Compound adjectives are usually formed with the help of a connecting vowel. Therefore, the basic rule for spelling most compound nouns(“write together if there is a connecting vowel, and with a hyphen if a complex noun is formed without a connecting vowel”) is unacceptable for spelling compound adjectives.

The spelling of compound adjectives together or with a hyphen is determined by the method of their formation.

Continuous writing

1. A complex adjective is written together, one of the parts of which is not used separately: fleeting, omnivorous, freshly shaved (and freshly shaved), empty-headed, publicly available, late-ripening, ancient written.

2. They write together complex adjectives formed from complex nouns that are written together: ball-bearing (ball bearing), foam silicate (foam silicate), reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete), cinder block (cinder block), fruit and vegetable (fruits; but: fruit and vegetable warehouse), oil field ( oil field), forest-steppe (forest-steppe), financial inspector (fininspektor), laurel cherry (laurel cherry), Anglo-Saxon (Anglo-Saxon), turbogenerator (turbogenerator), Don Juan (Don Juan), quixotic (don quixote). By analogy with the forest-steppe, it merges with the forest-meadow, mountain-forest (the words “forest-meadow” and “mountain forest” are not in the language).

3. Compound adjectives formed from an adjective and a noun are written: primitive communal (primitive community), private economic (private economy), national economic (national economy), typhoid (typhoid fever), mountain climatic (mountain climate), citric acid ( lemon acid; but: lemon yellow as a complex name for color), weak character (weak character), white marble ( white marble), natural science ( natural Sciences; but: scientific research - from synonymous adjectives), natural historical (natural history), spinal (spinal cord), meat-canning (canned meat; but: meat and dairy), hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid; but: salty-sour, salty-sweet - quality with an additional shade), early spring (early spring), foreign trade (foreign trade).

Among the words of this type there are many complex common adjectives formed from geographical names: Latin American (Latin America), East African ( East Africa), Middle Eastern (Middle East), East Siberian ( Eastern Siberia), Far Eastern (Far East).

Note. For the spelling of complex adjectives included in official geographical and administrative names, such as the East European Plain, South Kazakhstan Region, see below.

4. Write together complex adjectives formed from two words, one of which is subordinate to the other according to the method of management: car-building plant (construction of cars; but: carriage-locomotive depot), machine-counting station (counting by machines; but: machine-tractor park), planting plant (planting seedlings), grassland (meadow for grazing), benevolent (to wish well), waterproof (impermeable to water), tillage (cultivating the soil), corn silage harvesting, butter cheese making, etc. Complex terms without a connecting vowel are also written using the same rule: oxygen-releasing (giving oxygen), nitrogen-containing (containing nitrogen), gold-mining (mining gold), etc.

5. They write together complex adjectives formed from two heterogeneous adjectives, between which it is impossible to put conjunctions and, but, not only... but also: ancient church Slavic language(ancient church Slavic language), new Greek language(new Greek), compound sentence(complex composed sentence).

6. Writing complex symbols together chemical substances, expressed by adjectives: ferrous sulfide, oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic, dibenzylethylenediamine.

7. A series of complex adjectives are written together, formed from a combination of an adverb and an adjective or participle. IN literary language There are two groups of similar adjectives. Some adjectives came into the literary language from terminological vocabulary: expensive goods, long-playing record; others arose and are emerging in book speech: highly artistic, unsympathetic, promising. The spelling of these complex adjectives is one of the most difficult cases, since the first components of words are used in the language as independent elements of phrases (cf.: highly organized - highly located, highly respected - imbued with much).

For an adverb to become the first part of a compound adjective, it is necessary following conditions: change in its meaning, violation of the grammatical relationship between an adverb and an adjective or participle (the first part of the word cannot act as a separate member of a sentence answering the questions “how?”, “in what way?”), impossibility of rearranging parts within compound word. The main condition is the first - a change in the lexical meaning: an adverb from an adverb turns into a word-forming morpheme, close to a prefix (which either completely loses stress or has a weakly stressed syllable). And this leads to the destruction of grammatical relations between an adverb and an adjective or participle and, as a consequence, to the impossibility of interchanging parts of a complex whole.

Only a few adverbs turn into prefixes, therefore, only a few adverbs form complex adjectives. Numerous adjectives in this group are formed according to certain patterns that are easy to remember. But the spelling of adjectives of this group is complicated by the penetration into the literary language of terms like high-speed cutting machine, by analogy with which erroneous spellings appear in non-terminological texts (for example, “fast-flowing river” means fast-flowing river). Let's look at some types of compound adjectives, the first part of which contains adverbs.

quickly... All the few formations written together are terms: high-speed cutting machine, high-speed steels, quick-hardening mixtures, fast-growing tree species. In literary language, complex adjectives with quickly are not formed, that is, quickly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: a rapidly growing city, quickly opening hatches, quickly falling twilight, quickly spoken phrases; a medicine that acts quickly on the body. In all such combinations, it does not quickly lose its lexical meaning and remains a member of the sentence - a circumstance.

Notes: 1. The word fast-flowing in a figurative sense is written together: fast-flowing life, fast-flowing time; and in the literal sense - separately: I'm going to Old city- through the fast-flowing Ankhor canal (gas).

2. The word fleeting is written together, since the second part is not used separately.

3. Pay attention to complex adjectives formed from the adjective bystry and the noun, which are always written together: bystrosmenny (quick change), high-speed (quick move), as well as quick-footed, quick-eyed, etc.

forever... Only a complex adjective of terminological origin is written together: evergreen: Periwinkle is a blue flower on an evergreen creeping bush; I am grateful to the trees for a long century, we will preserve the evergreen memory of him [Pushkin] (Az.). But with the short form of the adjective it is always written separately: He is forever green (Inb.); And even though the flower fades, it is forever green

4 No. 16 1 O

his escape (gas.). In all other cases, the adverb is forever written separately from the adjective or participle that follows it: forever young, forever alive; eternally red cliffs (Hertz.); the eternal blue sky of Florence (Drun.).

highly... This group of spelled compound adjectives is represented by a large number of words that actively appear both in book style and in terminology: highly intelligent, highly professional, highly paid, highly qualified, highly nutritious, highly courageous.

Note. Based on this model, many interesting new formations are created, often with a satirical overtones: And what a lackey he was in “The Fruits of Enlightenment!” Highly correct and arrogant! (Dor.); The Dynamo midfielder, in search of new ways of football tactics, approached the Torpedo player and hit him. highly technical blow to the face (gas).

As the first part of compound words vysoko, in contrast to the adverb vysoko, has the meaning ‘very, in highest degree’, is not a member of the sentence (you cannot ask the question “how?”) and has stress on the second syllable, and it is not the main one, but an additional one. Wed:

There was a threat of flooding of land that found itself in the vicinity of the highly raised dams of the Volga (gas).

We ourselves must try to allocate a gifted, and even more so highly gifted, artist for this work (Lun.).

The short forms of these adjectives are written together: Such deposits are usually highly productive (gas); A film with a morality set and designed specifically for it by the author, no matter how highly moral it may be, does not work (gas).

As part of a complex adjective, high is written together only if the second part is an adjective. If the second part is a participle, then high acts as a member of the sentence and is written separately, while, as a rule, there are other explanatory words in the sentence (either with the word high, or with the participle). Wed: A particularly high-ranking person in our brotherhood petitioned for you to be accepted into the brotherhood ahead of schedule (L.T.). - And they sit, and walk, and everything is upside down. Even the highest-ranking officials are upside down (M.); critic who highly appreciated the story (gaz.) - But the more ardently his admirers extolled him... the more merciless (Chekhov) was to himself and to all his - so highly valued - creativity (Chuk.). Wed. also: But St. Petersburg is a city of officials. And for officials the dream is for someone to fall from high standing (Dor.) - this example is interesting because here the author contrasts the direct meaning of the adverb high (‘ long distance up') and figurative ('very, extremely').

above... Written together: above, above, above, above, above, above, etc. (the meaning of above in the composition of these words is ‘before, before, on previous pages’). These formations easily split into two words, i.e. it is possible separate writing, while the weakly stressed word above (as part of a compound word) receives independent stress: Communist art, pursuing the two above-mentioned goals...

(Lun-)- , „ .

Of all the numerous formations of this group, the words vyshesreoniy and superior (in the meaning of ‘superior in administrative terms’: a higher authority, a higher authority) are always written with consistency: The great strategist felt inspiration, an intoxicating state in front of the above-average blackmail (I.

I P.); He even wanted to clear his throat, as happens with people of average responsibility when talking with one of his superior comrades (I. and P.). Wed. interesting new formations by analogy: Yes, unfortunately, this happens - complaints descend: the one above him, the one below him, the one below him (gas.).

Note. In terminology, complex adjectives such as overlying (overlying quaternary formations) are possible, in which above has a direct meaning ‘located above something, above something’.

smoothly... Only terminological formations like smooth-colored are written together. In the general literary language, the adverb smoothly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: smoothly combed hair, smoothly flowing speech of the speaker, smoothly finished slabs.

deeply... Only the word deeply respected (‘very, very respected’) is written together. All other formations are free phrases (regardless of whether the adverb deeply has a direct or figurative meaning) - deeply artistic nature, deeply negative attitude, deeply substantiated interpretation of questions (‘seriously, completely, sufficiently conclusive’). Ivanov was interested in everyday life not in itself, but as a path to the secret, to the deeply hidden essence of human relationships (Kav.) - “not on the surface, hidden in the depths, inaccessible”; St. Petersburg is a multifaceted city... It is a living, deeply feeling city (M. G.) - ‘a very strong, intense, significant and complex feeling city’; The domes of the main cathedral, gold in deep blue azure through the branches of poplar (gas); deeply passionate poems (I.S.)

Notes: 1. Glubokb respecting is always written separately, like deeply located (‘nurturing sympathy’).

2. Deeply respected can be written separately if there are explanatory words with the participle: an engineer deeply respected by the workers.

densely... Only the word densely populated (‘densely populated’) is written together: The staircase of a densely populated house was always full of smells (Bakl.). But if the second part of a complex word is presented in a short form, then it should be written separately: This part of the city is densely populated. In all other cases, the adverb is written densely separately from the participle that follows it: a pack of large, densely written sheets; The children put their hats on their thickly greased hair. (Ser.).

Note. Complex names of colors with dense in the first part are written with a hyphen: dense green, dense purple,

a long time ago... It’s only written together linguistic term pluperfect. But that's it explanatory dictionaries they give this word in a continuous spelling and in the meaning of ‘happened a long time ago, a long time ago; very old’: I’m too lazy to describe long-past impressions (Vol.). However, in the general literary meaning, the words with long ago should be written separately: Traces of long-past affectation were noticed in it (T.); If she [the thought of Natasha] came, it was only as a pleasant memory of the long past (L. T.). In the sentence On the ceiling, according to a long-past fashion, cupid was presented (Hertz.) should be written long ago, since it has long required independent stress, being a circumstance in relation to the participle.

All other cases are phrases: I was with you, Russia,

in your long past, let me be with you in the future (V.F.).

long... Only the terms long-playing, long-living are written together: long-playing record, long-living nuclei. In all other cases, the adverb is written separately from the participle that follows it: Vermiculite is also a long-acting poison that is not washed off by rain for weed control (gas); This right should encourage the writer to create long-lasting works, and not ephemeral works (gas.).

expensive... The term expensive is written together: expensive goods. In practice, however, the adjective expensive is written together and in such combinations as expensive work, expensive construction, expensive entertainment, etc.: The current political campaign will be the most expensive in the entire history of the United States (gas.). In combination with other participles, the adverb expensive is always written separately: paid dearly, costly, priced dearly, selling dearly, etc.

easy... Only the terms are written together: lightly wounded, easily mobile, lightly armored, flammable, lightly armed, etc. Not in a terminological sense, it is easily written separately from the participle that follows it; cf: ward of the slightly wounded - lightly wounded in the arm; and also: easily vulnerable, easily explained, easily digestible, easily read.

Note: Adjective types frivolous, athletic, formed on the basis of coordinated combinations (cf.: easy thought, athletics), are always written together (see above).

little... Numerous complex adjectives of this group are written together: unfamiliar, poorly adapted, uninteresting, poorly inhabited, little known, unsuitable, undecent, unpleasant, unreliable, unlikely, inactive, little studied, little studied, insignificant, etc. The second part of such formations is most often represented by an adjective , less often a participle. In the language, however, there are similar phrases: little familiar, little adapted, little interesting, little inhabited, little known, little suitable, little decent, little pleasant, little reliable, little probable, little mobile, little explored, little studied, little meaningful. Compound words with little in the first part and similar phrases differ in meaning.

In phrases, little is an adverb, it has the meaning 'a little, not enough', as a member of a sentence - independently (answers the question “to what extent and degree?”), pronounced as a separate word with a distinct emphasis: What and to whom did the writer want to prove by telling about uninteresting and not particularly characteristic people... (Bl.); ...Children's literature of that time was an uninhabited, or at least sparsely inhabited, island (Marsh.).

As the first part of complex adjectives, the particles not have little meaning: If you mistakenly praised a work of little art, everyone will understand that you don’t understand anything, if for you such rubbish is a masterpiece (A.K.); The picture was declared mediocre, uninteresting, and unartistic (gas.).

Note: Quite often, complex adjectives with little in the first part are used as euphemisms - replacing words that are inconvenient or rude for a certain situation: The situation in the team has been created, to put it mildly, unpleasant (gas.).

Thus, if ‘not’ has little meaning, then it is written together with the adjective or participle that follows it. If little expresses the meaning ‘a little, not enough’, then it is an adverb and is written separately. The formulated rule requires some clarification.

1) Malo, as the first part of a compound word, is not combined with all participles. This circumstance is not always taken into account, which leads to erroneous spellings. For example, in the sentence Mikhail Leonidovich Himself seemed to me to be a man who had little success in the engineering field (gas) should be written little has succeeded: with the participle of having succeeded, the word little can only be an adverb.

2) Little is written together only with single full forms of the participle, i.e. only in this case little can have the meaning ‘not’ (separate writing is also possible if little has the meaning ‘a little, not enough’). If the participle "has explanatory words or is presented in a short form, then it is always written separately. Compare: An ill-informed reader will not understand this - 'an ignorant reader, an incompetent reader', however, it is possible that an uninformed reader will not understand this if it is necessary to express the meaning of 'insufficiently informed reader'; The reader, even little knowledgeable about the life of a modern village, after reading this, will be surprised - a participle with explanatory words has little meaning 'insufficient'; But Pronin was ready to believe him, because people performing duties “mailboxes, usually have little knowledge about the affairs in which they take part (Ov.) - few with a short participle form; B Soviet time Some ways of forming words, which were not widespread before, have become very productive. October revolution- a participle with explanatory words, so little is written separately. Little is written separately from the participle that follows it, even if little is preceded by an adverb of degree: a very little-studied problem, a relatively little-studied question.

3) If little is followed by an adjective (in full or short form, single or with explanatory words), then the continuous or separate spelling is determined by the meaning of the sentence: No, the editors refuse it. Little cultured, writes with mistakes (K.) -■ ‘uncultured’; Klim accepted Kutuzov’s rudeness as the innocence of a person of little culture (M. G.) - ‘not cultured enough’; As a friend, I scolded him... why is he so little cultured (Ch.) - the adverb so enhances the meaning of the adverb little; Yesterday unknown or little famous people today they have won the recognition and love of millions of people (Gaz.) - ‘unknown or insufficiently known’; My attempt to apply his methods... seemed to me far-fetched and uninteresting - ‘far-fetched and uninteresting’; However, it is no coincidence that the author asked the question: “How much do we know about the writer?” - The answer to it was not very encouraging - ‘disappointing’; Oh, of course! I now feel how little educated I am (L.T.) - ‘not educated enough’.

Notes: 1. In print, unfortunately, the difference in the meanings of mayu and what word (adjective or participle) it is combined with is not always taken into account. There are many unmotivated spellings, that is, those that do not follow from the meaning of the sentences. For example: Toxicologists said that 4-D butyl ether is still toxic. Low toxic, but still toxic (gas.) - you should write low toxic, since the combined writing (hence the meaning ‘non-toxic’) contradicts the statement that ether is toxic; Piastrov flashed in the houses of creative unions, and the little-informed creative people they asked the more knowledgeable... (gas.) - you should write less knowledgeable, since in the same sentence there is the phrase more knowledgeable, but in general the meaning is: ‘less (little) knowledgeable people asked more knowledgeable people’; You’ve barely read a few pages before you’re surrounded on all sides by a living, colorful and, of course, very familiar world (gas.) - you should write familiar, since the adverb of degree greatly enhances the meaning of little, rather than the adjective (cf.: very little intelligent person, very interesting book).

2. Complex adjectives with mayu (former adverb) should be distinguished from outwardly similar words such as low-weight, mausemeiny, low-circulation, formed according to the model

In the Russian language, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke errors. However, you should not be afraid of them, because there are clearly defined rules.

Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:

1. Derived from nouns spelled together. For example:

• Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (love of freedom).

2. Derived from phrases, the types of connections between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:

• railway ( Railway), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Krasnoarmeisky (Red Army), woodworking (processing wood), meat-procuring (procuring meat), rail-rolling (rolling rails), national (common for the people), etc.

This group also includes adjectives that denote a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like “adverb + adjective”. For example:

• wild, evergreen, highly respected, rarely used, etc.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper names are written with a small letter .

Note 2. Complex adjectives, formed by combining an adverb with a simple adjective, are often confused with phrases like “adverb + adjective (or participle),” which, naturally, are written separately. For example:

• childishly trusting, poorly hidden, wildly annoying, forever young .

Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable in nature.

3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:

• hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (tongue), deaf-mute, etc.

Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:

1. Derived from nouns that were originally written with a hyphen. This group also includes complex adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements), formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and last names. For example:

• diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, north-eastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
• Lev-Tolstvosky, Alexander-Pushkinsky, Stephen-King, Chuck-Polanovsky, etc.
• Erofey-Pavlovichsky

Note 1. The exception is the adjective “Zamoskvoretsky”, which is written together.

Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if the prefix appears in them:

• podalmaatsky, zaorehovozuevsky.

2. Derived from two or more equal words:

• interest-free, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.

2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and undertones. For example:

• rollingly loud, iridescently melodious, provocatively ringing;
• pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.

3. They are part of geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:

• North Caucasus, South Korean, East China, West Ukrainian, etc.

Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:

• Literary and artistic (club), mass political (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.

Note 2. Words whose first part is the stem “sam-”, “sama-” are also written with a hyphen. For example:

• Self-third, self-heel, etc.

They wrote together: Rybolovetsky - fish catcherRybolovetsky - fish catcher Graybeard - gray beardGreybeard - gray beard Waterproof - water does not penetrateWaterproof - water does not penetrate Three-masted - three mastsThree-masted - three masts Rhinoceros - rhinocerosRhinoceros - rhinoceros

Adjectives formed from compound nouns are written in the same way as nouns:Adjectives formed from compound nouns are written in the same way as nouns: water pipes(water supply), kindergarten courtyard (kindergarten), southwest wind (southwest).

Written with a hyphen: Blue-green (blue and green) Blue-green (blue and green) Dark gray (shade of color) Dark gray (shade of color) White-pink (white and pink, shade of color) White-pink (white and pink, shade of color) Southwestern (from southwest)Southwestern (from southwest)

Adjectives formed from two equal adjectives, between which the conjunction and can be placed, are written with a hyphen: adjectives formed from two equal adjectives, between which the conjunction and can be placed: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English) , white-pink (white and pink). Attention! Adjectives denoting shades of colors are always written with a hyphen: yellow-red. Attention! Adjectives denoting shades of colors are always written with a hyphen: yellow-red.

Spelling of complex adjectives Together With a hyphen 1. Formed from the phrase: gray-bearded, fishing 2. Formed from a complex noun that is written together: rhinoceros (from rhinoceros) 1. You can put the conjunction I: blue-green, dark gray, white-pink 2.Derived from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen: southwestern (from southwest)

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Russian language in aphorisms
Vekshin Nikolay L.

§ 26. Spelling of complex adjectives.

RULE-1. Compound adjectives are written together in the following cases:

a) when they are formed from compound nouns;

b) when they are formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another;

c) when they are used as terms or “book cliches”;

d) when they consist of parts, at least one of which is not used separately;

e) when their first part (usually: high-, low-, wide-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, weak-, higher-, lower- etc.) does not act as an independent member of the sentence.

EXAMPLES:

A) agrotechnical ;

b) Ancient Greek ;

V) large-block ;

G) universally understood (the first part does not exist as a separate word);

d) highly qualified .

PLEASE NOTE: In the absence of terminological meaning, separate spelling may occur.

EXAMPLE: grass growing wild on the mountain slopes (But: wild grass ).

PLEASE NOTE AGAIN. Complex adjectives, which contain an adverb as the first element and are written together, should be distinguished from phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective, which are written separately.

EXAMPLE: highly artistic , But: socially dangerous .

EXERCISE 1. Rewrite, opening the parentheses. Come up with short essay with some of the words.

(Sound) insulating, (false) classical, (car) repair, (mining) rescue, (natural) historical, (rail) road, (machine) construction, (petty) bourgeois, (national) economic, (average) annual, (labor) capable, (cast iron) foundry, (eternally) green, (smooth) barrel, (little) probable, (many) third-party, (acutely) scarce, (narrowly) departmental, (purely) woolen, absolutely (necessary) condition , impeccable (polite) treatment, angelic (meek) face, chemically (pure) substance.

RULE-2. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen in the following cases:

a) if they are formed from compound nouns containing a hyphen;

b) if they are formed from combinations of first names and surnames or two surnames;

c) if they are formed from stems denoting equal concepts, between which a union can be meaningfully inserted And or But ;

d) if they denote quality with an additional connotation;

e) if they indicate shades of colors;

f) if they are part of complex geographical or administrative names starting with a stem east, west and so on.;

g) if their first part is formed by a noun, and the second by an adjective;

h) if their first part, formed foreign word, ends with– iko .

EXAMPLES:

A) diesel engine ;

b) Leo Tolstoy style;

V) interest-free loan;

G) sweet and sour ;

d) grayish-greenish ;

e) Eastern European plain;

and) literary and artistic ;

h) chemical-technological .

EXERCISE 2. Rewrite, opening the parentheses.

(Ivanovo) Voznesensk weavers, (New) York skyscrapers, (Walter) Scott novels, (convex) concave lens, (gastro) intestinal tract, (leather) shoe industry, (red) (white) blue flag, (individual) team championship , (reporting) election campaign, (repair) technical station, (English) (Spanish) (German) Russian dictionary, (piecework) bonus payment, (cardio) vascular system, (commercial) industrial complex, (pulp) paper industry, (colorless) pale shades, (bitter) salty water, (good-natured) sly grin, (bilious) irritated tone, (manly) stern appearance, (roaring) loud voice, (sadly) grey colour, (pale) pink, (bottle) green, (golden) yellow, (ash) gray, (black) brown, (bright) red, (West) Siberian Lowland, (South) African Republic, (historical) philological faculty, ( dictionary) technical publications.

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23. Spelling of adjectives Endings of adjectives. 1. In m.r. in the accusative case singular. h. the ending is written -y or -im (what?), and in the prepositional case - -om or -em (what?), for example: enjoy (what?) the warm autumn wind; write about (what?) warm, autumn day.

Egorova Natalia Vladimirovna

Test 18. Spelling NOT with adjectives. Letters O and E after sibilants and C in adjective suffixes Option 1 A1. Which word is NOT part of the root? □ 1) careless □ 2) unpleasant □ 3) uninteresting □ 4) short A2. In which example is it NOT written together? □ 1) the dog is (not) evil, but kind □ 2) Somehow you look (not) good. □ 3) not at all (not) attractive □ 4) not at all (not) smart

Testing and measuring materials. Russian language. 6th grade Egorova Natalia Vladimirovna

Test 18. Spelling NOT with adjectives. Letters O and E after sibilants and C in adjective suffixes Option 2 A1. Which word is NOT part of the root? □ 1) not stupid □ 2) sloppy □ 3) dull □ 4) sad A2. In which example is it NOT written together? □ 1) very (not) beautiful □ 2) (not) light, but heavy □ 3) not at all (not) tasty □ 4) (not) healthy, but sick

Test 11. Spelling of vowels and consonants in full and short suffixes passive participles and short verbal adjectives. Combined and separate spelling NOT with participles Option 2 A1. In which participle is the letter E written at the place of the gap? □ 1) clouds scattered by the wind □ 2) the dough is kneaded □ 3) a lost key □ 4) wishes are heard A2. Which word has one letter N written in place of the gap?

Russian language and speech culture: Cheat sheet author unknown

51. STRESS IN ADJECTIVES The stress in short forms of adjectives is least stable. In short-form adjectives with the suffixes – ive-, – liv-, – chiv-, – im-, – n-, – aln-, – eln-, – ist– the stress falls on the same syllable as in adjectives full form: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful; talkative - talkative, talkative, talkative, talkative; stable - stable, stable, stable, stable, etc.

The art of IT project management Berkun Scott

A significant part of Russian orthography is occupied by the rules of hyphenation, separate and continuous spelling of word forms. Complex adjectives, examples of spelling of which will be given in the article, illustrate the rules of spelling of the Russian language.

Compound word - what is it?

The lexical arsenal of the Russian language includes simple words, consisting of one root, one base ( blue, young, red, autumn y). If a word consists of several stems or parts of stems, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.

Difficult word: ways of education

They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.

Difficult words: ways of education

Way	Description	Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples
Addition	Morphological in which a complex word is formed by merging stems with the help of a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones).	wool weaver, carnivorous, circulatory, long-range
Fusion	Lexical-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels is merged into a complex one.	two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy)
Abbreviation	Conventional phonetic method: a complex word (noun) is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters.	department store, salary, KamAZ, NATO, Unified State Exam

Compound adjectives: continuous spelling

The spelling of complex adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by complex examples which are given in the tables below.

In this case, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together, or be part of a phrase where the adjective is not part of the complex word.

Spelling compound adjectives

№	Rule	Compound adjectives: examples
Together
1	When forming a complex from a complex which is written together.	oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamship
2	When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from phrases “noun + adjective” that name geographical objects.	alpine skiing - alpine skiing, natural science - natural sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopolyansky - Yagodnaya Polyana
3	If the adjective denotes a scientific term or is a special word.	Lepidoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk canning, baking, geological exploration
4	If the first part of a compound word is as follows: high-, higher-, deep-, thick-, steep-, large-, light-, small-, small-, many-, low-, lower-, sharp-, flat-, strong-, weak-, thick- , thin-, hard-, heavy-, narrow-, wide-. If such elements have explanatory words, then the spelling is separate.	little-studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), well-known (widely known abroad)
5	general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late.	common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, early ripening, late Scythian

Compound adjectives: hyphenated

The set is written semi-continuously. Rules for hyphenation and compound adjective words (examples) are given in the table below.

№	Rule	Hyphenated compound adjectives: examples
Hyphenated
1	During education complex name adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen.	northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, since there is a prefix)
2	If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a first name and a surname. The exception is Eastern surnames.	Pushkin-Gogol, Lev-Tolstovsky, Jules Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh City)
3	If an adjective is formed by merging several equal words (a conjunction can be placed between them And or But).	convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional
4	If an adjective is formed by merging several equal but heterogeneous words.	official business, electronic computing, comparative historical
5	If the first part of a compound word is military, popular, mass, educational, scientific.	military-legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical
6	If the adjective reflects the shade of the color.	grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black
7	Compound adjectives-toponyms.	West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural

The phrase "adverb + adjective"

Complex words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.

So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally inwell-fed- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"

Spelling complex adjectives: examples from literature

In works fiction Compound adjectives are widely used.

They allow you to accurately describe an object and distinguish it from its environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky lilac distance, cloudy milky fog, matte pale foliage, blue-winged eagles, an impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, a thin, broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-ringing screams and others.