Presentation on what biology studies. About the concept of the academic subject “Biology. Specific feature of living organisms

About the concept of the subject "Biology"

Sumatokhin S.V. – head of the department of Moscow State Pedagogical University, editor-in-chief of the journal
“Biology at school”, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor

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http://Ministry of Education and Science.rf/press center
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Document analysis

Draft order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia “On approval
federal state educational standard
main general education in the new edition"
http://regulation.gov.ru/projects;
Project of a scientifically based modernization concept
content and teaching technologies of the subject area
"Natural science
items.
Biology"
http://predmetconcept.ru/subject-form/biologija;
Approximate basic educational program main
general education http://fgosreestr.ru;
Approximate basic educational program of secondary
general education http://fgosreestr.ru.
Draft sample curriculum for a subject
"Biology" of basic general education.
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Concept of the subject "Biology"

Introduction;
The purpose and objectives of the subject
"Biology";
Subject structure
"Biology";
Subject content
"Biology";
Conclusion.
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Introduction – relevance

What is the role of life science?
Why biology education
priority?
In what classes should biology be taught?
How many hours are needed for
teaching a subject
"Biology"?
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Created
company
Science-Metrix
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Generated
scientometric
portal SCImago Journal
& Country Rank based
Scopus database
Flagship
world
Sciences -
USA
Genetics,
molecular
biology and
biochemistry in
center. They
associated with great
cluster
research in
region
medicine.
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Generated
scientometric
portal SCImago Journal
& Country Rank based
Scopus database
Map
achievements
Russia
characteristic
For
of the past
century.
Physics – 1st place.
Chemistry – 2nd place.
Biology – 3rd place.
Medicine is one
from minor
Sci.
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Introduction – relevance

Biology is the leader of world science.
Huge advances in genetics
molecular biology, biochemistry,
biomedicine, biotechnology.
Leading Life Science
determines the priority of educational
subject "Biology".
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Introduction

"Biology" is required
academic subject in grades V-XI.
To teach educational
subject "Biology" annually
it is necessary to provide at least
2 hours per week.
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The purpose of biology education

preparation biologically and
environmentally literate person,
which:
understands the meaning of life as the highest
values;
has high level environmental
culture;
freely navigates the biological
region scientific picture peace...
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Objectives of biological education

formation of a scientific worldview;
mastering methods of cognition of living things
nature and the ability to use them in
practical activities;
providing an understanding of the place of life in
scientific picture of the world;
mastering basic biological ideas,
principles, concepts and theories, relationships
ideas and facts, formation, development and change
theories and concepts...
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Structure of the subject "Biology"

I-IV classes - propaedeutic
Preparation;
Grades V-XI - unified systematic
course of the academic subject "Biology";
in grades X-XI academic subject
"Biology" is presented in basic and
in-depth levels.
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Sections of the academic subject "Biology"

I. Introduction to biology.
II. Biology of plants, bacteria,
mushrooms
III. Biology of protozoa,
animals.
IV. Human biology.
V. General biology.
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Section I. Introduction to biology.
Biology is the science of life.
Methods for studying living nature.
Cellular structure living organisms.
Organism and environment.
Man and wildlife.
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Contents of the subject "Biology"

Section II. Biology of plants, bacteria, fungi
Plant biology.
General characteristics of angiosperms.
General characteristics of algae.
General characteristics of mosses.
General characteristics of mosses, horsetails, ferns.
General characteristics of gymnosperms.
Development flora on the ground.
Plant community.
Man and plants.
General characteristics of bacteria.
General characteristics of mushrooms.
Viruses are non-cellular forms.
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Contents of the subject "Biology"

Section III. Biology of protozoa, animals
Protozoa (protists).
General information about the animal world.
Multicellular animals.
General characteristics of coelenterates.
General characteristics of worms.
General characteristics of mollusks.
General characteristics of arthropods.
General characteristics of chordates.
Historical development of the animal world.
Animals in natural communities Oh.
Animals and humans.
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Contents of the subject "Biology"

Section IV. Human biology
The human body is a biological system.
Support and movement.
Blood circulation and lymph circulation.
Breath.
Nutrition and digestion.
Metabolism and energy conversion.
Isolation of metabolic products.
Covers of the human body.
Neurohumoral regulation of life.
Human psyche and behavior.
Human reproduction and development.
Healthy lifestyle.
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Contents of the subject "Biology"

Section V. General biology
A BASIC LEVEL OF
Biology in the system of sciences.
Cell.
Organism.
View.
Ecosystems.
ADVANCED LEVEL
Biology is a complex science.
Cell.
Organism.
View.
Ecosystems.
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Levels of designing the content of the academic subject "Biology"

I. Concept of educational
subject "Biology"
II. Federal State Educational Standard
LLC and SOO
III. Sample programs
LLC and SOO
theoretical idea of ​​structure and content
academic subject
subject results for grades 9 and 11; on years
training sections are divided into thematic
blocks with didactic units
planned subject results for 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11 classes; the contents of the sections are divided into
subject topics indicating laboratory and
practical work; a list of teaching aids is provided
IV. Authors and workers
programs
the content of subject topics is specified and
presented in accordance with copyright
concepts
V. Educational and methodological
kits
the content of all didactic units is revealed,
to be mastered by students

Plan 1. Biology as a system of sciences 2. The importance of biology among other sciences 3. A brief history of the development of biology 4. Research methods in biology 5. Definition of the concept of “life” 6. Properties of living things 7. Levels of organization of living matter 8. Diversity of living organisms

Biology as a system of sciences Biology is the science of life (from the Greek bios life, logos science) a system of sciences about living organisms, their structure, life processes, relationships between themselves and the environment, origin, diversity, patterns of development studies the patterns of life and development of living beings refers to natural sciences

Biology - This is a set of sciences about living nature From the Greek. “bios” – “life”, “logos” – “science” Subject of her research The variety of manifestations of life: The structure and functions of living organisms, natural communities; Their origin and distribution; Connections with each other and inanimate nature. Diversity of manifestations of life: Structure and functions of living organisms, natural communities; Their origin and distribution; Connections with each other and inanimate nature.

3. The emergence of ancient states (Greece, Rome) Systematization of knowledge about humans, plants, animals Aristotle Theophrastus Galen Described about 500 species of animals. Created the first system of their classification. Laid the foundations of comparative anatomy. Believed that living matter arose from inanimate matter “Father” of botany. Described different plant organs. Laid the foundations of plant classification. He believed that living matter arose from non-living matter. An outstanding Roman physician. "Father" of medicine. Described human organs. Laid the foundations of human anatomy The basis for the development of European biological science, did not change until the 8th century. AD

Aristotle (384–322 BC) Galen (AD) Theophrastus (372–287 BC) Outstanding scientists of Ancient Greece

4. The Middle Ages (V-XV centuries AD) Slowdown in the development of biology, the predominance of religious views about the creation of matter by God. Biology developed primarily as a descriptive science. The accumulated facts were often distorted. Alchemy was developed.

5. Renaissance period (XVI–XVIII centuries AD) Development of biological science, study of the structure and functions of various biological objects Robert Hooke (1635–1703) Invention of the microscope, introduction of the term “cell” Anthony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) Observed single-celled organisms, blood cells, spermatozoa Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) Introduced the term “species” Founded modern taxonomy Created his own classification of plants and animals Introduced the Latin names of species, genera ( binary nomenclature) Described over 7,500 species of plants and about 4,000 species of animals

6. Creation of cellular theory and development of evolutionary ideas (19th century AD) A sharp surge in the development of biology, the struggle between materialistic and idealistic views on the origin of matter Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) One of the authors of cellular theory (Schleiden and Virchow) Jean- Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) Author of the first evolutionary doctrine Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Author of the first evolutionary theory Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) Introduced the term “ecology”. Laid the foundations of phylogeny

7. “Genetic” period (since 1900) The predominance of materialistic views, the discovery of patterns of heredity and variability Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) The term “mutation” Karl Correns (1864–1933) Rediscovered and confirmed Mendel’s laws William Betson (1861– 1926) The term "genetics" (1908) Thomas Hunt Morgan Chromosomal theory of heredity Watson and Crick The structure of DNA (1953) Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)

Definition of the concept of “life” LIFE Aristotle: “Nutrition, growth and aging” Treviranus: “Uniformity of processes with differences in external influences” Modern understanding: “A special way of existence of organisms, the important factors of which are metabolism with environment and self-reproduction" ... this is the process of reproduction and evolution that occurs due to the ability to remember acquired characteristics Modern definition: "This special shape movement of matter, qualitatively higher than physical and chemical forms, elementary form existence of a species and a unit of evolution" ... these living bodies that exist on Earth are open self-regulating systems built from biopolymers of proteins and nucleic acids. Engels: “Life is a way of existence of protein bodies...” Pavlov: “Complicated chemical process»

Properties of living Unity chemical composition. Cellular structure. Discreteness and integrity. Single principle structural organization. Nutrition, respiration, excretion Metabolism and energy. Self-reproduction. Self-renewal. Self-regulation Heredity and variability. Growth and development. Irritability and movement. Adaptability Rhythmicity

Levels of organization of living matter MolecularCellularOrganismalPopulation-speciesBiogeocenoticBiosphere Boundary between living and nonliving (molecules, atoms) Cell – structural unit of living things Level of the whole organism Species – unit of evolution System “living organisms + abiotic factors” All living organisms of the planet and their habitat

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Slide captions:

Lesson 1. Science biology MAOU secondary school "Finist" No. 30, Rostov-on-Don

Science biology What is it about? When? For what?

Biology Biology is the study of life, or the science of living nature logos - the doctrine of bios - life

Sections of biology

Zoology - the science of animals What does zoology study? Diversity of animals Their structure Features of behavior

Anatomy is the science of man. What does anatomy study? Structure of the human body Features of human life Preservation and strengthening of human health

Ecology is the science of the environment. What does ecology study? Relationships of living organisms with each other and with the environment

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Comparison characteristic Plants Animals Nutrition Growth Movement Respiration (gas exchange) Cell structure

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Comparison sign Plants Animals Nutrition Produce nutrients in the process of photosynthesis Feed on ready-made organic substances Growth Unlimited Most grow to a certain age

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Sign of comparison Plants Animals Movement Sedentary, most lead an attached lifestyle Actively move, most have special organs for movement

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Comparison sign Plants Animals Respiration (gas exchange) Inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide. Capable of photosynthesis. Inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide. Not capable of photosynthesis.

Comparative characteristics of plants and animals Comparison sign Plants Animals Cell structure The shell consists of fiber (cellulose), there are plastids that provide the color of leaves and fruits. The outer layer of the cell is thin, elastic, and there are no plastids.

Human use of plants

Food

Vegetable oil

Raw materials for industry

Construction Materials

Medications

Plants - material for design

Impact of plants on the environment

Botany - the science of plants What does botany study? Diversity of plants Structure Life activity of plants

Sections of botany

Plant taxonomy Systematics is the science of classifying organisms

Plant morphology M M orphology is the science of external structure organisms.

Anatomy of plants Anatomy is the science of internal structure organisms

Plant Embryology Embryology is the science of the embryonic development of an organism

Geobotany is the science of the distribution of plants on Earth

Plant ecology is the science that studies their relationships with the environment and with other organisms

Homework Textbook: pp. 9-12, RT No. 1 Ecology is a fashionable word, Nature did not know this before, Banks and bottles were not thrown into the bushes, Waste and oil were not poured into the river.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

"There, on unknown paths..." A lesson-journey into the science of biology for elementary school graduates.

A journey into science in the form of a journey through the biology classroom has the following goals: developing interest in the subject, communication skills and universal learning activities, broadening one's horizons and forming...

Work program of the elective course for grade 9 “Research problems at the intersection of sciences (biology, physics, chemistry)”

The elective course “Research problems at the intersection of sciences (biology, physics, chemistry)” is designed for 17 hours. The program is intended for 9th grade students choosing a further profile of study in high school...

• Update biological knowledge.
• Consider the methods of science.
• Identify the meaning of general biology and its place in the system of biological knowledge.

SINQWAIN CONCEPTS "BIOLOGY"

• Concept(word)
• Adjective

• Biology.
• Interesting, significant.
• Discovers, studies, experiments.
• Helps to understand living nature.
• The science.

(2 words)

3. Verbs (3 words)

4. Offer

(4 words)

• Noun

(1 word)

Life on Earth is represented by an extraordinary variety of forms, many types of living beings. Currently, about 600 thousand species of plants, more than 2.5 million species of animals are already known, a large number of species of fungi and prokaryotes inhabiting our planet. Scientists are constantly discovering and describing new species as existing in modern conditions, and extinct in past geological eras.

Richard Owen with Moa skeleton

Discovering the general properties of living organisms and explaining the reasons for their diversity, identifying connections between structure and environmental conditions are among the main tasks of biology. Important place This science is concerned with the emergence and laws of development of life on Earth - evolutionary teaching. Understanding these laws is the basis of the scientific worldview and is necessary for solving practical problems.

WHAT BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DO YOU KNOW?

BIOLOGY IS DIVIDED INTO SEPARATE SCIENCES ACCORDING TO THE SUBJECT OF STUDY.

So, microbiology studies the world of bacteria;

Pallid spirochete

Botany explores the structure and life activity of representatives of the plant kingdom;

Common heather

Cornflower meadow

Zoology- animal kingdoms, etc.

Common squirrel

At the same time, areas of biology that study general properties living organisms:

genetics- patterns of inheritance of traits

Mendel, Gregor Johann

1865. The laws of heredity are discovered.

Biochemistry- pathways for the transformation of organic molecules, ecology-relationships between populations and the environment. Studies the functions of living organisms physiology .

Biochemistry Short course.

• http://health.sumy.ua/11758-biokhimija-kratkijj-kurs.-e.s.-severin.html

Human physiology

• http://mednik.com.ua/node/2236

In accordance with the level of organization of living matter, such scientific disciplines as molecular biology, cytology- the doctrine of the cell, histology- doctrine of tissues, etc.

Every little detail is important in a DNA molecule.

WHAT DIFFERENTS THE NATURAL SCIENCES FROM OTHER SCIENCES?

• Experiment is one of the methods of biology.
• Method is a method of practical and theoretical action aimed at mastering an object.

What other biology methods do you know?

Biology uses the most various methods. One of the most important is historical, which serves as the basis for understanding the facts obtained. The traditional method includes the descriptive method; Instrumental methods are widely used: microscopy (light-optical and electron), electrography, radar, etc.

Darwin Museum.

Microscope by R. Hooke.

METHODS RESEARCH :

• Observations
• Descriptive
• Comparative
• Experimental
• Historical
• Simulation

THINK AND WRITE WHAT RESEARCH METHOD YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT:

Characteristics of the method

Method name

Characteristics of the method

Method name

1. Collection and description of facts

Descriptive

2. Purposeful study of phenomena under precisely established conditions, allowing the reproduction and observation of these phenomena

Experimental

3. Study of a process or phenomenon through its reproduction in the form of a model; the method allows you to reproduce experimental conditions that are sometimes impossible to recreate in reality

Simulation

4. Comparison of organisms and their parts, finding similarities and differences

Comparative

5. Clarification of the patterns of appearance and development of organisms

Historical

6. Intentional, targeted perception of objects and processes in order to understand its essential properties

Observations

ALGORITHM FOR CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT

• Statement of the problem, formulation of the topic, goals and objectives of the study.
• Proposing hypotheses.
• Planning the course of the study, choosing a methodology.
• Conducting the practical part of the study, recording data.
• Processing of the obtained results.
• Analysis of the results obtained.
• Formulation of conclusions.
• Identification of a set of unresolved issues.
• Presentation of research results.

Recent achievements in biology have led to the emergence of fundamentally new directions in science, which have become independent sections in the complex of biological disciplines. Thus, the discovery of the molecular structure of the structural units of heredity (genes) served as the basis for the creation of genetic engineering.

American biologists have proposed using genetic engineering methods to combat global warming. In their opinion, the cost of genetic research has decreased so much that the creation of special varieties of millet for processing into fuel has become a reality.

Based on the study of relationships between organisms, biological methods for controlling crop pests have been created; many adaptations of living organisms have served as models for the design of effective artificial structures and mechanisms.

The honeycomb design formed the basis for the production of "honeycomb panels" for construction

LITERATURE

Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. For 10-11 grades. general education institutions. - M.: Bustard, 2004.

INTERNET network resources.