Spelling case endings of adjectives can be checked posing the question Which?, since the endings of the question word and the endings of adjectives coincide. The exception is the masculine nominative singular, where under stress the ending is written -Ouch(young Ouch man, field Ouch flower), and no accent is written th or -th(old th warrior, sin th handkerchief).
In the feminine gender in the nominative singular case it is written -and I or -yaya: new and I syn yaya sweater (which jacket?), and in the neuter gender it is written -oh or -her: new oh syn her coat (which coat?).
In the plural of all three genders the ending is written -s or -ies: new s syn no scarves, dresses, sweaters (which?).
In the masculine and neuter gender, the ending is written in the instrumental case of the singular -th or -them(answers the question what?), and in the prepositional - -ohm or -eat(answers the question which one?): admired the new th syn them suit (dress), talked about new ohm syn eat suit (dress).
In the feminine gender in the accusative case the singular ending is written -yy or -yuyu(answers the question which one?), and in the instrumental - -Ouch or -to her (-oh or -her) (answers the question Which? which one?): bought new wow syn yuyu jacket, admire the new Ouch (-oh) sin to her (-her) jacket.
After the sizzling at the end of adjectives under stress is written oh no accent is written e, For example: stranger O wow, great O wow, stranger O mu, big O mu; redhead e oh, more e go, red e mu, more eat at(compare with nouns).
After sibilants in adjectives under stress the suffix is written -ov-(penny ov oh, hedgehog ov oh, brocade ov oh, canvas ov y), and no accent- suffix -ev-(plush ev oh, klu h ev water).
Note. Something to remember writing a word desh ёв th(cf. cheaper).
In short adjectives under stress after sibilants is written O: the food is hot O (O ending), funny O n (O fluent in suffix).
In adjectives on -th, -ya, -ye(fox, fox, fox) in all forms, except nominative and accusative cases of singular masculine gender (fox), before graduation is written b: fox b him, fox b him, fox b And etc.
Diminutive adjectives are formed using a suffix -enk-: syn yenk oh, fat yenk th; after g, k, x possible and -onk-, And -enk-: lay down onk th And lay down yenk yay, wide onk th And wide yenk oh, quiet onk th And quiet yenk th.
In the suffix -an-, -yan- forming adjectives from nouns, one is written n: leather en oh, sand en oh, silver yang oh, except for three words: tree Jann oh, tin Jann y, glass Jann th.
In adjectives formed using a suffix -n- from nouns with a stem on n, spelled two n: kame NN oh, with NN oh, long NN th.
Note. From such adjectives must be distinguished adjectives with one n: Yu n oh, sir n Ouch etc. (they Dont Have suffix -n-).
In the suffix -in- forming adjectives from nouns with the meaning of belonging or property, one is written n: goose in oh, sparrow in oh, donkey in th.
Note. One n is written in a noun GOST in and I, which used to be an adjective: living room.
In the suffix -he N- forming adjectives from foreign words , spelled two n: division he N oh, revolution he N oh, constitution he N th.
In the suffix -enn- forming adjectives from nouns, two are written n: productions enne oh, celebrations enne oh, related enne oh, straw enne oh, cranberries enne th.
Note 1. Adjective wind en th written with one n. Adjectives with prefixes formed from the word wind , written with two n: without wind enne oh, behind wind enne oh, under wind enne th and so on. It is necessary to distinguish adjectives wind en th(with suffix -en-) And wind yang Ouch(with suffix -yan-). Suffix -en- written in adjectives meaning “with the wind”: wind en and I weather (weather with wind), wind en oh summer (summer with the wind), as well as used figuratively: wind en and I young woman, wind en oh behavior. These adjectives have a short form: the weather is windy, the girl is windy. Suffix -yan- used in adjectives meaning “driven by the wind”: wind yang and I mill, wind yang Ouch engine. These adjectives Dont Have short form . With suffix -yan- the name of the disease is also written: wind yang smallpox(chickenpox).
Note 2. In the first base compound adjectives spelled two n, if it is formed from an adjective with two n: wave NN o-tractor station(mashi station NN aya and tractor), wagon NN o-locomotive park(car park NN y and locomotive). But if the first stem is formed from a noun on n, then it says one thing n: wave n construction plant(machine construction plant), wagon n repair plant(wagon repair plant).
Note 3. Nouns on -Nick--nitsa And -ness, formed from adjectives with two n, are also written with two n: morning NN y-morning NN IR; society NN y-society NN IR society NN itza-society NN awn; revolutionary NN th-revolution NN awn; production NN y-production NN IR; this NN y-tse NN awn, and educated from adjectives with one n are also written with one n: hemp n y - hemp n ik, sand n y - sand n ik, yu n y - y n awn.
Note 4. With two n nouns formed using suffixes are also written -Nick – -nitsa from nouns with a stem on n: be friends n a - be friends NN ir-friend NN itza, mosh n a-moshe NN ik-moshe NN itza.
Full adjectives having two n, save them in a short form: this NN this thing is the thing NN A.
Before the suffix -sk- letter b written after l(village - village b sk ii) and in adjectives formed from the names of the months of ny, ry: December b sk th, November b sk th, jun b sk th, july b sk th(exception: word January sk th).
In other cases, after n And R before the suffix -sk- letter b not written: horse n sk hey, hero - rich R sk th.
To distinguish suffixes -To- And -sk-, we must remember what with the suffix -To- qualitative adjectives are formed, which have a short form(bottom To th - low, narrow To й - narrow), and with the suffix -sk- - relative adjectives, not having a short form(Frenchman sk yy, Kyrgyz sk oh, Circassian sk y).
Note. From nouns with a stem on k, h And ts relative adjectives are formed with a suffix -To- , and sounds To And h are replaced by sound ts: kaza To- kaza ts To oh, yeah h-tka ts To oh, no ts- mute ts To th. But in some, mainly bookish, formations sounds To And h do not change and the suffix is used -sk-: Uzbek To-Uzbek To sk yay, Ugli h-coals h sk y, also Pfahl ts-pfal ts sk th.
Adjectives on -yny in short form ends with -en: calmly yny-calm en, it's clear yny-it's sunny en , except worthy yny- worthy in .
Note. Short form participles honored from the verb honor written according to general rule: honored en .
Are being written With capital letter adjectives, formed from proper names using suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in-, -yn-(Gave ev dictionary, Ivan ov oh childhood, Liz in and the doll, Zhuchk in s puppies, etc.) with the exception of phraseological combinations used in a figurative sense, in which lost contact with own name (Adam ov oh apple, based ov and illness, sissy f ov labor, prokr y hundred bed, etc.).
Are being written with lowercase letter adjectives, formed from people's own names, if adjectives contain a suffix -sk- (T Urgenev sk"Notes of a Hunter" P Ushkin sk y style, l Ermontov sk prose, etc.).
Note. Capitalized adjectives are written with a suffix -sk-, If they are part of names that have meanings "name, memory", For example: L Omonosov sk no reading, L enin sk and I bonus.
Compound adjectives are usually formed with the help of a connecting vowel. Therefore, the basic rule for spelling most complex nouns (“write together if there is a connecting vowel, and with a hyphen if the complex noun is formed without a connecting vowel”) is unacceptable for spelling complex adjectives.
The spelling of compound adjectives together or with a hyphen is determined by the method of their formation.
Continuous writing
1. A complex adjective is written together, one of the parts of which is not used separately: fleeting, omnivorous, freshly shaved (and freshly shaved), empty-headed, publicly available, late-ripening, ancient written.
2. They write together complex adjectives formed from complex nouns that are written together: ball-bearing (ball bearing), foam silicate (foam silicate), reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete), cinder block (cinder block), fruit and vegetable (fruits; but: fruit and vegetable warehouse), oil field ( oil field), forest-steppe (forest-steppe), financial inspector (fininspektor), laurel cherry (laurel cherry), Anglo-Saxon (Anglo-Saxon), turbogenerator (turbogenerator), Don Juan (Don Juan), quixotic (don quixote). By analogy with the forest-steppe, it merges with the forest-meadow, mountain-forest (the words “forest-meadow” and “mountain forest” are not in the language).
3. Compound adjectives formed from an adjective and a noun are written: primitive communal (primitive community), private economic (private economy), national economic (national economy), typhoid (typhoid fever), mountain climatic (mountain climate), citric acid ( lemon acid; but: lemon yellow as a complex name for color), weak character (weak character), white marble ( white marble), natural science ( natural Sciences; but: scientific research - from synonymous adjectives), natural historical (natural history), spinal (spinal cord), meat-canning (canned meat; but: meat and dairy), hydrochloric acid (hydrochloric acid; but: salty-sour, salty-sweet - quality with an additional shade), early spring (early spring), foreign trade (foreign trade).
Among the words of this type there are many complex common adjectives formed from geographical names: Latin American (Latin America), East African ( East Africa), Middle Eastern (Middle East), East Siberian ( Eastern Siberia), Far Eastern (Far East).
Note. For the spelling of complex adjectives included in official geographical and administrative names, such as the East European Plain, South Kazakhstan Region, see below.
4. Write together complex adjectives formed from two words, one of which is subordinate to the other according to the method of management: car-building plant (construction of cars; but: car-locomotive depot), machine counting station (counting by machines; but: machine-tractor park), transplant plant (planting seedlings), grassland (meadow for grazing), benevolent (to wish well), waterproof (impermeable to water), tillage (cultivating the soil), corn silage harvesting, butter cheese making, etc. Complex terms without a connecting vowel are also written using the same rule: oxygen-releasing (giving oxygen), nitrogen-containing (containing nitrogen), gold-mining (mining gold), etc.
5. They write together complex adjectives formed from two heterogeneous adjectives, between which it is impossible to put conjunctions and, but, not only... but also: ancient church Slavic language(ancient church Slavic language), new Greek language(new Greek), compound sentence(complex composed sentence).
6. Writing complex symbols together chemical substances, expressed by adjectives: ferrous sulfide, oxalate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic, dibenzylethylenediamine.
7. A series of complex adjectives are written together, formed from a combination of an adverb and an adjective or participle. IN literary language There are two groups of similar adjectives. Some adjectives came into the literary language from terminological vocabulary: expensive goods, long-playing record; others arose and are emerging in book speech: highly artistic, unsympathetic, promising. The spelling of these complex adjectives is one of the most difficult cases, since the first components of words are used in the language as independent elements of phrases (cf.: highly organized - highly located, highly respected - imbued with much).
For an adverb to become the first part of a compound adjective, it is necessary following conditions: change in its meaning, violation of the grammatical relationship between an adverb and an adjective or participle (the first part of the word cannot act as a separate member of a sentence answering the questions “how?”, “in what way?”), impossibility of rearranging parts within compound word. The main condition is the first - a change in the lexical meaning: an adverb from an adverb turns into a word-forming morpheme, close to a prefix (which either completely loses stress or has a weakly stressed syllable). And this leads to the destruction of grammatical relations between an adverb and an adjective or participle and, as a consequence, to the impossibility of interchanging parts of a complex whole.
Only a few adverbs turn into prefixes, therefore, only a few adverbs form complex adjectives. Numerous adjectives in this group are formed according to certain patterns that are easy to remember. But the spelling of adjectives of this group is complicated by the penetration into the literary language of terms like high-speed cutting machine, by analogy with which erroneous spellings appear in non-terminological texts (for example, “fast-flowing river” means fast-flowing river). Let's look at some types of compound adjectives, the first part of which contains adverbs.
quickly... All the few formations written together are terms: high-speed cutting machine, high-speed steels, quick-hardening mixtures, fast-growing tree species. In literary language, complex adjectives with quickly are not formed, that is, quickly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: a rapidly growing city, quickly opening hatches, quickly falling twilight, quickly spoken phrases; a medicine that acts quickly on the body. In all such combinations, it does not quickly lose its lexical meaning and remains a member of the sentence - a circumstance.
Notes: 1. The word fast-flowing in a figurative sense is written together: fast-flowing life, fast-flowing time; and in the literal sense - separately: I'm going to Old city- through the fast-flowing Ankhor canal (gas).
2. The word fleeting is written together, since the second part is not used separately.
3. Pay attention to complex adjectives formed from the adjective bystry and the noun, which are always written together: bystrosmenny (quick change), high-speed (quick move), as well as quick-footed, quick-eyed, etc.
forever... Only a complex adjective of terminological origin is written together: evergreen: Periwinkle is a blue flower on an evergreen creeping bush; I am grateful to the trees for a long century, we will preserve the evergreen memory of him [Pushkin] (Az.). But with the short form of the adjective it is always written separately: He is forever green (Inb.); And even though the flower fades, it is forever green
4 No. 16 1 O
his escape (gas.). In all other cases, the adverb is forever written separately from the adjective or participle that follows it: forever young, forever alive; eternally red cliffs (Hertz.); the eternal blue sky of Florence (Drun.).
highly... This group of spelled compound adjectives is represented by a large number of words that actively appear both in book style and in terminology: highly intelligent, highly professional, highly paid, highly qualified, highly nutritious, highly courageous.
Note. Based on this model, many interesting new formations are created, often with a satirical overtones: And what a lackey he was in “The Fruits of Enlightenment!” Highly correct and arrogant! (Dor.); The Dynamo midfielder, in search of new ways of football tactics, approached the Torpedo player and hit him. highly technical blow to the face (gas).
As the first part of compound words vysoko, in contrast to the adverb vysoko, has the meaning ‘very, in highest degree’, is not a member of the sentence (you cannot ask the question “how?”) and has stress on the second syllable, and it is not the main one, but an additional one. Wed:
There was a threat of flooding of land that found itself in the vicinity of the highly raised dams of the Volga (gas).
We ourselves must try to allocate a gifted, and even more so highly gifted, artist for this work (Lun.).
The short forms of these adjectives are written together: Such deposits are usually highly productive (gas); A film with a morality set and designed specifically for it by the author, no matter how highly moral it may be, does not work (gas).
As part of a complex adjective, high is written together only if the second part is an adjective. If the second part is a participle, then high acts as a member of the sentence and is written separately, while, as a rule, there are other explanatory words in the sentence (either with the word high, or with the participle). Wed: A particularly high-ranking person in our brotherhood petitioned for you to be accepted into the brotherhood ahead of schedule (L.T.). - And they sit, and walk, and everything is upside down. Even the highest-ranking officials are upside down (M.); critic who highly appreciated the story (gaz.) - But the more ardently his admirers extolled him... the more merciless (Chekhov) was to himself and to all his - so highly valued - creativity (Chuk.). Wed. also: But St. Petersburg is a city of officials. And for officials the dream is for someone to fall from high standing (Dor.) - this example is interesting because here the author contrasts the direct meaning of the adverb high (‘ long distance up') and figurative ('very, extremely').
above... Written together: above, above, above, above, above, above, etc. (the meaning of above in the composition of these words is ‘before, before, on previous pages’). These formations easily split into two words, i.e., separate writing is possible, while the weakly stressed one above (as part of a complex word) receives independent stress: Communist art, pursuing the two above-mentioned goals...
(Lun-)- , „ .
Of all the numerous formations of this group, the words vyshesreoniy and superior (in the meaning of ‘superior in administrative terms’: a higher authority, a higher authority) are always written with consistency: The great strategist felt inspiration, an intoxicating state in front of the above-average blackmail (I.
I P.); He even wanted to clear his throat, as happens with people of average responsibility when talking with one of his superior comrades (I. and P.). Wed. interesting new formations by analogy: Yes, unfortunately, this happens - complaints descend: the one above him, the one below him, the one below him (gas.).
Note. In terminology, complex adjectives such as overlying (overlying quaternary formations) are possible, in which above has a direct meaning ‘located above something, above something’.
smoothly... Only terminological formations like smooth-colored are written together. In the general literary language, the adverb smoothly is always written separately from the participle that follows it: smoothly combed hair, smoothly flowing speech of the speaker, smoothly finished slabs.
deeply... Only the word deeply respected (‘very, very respected’) is written together. All other formations are free phrases (regardless of whether the adverb deeply has a direct or figurative meaning) - deeply artistic nature, deeply negative attitude, deeply substantiated interpretation of questions (‘seriously, completely, sufficiently conclusive’). Ivanov was interested in everyday life not in itself, but as a path to the secret, to the deeply hidden essence of human relationships (Kav.) - “not on the surface, hidden in the depths, inaccessible”; St. Petersburg is a multifaceted city... It is a living, deeply feeling city (M. G.) - ‘a very strong, intense, significant and complex feeling city’; The domes of the main cathedral, gold in deep blue azure through the branches of poplar (gas); deeply passionate poems (I.S.)
Notes: 1. Glubokb respecting is always written separately, like deeply located (‘nurturing sympathy’).
2. Deeply respected can be written separately if there are explanatory words with the participle: an engineer deeply respected by the workers.
densely... Only the word densely populated (‘densely populated’) is written together: The staircase of a densely populated house was always full of smells (Bakl.). But if the second part of a complex word is presented in a short form, then it should be written separately: This part of the city is densely populated. In all other cases, the adverb is written densely separately from the participle that follows it: a pack of large, densely written sheets; The children put their hats on their thickly greased hair. (Ser.).
Note. Complex names of colors with dense in the first part are written with a hyphen: dense green, dense purple,
a long time ago... It’s only written together linguistic term pluperfect. But that's it explanatory dictionaries they give this word in a continuous spelling and in the meaning of ‘happened a long time ago, a long time ago; very old’: I’m too lazy to describe long-past impressions (Vol.). However, in the general literary meaning, the words with long ago should be written separately: Traces of long-past affectation were noticed in it (T.); If she [the thought of Natasha] came, it was only as a pleasant memory of the long past (L. T.). In the sentence On the ceiling, according to a long-past fashion, cupid was presented (Hertz.) should be written long ago, since it has long required independent stress, being a circumstance in relation to the participle.
All other cases are phrases: I was with you, Russia,
in your long past, let me be with you in the future (V.F.).
long... Only the terms long-playing, long-living are written together: long-playing record, long-living nuclei. In all other cases, the adverb is written separately from the participle that follows it: Vermiculite is also a long-acting poison that is not washed off by rain for weed control (gas); This right should encourage the writer to create long-lasting works, and not ephemeral works (gas.).
expensive... The term expensive is written together: expensive goods. In practice, however, the adjective expensive is written together and in such combinations as expensive work, expensive construction, expensive entertainment, etc.: The current political campaign will be the most expensive in the entire history of the United States (gas.). In combination with other participles, the adverb expensive is always written separately: paid dearly, costly, priced dearly, selling dearly, etc.
easy... Only the terms are written together: lightly wounded, easily mobile, lightly armored, flammable, lightly armed, etc. Not in a terminological sense, it is easily written separately from the participle that follows it; cf: ward of the slightly wounded - lightly wounded in the arm; and also: easily vulnerable, easily explained, easily digestible, easily read.
Note: Adjective types frivolous, athletic, formed on the basis of coordinated combinations (cf.: easy thought, athletics), are always written together (see above).
little... Numerous complex adjectives of this group are written together: unfamiliar, poorly adapted, uninteresting, poorly inhabited, little known, unsuitable, undecent, unpleasant, unreliable, unlikely, inactive, little studied, little studied, insignificant, etc. The second part of such formations is most often represented by an adjective , less often a participle. In the language, however, there are similar phrases: little familiar, little adapted, little interesting, little inhabited, little known, little suitable, little decent, little pleasant, little reliable, little probable, little mobile, little explored, little studied, little meaningful. Compound words with little in the first part and similar phrases differ in meaning.
In phrases, little is an adverb, it has the meaning 'a little, not enough', as a member of a sentence - independently (answers the question “to what extent and degree?”), pronounced as a separate word with a distinct emphasis: What and to whom did the writer want to prove by telling about uninteresting and not particularly characteristic people... (Bl.); ...Children's literature of that time was an uninhabited, or at least sparsely inhabited, island (Marsh.).
As the first part of complex adjectives, the particles not have little meaning: If you mistakenly praised a work of little art, everyone will understand that you don’t understand anything, if for you such rubbish is a masterpiece (A.K.); The picture was declared mediocre, uninteresting, and unartistic (gas.).
Note: Quite often, complex adjectives with little in the first part are used as euphemisms - replacing words that are inconvenient or rude for a certain situation: The situation in the team has been created, to put it mildly, unpleasant (gas.).
Thus, if ‘not’ has little meaning, then it is written together with the adjective or participle that follows it. If little expresses the meaning ‘a little, not enough’, then it is an adverb and is written separately. The formulated rule requires some clarification.
1) Malo, as the first part of a compound word, is not combined with all participles. This circumstance is not always taken into account, which leads to erroneous spellings. For example, in the sentence Mikhail Leonidovich Himself seemed to me to be a man who had little success in the engineering field (gas) should be written little has succeeded: with the participle of having succeeded, the word little can only be an adverb.
2) Little is written together only with single full forms of the participle, i.e. only in this case little can have the meaning ‘not’ (separate writing is also possible if little has the meaning ‘a little, not enough’). If the participle "has explanatory words or is presented in a short form, then it is always written separately. Compare: An ill-informed reader will not understand this - 'an ignorant reader, an incompetent reader', however, it is possible that an uninformed reader will not understand this if it is necessary to express the meaning of “an insufficiently informed reader”; a reader, even one who is little informed about the life of a modern village, will be surprised after reading this - a participle with explanatory words has little meaning “insufficient”; “mailboxes, they are usually little informed about the affairs in which they take part (Ov.) - little with the short participle form B; Soviet time Some ways of forming words, which were not widespread before, have become very productive. October revolution- a participle with explanatory words, so little is written separately. Little is written separately from the participle that follows it, even if little is preceded by an adverb of degree: a very little-studied problem, a relatively little-studied question.
3) If little is followed by an adjective (in full or short form, single or with explanatory words), then the continuous or separate spelling is determined by the meaning of the sentence: No, the editors refuse it. Little cultured, writes with mistakes (K.) -■ ‘uncultured’; Klim accepted Kutuzov’s rudeness as the innocence of a person of little culture (M. G.) - ‘not cultured enough’; As a friend, I scolded him... why is he so little cultured (Ch.) - the adverb so enhances the meaning of the adverb little; Yesterday unknown or little famous people today they have won the recognition and love of millions of people (Gaz.) - ‘unknown or insufficiently known’; My attempt to apply his methods... seemed to me far-fetched and uninteresting - ‘far-fetched and uninteresting’; However, it is no coincidence that the author asked the question: “How much do we know about the writer?” - The answer to it was not very encouraging - ‘disappointing’; Oh, of course! I now feel how little educated I am (L.T.) - ‘not educated enough’.
Notes: 1. In print, unfortunately, the difference in the meanings of mayu and what word (adjective or participle) it is combined with is not always taken into account. There are many unmotivated spellings, that is, those that do not follow from the meaning of the sentences. For example: Toxicologists said that 4-D butyl ether is still toxic. Low toxic, but still toxic (gas.) - you should write low toxic, since the combined writing (hence the meaning ‘non-toxic’) contradicts the statement that ether is toxic; Piastrov flashed in the houses of creative unions, and the little-informed creative people they asked the more knowledgeable... (gas.) - you should write less knowledgeable, since in the same sentence there is the phrase more knowledgeable, but in general the meaning is: ‘less (little) knowledgeable people asked more knowledgeable people’; You’ve barely read a few pages before you’re surrounded on all sides by a living, colorful and, of course, very familiar world (gas.) - you should write familiar, since the adverb of degree greatly enhances the meaning of little, rather than the adjective (cf.: very little intelligent person, very interesting book).
2. Complex adjectives with mayu (former adverb) should be distinguished from outwardly similar words such as low-weight, mausemeiny, low-circulation, formed according to the model
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Russian language in aphorisms
Vekshin Nikolay L.
§ 26. Spelling of complex adjectives.
RULE-1. Compound adjectives are written together in the following cases:
a) when they are formed from compound nouns;
b) when they are formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another;
c) when they are used as terms or “book cliches”;
d) when they consist of parts, at least one of which is not used separately;
e) when their first part (usually: high-, low-, wide-, narrow-, many-, small-, strong-, weak-, higher-, lower- etc.) does not act as an independent member of the sentence.
EXAMPLES:
A) agrotechnical ;
b) Ancient Greek ;
V) large-block ;
G) universally understood (the first part does not exist as a separate word);
d) highly qualified .
PLEASE NOTE: In the absence of terminological meaning, separate spelling may occur.
EXAMPLE: grass growing wildly on the mountain slopes (But: wild grass ).
PLEASE NOTE AGAIN. Complex adjectives, which contain an adverb as the first element and are written together, should be distinguished from phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective, which are written separately.
EXAMPLE: highly artistic , But: socially dangerous .
EXERCISE 1. Rewrite, opening the parentheses. Come up with short essay with some of the words.
(Sound) insulating, (false) classical, (car) repair, (mining) rescue, (natural) historical, (rail) road, (machine) construction, (petty) bourgeois, (national) economic, (average) annual, (labor) capable, (cast iron) foundry, (eternally) green, (smooth) barrel, (little) probable, (many) third-party, (acutely) scarce, (narrowly) departmental, (purely) woolen, absolutely (necessary) condition , impeccable (polite) treatment, angelic (meek) face, chemically (pure) substance.
RULE-2. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen in the following cases:
a) if they are formed from compound nouns containing a hyphen;
b) if they are formed from combinations of first names and surnames or two surnames;
c) if they are formed from stems denoting equal concepts, between which a union can be meaningfully inserted And or But ;
d) if they denote quality with an additional connotation;
e) if they indicate shades of colors;
f) if they are part of complex geographical or administrative names starting with a stem east, west and so on.;
g) if their first part is formed by a noun, and the second by an adjective;
h) if their first part, formed by a foreign word, ends with– iko .
EXAMPLES:
A) diesel engine ;
b) Leo Tolstoy style;
V) interest-free loan;
G) sweet and sour ;
d) grayish-greenish ;
e) Eastern European plain;
and) literary and artistic ;
h) chemical-technological .
EXERCISE 2. Rewrite, opening the parentheses.
(Ivanovo) Voznesensk weavers, (New) York skyscrapers, (Walter) Scott novels, (convex) concave lens, (gastro) intestinal tract, (leather) shoe industry, (red) (white) blue flag, (individual) team championship , (reporting) election campaign, (repair) technical station, (English) (Spanish) (German) Russian dictionary, (piecework) bonus payment, (cardio) vascular system, (commercial) industrial complex, (pulp) paper industry, (colorless) pale shades, (bitter) salty water, (good-natured) sly grin, (bilious) irritated tone, (manly) stern appearance, (roaring) loud voice, (sadly) grey colour, (pale) pink, (bottle) green, (golden) yellow, (ash) gray, (black) brown, (bright) red, (West) Siberian Lowland, (South) African Republic, (historical) philological faculty, ( dictionary) technical publications.
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Russian language: School club activities: 5th grade Paskhalov Anatoly
Lesson 26 Devotion of adjectives The very name of the part of speech - the adjective - already contains an indication that this word should be “attached” or attached to something. What words are added to by adjectives? It is not difficult to answer this question.
Russian language in aphorisms Vekshin Nikolay L.
§ 25. Spelling of compound nouns. RULE-1. Compound nouns are written together if their first part is formed by the following elements: air-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, hydro-, zoo-, cinema-, macro-, micro-, motorcycle-, neo-, radio -, stereo, television, photo, electro. EXAMPLES: microscope, radio waves. PLEASE NOTE: the continuous spelling is preserved regardless of the number of specified elements in the word.
Russian language in aphorisms Vekshin Nikolay L.
§ 26. Spelling of complex adjectives. RULE-1. Compound adjectives are written together in the following cases: a) when they are formed from compound nouns; b) when they are formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another; c) when they are used as terms or “book cliches”; d) when they consist of parts, at least one of which is not used separately;
Russian language in aphorisms Vekshin Nikolay L.
§ 34. Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives. RULE-1. In full passive past participles, nn is written, and in short passive participles, one n is written. EXAMPLE: verified work - work has been verified. NOTE. With a short participle there is (or is thought of) a noun in the instrumental case.
Self-teacher of the Chechen language Aliroev Ibragim Yunusovich
23. ABOUT ADJECTIVES In the Chechen language, dependent and independent adjectives are distinguished, the former act as a determiner, and the latter act as a subject or object and are formed using the suffix -nig, for example: kainig - white, Iarzhanig - black, dikanig - good. Dependent adjectives always come before the word they define: Koran bIarr - window glass, neIaran tIam - door handle.
Self-teacher of the Chechen language Aliroev Ibragim Yunusovich
25. ONCE AGAIN ABOUT ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS Declension of adjectives Qualitative adjectives have two types of declension: dependent and independent. An independent (substantivized) qualitative adjective has different endings in all cases of both numbers, and a dependent one has only two case forms: one for the nominative case of both numbers, the other for all oblique cases of both numbers.
Russian language and culture of speech Zubkova A S
23. Spelling of adjectives Endings of adjectives. 1. In m.r. in the accusative case singular. h. the ending is written -ym or -im (which?), and in prepositional case- -om or -em (which?), for example: enjoy (what?) the warm autumn wind; write about (what?) warm, autumn day.
Egorova Natalia Vladimirovna
Test 18. Spelling NOT with adjectives. Letters O and E after sibilants and C in adjective suffixes Option 1 A1. Which word is NOT part of the root? □ 1) careless □ 2) unpleasant □ 3) uninteresting □ 4) short A2. In which example is it NOT written together? □ 1) the dog is (not) evil, but kind □ 2) Somehow you look (not) good. □ 3) not at all (not) attractive □ 4) not at all (not) smart
Testing and measuring materials. Russian language. 6th grade Egorova Natalia Vladimirovna
Test 18. Spelling NOT with adjectives. Letters O and E after sibilants and C in adjective suffixes Option 2 A1. Which word is NOT part of the root? □ 1) not stupid □ 2) sloppy □ 3) dull □ 4) sad A2. In which example is it NOT written together? □ 1) very (not) beautiful □ 2) (not) light, but heavy □ 3) not at all (not) tasty □ 4) (not) healthy, but sick
Test 11. Spelling of vowels and consonants in full and short suffixes passive participles and short verbal adjectives. Combined and separate spelling NOT with participles Option 2 A1. In which participle is the letter E written at the place of the gap? □ 1) clouds scattered by the wind □ 2) the dough is kneaded □ 3) a lost key □ 4) wishes are heard A2. Which word has one letter N written in place of the gap?
Russian language and speech culture: Cheat sheet author unknown
51. STRESS IN ADJECTIVES The stress in short forms of adjectives is least stable. In short-form adjectives with the suffixes – ive-, – liv-, – chiv-, – im-, – n-, – aln-, – eln-, – ist– the stress falls on the same syllable as in adjectives full form: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful; talkative - talkative, talkative, talkative, talkative; sustainable – stable, stable, stable, stable, etc.
The art of IT project management Berkun Scott
- compound adjectives formed from compound nouns written together, for example: chronicle (chronicle), local history (local history);
- complex adjectives formed from such combinations of words in which one word is subordinate in meaning to another (connected by means of coordination, control or adjacency), for example: widescreen (wide screen), cast iron (casting cast iron), precocious (which will soon ripen).
Notes
- Complex adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, should be distinguished from ordinary phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle), written APART, For example: diametrically opposite, purely Russian, Badly hidden, clearly expressed. In a sentence, the first part of the combination acts as a separate member of the sentence (answers questions How? in what degree? how?).
The first part of such phrases is adverbs absolutely ( absolutely calm), immaculate ( impeccably honest), vital ( vital necessary), originally ( originally Russian), true ( true revolutionary), truly ( truly scientific), straight ( directly opposite), sharply ( sharp negative), fatal ( fatal poisonous, fatal pale), strictly ( strictly logical) and etc.
APART phrases are written that include adverbs in -ski , For example: historically important.
- A number of compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, is written FULL. Such adjectives are bookish in nature and are often terms, denoting a single, integral concept, for example: highly ideological(play), highly qualified(specialist), above(example), easily soluble(material), insignificant(fact), promising(experiment), following(review), visually impaired(Human), difficult to reach(climb). If dependent words are used with such adjectives, then the adverb and adjective are usually written separately (i.e., they become a phrase). Compare: promising student(= very talented, promising) - student, promising but not fulfilling his obligations; difficult to reach (= almost inaccessible) vertex — difficult to access even for experienced climbers the summit.
With a hyphen it is written:
- compound adjectives formed from names, for example: northeastern (northeast), Orekhovo-Zuevo (Orekhovo-Zuevo);
- complex adjectives formed from combinations of words that are equal in meaning and independent of each other (connected by the method of composition), for example: interest-free deposits(interest-free, but winning), scientific and technical progress(scientific and technical), spinning mill(spinning and weaving), blue-white-red flag(blue, white and red) (in these cases, a conjunction can be inserted between the words from which a complex adjective is formed And or But );
- compound adjectives denoting shades of colors, for example: bright blue, silver gray, lemon yellow, dark brown, yellow red;
- compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from foreign words and ends in -iko , For example: chemical-technological, physical-mathematical, mechanical-mathematical(But: Great Russian, high society).
Notes
- With a hyphen compound adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation are written, for example: bitter-salty(salty and bitter) respectfully polite(polite and respectful).
- With a hyphen a number of complex adjectives are written, parts of which denote heterogeneous characteristics, for example: military-revolutionary Committee(military revolutionary), mass political Job(mass political), popular science magazine(scientific popular). It should be borne in mind that among complex adjectives there are many traditional spellings, for example: world historical(But: well-known), people's liberation(But: national economic). Therefore, if you have doubts about spelling, you should consult a spelling dictionary.
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An example of a lesson in which I integrate differentiated instruction and gaming technology.
Subject:
Spelling compound adjectives.
Target:
- Students will learn to write correctly, explaining the spelling of complex adjectives;
- Students will have the opportunity to systematize knowledge on the topic and determine the scope of application of complex adjectives.
Tasks:
- Organize students’ motivation to study complex adjectives, relying on social experience;
- Create conditions for identifying the level of knowledge of students on the topic through problematic questioning and interactive discussion;
- Organize students to study the material using differentiated learning technology;
- Create conditions for self-analysis and self-assessment using the game “Connoisseurs”.
Form of organization of cognitive activity:
work in groups, inclusion of each student in cooperation
Lesson equipment:
- Multimedia projector
- Presentation of slides “Spelling complex adjectives”
For clarity and to save time, some stages of the lesson can be illustrated with slides with texts (at the discretion of the teacher).
- Task cards
During the classes:
- Organizing a demonstration to students of mastery in the old way.
- Updating knowledge:
Listen to the text:
A nearsighted person sees poorly without glasses; but what exactly he sees, and exactly how objects appear to him - people with normal vision have a very vague idea about this. Meanwhile, there are quite a lot of myopic people, and it is useful to get acquainted with how they picture the world around them.
First of all, a nearsighted person (of course, without glasses) never sees sharp contours: all objects for him have blurry outlines. A person with normal vision, looking at a tree, distinguishes individual leaves and twigs that stand out clearly against the sky. The myopic person sees only a shapeless green mass of unclear, fantastic outlines; small details disappear for him.
For myopic people human faces appear generally younger and more attractive than to a person with normal vision; wrinkles and other minor facial imperfections are not noticed by them.
“At the Lyceum,” recalls the poet Delvig, a contemporary and friend of Pushkin, “I was forbidden to wear glasses, but all the women seemed beautiful to me; I was so disappointed after graduation!”
What people were discussed in the text?
Give the lexical meaning of the word MYOPIC.
(Poor vision at long distances// transfer . Undiscerning, short-sighted)
What is the antonym for the word MYOPIC (far-sighted)
Can you guess how the word MYOPIC was formed?
Modern word myopic comes from Old Russian nearsighted, i.e. « close-sighted " Then an interesting phonetic phenomenon occurred in the word: out of two identical sounding syllables (zo-zo), one dropped out, and it turned out myopic . Mistakenly associating a new word with a word hand , people started talking myopic.
- Organization of self-assessment by students of the degree of proficiency in current experience:
In the Russian language there are many words that characterize a person’s appearance, actions, and character from different angles. Form and name them:
- Short nose - (snub)
- Blue eyes - ( blue-eyed)
- Broad shoulders – ( broad-shouldered)
- Red cheeks – (red-cheeked)
- Enjoys life - ( cheerful)
- Loves himself - (proud)
What do all these words have in common? (way of education)
- Informing students about the limits of knowledge, focusing on the goal of learning
At least in today's lesson we will repeat the spelling of complex adjectives: cases of merged and hyphenated spelling.
As a maximum, you will have the opportunity to decide: where, when and how to apply complex names adjectives in life.
- Organization of studying educational material
Read the statements and give your opinion:
People can be hardworking when they are free.
D. Diderot
Do you agree with the statement? Give your reasons.
Reasoned statements from students.
I will give you freedom of choice homework, and you will show your hard work and show your knowledge.
Tell me what word is in this statement illustrates today's lesson topic? How was it formed?
I have one more statement to observe. Read and comment on it.
Comments from students.
Can we say that an individual author’s style is inherent in any professional?
Find compound adjectives in the sentences.
Problematic question:What determines the choice of continuous or hyphenated spelling of adjectives? Remember what you know about the topic. Write it down in the table.
Interactive discussion, working in groups. Everyone writes in a notebook.
Checking (group answers)
(Consolid or hyphenated spelling depends on how it was formedcompound adjective)
Let's expand our knowledge. You have a task, which I give you 15 minutes to complete.
- Work in groups to study lesson material
1 group
- Using the textbook material, mark in your notebooks and name the conditions for merged and separate writing compound adjectives.
- Form compound adjectives from the words written in brackets:
Machine (which gins cotton), paper (sensitive to light), factory (where ships are built), crop ( Ancient Rus'), dictionary (Russian and French), literature (on agriculture), factory (where carriages are repaired), park (carriage and locomotive), plan (average for the year), tablecloth (white, snowy).
2nd group
Write down a table in your notebook and fill it in with examples from Exercise 206.
Together |
pedestrian
railway ( Railway)
highly educated | Examples |
Apart |
sweet and sour
blue-black
English-Russian
physical and mathematical |
3 group
- Analyze the material in the table. Formulate and write down cases of fused and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives
Compound adjectives*** written together: white stone from white stone; car repair from car repairs; | Compound adjectives*** written with a hyphen: velvety-shaggy from velvety and shaggy. | Compound adjectives meaning*** are written with a hyphen. |
dizzy | hopelessly sad | faded lilac |
- Make up your own description (describe your character, temperament, interests, etc.) using complex adjectives from the table as much as possible.
Let's check what you accomplished during your work.
Group 1 - a coherent answer with examples. Group 2 – sample reasoning with examples. Group 3 – explains examples worked out independently, demonstrating the scope of application of complex adjectives.
- Organization of self-assessment, generalization of what has been learned
Practical application of educational material
You are given three minutes to complete the following tasks. There are envelopes on the tables, and they contain the same tasks. You go to the table, take out one sheet of paper with the task from the envelope and complete it. At the signal, move to the next table and also work as a team ( game "Connoisseurs").
Task No. 1 for the group.In many complex adjectives, the first part is formed by the words: high, deep, narrow, shallow, etc. Form complex adjectives by continuing the rows (you can use a dictionary).
High-: high vitamin;
Deep-: dear;
Fine-: fine-grained;
Narrowly-: highly specialized;
A lot of-: diversified;
Thick-: thick-legged;
Thick-: populous;
Large-: large panel;
Steeply: steeply curved;
Spicy: acutely deficient;
Pure: pure wool;
Above-: above;
Below-: undersigned.
Task No. 2 for the group. Test.
1. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:
A) (Highly) educated specialist
B) (24/7) work
C) (Ancient) Russian monument
D) (White)snow tablecloth
E) (Sci-fi) novel
2. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written together:
A) (North)eastern district
B) (Dark) green leaves
C) (socio)political magazine
D) (Ever)green shrub
E) (Deeply) respected by students
3. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:
A) (Clear) eyed
B) (Ancient) Greek
C) (Summer)written
D) (Military) employee
E) (North)eastern district
4. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:
A) (Lightly) winged
B) (Frost)resistant
C) (Straight)linear
D) (Dark) blue
E) (Summer) written
5. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:
A) Summer (written)
B) (Clear) eyed
C) (Light) green
D) (eloquent)
E) (Old) Russian
6. Determine the option in which the complex adjective is written with a hyphen:
A) (Lightly) winged
B) (South)western
C) (24/7)
D) (Straight)linear
E) (Clear) eyed
7. Identify a complex adjective that is written together:
A) (Straight)linear conversation
B) (Dark) burgundy color
C) (Kazakh) Russian dictionary
D) (Military) airborne assault
E) (North)eastern district
8. Define a complex adjective that is written together:
A) (sickly) sweet taste
B) (eloquent) young man
C) (North)eastern region
D) (Socio)political forum
E) (Light) blue sky
9. Determine the option with a complex adjective:
A) Travel by boat
B) Five millionth resident
C) Brave sailor
D) 24/7 duty
E) The four thousandth issue of the newspaper
10. Determine the option with a complex adjective:
A) Five thousandth issue of the magazine
B) Traveling by plane
C) evergreen plant
D) Digger's work
E) Seven millionth resident
Task No. 3 for the group.Game "Corrector". Correct any mistakes made in the text.
It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that only happen when the weather has settled for a long time. The sky has been clear since early morning; The morning dawn does not blaze with fire: it spreads with a gentle blush.
Around noon there usually appears many round, high clouds, golden-gray, with delicate white edges.
The color of the sky, light, pale lilac, does not change throughout the day and is the same all around; It doesn’t get dark anywhere, the thunderstorm doesn’t thicken; unless here and there bluish stripes stretch from top to bottom: then barely noticeable rain is falling.
In dry and clean air it smells of wormwood, compressed rye, buckwheat; even an hour before night you do not feel damp. The farmer wishes for similar weather for harvesting grain...
Guys need to fix:beautiful July, early, morning, golden-gray, light, lavender, farmer.
Summing up the work.
Meanwhile, students complete the table with conditions for writing complex adjectives, about which I learned it in class.
Announcement of results.
- Homework
Learn the material for today's lesson.
Optionally :
Compose a vocabulary dictation (20 words).
Prepare a presentation for the topic of the lesson.
Write a description (of yourself or any literary character) using compound adjectives.