzles
He walks and walks, but does not enter the hut (door)
Through the wall stick (bitch)
A little boy looks at everyone's feet (threshold)
Black chicken sits on red eggs (kettle)
Little pot-bellied, but protects the whole house (castle)
It's horny on the street, but smooth in the hut (corners of the hut)
Not on the floor, not on a shelf, and looks into the house and onto the street (window)
Sources used:
Vernadsky G.V. Kievan Rus. M.: Agraf, 1999
Tereshchenko A.V. Life of the Russian people. – M.: Nauka, 1997.
Row layoutA type of village development in which all houses
stand in a row, straight or curved, repeating
outlines of a coast or road. Main facades
houses with this type of development look “at
sun”, “for summer” or “for water”.
Row buildings had deep
rational grain. Turning the windows to the south gave
opportunity to make the most of
natural light and reduce it to a minimum
lighting a hut with an open fire in the summer
time.
a structure that is
indoor rectangular log house.
Crown
CrownLogs or beams of one row of wood
log house Connected with each other, they
formed rectangles or
polygons. Bundles between logs
passed out different ways without
use of nails.
Ligaments repeating in shape and size
logs (“crowns”) were stacked on top of each other,
forming a log house Depends on the number of crowns
height of the log house.
Types of wall fellings:
A - “in a huff”; b - “in a hook”; in - “in uniform”; g - “into the igloo”; d - “in dir”; e- "inbang"; g - “in the oblo”; z - “in a fringe with a thorn”; and - “in an oblique paw”; k - “in the paw with
cut or thorn"; l - “in a thorn”, “in half a tree”,
"in the bandage"; m - “to the fence”, “to the post”, “to the stand”
Cutting “into the oblo” (“into the bowl”)
Cutting “into the oblo” (“into the bowl”)One of the ancient ways of tying logs in corners
crowns At the same time, every log was cut down
a round bowl into which perpendicularly
the next log was being laid. Each bunch
had an equal output of logs. Issues
gave stability to the entire structure of the log house,
prevented the log house from freezing.
Initially, to connect the crowns, they cut down
round bowls at the top of each log, and
later on its underside. This
contributed to better preservation of the log structure, so
how the water flowed into the bowl to a lesser extent. ?
Cutting "in the oblo"
Cutting “into the bowl” (“into the oblo”)
Cutting "in the paw" - a way to connect cornerslogs without a trace. Usually used
during the construction of religious buildings.
Log house "to cut"
Log house "to cut"A type of log house in which the logs are not stacked tightly, but on
some distance from each other and connected between
not along the entire length, but only in the corners. Big gap
between logs (beams) contributed to better
ventilation of the log house. Construction of a northern Russian hut
A hut heated in black. Stove in the smoking room
The hut did not have a chimney. While firing the oven
smoke filled the entire space of the hut,
went up and out through the portages
windows and wooden chimney out.
Despite the disadvantages during operation,
the chicken hut had a number of advantages. Soot and
soot settled on the walls, protecting the logs from
moisture penetration. The oven kept warm for a long time,
required less wood. Timber hut
served longer.
Kurnaya (“black”, “ore”) hut
Interior of a chicken hut
Stove with chimney and chimney
Izba
IZBASENI
TELL The basement is the lower unheated part of the log house. In the northern
areas, the height of the basement could reach 2-2.5 meters.
The basement protected a person’s home from excessive moisture and
snow drifts, from severe winter cold. Podkletnoe
the premises had a commercial purpose. Here
supplies and utensils were stored. IN winter time in the basement they could
keep poultry and livestock.
Gornitsa (“mountainous” - located on a “high”, elevated place)
Gornitsa (“upper room” - located on"mountain", elevated place)
The front room in a peasant dwelling.
In the second half of the 19th century it was settled without
stoves and was used as housing only in
warm season. In summer, in a well-lit
In the upper room, women were doing handicrafts. Here
stood out sleeping area for newlyweds.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, wealthy peasants
install Dutch ovens in the upper room, which
significantly expands the functions of the room.
Often the upper room served as a place for reception and
accommodation of guests. Povet (“povet”, in southern regions– “barn”)
– upper tier covered courtyard, which served for
hay storage (hayloft).
The poveti room was also used for storage
agricultural implements. Here in
some species experienced bad weather
agricultural work. Transport – inclined log
platform (roll-up) leading from the “street” to
tell On this flooring a horse
went up to the story with
cart loaded with hay. Nailless (male) roof - plank roof With
special load-bearing structure, equipped from
horizontally laid logs (“sleg”).
The ends were slightly cut into the transverse logs of the facade
log house (“males”). Tes, laid down on his bed. Roof
was built without single nail and had a very durable
design.
System “by streams and by chickens”
Chickens – male element (nailless)roofs. These are spruce beams - hooks, on
which the streams lie.
Threads - male element (nailless)
roofs.
The plank that was laid on the roof, in
the bottom part rested against the flow
(pre-hollowed for drainage)
water) log.
Okhlupen (shelom)
Hollowed out log that crowned the structurenailless roof. We were put under the spell
upper ends of the roofing board, outer part
the ohlupnya retained the rounded shape of the log. end
ohlupnya was decorated with a sacred conic
(decoration carved in the shape of a horse or bird).
Konik had a deep meaning, it embodied the ancients
pagan beliefs of the Slavs about nature. Horse
symbolized the sun moving across the sky. Except
In addition, the konik was a protective symbol. among the people
They believed: “A horse on the roof is quieter in the hut.”
Prichelina
The board that protected the ends of the log bedsfrom excess moisture. In the northern regions
the piers were richly decorated with carvings.
Sacred symbols (waves, meander lines, circles, crosses,
solar rosettes), which formed the basis of the ornamentation
prichelin, were considered by the peasants not only as
home decoration, but also as a message for the well-being of the owners
home and to protect the home from evil spirits and the evil eye.
Towel
Towel
A short board decorated with through carvings,covering the junction of the piers. Linen towels
decorated with a solar rosette, symbolizing
movement of the sun across the sky. Typically on the façade
at home there were three towels covering
the upper and lower joints of the piers. Getting up on
in the east, the sun rose to its zenith and fell in the west,
personifying the constant movement and cyclical nature of life. Valance - a board with a carved bottom edge,
located under the slopes of the brownie
roofs, on porches, on benches.
Functionally closed rough joints
structures and served as decorative
element. Prototype of a later cornice. ploughshare
Ceiling
Upper andSometimes
side
timber in
door
doorway Slanted window Windows with "cuts" - windows where the roundness of the log
was crowded around the window opening, and sometimes
simple carved patterns were applied to the stones.
Blind (flat) wood carving
One of the most common types of carving.Used to decorate homes: window
platbands, doors, facades. This type
thread is characterized by non-cut (or
blank) background, as well as a pattern,
remaining almost on the same level with
board. Blind wood carving happens
geometric, consisting of circles,
triangles, various quadrilaterals
and other figures and elements.
House with four walls
The classic version of the peasantdwellings. Consists of an insulated frame
(the hut itself) and those attached to it
canopy protecting the entrance from bad weather.
This type of building is considered as
the simplest option from which it takes
the beginning of the evolution of wood
house building Usually,
construction of a four-wall residential
houses were limited to the poorest
peasants.
House with four walls
Six-walled house (hut with a log house)
In evolution wooden house construction takes
an intermediate place between a four-wall house and a five-wall house. In the moment
extension of the residential part to the main frame
the “rub” was built. Distance between
log houses was 20-40 cm.
The horizontal plan of the building changed. Now he
had six walls, two of which were parallel,
and four are perpendicular to the street. Hence the name
at home - “six-walled”. According to residential scale
parts were rebuilt utility yard. Then
the house was re-roofed. Six-walled house
Five-walled house
A type of house whose front hut hascapital log cutting in the middle
parts forming two rooms inside
one log house. In plan, the residential part had five
walls, two of which were located parallel
street, and three are perpendicular. A canopy and a large building were still attached to the hut.
utility yard.
Five-wall buildings were erected by wealthy peasants already in
second half of the 18th century. But also in late XIX centuries
such houses were rare. Five-walled house Chetverik - in Russian stone and wooden architecture
quadrangular structure or component
compositions of tented and tiered churches, including
combination with an octagonal part ("octagon on
quadruple").
Octagon - an octagonal frame in plan, which was
an independent structure or part of it.
“Octagon on quadruple” - a popular constructive
type of building in Russian church architecture. Wherein
the lower part is a cubic volume (in
wooden architecture - log house), and the top -
an octahedron placed on it. Higher maybe
there is one or two more octagons, ending in the form of a tent or dome. Russia is special
This type became widespread in the 17th and XVIII centuries.
Peculiarities of felling "in the oblo"
For cutting down houses it is necessary to usehigh quality wood, not contaminated
tree beetles and fungus. Harvesting
logs required length and diameter and preferably
the same thickness. If this is not possible, then
trees are selected according to the upper cut diameter with an acceptable difference between
diameters up to 30 mm. Such logs are lighter
cut a log house Butt sides of logs
squeeze with inside to thickness
equal to the upper diameter, giving their ends
oval shape. The hewing of logs is carried out from
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Project passport Type of project: collective, educational - creative. Project implementation: September 2014 - April 2015 Project participants: children senior group No. 14, teacher Maslova N.L., assistant teacher Fayzulina N.I., parents. Integration educational activities: "Safety"; "Cognition"; “Communication” “Reading fiction” “ Artistic creativity» “Theatrical Dramatization” “Musical Perception”
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Abstract This project covers the following topics: “Decoration of a Russian hut”; “The way of life of the Russian people”; "Ancient roots of folk art"; “Decorative and applied arts in human life”; "Folk Crafts"; " Folk traditions and customs of the Russian people" Practical work allows students to deeply understand the topics and expand lexicon: “The inner world of the Russian hut”, “Design and decoration of folk household items”, “Folk costume”, “Folk folklore in theatrical dramatization”
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The goal of the project is to promote the formation of a personal culture in children, to introduce them to the rich cultural heritage of the Russian people, to lay a solid foundation in the development of children national culture based on acquaintance with the life and way of life of the Russian people, their character, inherent in them moral values, traditions, features of the material and spiritual environment.
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Project objectives *Arouse children's interest and respect for the history, culture, and language of the Russian people; *Introduce children to in different forms oral folklore *Introduce children to the peculiarities of folk life; *Instill in children pride in their country and its history; * Expand children's horizons and vocabulary when getting acquainted with Russian huts and household items, traditions of the Russian people; * Develop children's coherent speech when describing everyday objects, composing stories, riddles about holidays, traditions, conducting excursions; *Develop the expressive side of speech when telling nursery rhymes, chants, songs; *Introduce children to different types of folk art; *Develop the artistic and creative abilities of children. *Realize A complex approach to the moral and patriotic education of preschool children;
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Sections of project activities
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Project activity plan September *Creation of a mini museum in a group on the topic of the project. *Parental participation in the creation of a mini museum.* Collection of information and illustrative aids on the topic of the project. *Conversations with children about life, way of life, holidays, customs of the Russian people, as a means of fostering patriotic education. *View the presentations “Russian Hut”. October *Conversation with children “Safety in a wooden house” *Visit to the Russian Hut museum on the basis of joint venture No. 1 *Visit to the Russian Hut museum on the basis of joint venture No. 5 *Compilation creative stories“What we saw in the museum” *Reading Russian folk tales, nursery rhymes, sayings. * View the presentation “Russian folk costume”
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Project activity plan November *Open-integrated lesson on speech development “Russian Izba”. *Acquaintance with folk decorative and applied arts. “Khokhloma”, “Filimonovskaya toy”, “Dymkovo toy”, “Bogorodskaya carved toy” *Painting spoons using the “Khokhloma” technique December *Conversation on the topic “Traditions and celebration of the New Year by the Russian people” *Introducing children to folk music (listening Russian folk songs) *Use of Russian and folk costume items in the staging of the New Year's matinee.
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Project activity plan January *Watching animated films showing a Russian hut and its interior: “Two Maples”, “At the Command of the Pike”, Silver Hoof”. *Reading fiction: The fairy tale “Porridge from an Axe”, “Russian Matryoshka” by S. Zhulkova, “Motley Round Dance” by E. Gulyg, “Cat’s House” by S.Ya Marshak. * Retelling of Russian folk tale“Porridge from an axe” based on illustrations from a fairy tale. February * Conversation on the topic “Spring holidays in Rus'” * Introducing children to folk art (chants, nursery rhymes, ditties) * Quiz “Russian Izba”
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Project activity plan March *Conversation with children Russian folk costume for different layers population of Russia. *Examination of illustrations and paintings depicting Russian folk color in clothing. * Use of Russian folk costumes, utensils, musical accompaniment, poetic form presentation of material at the matinee for the holiday on March 8th. April *Systematize and summarize knowledge on the project topic. *Creation of the encyclopedia book “Russian Izba” *Creation of the folder “Our works”
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Only those who love, appreciate, and respect what has been accumulated and preserved by the previous generation can love our homeland, having gotten to know it, and become a true patriot. S. Mikhalkov.
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Our mini museum in group No. 14
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Museum "Russian Izba" on the basis of preschool No. 1
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Open integrated lesson on speech development “Russian Izba”
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Goal: To foster a sense of patriotism and love for the homeland. To introduce preschoolers to the culture and traditions of the Russian people. Expand children's ideas preschool age about the life of the Russian people. Activate cognitive and creative activity children. Objectives: To introduce children to household items of the Russian people. To consolidate knowledge about the life and way of life of the Russian people, household items and household utensils. To develop children's visual skills and abilities in painting household utensils. Visual material for creating interior decoration Russian hut: Russian stove, iron, spinning wheel, chest, ruble, stag, samovar, cast iron, clay bowls, jug, mugs, benches, table. Summary of an integrated lesson on speech development “Russian Izba”
Slide 30
Progress of the lesson On the table there is a model of a Russian hut, figurines of men, a painted scarf, beads, embroidered napkins, bast shoes, wooden Toys: matryoshka, bear. The teacher asks the children to look carefully and remember who these things belong to, who lived in such houses and what material they are made of. Educator: Russia is our homeland, which has its own history, traditions, way of life. Educator: Guys, what country do we live in? Children: In Russia Educator: For a long time in Rus', houses were built from wood - logs. Why do you think? Children's answers. Today I invite you to travel many years ago and see with your own eyes how the Russian people lived. Will help me with this Magic wand, and we will go on a visit to a Russian village. Educator: Guys, let's get up from our chairs, hold hands and close our eyes. I will say magic words and we will go on a journey.
Slide 31
I’ll take a wand in my hands, I’ll call on magic, a miracle will come to visit us, take us back to the old days. Educator. Here we are at the threshold, it turns out there was a risk of tripping when entering the hut! Do you know why? The hut had a high threshold and a low lintel. This is how the peasants protected the warmth and tried not to let it out. Alyonushka: Oh, you can hear noise and laughter outside the window - guests are coming! Sports exercise “Step over and don’t hit me” (2nd tapes “threshold” and “lintel”) Educator: Guys, do you know why else when people entered a house through the threshold they leaned over, not only to avoid hitting themselves, they bowed to the house they were entering, greeted him. Alyonushka: Come, invited and welcome guests. (bow) Educator: Here we are in a Russian hut. Alyonushka: Dear guests, why did you come and where are you coming from? Children's answers
Slide 32
Alyonushka: Well, since you came specifically to find out how we live, then I’ll tell you. The central place in a Russian hut is occupied by the stove. The stove was placed so that it was well lit, and away from the wall to prevent a fire. The space between the wall and the stove is called the “bake”. There the housewife kept the tools necessary for work: grips, a poker, a scoop. There were cast irons and pots on a pole near the stove. There is firewood in the niche under the pole. Guys, why do you need firewood in a hut? Children's answers. Alyonushka: What do you use to heat your houses? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Oh guys, boys and girls, I have a lot of things to do around the house: go get water, light the stove, cook dinner, spin yarn, wash canvases, rock the baby, but she doesn’t have an assistant. What to do? Children's answers. Alyonushka: I am glad of your help! Alyonushka: Where do we start? Let's start with the place in the Russian hut, where the housewife worked, prepared food, washed, and bathed the children. This place was called "woman's kut". Children's answers.
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Alyonushka: Correct! this place is near the Russian stove. There were many shelves near the stove; on the shelves along the walls there was different dishes. (milk bowls, clay and wooden bowls, salt shakers) Display of museum exhibits. Children's answers. Alyonushka: Tell me guys, what materials were the dishes made from? And if this is pottery, who made it? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Guys, what else was a Russian stove in the hut for? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Guys, my mother ordered me to cook cabbage soup for dinner and I will need your help. Are you ready to help me? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Tell me where should I start? light the stove, bring water, put the vegetables in the cast iron and put it in the stove to cook? Alyonushka: What do we cook food in now and in what dishes? Children's answers. Alyonushka: It’s hot, hot in the oven, how can we put the cast iron with cabbage soup in the oven, and then take it out? What item will help us? Children are looking for a grip (museum exhibit display)
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Alyonushka: Oh guys, look what it’s standing on the Shostka, what do you think? (display of a museum exhibit - a cast iron iron). Children's answers. Alyonushka: Do you know how to iron them? Children's answers. Alyonushka: That's right guys! We need coals to heat the iron. Does anyone know how I can get coals out of the oven? Children's answers. Alyonushka: Thank you, well done! told me. And when I iron, where do you think I will put the ironed linen? Children's answers. (chest. We put things in the chest) Alyonushka: Well done guys! We coped with this task too. Oh guys, while you and I were working, my little sister woke up in the cradle and started crying? Alyonushka: We need to rock him to sleep and sing a lullaby. Guys, we need our help again! Let's sing a lullaby to my little sister.
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I bay, bay, bay, my baby. Come, cat, spend the night, rock our baby. Just like I am a cat, I’ll pay you for your work: I’ll give you a piece of pie and a jug of milk. You eat, drink, don’t crumble, don’t ask for more, cat. Alyonushka: Hey, helpers! Wow, well done! We did a great job with you. Behind Good work, you are welcome to the table. Guys, the place where the table, benches and icon were located was called “Red Corner”, which means beautiful. It was here that guests were received and dined. Alyonushka: Guys, do you know the proverbs about hospitality. Children's answers. Alyonushka: “What’s in the oven, all the swords on the table.” “The hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies.” Alyonushka: You did a good job! Tired? Children's answers
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Alyonushka: Sit down and relax. Now I’ll ask my magic cat to tell riddles, he’s a master at this. (brings the wizard cat) Hands on hips, like a boss, He gets up on the table before everyone else, He makes his own stove, and he brews the kettle himself, He pours it himself. Children's answers - (samovar) If you want to drink tea - So get me, A beautiful cutie, All in flowers, with a saucer... (cup) If I'm empty, I don't forget about myself, But when I carry food, I don't pass my mouth I'll pass. (Spoon) Round, deep, Smooth, wide, twisted by a potter, fired in the oven, Low from a jug Clay...(bowl)
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Alyonushka: Well done guys! I would like to invite you to play the Russian folk game “Bells”. Number of players: any, stand in a circle, choose “blind man’s buff” and “bell” Additionally: bell Children stand in a circle. Two people come out into the middle - one with a bell or bell, the other with a blindfold. Everyone sings: Tryntsy-bryntsy, bells, The daredevils are ringing: Digi-digi-digi-don, Guess where the ringing comes from! Educator: We worked hard and played well! But we need to say goodbye to Alyonushka. The children say goodbye to Alyonushka. Alyonushka: Oh, guys, wait, I wanted to ask you one more thing! Guests often come to my house, but I don’t have enough spoons for everyone. I would like to ask you to paint me some beautiful spoons for my wonderful home.
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Conclusion Museum pedagogy is a symbiosis of the creative activity of a teacher who introduces preschoolers to local history, way of life, way of life, traditions of the Russian people, and folk applied arts.
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*Introducing children to subjects of folk art and decorative arts, everyday life, and the way of life of the Russian people have a beneficial effect on the development of children's creativity and the development of coherent speech. *The nature of folk art, its emotionality, decorativeness, diversity - effective means for the development of mental activity, speech development and comprehensive development the child as a whole.
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*The creativity of folk craftsmen cultivates aesthetic taste in children, forms spiritual needs, feelings of patriotism, and national pride. * Folk toys stimulate children to act independently. The knowledge gained in the process of studying and playing with objects of folk art expands the possibilities independent activity children in all areas of educational activities.
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The result of the project “Russian Izba” *was collected by the teacher and parents visual material, fiction to familiarize children with the traditions of Russian life, folk crafts, and ancient Russian holidays. * A mini museum was created in the group with the participation of parents. *Children have developed a deeper knowledge of the history of Russian folk life, respect and interest in the history of their homeland and the traditions of the Russian people.
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* In the process of project activities, children freely mastered information about different types Russian hut, its structure, household items, tools, crafts, folk costume and traditions of the Russian people. * Children's vocabulary has been enriched with words rarely used in modern life. (platbands, log house, dugout, chimney, splinter, lintel, pitchfork, sickle, ruble, stag, cast iron, tuesok, jars, tub, ladle, cup, spinning wheel, spindle, etc.)
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Prepared by teacher Maslova Natalya Leonidovna Moscow 2015 Thank you for your attention
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The interior of the hut was distinguished by its simplicity and expedient placement of the objects included in it. The main space of the hut was occupied by the oven, which in most of Russia was located at the entrance, to the right or left of the door.
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There are many ideas, beliefs, rituals, and magical techniques associated with the stove. In the traditional mind, the stove was an integral part of the home; if a house did not have a stove, it was considered uninhabited. By folk beliefs, under the stove or behind it lives a brownie, the patron of the hearth, kind and helpful in some situations, capricious and even dangerous in others. In a system of behavior where such opposition as “friend” - “stranger” is essential, the attitude of the hosts towards the guest or to a stranger changed if he happened to sit on their stove; both the person who dined with the owner’s family at the same table and the one who sat on the stove was already perceived as “one of our own.” Turning to the stove occurred during all rituals, the main idea of which was the transition to a new state, quality, status.
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As for the stove... let us think seriously whether the “kind” and “honest” Empress Stove, in whose presence they did not dare to say a swear word, under which, according to the concepts of the ancients, lived the soul of the hut - the Brownie - could she personify " darkness"? No way. It is much more likely to assume that the stove was placed in the northern corner as an insurmountable barrier to the forces of death and evil seeking to break into the home. The relatively small space of the hut, about 20-25 sq.m., was organized in such a way that a fairly large family of seven or eight people could comfortably accommodate it. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the common space. Men usually worked and rested during the day in the men's half of the hut, which included a front corner with icons and a bench near the entrance. Women and children were in the women's quarters near the stove during the day. Places for sleeping at night were also allocated. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, the stove or on the stove, on a cabbage, children and single youth slept under the sheets or on the sheets. In warm weather, adult married couples spent the night in cages and vestibules; in cold weather, on a bench under the curtains or on a platform near the stove.
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The stove was the second most important “center of holiness” in the house - after the red, God's corner - and maybe even the first. The part of the hut from the mouth to the opposite wall, the space in which all women’s work related to cooking was carried out, was called the stove corner. Here, near the window, opposite the mouth of the stove, in every house there were hand millstones, which is why the corner is also called a millstone. IN stove corner there was a ship's shop or counter with shelves inside, used as kitchen table. On the walls there were observers - shelves for tableware, cabinets. Above, at the level of the shelves, there was a stove beam on which to place cookware and various household supplies were stowed. On a holiday, the hut was transformed: the table was moved to the middle, covered with a tablecloth, and festive utensils, previously stored in cages, were displayed on the shelves.
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The stove corner was considered a dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz, colored homespun, or a wooden partition. The corner of the stove, covered by a board partition, formed a small room called a “closet” or “prilub.” It was an exclusively female space in the hut: here women prepared food and rested after work. During holidays, when many guests came to the house, a second table was placed near the stove for women, where they feasted separately from the men who sat at the table in the red corner. Men, even their own families, could not enter the women’s quarters unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was considered completely unacceptable. The traditional stationary furnishings of the home lasted the longest around the stove in the women's corner.
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The table always stood in the corner, diagonally from the stove. Above it was a shrine with icons. There were fixed benches along the walls, and above them were shelves cut into the walls. In the back of the hut from the stove to the side wall under the ceiling there was a wood flooring- pay. In the southern Russian regions, behind the side wall of the stove there could be a wooden flooring for sleeping - a floor, a platform. This whole immovable environment of the hut was built together with the house and was called a mansion outfit. The stove was playing main role in the internal space of the Russian home throughout all stages of its existence. It’s not for nothing that the room where the Russian stove stood was called “a hut, a stove.” The Russian stove is a type of oven in which the fire is lit inside the stove, and not on an open area at the top. The smoke exits through the mouth - the hole into which the fuel is placed, or through a specially designed chimney. The Russian stove in a peasant hut had the shape of a cube: its usual length is 1.8-2 m, width 1.6-1.8 m, height 1.7 m. Top part The stove is flat, comfortable for lying on. Furnace combustion chamber comparatively large sizes: 1.2-1.4 m high, up to 1.5 m wide, with a vaulted ceiling and a flat bottom - bottom.
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All significant events family life marked in the red corner. Here at the table both everyday meals and festive feasts took place, and many calendar rituals took place. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house they took her to the church for the wedding, brought her to the groom's house and took her to the red corner too. During harvesting, the first and last ones were installed in the red corner. Preservation of the first and last ears of the harvest, endowed, according to folk legends, magical power, promised well-being for the family, home, and entire household. In the red corner, daily prayers were performed, from which any important undertaking began. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners. They tried to keep the red corner clean and elegantly decorated. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “good”, “light”. It was decorated with embroidered towels, popular prints, and postcards. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most valuable papers and objects were stored. Everywhere among Russians there was a widespread custom, when laying a house, to put money under lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was placed under the red corner.
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The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark in the interior space of the hut. On larger territory In European Russia, in the Urals, and in Siberia, the red corner was the space between the side and front walls in the depths of the hut, limited by the corner located diagonally from the stove.
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the red corner was well lit, since both of its constituent walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner is a shrine with icons and a lamp, which is why it is also called “holy”. As a rule, everywhere in Russia, in addition to the shrine, there is a table in the red corner, only in a number of places in the Pskov and Velikoluksk provinces. it is placed in the wall between the windows - opposite the corner of the stove. In the red corner, next to the table, two benches meet, and on top, above the shrine, there are two shelves; hence the Western-South Russian name for the corner of the day (the place where the elements of home decoration meet and connect).
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Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner of the house sat under the icons during a family meal. His eldest son was located at right hand from the father, the second son is on the left, the third is next to his older brother. Children under marriageable age were seated on a bench running from the front corner along the facade. Women ate while sitting on side benches or stools. It was not supposed to violate the established order in the house unless absolutely necessary. The person who violated them could be severely punished. On weekdays the hut looked quite modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table stood without a tablecloth, the walls without decorations. Everyday utensils were placed in the stove corner and on the shelves.
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On a semi-dark interior background peasant hut a peasant woman sits on a bench at the table with a crying child in her arms and swings a spoon at the boy
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A short bench is a bench that runs along the front wall of a house facing the street. During family meals, men sat on it. The shop located near the stove was called kutnaya. Buckets of water, pots, cast iron pots were placed on it, and freshly baked bread was placed on it. The threshold bench ran along the wall where the door was located. It was used by women instead of a kitchen table and differed from other benches in the house in the absence of an edge along the edge. Judgment bench - a bench running from the stove along the wall or door partition to the front wall of the house. The surface level of this bench is higher than other benches in the house. The bench at the front has folding or sliding doors or can be closed with a curtain. Inside there are shelves for dishes, buckets, cast iron pots, and pots.