8.1.1. Quote source

It should be the cited publication (work), and not the publication (work) of another author, where the quoted text is given as an excerpt (for an exception, see 8.1.2).

In case of several (many) editions of the cited work, it is recommended to choose a textually authoritative publication as a source (for example, academic collected works), if the purpose of the text does not require quoting another publication (being analyzed, criticized, etc.).

Papr., when quoting “Kholstomer” by L.P. Tolstoy, it is better to choose a non-anniversary Complete book as a source. collection op. writer, and a later miniature edition of the story (M.: Book, 1979), in which E. G. Babaev, who prepared it, introduced 21 reasonable clarifications in comparison with the text in the Complete volume. collection op., correcting the errors that crept into his text, sometimes rude (“young fellow” instead of “boy”, “bad horses” instead of “quiet horses”, “long” instead of “at home”, “shut up” instead of “laughed”).

8.1.2. Quote by quote

As a rule, it is prohibited. Permissible as an exception in cases where:

1) the original source is unavailable or difficult to find;

2) a published archival document is quoted, and reproducing the text from an archival source may unlawfully give the citation the character of an archival research;

3) the quoted text became known from the recording of the author's words in the memoirs of another person.

8.1.3. Basic conditions for semantic accuracy of citation

1. Quoting a logically complete fragment of text, i.e. with completeness that would guarantee the invariance of the meaning conveyed in the source and quotation (without arbitrary breaking of the quoted text, without pulling out words and phrases from the context of the source, when both lead to a change in the meaning or shade of meaning source).

2. For the sake of saving space, discarding words of a quotation that are not necessary for quoting purposes only in the case when this does not affect its meaning.

8.1.4. Techniques for checking the semantic accuracy of citations

In order to prevent distortions of the thoughts of the quoted author, it is advisable:

1. When checking a quotation with a source, also read the text preceding and/or following it, and compare the meaning of a wide fragment of the text in which the quotation is included with the quotation itself. Eg:

Text with quote:

The outstanding Soviet director G. A. Tovstonogov makes a very categorical statement: “As soon as words begin to be heard in the theater, modern theater ends.”

Fragment of the source from which the quote is extracted:

Words in modern theater should not be listened to, but entered into our consciousness through action. As soon as words begin to be heard in the theater, modern theater ends. We do not have the right to listen to words separately in the theater and watch actions separately. We must hear and see at the same time.

It is clear that Tovstonogov’s thought is presented distortedly, that the quote is only an incomplete part of the thought formulated by the director, and its essence becomes clear only in context. Having taken a phrase out of it, the quoter attributed to Tovstonogov something that was not in his text, although the literal accuracy of the quotation was observed.

For example, the author of the editing manual, to illustrate the words of V. A. Karpinsky that Lenin the editor “limited himself to the minimum of necessary amendments,” cited as an example part of the text from V. A. Karpinsky’s article “Peasant Congress” before and after Lenin's amendments, where only the particle “not” was actually inserted twice.

Meanwhile, the quoted text was followed by Karpinsky’s text, which Lenin crossed out and replaced with his own, and which was three times larger in volume than the quoted text with two supposedly small amendments, but in fact changing the meaning to the exact opposite. So Lenin’s correction in Karpinsky’s article illustrates not the minimality of corrections, but quite the opposite, their large volume. The example was chosen poorly by the quoter, and to make it unnoticeable, he cut off the quote. The editor could notice this only by comparing the quote with a wide fragment of the source, reading there not only the quoted text, but also the text that follows it.

2. Compare the subject of thought in the source with the subject of thought to which the quotation is attributed by the author quoting it, in order to avoid discrepancies between them, which at least devalue the quotation. Eg:

Text with quote:

Scientists believe that it is far from possible to correctly orient eye movements during such long and intense reading as proofreading. simple task. Fortunately, reading skills can be significantly improved even in adults who are perfectly literate. Goethe was not far from the truth when he jokingly complained to Eckermann: “These good people have no idea how much time and labor it takes to learn to read. I have spent eighty years on this and still cannot say that I have achieved my goal.”

Here, the author of the above text used Goethe’s statement about the ability to read as the ability to comprehend the author’s intention as evidence that improving technology. reading skills is never too late. The subject of thought in the source and the quotator differs, and, therefore, the quotation is inappropriate.

3. Check what time the quotation is talking about and whether it is legal to attribute what is said in it to another time, as the quoting person does.

4. Compare the meaning of the quote with the conclusions that the quoting author draws from it in order to check whether these conclusions really follow from the quote. Papr.:

Text with quote:

The information explosion that we are witnessing was presciently foreseen back in 1844 by young Engels. “Science,” he wrote, “moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge inherited from previous generations.” In accordance with this formula, every 10-15 years the volume of printed scientific and technical information doubles.

The quoted phrase of Engels in no way follows the conclusion drawn after it by the quoting author. First, just because the volume of information doubles, it does not at all follow that the mass of knowledge increases in the same proportion. Secondly, about the period for which the volume of scientific and technical. information doubles, Engels has no speech at all. From Engels' phrase it follows only that science moves forward in proportion to the mass of knowledge it inherits, and nothing more. The mass of knowledge increases - science moves forward in proportion to this. The author's conclusions do not follow from the quotation, and, therefore, either the quotation is inappropriate or the conclusions need clarification.

8.1.5. Conditions for literal citation accuracy

The quotation must follow the source word for word, letter for letter, punctuation mark for punctuation, with some exceptions - see below, 8.1.6-8.1.9.

8.1.6. Spelling and punctuation in quotes

The text of the quotation, as a rule, is given in accordance with the rules and regulations of spelling and punctuation in force at the time of publication. Eg:

In the source:	In quote:
Western European	Western European

It is also permissible to correct obvious typos, provided that the correction is specified in the note, but this is advisable to do only in cases where the quoting person needs to comment on an error in the quotation.

8.1.7. Abbreviations in quotations

Words arbitrarily abbreviated in the source are permitted, as well as words that are abbreviated in the quotation but not abbreviated in the main text. text, write in detail, enclosing the completed parts of words in straight or angular brackets and omitting the period as a sign of abbreviation. Eg:

because]; because]; N.G. Chernyshevsky writes that he “...has established an opinion borrowed from Domestic Notes...”.

When quoting documents, angle brackets usually indicate crossed out text, and straight brackets indicate abbreviated words expanded by the quoter.

When abbreviated words are easily understood by the reader, do not cause misunderstandings when reading and do not violate the uniformity of abbreviations in the publication, it is not advisable to expand the abbreviated words. It is undesirable to expand abbreviated words if the abbreviated spelling conveys the peculiarity of the pronunciation of the name, first name and patronymic, etc.

8.1.8. Banknotes in quotes

You can omit one or more words or even sentences if the thought of the author of the quote is not distorted and if the reader is notified of the bill by an ellipsis in the place of the omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets in the place of the omitted sentences. See 8.5.

8.1.9. Quoting individual words and phrases

When quoting in this way, it is permissible not to put an ellipsis, because it is already clear to the reader that words are omitted before and after the quoted words. Eg:

Pechorin said that “in a vain struggle” he had already “exhausted both the heat of his soul and the constancy of his will”... (Eikhenbaum B.M. About prose. M., 1969. P. 285).

However, the omission of a word within a quoted phrase is indicated by an ellipsis.

8.1.10. Changing the case of words in a quotation against the original source

Such a deviation from the original source is possible in cases where individual words and phrases are quoted. Eg:

8.1.11. Addition of signs

In a poetic quotation, typed as prose inside the main. text in the selection with it, a single or double slash or a single or double vertical ruler is introduced to indicate poetic lines at the places where one poetic line ends and another begins.

The punctuation mark before such a sign and the capital letter at the beginning of the line after the sign are retained. Eg:

...Thanks to my involvement in art, the act of poetic creativity... (“With silent triumph on my face // I open the facets of verse...”).

8.1.12. Emphasis in quotation

When highlighting in a quote:

1. It is advisable to preserve the source selection form. If according to technical reasons, this is impossible, then it is allowed to replace such a form with another, similar in strength, with a reservation once in a note. Eg:

“...In the matter of artistic criticism, Kramskoy is the true Belinsky,” wrote V.V. Stasov (in the source - bold).

2. The highlighting of words by those quoting must be marked or specified in a footnote. For example, the note at the first quote from one source:

* In unspecified cases, italics in quotations are ours. - A.M.

3. It is not necessary to specify the emphasis of words belonging to the author of the quote, except in cases where there are only several authors in quotes from one source. emphases and a lot of emphases from the quoter. Then it is better, more economical, to mark the author. highlighting, and specify the citing one’s highlighting in the note or apply different forms of highlighting, specifying only the form of highlighting of the words by the citing one. Preferred if possible different shape selections by the author and those quoting, indicating this in a note. Eg: Quote (italics - the author of the quote, bold - ours).

If the publication can be read inconsistently, it is more appropriate to place all reservations about emphases not in the notes, but at the end of the preface, or on the back of the title. l., after the list of abbreviations, i.e. in a place that the reader probably will not miss.

8.1.13. Highlighting quotes

It is advisable to highlight multi-line and especially multi-paragraph quotations, since the reader often loses orientation and wastes time trying to figure out whether the quotation has already ended or not.

Quotation form: a) retraction, if the quotation does not exceed a page; b) a retractor with a vertical ruler in it, if the quotation occupies the entire page; c) set in a smaller font size (for example, petit or borges in case) in the cases as in paragraph “b”; d) typing in a font of a different typeface in the same cases as in paragraph “b”.

8.2. Using quotation marks

8.2.1. Quotes enclosed in quotation marks

Typed in the same way as basic. The text and quotes inside it are enclosed in quotation marks to show the boundaries of each - the beginning and the end.

8.2.2. Quotes not in quotation marks

These are quotes graphically separated from the main ones. text:

1. Highlighted in a font or non-font method (with a font of a different size, design, style; retracted; printed with a paint other than the main text) or if the context makes it clear to the reader that there is a quotation in front of him. For example: Pushkin wrote to his wife: Something my children and
my books?

2. Taken from poetic works, preserving the division into poetic lines and typed on a narrower line than the main one. text, format or font lower than the main font. font text. Eg:

Let's remember Pushkin's lines:

The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it!
A lesson to good fellows.

3. Quotes-epigraphs, if they are not accompanied by any non-quoted text.

8.2.3. Placement of quotation marks

Quotation marks delimiting a quotation are placed only at the beginning and end of it, regardless of the size of the quotation and the number of paragraphs in it.

8.2.4. Quote drawing

1. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used in the main text. text as main ones.

2. If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (external quotation marks are usually Christmas trees “ ”, internal quotation marks are paws “ “”).

If according to technical For some reason, it is impossible to set quotes from another picture; quotes from one picture are not repeated next to each other. For example, it is incorrect: ““My gypsies are not for sale at all,” Pushkin complained. It is better, however, to highlight quotes in some way by removing the outer quotes, for example, type quotes with a retract and indented paragraphs.

3. If the quotation contains quotation marks of the “third stage”, i.e., inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, i.e. paws, are recommended as the latter.

M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of ​​the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic."

8.3. Paragraphs when quoting

8.3.1. In-quote paragraphs

Preserved as in the source, except when quotations include only a minor part of the text of both paragraphs (for example, the last phrase of one and the beginning phrase of the other).

8.3.2. Quotes starting with paragraph indentation

1. Quotes of two or more paragraphs.

2. Quotes whose meaning they want to especially emphasize.

3. Quotes that begin the main paragraph. text.

8.4. Uppercase and lowercase letters at the beginning of a quote

8.4.1. Quotes starting with a capital letter

These are the quotes:

1. Those standing after a colon in the middle of a phrase, even if in the source they began with capital letter(text quoted from the beginning of the sentence). Eg:

2. Beginning a phrase and coming after the point that ends the previous sentence. text, even if the first words of the quoted sentence are omitted. Eg:

3. Beginning with a proper name, even if the quotation omits the initial words of the quoted sentence and comes after a colon. Eg:

8.4.2. Quotes starting with a lowercase letter

These are the quotes:

1. With the first words of the initial sentence omitted, standing in the middle of the main phrase. text (both after a colon and without it), beginning with a common noun. Eg:

2. Without the omitted first words of the initial sentence, but included in the syntactic structure of the basic phrase. text, standing in its middle or end, not after a colon, with the first word not a proper name. Eg:

8.5. Ellipsis as a sign of skipping text in a quotation

8.5.1. Replacing other punctuation marks with ellipses

An ellipsis replaces punctuation marks before omitted text in a quotation, such as a comma, colon, semicolon, or dash. It is unacceptable to replace one of the ellipses with any of these characters or combine the ellipses with any of them. Eg:

8.5.2. Combining ellipses with other punctuation marks

An ellipsis can be combined with punctuation marks such as a period, a semicolon, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis in the following cases:

1. A semicolon is placed after an ellipsis when the text contains a list of quotes, highlighted not in quotation marks, but in some font or non-font way, with words omitted at the end of each or with omitted initial words(the ellipsis of quotes and the semicolon of the original text in which the quotes are included are combined). Eg:

Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated if the definition is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: He comes out of the back rooms already completely upset...; I come in the evening tired and hungry.
Count Ilya Andreevich...at the end of January he came to Moscow with Natasha and Sonya, ...Razmetnov came with Demka Ushakov.

2. A period, exclamation or question mark, ellipsis is placed before the ellipsis with a break from it, when one sentence of the quotation is given in full (it ends with one of the signs listed at the beginning of the paragraph), and the initial words of the next sentence of the quotation are omitted. This allows the reader to get an accurate idea of ​​the structure of the quoted text. Eg:

8.5.3. Ellipsis at the beginning and end of paragraphs in a multi-paragraph quotation

If words are omitted at the end of a paragraph of a multi-paragraph quotation, such a paragraph ends with an ellipsis, and if words are omitted at the beginning of the next paragraph (the first word), then it begins with an ellipsis. The structure of the quotation text does not change: it is divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source. Eg:

The first paragraph of the quotation with the words omitted at the end...

...The second paragraph of a quotation with the initial word or words omitted.

8.5.4. Ellipsis in angle brackets

This ellipsis replaces text from one or more sentences omitted when quoting:

1. Combined with a period if the preceding sentence of the quotation is given in its entirety, and with an ellipsis if words are omitted at the end of the preceding sentence of the quotation or the beginning of the subsequent sentence. Eg:

Full offer quotes.<…>Full sentence quote.

A quotation sentence with words left out at the end (the last word)…<…>...A quotation sentence with the initial words (first word) omitted.

2. It stands out as a separate paragraph if it replaces the paragraph between paragraphs of the quoted text. Eg:

<…>

3. Placed at the beginning and (or) end of the paragraph of the quoted text if the sentences at the beginning and (or) end of this paragraph are omitted. Eg:

The first paragraph of the quoted text.

<...>The second paragraph of the quoted text with the initial and final sentences omitted.<...>

Third paragraph of the quoted text.

8.5.5. Combined and separate writing of ellipses with text

It is subject to the following rules:

1. The ellipsis at the beginning of a phrase is written together with the following word. Eg:

We left the saklya. ...The weather has cleared...

2. The ellipsis in the middle and end of a phrase is written together with the preceding word. Eg:

We went out... Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared...

In both cases (items 1 and 2), if in the typewritten original an ellipsis is printed with a space before or after the text, it should be marked with the proofreading sign “destroy the space”.

Quote.<…>Quote…<…>Quote.

8.6. Notes on quotations

8.6.1. Semantic explanations and comments of the quoter

For their design, see 29.3.6.

8.6.2. Indications about the attribution of emphasis in the quotation

Type indications Italics are mine; The release is mine; Emphasis mine; Emphasized by me formatted in the same way as the semantic explanations and comments of the quoting person (see 29.3.6). Eg:

“...I was guided by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself...” (our italics - M. Sh.).

8.6.3. Decoding pronouns and abbreviations

Such notes are usually enclosed in straight brackets and placed after the word (phrase) to which they refer, without indicating the initials of the first and last name of the quoting person, since the affiliation of the notes is clear to the reader by the meaning and straight brackets. Eg:

“...There is no doubt that he [Pushkin] created our poetic, our literary language...”

8.6.4. Question or exclamation mark as a note

It is placed after the word or phrase in the quotation to which it refers, in parentheses without verbal markings in cases where the quoting person needs to express doubt, ironically point out an error, or express delight at some place in the quotation. A question mark usually has a negative connotation, while an exclamation mark has a positive connotation. Eg:

“The sketch in the corner of the hall belongs to Repin (?),” we read there.

8.7. Punctuation marks in a phrase ending with a quotation

8.7.1. Colon after the quoter's words before the quotation

Placed if the words of the quotator introduce a quotation into the text and warn the reader about it. Eg:

Not installed:

1. If inside the quotation or after it there are words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text. In this case, the text before the quote is separated from it by a dot. Eg:

2. If the quotation appears as an addition to the text before it or as part of a subordinate clause that begins before it. Eg:

S.I. Vavilov demanded “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

8.7.2. Period after closing quotation marks

Put:

1. If the closing quotation marks are not preceded by an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark; in this case, the point can be moved behind the link if the latter immediately follows the quotation. Eg:

A. N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.”

“...unification” (p. 140).

2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotation marks, but the quotation is not an independent sentence (it acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included; usually such quotations are part subordinate clause). Eg:

Gogol wrote about Manilov that “in his eyes he was a distinguished man...”.

8.7.3. Lack of punctuation after closing quotation marks

There is no punctuation:

1. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon separating them from the words of the quoting person are like this). Eg:

Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”

Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”

Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”

The same applies if a quotation ends with an independent sentence, the first sentence of which begins with a lowercase letter. Eg:

Pechorin reflects: “...why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calm..."

2. If there is a question or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quote is not an independent sentence and after the entire phrase with the quote there should be a question or exclamation mark. Eg:

Lermontov exclaims in the preface that this is “an old and pathetic joke!”

8.8. Punctuation marks in a phrase with a quote in the middle

8.8.1. Colon before quotation

Put or not put according to the same rules as in a phrase ending with a quotation (see 8.7.1).

8.8.2. Comma after closing quotation marks

Placed if, according to the context, the subsequent text must be separated by a comma, in particular:

1) the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that ends with a quotation; eg:

So, ninth-graders, having read the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” asked themselves... (the quotation ends the adverbial phrase);

2) the quote is followed by the second part complex sentence, and the quotation with the preceding text is the first part of it; eg:

Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially excited about books in which he seeks answers to life's problems. important questions", and none of them noticed the gross logical error (the text behind the quote is the second sentence in a complex sentence);

3) the quotation is part of the main sentence, followed by a subordinate clause, etc.; eg:

8.8.3. Dash after closing quotation marks

Put:

1. If, according to the conditions of the context, it is not necessary to separate the subsequent text with a comma (in particular, in the text before the quotation there is a subject, and in the text after it there is a predicate or before the quotation there is one homogeneous member, and after it joined by a union and another). Eg:

2. If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark at the end of the quotation. Eg:

When a literary employee signed the answer to a reader’s question: “Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?” - He apparently wasn’t concerned...

3. If a dash is necessary due to the conditions of the context (in particular, the text before the quote is the subject, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, and the text after the quote is the predicate, attached by the word means or also expressed by the indefinite form of the verb. For example:

To say: “sensory representation is the reality existing outside of us” means returning to Humeanism...

8.8.4. Place punctuation marks after a poetic quotation

If the quotation is reproduced in accordance with the poetic lines of the source, the punctuation mark that applies to the entire text with the quotation is placed at the end of the last poetic line, and not before the words of the quotator. Eg:

There are two motivic fields here; the first is the motive of separation:

We parted; for a moment of charm,
For a brief moment I had my life... -

expresses romantic maximalism.

8.9. Punctuation marks in a phrase with the words of the quoter inside the quote

8.9.1. Where the quote is broken - comma, semicolon, colon, dash

In this case, as well as in the absence of punctuation marks at the break point, the quoting words are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash (, -). Eg:

In the source:	In the edition with a quote:
I have become incapable of noble impulses...	“I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...”
...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. M. Lermontov. Hero of our time	“...My heart is turning to stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.”
Too one-sided and strong interest increases tension excessively human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. D. Kharms	“Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.”
The goal of every human life is one: immortality. D. Kharms	“The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.”
Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. D. Kharms	“Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.”

8.9.2. Where the quote breaks is a dot

In this case, a comma and a dash (, -) are placed before the quoting words, and a dot and a dash (. -) after these words, starting the second part with a capital letter.

8.9.3. Where the quote breaks is a question mark or exclamation mark

In this case, a question or exclamation mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are left before the quoting words, and a dot and a dash (. -) are placed after the quoting words, starting the second part of the quotation with a capital letter, or a comma and a dash (, -) , starting the second part of the quote with a lowercase letter, if in the source the text after the question (exclamation) mark begins with a lowercase letter. Eg:

8.9.4. Where the quote breaks is an ellipsis

In this case, an ellipsis and a dash (... -) are placed before the quoting words, and a comma and a dash (, -) after the quoting words, if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a lowercase letter, and a dot and a dash (. -), if in the source the text after the ellipsis began with a capital letter. Eg:

8.9.5. There are two verbs in the words of the quoter, one refers to the first part of the quotation, the other to the second

In this case, after the first part of the quotation a comma and a dash (, -), a period and a dash (. -), an ellipsis and a dash (...-), an exclamation (question) mark and a dash (? -; ! -) are placed, depending from the context, and after the quoting words - a colon and a dash (: -). Eg:

“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” asks Pechorin and admits: “I have become incapable of noble impulses” (text in the source, see above).

8.10. Punctuation marks in a phrase beginning with a quotation

8.10.1. Comma and dash after quotation

Placed if the source text of the quotation ends with a period. Eg:

8.10.2. Dash after quote

Placed if the source text of the quotation ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point or question mark. For example...

Interviews, films, TV series, even from computer games- users are happy to post them on their walls, repost and like them. In this regard, it would be nice to remember how to format quotes correctly. Of course, there are quite a lot of rules for quoting and formatting quotations, however, for the average user it is enough to know the basic

Highlighting a quote in the text

There are three ways to indicate that a given text is a quotation. The first is using quotation marks.

“It is much easier to die than to steadfastly endure a martyr’s life” (Johann Wolfgang Goethe. The Sorrows of Young Werther).

The second is highlighting in cursive or smaller font (for example, regular text is typed in 14th, and the quote is typed in 12th).

“A person fears death the more, the less he truly lives his life and the greater his unrealized potential.”(Irwin Yalom).

And the third method is the so-called “retractable set”. That is, the quote is typed indented in relation to the main text.

In this case, quotation marks are not necessary.

Indication of the author and source of citation

We won’t talk about how to format a bibliographic footnote - we don’t really need that. But it is often necessary to correctly indicate the name of the author and the cited work. So, if the indication of the author or source comes immediately after the quotation, then it is enclosed in parentheses. The period after the quotation marks is not placed, but after the closing parenthesis.

“Seeing the battle from the outside, everyone fancies himself a strategist” (Kozma Prutkov).

Moreover, if the first word indicating the source or author is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.

"Words are the least effective remedy communication. They are the most open to misinterpretation and the most often misunderstood" (from Conversations with God by Neale Donald Walsh).

If the name of the author and the source are indicated below the quotation, on the next line, then they are written without parentheses or any other punctuation marks. In this case, after the quotation there is a period (or another sign, as in the original).

Who has deceived you as often as you have?

Benjamin Franklin

The same rule applies to epigraphs.

Highlights within a quote

Author's selections, as a rule, are preserved in the form as they appear in the source. If for some reason this is not possible, then replace it with another type of selection. Usually it is not specifically stated that this is the author’s emphasis. But if the emphasis belongs to the quoted one, then this must be indicated. To do this, write “emphasized by me” or “italics mine” in parentheses and put your initials.

Punctuation marks when quoting

I will be extremely brief here, since these rules formatting quotes can be found in the textbook. If a quotation is preceded by words from the quotator warning that there will be a further quotation, then a colon is added.

E. Hemingway correctly noted: “We become stronger where we break.”

However, if after the quotation (or inside) there are words of the quotator introducing the quotation into the text, then a period is added.

Maria von Ebner-Eschenbach said this exactly. “The inimitable is precisely what evokes the majority of imitators,” he wrote.

If the quotation is an addition or part of a subordinate clause, then no marks are added.

Bruce Lee once said that “truth is living, therefore changeable.”

If there is an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark at the end of a phrase, they are placed before the quotation marks. There is no point.

Stanislaw Jerzy Lec wittily remarked: “So you hit the wall with your head. What are you going to do in the next cell?”

If there are no signs before the quotation marks, then put a period. But after the quotation marks (or after indicating the author/source).

George Bernard Shaw said: " Man of sense adapts to the world; unreasonable - persistently tries to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, progress depends on unreasonable people."

If the quotation is not an independent sentence, but part of a subordinate clause, then a period is placed after the quotation marks even if there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark before the quotation marks.

B. L. Pasternak emphasized that “the most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence...”.

What letter does the quote start with?

If a sentence is quoted from the very beginning, then the quotation naturally begins with capital letters. If the beginning of the sentence is omitted, the quotation begins with a small letter.

Dale Carnegie notes: "...a man who is happily married is much happier than a genius who lives alone."

However, if we begin a new sentence with a quotation, then it is written with a capital letter, regardless of whether we quote the entire sentence or cut out a part.

“... A man who is happily married is much happier than a genius living alone,” notes Dale Carnegie.

In the Russian language, there are certain rules for quotation and its design, the use of which will help you correctly insert a quotation into any text. Citing is an integral part of writing abstracts, term papers and dissertations, articles and texts. Quotes give the article completeness, conciseness and a certain status, as credibility of the author increases due to citations famous people. However, many people wonder how to format quotes correctly, as well as where in the text and how to insert a quote.

Let's look at the basic rules for formatting quotes in Russian.

Rules for quotations in Russian

1. The most important rule for formatting a quotation is this: the quotation must reproduce the quoted text with 100% accuracy! Deviations from the text, insertion or exclusion of any parts of the text are unacceptable.
2. The same applies to punctuation marks - they must correspond to those in the text. When the quoted text is not at hand (for example, when taking an exam), it is necessary to place the appropriate punctuation marks according to the punctuation rules of the Russian language.
3. The quotation must be relevant and justified by the specific goals of the author.
4. When you omit some words from passages, you should put an ellipsis in place of the omission. At the same time, we should not forget that the ellipsis should not distort the meaning of the phrase, since such a violation is a gross error in quoting as such. If the quotation does not contain the first words, then it is necessary to put an ellipsis after the quotation marks and begin the quotation with a small letter.
5. The original meaning is main criterion quoting. When a quotation refers to one subject and is used to describe another, the meaning that the author gave to the quotation is distorted.
6. If a quotation is added to the text of an essay, then the option of using indirect speech, which will allow you to convey the exact phrase of the person being quoted (for example, the hero of a book). For example: “I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei to Pierre. Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life “only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness.”
7. It is unacceptable to retell a poetic text in your own words.

How to highlight a quote graphically?

1. The most basic way is quotes.
2. Italics or a smaller font size for the quotation compared to the body text.
3. A separate place for a quote on the page (middle, side).

Making highlights inside a quote

Regardless of whether the selections belong to the author of the quoted text or are the initiative of the quoting person, they are also subject to strict requirements.

If the emphasis belongs to the quoting person, then they are specified. The comment is enclosed in parentheses.

Epigraph

Separately, it is worth considering the epigraph - a quote that is placed at the beginning of an essay or a separate part to give a certain image, meaning, spirit to the work or express the author’s thoughts. A witty saying used as an epigraph is called "motto".

The requirements for the design of an epigraph are slightly different from the rules for the design of regular quotes:

• located on the right side of the sheet;
• formatted without quotation marks;
• The author's surname and initials are not enclosed in parentheses;
• There is no period after the surname.

For example:

Who fastened it wrong

first button

It won't fasten properly anymore.

(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

About copyright

The law of the Russian Federation does not prohibit quoting both in the original and in translation, without the consent of the author or payment of remuneration, but requires the indication of the name of the author, the work from which the quotation was taken, as well as the source of borrowing.

So, we looked at the most important rules formatting quotes. To remember them faster, read more of the literature that contains quotes, then you will know exactly how to write quotes so that they complement your own text. Good luck!

Any scientific work contains, to one degree or another, quotations taken from other sources, so many students wonder how to quote in order to pass anti-plagiarism. When checking for uniqueness, these fragments will definitely be shown. Accordingly, the level of originality of the text will decrease.

Is it possible to bypass this point? Similar questions interest many students. But you shouldn’t despair, because the way out of this situation is not difficult. There are several ways, which we will consider below.

Types of citation

There are two ways to cite primary sources. Accordingly, the result of uniqueness will be different.

• Direct, or exact, quotation means that you are inserting a quotation from another text without changing it. In this case, the originality of the text will be lower, and the anti-plagiarism program will indicate where the quote was taken from.
• The second type of citation is indirect copying. In other words, a regular rewrite. You convey the borrowed quote in your own words. The uniqueness of the text immediately increases. And it is almost impossible to determine the original source in this case.

How to hide a quote

Any computer program for checking text for plagiarism identifies borrowed fragments, the only difference is what percentage of uniqueness it will show. You can configure the program so that it skips texts taken from other works. There are several ways to do this.

• Method one

Anti-plagiarism can see borrowed quotes, or it can miss them. The main thing is to format the citation correctly. We put the borrowed quote in quotation marks and make a footnote in the document indicating the original source. This will be fair and just to the other author.

• Method two

We indicate the original source directly in the text. For example, we write: As A. said, “the law extends...”, etc. This way we will show the person checking the work that we are not afraid of being caught in plagiarism, but will openly indicate what materials we used when writing the work.

• Method three

Here we completely exclude the definition of the primary source. To do this, in the program settings we indicate that links to sources are excluded, i.e. certain domains will be ignored. Then your text immediately becomes 100% unique. The program will check the work without taking into account the sources from which the quotes are taken.

The pitfall of this action is that you need to specify in the program settings the exact addresses of the sites from which the copying occurs. By the way, others checking your work for uniqueness are unlikely to ignore the original source.

• Method four

We insert invisible text into the borrowed quote. Thus, we dilute fragments of other people's work.

Summarize

Sites and programs for detecting plagiarism are made in order to find fragments borrowed from other sources. If they could be easily deceived, they would not be so popular. Therefore, it is easier to correctly format a quotation from someone else’s text and indicate the original source than to try to bypass anti-plagiarism.

Now every student will be able to quote to pass anti-plagiarism, and this will not cause him any difficulties. Therefore, there should be no difficulties in developing scientific work, in which citation was used.

11.02.2017

How to INCREASE THE ORIGINALITY of a text? 9 practical tips on “anti-plagiarism”

HOW TO INCREASE THE ORIGINALITY OF THE TEXT?
9 practical (legitimate and proven) tips on “anti-plagiarism”

TIP #1. Formalize all fragments of borrowing as citations

ALGORITHM:



4. Form all fragments as quotes.
CLUE. The Anti-Plagiarism system recognizes a fragment as a quotation if it is highlighted on both sides with quotation marks (Russian!!) and after the quotation marks there is a link to the source of literature in square brackets:
"...FRAGMENT..." [
A COMMENT. As experience shows, if borrowing comes from a textbook or a well-known monograph, then the Anti-Plagiarism system is highly likely to recognize this fragment as a “white” citation and thereby increases the final score of originality.
If the borrowing comes from someone else’s dissertation, then this technique does not help much.

TIP #2. Convert interlinear bibliographic references to references to the List of References

A COMMENT. This technique “kills” two birds with one stone in the pursuit of increasing originality.
1) The list of references is not included in the main text of the dissertation, which, in fact, is checked for “anti-plagiarism”, but the entire text of the footnotes is included.

And a bibliographic reference, especially to famous articles or books, is defined as borrowing. By removing these links from the text of the notes, we increase originality.
2) A link to a source of literature using a footnote, as experience shows, is not recognized by the Anti-Plagiarism system as a quotation. The quotation should be formatted:
"...FRAGMENT..." [
That is, refer to the number in the “Bibliography”

TIP #3. Convert large borrowings into dissertation appendices

REFERENCE. “Anti-plagiarism” checks the main text of the dissertation, which begins with the first words of the Introduction and ends with the last words of the Conclusion.

The list of references and appendices are not included in the main text.
COMMENT: If a large fragment of borrowing is placed in the Appendix (and there can be any number of Appendixes to the Dissertation), then we thereby remove the borrowing from the main text of the dissertation, and, accordingly, increase originality.

TIP #4. Provide all illustrative material as images

A COMMENT. Only the main text of the dissertation is checked for anti-plagiarism, which does not include illustrative material.
The illustrative material of the dissertation includes: tables, formulas, drawings, diagrams.
Therefore, if text from tables/diagrams/figures is perceived by the Anti-Plagiarism system as borrowing, then it makes sense to provide them as an image.
At the same time, it is undesirable to obviously transform the text in the tables into drawings.
We recommend editing the text in the table so that it differs from the regular text of the dissertation:
(1) reduce the size (instead of 14 pt, use 12 pt)
(2) change the font (instead of Times New Roman, take Georgia or Courier New or Calibri),
(3) reduce line spacing (from one and a half to single)

WARNING: Figure/table captions should NOT be included in the image. They relate to the text of the dissertation!

A COMMENT. Literature review, links to results of other researchers, etc. is often perceived by the Anti-Plagiarism system as borrowing.
If you give this information in tabular form, and design the table as a picture, you can increase originality.
WARNING: Just don't use this technique on regular text! ALGORITHM:
1. Send us your text.
2. We will check using the Anti-Plagiarism system.
3. We will send you a “colorized” text, where all fragments of borrowings are highlighted.
4. Replace all large fragments of borrowing 1-2 with your own sentences.
This technique will not only increase originality, but also make the text itself clearer and clearer for understanding.
Don’t be afraid to shorten your dissertation, especially other people’s paragraphs.
The Higher Attestation Commission only gives recommendations regarding the upper limit of a dissertation (150 pages for a candidate’s thesis, 300 pages for a doctoral dissertation), but says nothing about the minimum volume.
Brevity is the soul of wit!
And if you “got” beyond the limits recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission, then even more so, “truncating” the text is useful and beneficial! A COMMENT. The Anti-Plagiarism system operates completely formally - it only looks for LITERAL matches of texts.
By rewriting a fragment of borrowing in your own words, you can easily increase originality.
It's labor-intensive, of course.
However, this skill, as experience shows, is a good help in life:
1) when you write reviews on your dissertation (few people now write reviews on other people’s dissertations), you will have to write the same thing several times in different words;
2) when writing website content, the process of rewriting texts in your own words is called rewriting, and there are always orders for it.

TIP #8. Replace all relatively stable expressions with abbreviations

ALGORITHM:
When a term with the words (hereinafter - ...) first appears, enter the abbreviation.
Example. ... Breaking the rules fire safety(hereinafter referred to as NPPB)...
And everywhere in the text we use the entered abbreviation (except for chapter/paragraph headings!)
All entered abbreviations are summarized in a list, which, according to GOST, is called LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS
and is located in the text of the dissertation before REFERENCES
Example
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS
...
NPPB - violation of fire safety rules
NTPB - violation of fire safety requirements
UPLiIN - destruction or damage to forests and other plantings

TIP #9. Enter your own abbreviations for long titles of official documents

ALGORITHM:
When the full title of the document with the words (hereinafter - ...) appears for the first time, enter your own abbreviation.
For example: ... resolutions of the Plenum Supreme Court RF dated July 5, 2002 “On judicial practice in cases of violation of fire safety rules, destruction or damage to property by arson or as a result of careless handling of fire"
(hereinafter referred to as the Decree of the PVS of the Russian Federation dated 07/05/2002)
or...
(hereinafter - Resolution of the RF PVS on NPPB)
And throughout the text we use the entered abbreviation
This abbreviation adds to the LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

PRICE

If you do not have the strength or desire to improve the originality of the text yourself,

then we can help you.

Prices, based on labor intensity, are for text PhD thesis:
a) increase by 1-5% costs 3 tr;
b) increase by 5-10% costs 7 tr;
c) increase by 10-15% costs 12 tr;
d) increase by 15-20% costs 18 tr.
e) increase by 20-25% costs 25 tr.
e) increase by 25-30% costs 33 tr.
Then, as experience shows, labor intensity increases sharply.
Increasing originality by more than 30% already requires a much deeper (semantic) processing of the text.

Average volume of texts doctoral dissertations more than 2 times the average volume of the text of a candidate's dissertation, so prices for increasing originality for doctoral dissertations 2 times higher.