There are two amazing letters in the Russian alphabet - a soft sign and a hard sign. They themselves do not represent any sounds. But they affect the neighbors.
The soft sign performs two important functions in the Russian language. It denotes the softness of the preceding consonant and is used as a dividing mark.
Sometimes a soft sign in a word is heard, but not . And vice versa... It’s difficult to remember all the rules and exceptions, but I really want to write correctly. It turns out that learning this is not at all difficult.
Soft sign after sizzling
There is no need for a soft sign after sibilants of the second declension singular (, garage), the first and second declension in the plural genitive (puddles, skis) and in short masculine adjectives answering the question “what?” For example: fresh - fresh, similar - similar. In a consonant with a consonant at the end (perishing, married, unbearable), the soft sign is also not used, but it should be written in the word wide open.
The soft sign is not written in the pronouns “our”, “your”, in the particle “alzh” and in the preposition “between”.
Soft sign to indicate the softness of consonants in writing
The soft sign is not written in the combinations: -chk- (line, crust), –chn– (bakery, laundry), -nch– (strum, bell), –nshch– (racer, bathhouse attendant), -rshch– (collector, wrangler ), –rch– (morel, ), –schn– (elegant, powerful), -st– (bridge, reed), -nt– (candy wrapper, edging).
IN foreign words with a double letter l the soft sign is not written (team, collegium, collie).
There is a rule for spelling compound numerals. If the second root in them is inclined, the soft sign should not be written. For example: eighteen - eighteen, fifteen - fifteen.
If the base of the word from which it is derived relative adjective, ends in –н, –рь, then a soft sign is not needed before the suffix -sk–. For example: beast - brutal, horse - horse. The exceptions are adjectives formed from the names of months (except January), words of Chinese origin and adjectives like day. For example: September, November, but January; Sichuan - Szechuan; day - day.
For nouns ending in -nya with a preceding consonant, a soft sign is not written. For example: tower - towers. Exception: young lady - young ladies, - kitchens, hawthorn - hawthorn.
To find out whether a soft sign is needed in a verb ending in –, ask a question about it. If there is no soft sign in the question, then there is no need to write a third person, a soft sign: “he (what is he doing?) studying,” “they (?) care.”
If you want to write correctly, do exercises to consolidate theory and read more.
Sources:
- Spelling of hard and soft characters
- Spelling soft sign at the end of words after sibilants
Writing the particle “not” with pronouns can present a real problem - after all, the Russian language is famous for its ambiguity in such matters. However, if you know a few simple rules, it might not be that difficult.
A pronoun is a special part of speech in the Russian language, which is usually used instead of denoting an object or being, as well as its properties and other characteristics. At the same time, the pronoun is characterized by its own spelling rules, including cases of spelling with the particle “not”.
Rules for writing the particle “not” with pronouns
The generality of the particle “not” when used with a pronoun states that in this situation they should be written separately. Moreover, this method of use concerns the most various types pronouns. In particular, those that denote an object, a creature, a sign of an object and other concepts. For example, the particle “not” is used in this way in the following cases: “not that”, “not you”, “not everyone” and so on.Special cases of using the particle “not” with pronouns
A separate situation is presented by the use of the particle “not” in negative pronouns. They can denote the absence of an object, a creature, a sign of an object or another object. For example, the group of such negative pronouns includes such as “nobody”, “nothing”. In addition, negative pronouns can also denote the uncertainty of the object in question, these include pronouns such as “something” or “someone”. It is noteworthy that in most of these pronouns the particle “not” will be stressed. If you encounter a situation where a negative particle is in an unstressed position, in most cases we're talking about about another particle - “neither”.In all the examples given and similar ones, the particle “not” should be written together with the pronoun. However, this rule applies only to situations where a negative pronoun is used without a preposition. If the situation in which a negative pronoun is used requires the presence of a preposition between the particle “not” and the main word, they should be written separately. For example, separate writing is required in the examples “no one”, “no one” and the like.
Finally, the special situation of using the particle “not” is associated with the phrase “no one else but.” In this case, obviously, there is the use of a negative pronoun with the partial “not” without a preposition, but it is an exception to the rule and requires separate writing particles and pronouns. The same rule applies to some variations of this phrase, namely: “no one else but”, “nothing else but”, “nothing else but”. However, this rule applies only to the given variants of phrases; in other combinations, the usual rules for writing the particle “not” apply.
Video on the topic
Sources:
- Spelling "not" with pronouns
"b" (soft sign) is Slavic in origin. In the ancient Cyrillic alphabet there was the letter “er”, which conveyed a reduced (weakened) sound almost like a zero sound or like a vowel close to the sounds [o] and [e]. After the loss of reduced sounds in the Old Russian language, the need for the letter “er” disappeared, but it did not disappear from the alphabet, but was transformed into a soft sign and got my special purpose.
The letter "b" acts as a separator sign a: before the letters “e, ё, yu, ya, and” in roots, suffixes and endings of nominal parts of speech in Russian and borrowed words (weeds, sparrows, quarry, voronyo); in a small group foreign words before the letter “o” (pavilion, broth). The letter “b” is used to indicate the softness of consonants: at the end of a word (except for hissing ones): horse, ; in the middle of a word before a solid consonant: wedding, nanny; in the middle of a word between soft consonants, if when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard: take (take), na zorka (dawn); to indicate softness "l": orange, glazier. Another function of soft sign a – designation of the grammatical form of the word: a noun in the nominative and accusative case, ending in (daughter, wilderness, speech); in the instrumental case (by children, people); in various verbal forms - infinitive (bake, sit), imperative mood (cut, cut), in the second person form (, ); in adverbs that end in hissing sounds (backwards, ); in grammatical forms - at the end of words from five to forty (seven, twenty), and after forty - in the middle of cardinal numbers (fifty, five hundred). Please note that in the adverbs “uzh”, “married”, “unbearable” it is soft sign not .Also soft sign is not used in the genitive plural form of nouns that end in the combination “nya”, and in words derived from them with the suffix -k-, when in the nominative singular form this combination is preceded by a consonant: basen (), vyshen () . Exceptions include the words: young ladies, boyaryshen, kitchens, sheets. Remember that the letter “b” is written in adjectives formed from nouns - names of calendar months: June, October. An exception is the word “January”.
Video on the topic
Everyone knows perfectly well that in the Russian alphabet there are two letters that do not indicate a sound, cannot begin words and cannot be capitalized. Of course, these are soft and hard signs. It is no coincidence that these letters are called “signs”: their use helps to correctly convey the sound of words. With the help of a soft sign, in addition, grammatical forms of words related to different parts speech. Consider spelling options for this sign.
The rules of the Russian language are quite difficult to master, because many of them involve different conditions writings, as well as exceptions to the rules. Therefore, in order to write competently, you need to clearly know and understand how the rules of the Russian language work in writing. Today we will talk about how to write a soft sign in different words.
Spelling soft sign
- When is a soft separator written? Everything is simple here: the soft separating sign is written after the consonants and before the vowels e, i, yu, i inside words (but not after prefixes). Examples: family, blizzard, career, weeds.
- A soft sign is written at the end of words after paired consonants to indicate softness: ice hole, frost, notebook.
- The soft sign is written after the letter "o" in some words foreign origin. Examples: postman, broth.
- In complex numerals, formed from simple ones, in which there is a soft sign, this letter is also written. For example: five - fifty; nine - nine hundred. But the exception is similar numerals: seventeen, sixteen, etc. A soft sign is not written in the middle of these numerals.
- The soft sign is written in verbs in the imperative mood before -te and -sya (go - go, send) and in indefinite forms before -sya (return, cut your hair, shrink).
- Often a soft sign is written to indicate softness at the end of words after a hard consonant (dark, cook) and in the middle of a word (mowing, less).
- The soft sign is used in the plural form of the instrumental case: four, children.
- If a consonant comes before another soft consonant, then a soft sign is placed between them in two cases. First: if, after changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft (svadvaye - wedding). Second: to denote the softness of the “l”: clings, boy, herring.
- A soft sign is written in the middle of a compound word if its first part ends in ь: salvage, village council.
Soft sign after sizzling
The soft sign is often not used in words after the hissing words zh, ch, sh and shch. But there are several exception cases. Where is the soft sign written after the hissing ones?
- In the endings of verbs after “sh” in the 2nd person handicap, singular. including the future and present tenses: if you draw, you draw, you play, you play.
- At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: mouse, daughter, rye.
- Command at the end of verbs. inclination in units including: eat, smear - smear.
- Also in the imperative mood in verbs a soft sign is written before -te and -te: smear yourself, eat.
- The soft sign is written in the indefinite form of the verb: guard, beware.
- The soft sign is used in all adverbs that end in sh and h, as well as at the ends of particles: away, completely, completely, just, I mean. The soft sign is not written after the hissing w in the following exception words: unbearable, already, married.
Where a soft sign is not written
- In verbs in the form of 3rd person singular. numbers (what does he do?): cooks, draws, writes.
- In nouns in the gender form. plural case numbers after -en: cherry. Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawthorns.
- Plural in nouns. birth numbers case with the base on hissing: spectacles, shooting ranges, groves.
- At the end of masculine nouns: ball, doctor, knife.
- At the end of short adjectives: good, hot.
- Between two soft l: illumination.
- In combinations chn, chk, rch, nch, nsch, rsch: brighter, lamplighter, nurse.
- In other combinations between two consonants (except those in the previous paragraph): bunch, cane.
This is such a difficult letter - a soft sign. When it is written in different words, you now know. At first glance, it is very difficult to remember this rule with numerous points, but once you learn it through examples, by analogy you will already write similar words correctly, knowing exactly whether to put a soft sign in them or not.
The soft sign is one of those letters that often makes the writer have difficulty choosing correct option writing. Moreover, several types of spellings are associated with it. Let's try to deal with one of them.
Why do you need a soft sign?
The soft sign does not indicate any sound. Nevertheless, we use it quite often in writing.
The soft sign in Russian is never used after a vowel, И or at the beginning of a word.
Soft sign performs three main functions :
- denotes softness of consonants in the middle before consonants and at the end of a word ( softening sign).
- indicates that E, Yo, Yu, Ya after a consonant indicate two sounds; also “separates” the consonant and the following I, sometimes O ( separator mark).
- helps to determine the grammatical features of a word (after sibilants at the end of the word - grammatical mark).
It is about the spelling of the soft sign after the hissing ones that we will now talk about.
Why do we need a soft sign after the hissing ones?
So why do we write a soft sign in the field of hissing words at the end? After all, it cannot separate anything (there is no vowel after it).
It cannot perform a softening function either: all hissing ones are either always soft (why do they also need a soft sign?), or always hard (and the soft sign is not able to change this situation).
To answer this question, let's look at the words.
Suppose there are such words: chuch, myash and kick. These are nouns. Can we determine their gender and declension?
We can say with confidence that the word “chuch” is feminine in the 3rd declension, and “myash” is masculine in the 2nd declension. It’s impossible to say anything about “ping”. Why? Because we know: only in feminine nouns of the 3rd declension, after sibilants, a soft sign is written at the end. And after other letters - not hissing - it can be written in both the 3rd declension (steppe) and the 2nd (horse). And this is understandable: after other consonants paired in hardness and softness, the soft sign denotes softness, and not a grammatical category.
A soft sign in itself cannot be the ending of a word, although it stands at the end; it can be part of the ending (-eat, -ish) or the root (mouse, bake, cut, wide open).
Rules
The spelling of a soft sign after a sibilant at the end depends on the part of speech. Therefore, before writing or not writing b, we need to determine which part of speech is in front of us. Some of the rules related to this issue are studied in primary school(soft sign at the end of nouns and in 2nd person singular verbs), part - in the 5th grade (writing short adjectives), part - in the 6th grade (imperative verbs) and, finally, adverbs and particles are considered in the 7th grade.
So, a soft sign at the end after the hissing ones is written:
- Nouns have 3 declensions: daughter, dry land, wasteland, help.
- In verbs, the 2nd person singular, in the imperative mood and in the indefinite form - that is, wherever a soft sign can appear at the end of a word after a hissing one: lie down, find out, appoint.
- In adverbs (exceptions: I can’t bear to get married): back, backhand, away.
- In some particles: just, you see, you know.
The soft sign in verbs is preserved before -sya or -te: appoint, bake, break up.
Soft sign not written:
- Nouns have 2 declensions: baby, raincoat, crying.
- In nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension in the plural genitive case: clouds, shoulders, groves.
- In short adjectives: powerful, tenacious, lily.
- In adverbs that are exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.
In this article we will look in detail at when it is written after sibilants in verbs, nouns and adverbs. We will also show with clear examples typical mistakes writing soft sign after hissing ones.
There are only 4 hissing letters in the Russian language. These are the letters Ш, Ж, Ш and Ш. The main cases concerning the writing of b after sibilants are the writing of a soft sign after sibilants in a verb, at the end of nouns and adverbs. Let's look at each case separately.
When is b written after sibilants in a verb?
The answer is clear:
“We ALWAYS write a soft sign after hissing verbs!”
Textbooks most often list that “b” is written if the verb is in the infinitive (answers the question, what to do? or what to do?), in the second person singular (combined with the pronoun you) or in the imperative mood (indicates for action).
It is not necessary to remember all this, since in all other forms there are no hissing words at the end.
Let's look at examples.
Infinitives: attract, burn, lie down.
Second person, singular: write, love, breathe.
Imperative form: cut, spread, eat!
By the way, a soft sign can appear not only at the end of verbs. When adding -sya and -those after hissing letter"b" is retained. For example: cut, spread, fall in love.
The most popular mistake with a soft sign in verbs is writing it between -t and -sya in different persons. If we write " to shave"(what to do? with a soft sign), then " shaves"(what does it do?) we will write without b. The rule is simple: “ If the question has a “b” at the end, then we also write a soft sign between –t and –xia.“We remember that the letter T is not a hissing letter, so this rule is not entirely on the topic of the article.
We looked at verbs. Let's move on to nouns!
Soft sign after sibilants at the end of nouns
The rule is quite simple:
“b is written after hissing nouns at the end ONLY if the noun is feminine singular!”
In all other cases, b is NOT written after hissing nouns at the end.
Let's look at examples.
With a soft sign after hissing ones:
Rye, night, lie, thing, daughter.
“The queen gave birth that night to either a son or a daughter.” A.S. Pushkin.
The feminine singular can be determined by substituting the pronoun “my”.
My daughter, my lie, my whim.
Without soft sign:
Doctor, knife, many clouds, many pears, brick, roll, scarecrow, Alexander Sergeevich.
“Above him is a golden ray of sun…” M.Yu. Lermontov.
As we see, the soft sign is not written after masculine singular nouns, in plural nouns, or at the end of masculine patronymics.
It's easier to remember when a soft sign is written in nouns than when it is not written :) .
Soft sign after hissing adverbs at the end
Everything here is also quite simple:
“b is ALWAYS written after hissing adverbs at the end, with the exception of the adverbs: already, married, unbearable.”
Examples: away, completely, backhand, just, gallop, wide open, backwards, exactly the same.
It is very important to understand what an adverb is because common mistake: writing a soft sign after sibilants in short adjectives.
Good, handsome, hot, powerful, smelly, etc. are written without a soft sign.
How to distinguish a short adjective from an adverb?
The adverb answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? For what? …and most often: How?
An adverb denotes a sign of action, that is, refers to a verb. He walked away. He refused outright. He repeated it exactly.
A short adjective answers the question: What? And denotes the attribute of an object. That is, to refer to a noun. The house is good. The shower is hot. Wind, wind, you are powerful...
In addition to verbs, nouns, adverbs and short adjectives, b after sibilants is found in particles and pronouns. In them, most people write the soft sign intuitively correctly and remembering these cases, in our opinion, is not so important.
However, for reference:
In particles with hissing endings, the soft sign is always written. These are particles: look, just, look, see.
Examples of using particles in sentences:
I mean, that's how it is. Look what I found. It's just thunder.
There are only two pronouns: OUR and YOURS. In them SOFT SIGN IS NOT WRITTEN.
Here, in fact, are all the main cases of using b after sibilants.
To reinforce this, we also present to your attention a diagram that combines everything that has been said above regarding writing a soft sign after hissing ones. 
If you have any questions about when it is written after sibilants in nouns, verbs, adverbs or other parts of speech, be sure to write them in the comments.
Spelling a soft sign at the end of words after sibilants
In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:
In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).
Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.
1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise
We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)
Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“The Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)
This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (“Dead Souls”, N.V. Gogol)
This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
And just think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore he had to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person... (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I told him... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
It will fall on its own when it is ripe, and if you pick it green, you will ruin the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
Nikolai, in two words, bought for six thousand_seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the horse-drawn end of his repairs. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)
On the other side of the fence, the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Nothing could come out now except falsehood and lies; and falsehood and lies were disgusting to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
No one declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and want to help them, said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
And in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, waiting for a decision every day. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)
Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Lisa slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)
And there is one key there, three times larger than all of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
“Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you,” the mustache said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
The crying of poor, consumptive, orphaned Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have a strong effect on the audience. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched out convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Ditch_! - Luzhin screamed, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
Marfa Terentyevna did not let up, but pestered the mayor more and more: take out Bonaparte, and in the end he will become exhausted. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
Whatever fires out of a gun will shoot right through your heart, whatever you wave with a saber will take your head off your shoulders. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He made numerous campaigns against debtors and was so eager for spectacle that he would flog anyone without himself.
didn't trust. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, “other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts!..” (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)
I thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up under my feet, that a tornado would fly from somewhere and swallow everything, everything at once... (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies in addition. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).