The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They concentrate and express in brief artistic form a body of knowledge, observations, and signs of the working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor, everyday, and social experience accumulated by the people and pass it on to subsequent generations.
The sources of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. Some of the proverbs and sayings current among the people go back to book sources. Didactic poems from ancient manuscripts, poems by poets, as well as works that came out of the classical East, to a certain extent replenished the composition of oriental proverbs.
The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the homeland and hatred of its enemies, perseverance, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in short but wise sayings.
Working people, who created all the wealth of the country and defended it from foreign invaders, languished for many centuries under the heavy burden of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, clergy, landowners, and then in the capitalists. A lot of proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life of a peasant, contrasted with the well-fed and carefree life of a gentleman who squeezes all the juices out of him (a poor peasant does not eat bread, a rich man will eat a peasant; The boyars’ chambers are red, and the peasants have huts on their sides; With peasant calluses bars live well). There are especially many proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their greed, greed, selfishness (A priest and a thief can do everything; A cleft palate and a priest’s eyes are an insatiable pit).
The poor man had nowhere and no one to complain to. The officials stood guard over the same serf owners (Where there is power, there is law). It was impossible to come to court without a bribe, which was only possible for the rich. And, of course, the matter was always decided in their favor. Where there is court there is no truth.
Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god to whom they prayed, nor the king in whom they hoped, brought the desired relief. God is high, the king is far away - such a conclusion is inevitable. One could only place one's hopes on own strength. In the most difficult times, the people did not stop dreaming about freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), about reprisals against their masters (There is a thunderstorm; Let the red rooster go), about happy life(Every dog has his day). The class struggle, open or hidden, never ceased, and a well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. It is not for nothing that the following proverbs arose among the feudal lords: A slave’s word is like a spear; A stinking look is worse than a curse.
But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly dramatic change in the consciousness of the people came after the Great October revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries-old family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative work. Proverbs could not ignore these revolutionary transformations: Lenin’s testament spread throughout the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich’s lamp. These and many other sayings speak of fundamental changes in the lives of workers.
But when creating something new, people do not throw away all the best that our ancestors have accumulated over the centuries. Of course, to preserve such a proverb as: A priest will buy money and deceive God - we have no conditions. But love of work, skill and skill, courage, honesty, love of homeland, friendship and other qualities that previously could not manifest themselves in full force, only in our time have received all the opportunities for the most complete development. And proverbs that speak about these qualities will always be our companions. Proverbs that attack boastfulness, laziness, selfishness, hypocrisy and other vices in people’s behavior with sharp words have not lost their meaning. For example, the words will always be true: A lazy person is not worth his grave.
Life is not limited to creating new and preserving old proverbs. Many proverbs are rethought and remade in accordance with new conditions. The life of individual proverbs can be traced over many centuries.
IN beginning of XII century, the chronicler included in the “Tale of Bygone Years” a proverb that was ancient even for him: Pogibosha, aki obre (perished like obra). We were talking about the Obras, or Avrs, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: He died like a Swede over Poltava, which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709. The defeat of Napoleonic army in 1812 gave new option to this proverb: Disappeared, like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917, a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.
Nowadays, many proverbs are remade into new way. There was a proverb: It is not the ax that amuses, but the carpenter; Now they say: It’s not the tractor that plows, but the tractor driver. They used to always say: One in the field is not a warrior. For our soldiers it sounded new: If it’s tailored in Russian, there’s only one warrior in the field. During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 proverbs: A thread from the world - a naked shirt; He lies like a gray gelding - written down in this form: A rope from the world - a rope to Hitler; He lies like Goebbels.
Russian writers make extensive use of inexhaustible reserves of folk wisdom. However, they not only take from vernacular, but also enrich him. Many successful expressions from works fiction become proverbs and sayings. Happy hours are not observed; How not to please your loved one; The silent ones are blissful in the world; You won't get well from such praise; More in number, cheaper in price - here are a few sayings from the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, existing in the language as proverbs. Love all ages; We all look at Napoleons; Whatever passes will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. Man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in the flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from a story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living spoken language and often introduced folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, he himself created quite a few proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; And the cart is still there; But I didn’t even notice the elephant; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; The cuckoo praises the rooster because he praises the cuckoo ; Why count gossips, isn’t it better to turn on yourself, godfather?). Many proverbs, sayings, apt expressions entered the spoken language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and our time.
The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been published in separate books. In the 30-50s of the 19th century, the Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872) collected proverbs. His collection “Proverbs of the Russian People” included about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time the collection of V.I. Dahl is the most complete and valuable.
A proverb is a short, poetically figurative, rhythmically organized work of folk art, summarizing the historical and social experience of generations, used to vividly and in-depth characterize various aspects of human life and activity, as well as phenomena of the surrounding world. A proverb appears before the reader or listener as a general judgment expressed in the form of a grammatically complete sentence.
So, proverbs and sayings, while known to be close, also have significant differences that make it possible to clearly distinguish between these remarkable genres of Russian folk poetry. As noted by the latest research work, a textbook on folklore for universities, one of characteristic features is “the combination of the general and the specific in them, more precisely: in a specific form they convey common features and signs of phenomena in nature, social life, personal relationships of people. Proverbs are characterized by certain forms generalizations. These are, first of all, judgments of a general nature...” The depiction of generalized facts and typical phenomena inherent in proverbs, as well as the pronounced allegorical nature, make it possible to widely use works of this genre in different cases.
Often the original meaning of a proverb is forgotten, since the phenomenon that gave rise to it passes away, but in allegorically it is used. This is the proverb: To love warmth is to endure smoke. It arose when peasant huts did not have a chimney and were heated in a black way, i.e. smoke from the stove entered the room and then slowly exited out the window. And, of course, it was impossible to get heat without smoke.
Proverbs that become incomprehensible disappear from living speech. The situation with sayings is somewhat different. Often we pronounce them without thinking about the original meaning. They say, for example: “Work carelessly,” “find out the real truth,” “find out all the ins and outs.” Each of these sayings arose from actual phenomena. The expression “to work carelessly” comes from the times of Muscovite Rus', when boyars wore clothes with sleeves that reached to the knees. Of course, it was impossible to do anything with such sleeves. There was a proverb: If you don’t tell the whole truth, you’ll tell the whole story. We were talking about torture here. “The real truth” is those testimonies of the accused that were obtained from them during torture with a long stick (special torture sticks). If it was not possible to obtain the necessary answers, then nails and needles were driven under the person’s nails. Hence the lowdown.
Proverbs about proverbs:
The proverb goes by the way.
The old proverb will never break.
They don't sell proverbs in the market.
A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry.
Proverbs about parents:
The child does not cry - the mother does not understand.
It's warm in the sun, good in mother's presence.
A parent's word is never wasted.
Proverbs about friendship and love:
Good brotherhood is stronger than wealth.
Together - not burdensome, but apart - at least drop it.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
Love is truly strong.
He's not good for his goodness, but he's good for his sweetness.
Proverbs about good and evil:
What you don’t know how to praise, don’t blame.
Evil Natalya's people are all crooks.
Abstract on ethnopedagogy
Subject: "Russian and oriental proverbs."
Introduction
History of proverbs and sayings
Chinese proverbs.
Japanese proverbs
Korean proverbs
Literature
Introduction
For a long time, man cared not only about food and housing, he sought to understand the world around him, compared various phenomena, created new things in nature and in his imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their dreams and hopes were embodied in songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles. This is how the people created their art, their poetry.
Fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs and other types of oral creativity are called folklore. The word "folklore" is of English origin "folk lore". It means “folk wisdom”, “folk knowledge”.
It is difficult to list all the artistic definitions that linguists give to the proverb. It is called folk wisdom, practical philosophy, an oral school, a set of rules of life, and the historical memory of the people.
Unlike other genres of folklore, proverbs exist in speech, are introduced as complete sayings, ready-made quotations, the author of which is the people. An apt expression, a successful comparison, a laconic formula, said by someone once, is picked up by others, becoming attributes of popular speech, thanks to its constant use in situations of similar meaning. The proverb is “the wisdom of many, the wit of each.”
In the conditions of ancient society, when there were no means of materially consolidating thoughts - writing, generalization and consolidation of labor experience, everyday observations in stable verbal formulas was a vital necessity. Even at the first stages of social development, certain rules of human coexistence, moral and ethical concepts and norms of society were developed, which were also formalized in the form of proverbial judgments, fulfilling the role of unwritten laws and rules.
History of proverbs and sayings
The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They concentrate and express in brief artistic form a body of knowledge, observations, and signs of the working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor, everyday, and social experience accumulated by the people and pass it on to subsequent generations.
The sources of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. Some of the proverbs and sayings current among the people go back to book sources. Didactic poems from ancient manuscripts, poems by poets, as well as works that came out of the classical East, to a certain extent replenished the composition of oriental proverbs.
The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the homeland and hatred of its enemies, the resilience, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in short but wise sayings.
Working people, who created all the wealth of the country and defended it from foreign invaders, languished for many centuries under the heavy burden of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, clergy, landowners, and then in the capitalists. A lot of proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life of a peasant, contrasted with the well-fed and carefree life of a gentleman who squeezes all the juices out of him (a poor peasant does not eat bread, a rich man will eat a peasant; The boyars’ chambers are red, and the peasants have huts on their sides; With peasant calluses bars live well). There are especially many proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their greed, greed, selfishness (A priest and a thief can do everything; A cleft palate and a priest’s eyes are an insatiable pit).
The poor man had nowhere and no one to complain to. The officials stood guard over the same serf owners (Where there is power, there is law). It was impossible to come to court without a bribe, which was only possible for the rich. And, of course, the matter was always decided in their favor. Where there is court there is no truth.
Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god to whom they prayed, nor the king in whom they hoped, brought the desired relief. God is high, the king is far away - such a conclusion is inevitable. You could only rely on your own strength. In the most difficult times, the people did not stop dreaming of freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), of reprisal against their masters (There is a thunderstorm to hell; Let the red rooster fly), of a happy life (There will be a holiday on our street). The class struggle, open or hidden, never ceased, and a well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. It is not for nothing that the following proverbs arose among the feudal lords: A slave’s word is like a spear; A stinking look is worse than a curse.
But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly dramatic change in the consciousness of the people came after the Great October Revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries-old family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative work. Proverbs could not ignore these revolutionary transformations: Lenin’s testament spread throughout the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich’s lamp. These and many other sayings speak of fundamental changes in the lives of workers.
But when creating something new, people do not throw away all the best that our ancestors have accumulated over the centuries. Of course, to preserve such a proverb, for example: A priest will buy money and deceive God - we have no conditions. But love of work, skill and skill, courage, honesty, love of homeland, friendship and other qualities that previously could not manifest themselves in full force, only in our time have received all the opportunities for the most complete development. And proverbs that speak about these qualities will always be our companions. Proverbs that attack boastfulness, laziness, selfishness, hypocrisy and other vices in people’s behavior with sharp words have not lost their meaning. For example, the words will always be true: A lazy person is not worth his grave.
Life is not limited to creating new and preserving old proverbs. Many proverbs are rethought and remade in accordance with new conditions. The life of individual proverbs can be traced over many centuries.
At the beginning of the 12th century, the chronicler included in the “Tale of Bygone Years” a proverb that was ancient even for him: Pogibosha, aki obre (perished like obra). We were talking about the Obras, or Avrs, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: He died like a Swede over Poltava, which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709. The defeat of Napoleon's army in 1812 gave a new version of this proverb: Lost, like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917, a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.
Nowadays, many proverbs are being remade in a new way. There was a proverb: It is not the ax that amuses, but the carpenter; Now they say: It’s not the tractor that plows, but the tractor driver. They used to always say: One in the field is not a warrior. For our soldiers it sounded new: If it’s tailored in Russian, there’s only one warrior in the field. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, there were proverbs: A thread from the world - a naked shirt; He lies like a gray gelding - written down in this form: A rope from the world - a rope to Hitler; He lies like Goebbels.
Russian writers make extensive use of inexhaustible reserves of folk wisdom. However, they not only take from the popular language, but also enrich it. Many successful expressions from works of fiction become proverbs and sayings. Happy hours are not observed; How not to please your loved one; The silent ones are blissful in the world; You won't get well from such praise; More in number, cheaper in price - here are a few sayings from the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, existing in the language as proverbs. Love all ages; We all look at Napoleons; Whatever passes will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. Man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in the flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from a story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living spoken language and often introduced folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, himself created quite a few proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; And the cart is still there; But I didn’t even notice the elephant; An obliging fool is more dangerous than an enemy; The cuckoo praises the rooster because he praises the cuckoo; Why count gossips, isn’t it better to turn on yourself, the godfather?). Many proverbs, sayings, and apt expressions have entered the spoken language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and our time.
The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been published in separate books. In the 30-50s of the 19th century, the Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872) collected proverbs. His collection “Proverbs of the Russian People” included about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time the collection of V.I. Dahl is the most complete and valuable.
Russian proverbs and sayings.
Folklore provides not only a historical picture of the spiritual development of the people. From the works of all his genres, the multifaceted and at the same time integral and unique character of the entire Russian people emerges. Courageous, strong, stern - according to epics; cunning, mocking, mischievous - according to everyday fairy tales; wise, observant, witty - according to proverbs and sayings - such is the Russian man in all his greatness, simplicity and beauty. In the richest treasury of Russian oral folk poetry, one of the significant places is occupied by proverbs and sayings that are close to them in artistic structure and figurative system. Representing laconic, expressive, deeply meaningful interpretations of certain phenomena of reality, these genres have constantly enjoyed and are very popular.
A proverb is a short, poetically figurative, rhythmically organized work of folk art, summarizing the historical and social experience of generations, used to vividly and in-depth characterize various aspects of human life and activity, as well as phenomena of the surrounding world. A proverb appears before the reader or listener as a general judgment expressed in the form of a grammatically complete sentence.
So, proverbs and sayings, while known to be close, also have significant differences that make it possible to clearly distinguish between these remarkable genres of Russian folk poetry. As noted in the latest research works and a textbook on folklore for universities, one of the characteristic features is “the combination of the general and the specific, or more precisely: in a concrete form, the general features and characteristics of phenomena in nature, social life, and personal relationships of people are conveyed. Proverbs are characterized by certain forms of generalization. These are, first of all, judgments of a general nature...” The depiction of generalized facts and typical phenomena inherent in proverbs, as well as the pronounced allegorical nature, make it possible to widely use works of this genre in different cases.
Often the original meaning of a proverb is forgotten, since the phenomenon that gave rise to it passes away, but it is used in an allegorical sense. This is the proverb: To love warmth is to endure smoke. It arose when peasant huts did not have chimneys and were heated using black heat, i.e. smoke from the stove entered the room and then slowly exited out the window. And, of course, it was impossible to get heat without smoke.
Proverbs that become incomprehensible disappear from living speech. The situation with sayings is somewhat different. Often we pronounce them without thinking about the original meaning. They say, for example: “Work carelessly,” “find out the real truth,” “find out all the ins and outs.” Each of these sayings arose from actual phenomena. The expression “to work carelessly” comes from the times of Muscovite Rus', when boyars wore clothes with sleeves that reached to the knees. Of course, it was impossible to do anything with such sleeves. There was a proverb: If you don’t tell the whole truth, you’ll tell the whole story. We were talking about torture here. “The real truth” is those testimonies of the accused that were obtained from them during torture with a long stick (special torture sticks). If it was not possible to obtain the necessary answers, then nails and needles were driven under the person’s nails. Hence the lowdown.
Proverbs about proverbs:
The proverb goes by the way.
The old proverb will never break.
They don't sell proverbs in the market.
A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry.
Proverbs about parents:
The child does not cry - the mother does not understand.
It's warm in the sun, good in mother's presence.
A parent's word is never wasted.
Proverbs about friendship and love:
Good brotherhood is stronger than wealth.
Together - not burdensome, but apart - at least drop it.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
Love is truly strong.
He's not good for his goodness, but he's good for his sweetness.
Proverbs about good and evil:
What you don’t know how to praise, don’t blame.
Evil Natalya's people are all crooks.
Chinese proverbs.
In the Chinese language, as in Russian, there are stable speech patterns called proverbs and sayings. Their origin is different, but their function is quite definite - stylistic. They serve to give speech a certain style and emotional coloring. In Chinese they are called chengyu (chengyu) and usually consist of four syllables, although there are more. Main backbone Chengyu make up expressions left over from wenyanya (wenyan)- ancient Chinese written language. Because wenyan has very little in common with modern language, understand the meaning of many Chengyu by understanding the constituent hieroglyphs is very difficult. You just need to study them. Therefore knowledge Chengyu is a sign of education. But not all chengyu are aliens from ancient times. There are a lot of them that are of recent origin and therefore their meaning is clear.
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qi hu nan xia Literal translation: Whoever sits on a tiger finds it difficult to get off it Meaning: Willy-nilly we have to continue what we started Russian variant: Picked up the tug, don’t say it’s not strong |
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lao ma shi tu Literal translation: The old horse knows the way Meaning: whatever one may say, experience is an important thing Russian variant: The old horse doesn't spoil the furrows |
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Japanese proverbs
Ancient Japanese proverbs represent a mirror of the then state of society. They reflect the psychology of an ethnic community of people. Proverbs speak about the worldview of the Japanese, the national character that had already been formed by the period being described, about the feelings and aspirations of this ancient nation.
1. Where people grieve, you grieve too.
2. Rejoice if others rejoice.
3. Happiness comes to a house where there is laughter.
4. Don’t be afraid to bend a little, you’ll straighten up straighter.
5. When trouble comes, rely on yourself.
6. Friends in misfortune feel sorry for each other.
7. And Confucius was not always lucky.
8. There is no light without shadow.
9. Both good and evil are in your heart.
10. Evil cannot defeat good.
11. God lives in an honest heart.
12. A horse's endurance is learned on the road, a person's character is learned over time.
13. Where might is right, right is powerless.
14. Talents are not inherited.
15. And a wise man, out of a thousand times, makes a mistake once.
16. A servant, like a falcon, must be fed.
17. Likes to stir up tea.
18. He who was born under the roar of thunder is not afraid of lightning.
19. If a woman wants to, she will pass through a rock.
20. Heartless children destroy their father's house.
21. The same soul at three years old is the same at one hundred years old.
22. There is no arguing about customs.
23. He who feels shame also feels duty.
24. Meekness often breaks strength.
25. With those who are silent, keep your ears open.
26. He who can swim can also drown.
There is some connection between Russian proverbs and Japanese small forms. Here are some proverbs in a free Japanese translation:
I'm following with my eyes
behind a flock of cranes
with a tit in his hands
* * *
no matter how much you measure
you'll ruin the cut if
crooked hands
* * *
feed the pig
will complain that
lay on her side
*
* *
it's not that bad
the roof is thin and what
make up for trouble
* * *
I look at myself
what a handsome guy
in a crooked mirror
Korean proverbs
All Korean art and literature are based not on optimism, but on the so-called “han” - that is, the principle of inescapable sadness and suffering. This is manifested in very specific stereotypes of Korean art - the hero of a Korean novel or film must suffer a lot, variedly and completely passively, and preferably die in the end at a young age, so that readers or viewers cry heartily. However, there is another, more active and positive side to the Korean mentality, as today’s proverbs prove to us. The leitmotif of all of them is the same: do not take to heart all worldly failures, such as poverty, hunger, etc. Living, the proverbs assure us, is still better than lying dead. Similar proverbs are found in Dahl’s dictionary of Russian proverbs: “To live hard is to die hard,” “no matter how sickening it is to live, it’s worse to die.” Despite all the arguments of the Orthodox Church that death brings deliverance to the living, people have always been afraid of it. For Koreans, religion did not promise any special liberation as a result of death, so life was always valued here.
Here are the proverbs we find in the dictionary: “Even if you lie on a field fertilized with dog manure, the white light is still good” (Koreans also fertilized fields with dog manure) “Even if they hang you upside down, it’s still nice white light for you." “And you roll around in horse manure, but life is good.” “Even if you happen to fall headfirst, this light is still good.” “Even though you have to eat hard persimmons, life is good.” All these proverbs are similar in stylistic form, and each option, in fact, represents only one of the symbols of trouble.
But proverbs constructed according to a different scheme - each of them also represents a variation on the same theme: “A living dog is better than a dead monk,” “a living pig is better than a dead rich man,” “it’s all the same to die in a large or small funeral bier.” worse than wearing torn clothes and sitting on a dry field." A dog and a pig (piglet), being animals, of course, cannot be compared with a person in their position in life. Although, in principle, the attitude of Koreans towards these animals was different: dogs were despicable animals, and pigs were a symbol of wealth and prosperity. It is still believed that seeing a pig in a dream means money (people run to buy a lottery ticket after this). Sitting in torn clothes on the edge of a dry field (such a field was less profitable) - this, naturally, means poverty, the position of a poor peasant. But nevertheless, all three of these despicable positions were better than the position of respected but dead people. A Buddhist monk, however, cannot be considered a respected person - the townsfolk treated them as beggars and secret debauchees. The rest - the rich man and the dead man in a large or small funeral bier - were respected in society. It’s clear about the rich man, but why was it an honor to lie on a stretcher? Yes, because the bier was supposed to be a respected official who was given a magnificent state funeral. But nevertheless, the position of a corpse on any, the most luxurious stretcher for a Korean is always worse than the position of a living one, even if he is a simple beggar peasant. And finally - a good wish: “Walk along the wide road with a song.” That is, don’t whine that everything is wrong for you. Live with joy.
Literature
Compiled by V.N. Morokhin “Small genres of Russian folklore.” Reader. M. "Higher School" 1986
Compiled by F.M. Selivanov "Anthology of folklore". M. “Enlightenment” 1972
Collection by V. Dahl “Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people.” M. 1957
Permyakov G. L. Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East. – “Labyrinth”, M., 2001.
My tongue I.
The ancient expression “to pour on the Adam’s apple” meant “to get drunk.” This is where the phraseological unit “bosom friend” came from.
The silent beluga fish has nothing to do with the expression “beluga roar.” Previously, beluga was the name given not only to fish, but also to the polar dolphin, which today is known to us as beluga whale and is distinguished by its loud roar.
At the beginning of the 19th century it was popular among the people card game“slide”, somewhat reminiscent of poker. When a player began to place bets, forcing his partners to pass, they said about him that he was “going uphill.”
The word sape means "hoe" in French. In the 16th-19th centuries, the term “sapa” was used to denote a method of digging a trench, ditch or tunnel to approach fortifications. Gunpowder bombs were sometimes placed in tunnels to castle walls, and specialists trained to do this were called sappers. And from secretly digging tunnels the expression “on the sly” came about.
In the operetta “Wedding in Malinovka,” one of the characters playfully distorted the name of the two-step dance, calling it “To that steppe.” From here the expression “to the wrong steppe” spread among the people.
Prosak used to be called a special machine for weaving ropes and ropes. He had complex design and twisted the strands so tightly that clothes, hair, or beard getting caught in it could cost a person his life.
IN Ancient Rus' The rolls were baked in the shape of a castle with a round bow. The townspeople bought rolls and ate them right on the street, holding them by this bow or handle. For reasons of hygiene, the pen itself was not eaten, but was given to the poor or thrown to be eaten by dogs. About those who did not disdain to eat it, they said: they got to the point.
In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” you can find the lines: “The prophetic Boyan, if someone wanted to compose a song, his thoughts spread across the tree, gray wolf on the ground, like a gray eagle under the clouds.” Translated from Old Russian, “mouse” is a squirrel. And due to an incorrect translation, in some editions of the Lay a humorous expression appeared: “to spread a thought through the tree.”
In the pre-revolutionary alphabet, the letter D was called “good.” The flag corresponding to this letter in the code of signals navy means “yes, I agree, I allow.” This is what gave rise to the expression “give the go-ahead.”
In the old days, schoolchildren were often flogged, often without any fault of the person being punished. If the mentor showed special zeal, and the student suffered especially hard, he could be freed from further vices in the current month, until the first day of the next month. This is how the expression “pour in the first number” arose.
After the capture of Kazan, Ivan the Terrible, wanting to bind the local aristocracy to himself, rewarded high-ranking Tatars who voluntarily came to him. Many of them, in order to receive rich gifts, pretended to be severely affected by the war. This is where the expression “orphan of Kazan” came from.
In Soviet boarding schools for gifted children, teenagers were recruited who had two years left to study (classes A, B, C, D, D) or one year (classes E, G, I). Students of the one-year stream were called “hedgehogs”. When they came to the boarding school, the two-year students were already ahead of them in the non-standard program, so at the beginning school year The expression “no brainer” was very relevant.
Whipping boys in England and other European countries of the 15th-18th centuries were boys who were brought up with princes and received corporal punishment for the prince's offenses.
Tyutelka is a diminutive of the dialect tyutya (“blow, hit”), the name for an accurate hit with an ax in the same place during carpentry work.
The most experienced and strong barge hauler, walking first in the strap, was called a cone. This evolved into the expression “big shot.”
Previously, Friday was a day off from work, and, as a result, a market day. On Friday, when they received the goods, they promised to give the money due for it on the next market day. Since then, to refer to people who do not fulfill their promises, they say: “He has seven Fridays in a week.”
Previously, the nose, in addition to part of the face, was a tag that was worn with oneself and on which notches were placed to record work, debts, as well as a bribe, etc. On the nose, you could either cut him off (negotiate) or stay with him (when the bribe is not accepted).
When doctors discovered the importance of nerves in the human body, they named them after their resemblance to strings musical instruments the same word - nervus. This is where the expression “play on your nerves” comes from.
The small horny tubercle on the tip of the tongue of birds, which helps them peck food, is called pip. The growth of such a tubercle may be a sign of illness. Hard pimples in human language are called pips by analogy with these bird tubercles. According to beliefs, pip appears in deceitful people.
The opening of a nail-like object was timed to coincide with the 1889 World Exhibition in Paris. Eiffel Tower, which created a sensation. Since then, the expression “highlight of the program” has entered the language.
Introduction
Since ancient times, man has cared not only about food and housing, he sought
understand the world around us, compared various phenomena, created something new in nature
and in your imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their
dreams and hopes were embodied in songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs,
sayings, riddles. This is how the people created their art, their poetry.
Fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs and other types of oral creativity are called
folklore. The word "folklore" is of English origin "folk lore". It
means “folk wisdom”, “folk knowledge”.
It is difficult to list all the literary definitions that linguists give
proverb. It is called folk wisdom, practical philosophy, oral
a school, a set of rules of life, the historical memory of the people.
Unlike other genres of folklore, proverbs exist in speech and are introduced as
an expression, a successful comparison, a laconic formula, said by someone once,
are picked up by others, become attributes of folk speech, thanks to
constant use in situations of similar meaning. A proverb is
"the wisdom of many, the wit of each."
In the conditions of ancient society, when there were no means of material
consolidation of thoughts - writing, generalization and consolidation of work experience,
everyday observations in stable verbal formulas was vital
necessity. Even at the first stages of social development,
certain rules of human society, moral and ethical concepts and
norms of society, which were also formalized in the form of proverbial propositions,
acting as unwritten laws and rules.
History of proverbs and sayings
The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They are concentrated and
a body of knowledge, observations, signs expressed in a brief artistic form
working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor accumulated by the people,
everyday, social experience and pass it on to subsequent generations.
The sources of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are
direct life observations of people, socio-historical experience
people. Some of the proverbs and sayings current among the people go back to books.
sources. Didactic poems from ancient manuscripts, poems by poets,
as well as works that came out of the classical East, in a certain
degrees replenished the composition of eastern proverbs.
The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the motherland and hatred for it
enemies, fortitude, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in
short but wise sayings.
Working people who created all the wealth of the country and protected it from foreign attacks
invaders, languished for many centuries under the heavy yoke of exploitation and
enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life and their suffering in
boyars, officials, clergy, landowners, and then capitalists. Quite a lot
proverbs were created that reflected the difficult and hungry life of a peasant,
contrasted with the well-fed and carefree life of one who squeezes all the juices out of him
master (a poor man doesn’t even eat bread, a rich man will eat a man’s bread; Krasny
boyars' chambers, and the peasants have huts on their sides; The bars are full of men's calluses
live). There are especially many proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their
greed, selfishness, selfishness (Everything fits a priest and a thief; Wolf’s mouth yes
the priest's eyes are an insatiable pit).
The poor man had nowhere and no one to complain to. Officials stood guard over the same
serf-owners (Where there is power, there is law). It was impossible to come to court without a bribe,
which was only possible for the rich. And, of course, the matter was always decided in their
benefit. Where there is court there is no truth.
Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god to whom they prayed
neither the king they hoped for brings the desired relief. To God
high, far from the king - such a conclusion is inevitable. It was possible to have hopes
only on your own strength. In the most difficult times, people did not stop
dream of freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), of reprisal against one’s own
masters (There is a thunderstorm; Let the red rooster fly), oh happy
life (There will be a holiday on our street). Class struggle, overt or hidden,
never stopped, and a well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle.
It is not for nothing that the following proverbs arose among the feudal lords: A slave’s word is like a spear;
A stinking look is worse than a curse.
But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. Particularly harsh
A change in the consciousness of the people came after the Great October Revolution.
For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created,
workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries-old
family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own
destiny and won conditions for free creative work. Proverbs are not
could have passed by these revolutionary transformations: Lenin’s covenant flew around
the whole world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich’s lamp. These and many others
sayings speak of fundamental changes in the lives of workers.
But when creating something new, people do not throw away all the best that has been accumulated over the centuries.
our ancestors. Of course, to preserve such a proverb, for example: Money
the priest will buy and deceive God - we have no conditions. But the love of work
skill and skill, courage, honesty, love of country, friendship and others
qualities that previously could not manifest themselves in full force, only in our
time received all the opportunities for the most complete disclosure. And proverbs
those who speak of these qualities will always be our companions. Not lost
proverbs of their meaning, striking with a sharp word boasting, laziness, selfishness,
hypocrisy and other vices in people's behavior. For example, there will always be
The words are true: A lazy person is not worth his grave.
Life is not limited to creating new and preserving old proverbs. Many
proverbs are rethought and remade in accordance with new conditions.
The life of individual proverbs can be traced over many centuries.
At the beginning of the 12th century, the chronicler included in the “Tale of Bygone Years” the ancient
for him there is a proverb: Pogibosha, aki obre (perished like obra). It was about images
or Avrah, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of
them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about
other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: Died like a Swede over
Poltava, - which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709
year. The defeat of Napoleonic army in 1812 gave a new version of this
proverb: Disappeared like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917
a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.
Nowadays, many proverbs are being remade in a new way. There was a proverb: No
the ax grinds, and the carpenter; Now they say: It’s not the tractor that plows, but the tractor driver.
They used to always say: One in the field is not a warrior. For our soldiers it sounded like
new: If it is tailored in Russian, and there is only one warrior in the field. During the Great
Proverbs from the Patriotic War of 1941-1945: From the world one thread at a time - naked
shirt; He lies like a gray gelding - written in this form: From the world to the next thread -
Hitler has a rope; He lies like Goebbels.
Russian writers make extensive use of inexhaustible reserves of folk wisdom.
However, they not only take from the popular language, but also enrich it. Many
successful expressions from works of fiction become
proverbs and sayings. Happy hours are not observed; How not to please
to a loved one; The silent ones are blissful in the world; Don't say hello from such people
praise; More in number, cheaper in price - here are a few sayings from the comedy
A.S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”, existing in the language as proverbs. Love
all ages; We all look at Napoleons; Whatever passes will be nice; A
happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin often
can be heard in spoken language. The man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in
powder flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from a story by N.V. Gogol
"Taras Bulba".
I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living spoken language and often
who introduced folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, he himself created quite a few
proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; And the cart is still there; But the elephant
I didn’t even notice; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; The cuckoo praises the rooster for
turn around?). Many proverbs, sayings, apt expressions were included in
colloquial language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and ours
The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some lovers began
compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been published
separate books. In the 30-50s of the 19th century, collecting Russian proverbs
scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872). To his collection
“Proverbs of the Russian People” included about 30,000 texts. Since then
Many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time the collection
IN AND. Dahl is the most complete and valuable.
Russian proverbs and sayings.
Folklore provides not only a historical picture of the spiritual development of the people. From
works of all its genres appear multifaceted and at the same time integral and
the unique character of the entire Russian people. Courageous, strong, stern -
according to epics; cunning, mocking, mischievous - according to everyday fairy tales; wise,
observant, witty - according to proverbs and sayings - this is the Russian
man in all his greatness, simplicity and beauty. In the richest treasury
Russian oral folk poetry is one of the significant places
occupied by proverbs and those close to them in artistic structure and figurative
proverb system. Presenting laconic, expressive, deeply
have always been and are very popular.
Proverb - short, poetically figurative, rhythmically organized
a work of folk art that summarizes the historical and social
everyday experience of generations, used for vivid and in-depth characterization
various aspects of human life and activity, as well as environmental phenomena
peace. A proverb appears before the reader or listener as a general proposition,
expressed in the form of a grammatically complete sentence.
So, proverbs and sayings, although they are known to be close, also have significant
differences that make it possible to clearly distinguish between these remarkable genres of Russian
folk poetic creativity. As noted by the latest research
works, a textbook on folklore for universities, one of the characteristic
features is “the combination of the general and the specific in them, more precisely: in
the general features and characteristics of phenomena in nature are conveyed to a specific form,
public life, personal relationships of people. Proverbs are characterized by
certain forms of generalization. These are primarily general judgments. "
The image of generalized facts and typical phenomena inherent in proverbs, as well as
pronounced allegory allows the works to be widely used
this genre on different occasions.
Often the original meaning of a proverb is forgotten, since the one that gave birth to it
the phenomenon passes away, but it is used in an allegorical sense.
This is the proverb: To love warmth is to endure smoke. It arose when
Peasant huts did not have chimneys and were heated using black heat, i.e. smoke from the stove
walked into the room and then slowly went out the window. And, of course, heat without smoke
could not be obtained.
Proverbs that become incomprehensible disappear from living speech. Some
It's a different matter with sayings. We often say them without thinking about it.
original sense. They say, for example: “Work carelessly”, “find out
the real truth”, “find out all the ins and outs”. Each of these sayings
arose on the basis of actual phenomena. The expression "to work carelessly"
came from the times of Muscovite Rus', when the boyars wore clothes with sleeves,
reaching to the knees. Of course, with such sleeves it was impossible to do anything
do. There was a proverb: If you don’t say everything that’s true, then you’ll say everything that’s true.
the lowdown. We were talking about torture here. "The Real Truth" - Those Testimonies
accused, which were obtained from them during torture with a long sword (special
torture sticks). If it was not possible to obtain the required answers, then
Thus, nails and needles were driven under a person’s nails. Hence the lowdown.
Proverbs about proverbs:
The proverb goes by the way.
The old proverb will never break.
They don't sell proverbs in the market.
A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry.
Proverbs about parents:
The child does not cry - the mother does not understand.
It's warm in the sun, good in mother's presence.
A parent's word is never wasted.
Proverbs about friendship and love:
Good brotherhood is stronger than wealth.
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Origin and the development of writing
Abstract >> Culture and artEkaterinburg-2010 Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………3 Origin writing and number systems…..4 ... development of writing separately. Origin writing and number systems... 0b this is what the Kipchak people say proverbs"wrote, wrote, five...
1. There is time for business, and an hour for fun. The proverb was born in Rus' during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich and originally sounded: “There is time for business and hour for fun.” In 1656, by order of the tsar, a Collection of rules for falconry was compiled, which the tsar loved very much, and at that time was called “fun”. At the end of the preface, Alexei Mikhailovich made a handwritten note: “... and do not forget the military formation: there is time for business and fun,” which meant that there is a time for everything: both business and fun.
2. Good riddance - they talked about a road that is “straight as an arrow, with a wide surface that lays like a tablecloth.” This is how people in Rus' were seen off on a long journey. IN modern language the expression has the opposite meaning: “... indifference to someone’s departure, departure, as well as the desire to get out, wherever.”
3.Expression " hot spot” is found in the Orthodox funeral prayer (“... in a place of greenery, in a place of peace...”). So in the texts on Church Slavonic language called heaven. In Rus', intoxicating drinks were produced mainly from cereals (beer, vodka). In other words, a hot place means a drunken place.
4.Stay with your nose. Here the word “nose” should be used in a different meaning – burden, carry. The expression refers to a person giving an offering or a bribe. And if the gift was not accepted, then it was no longer possible to come to an agreement, so the person left.
5. They carry water for the offended. The phrase began to be used from the time of Peter I. At that time, the profession of a water carrier was popular. To earn money more money, especially enterprising water carriers began to increase the price of their services. To punish the misers, Peter I gave a special instruction - instead of horses, greedy water carriers should be harnessed to the cart. They were forced to carry out the punishment.
6. “It stunned me,” we say about something that greatly surprised us. The etymology of this expression should be sought in ancient times, in times when warriors fought in heavy armor. If a warrior was hit hard on the shelom (helmet), he would lose consciousness and sometimes be seriously injured.
7. Ate the dog. Nowadays this expression refers to a person who has vast experience in something. Previously, this phrase was used differently: “He ate the dog and choked on his tail,” - this is how they said about someone who, having done hard work, made a mistake because of a trifle.
8.The full saying goes like this: “You can’t stick a cut piece back.” A daughter extradited to foreign lands; a son who separated and lived in his own home; a recruit whose forehead was shaved - all these are cut off slices, it’s no wonder to meet, but you can’t live with one family. In the old days, bread was exclusively broken (hence the word slice), and not cut.
9. Like a drunken zyuzya. We find this expression in Alexander Pushkin, in the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”, when talking about Lensky’s neighbor, Zaretsky:
Falling off a Kalmyk horse,
Like a drunk Zyuzya, and the French
Got captured...
The fact is that in the Pskov region, where Pushkin for a long time was in exile, “zyuzey” is the name given to a pig.
10. Show off dust. Currently, it is used to mean “to create a false impression of one’s capabilities.” However, the original meaning is different: during fist fights, dishonest fighters took with them bags of sand, which they threw in the eyes of their opponents.
11. Lost your mind. It's about about Mount Pantelik in Greece. Marble was mined on Pantelica. As a result, many labyrinths were formed in which one could easily get lost.
12. This is written on the water with a pitchfork. IN Slavic mythology“Pitchforks” were the name given to mythical creatures that lived in bodies of water. They predicted fate by writing it on the water. According to another version, this is what circles were called. During fortune telling, pebbles were thrown into the river and the future was predicted by the shape of the circles formed on the surface of the water. But such predictions rarely came true, so they began to talk about unlikely events.
13. The expression “pounding water in a mortar” means doing a useless task and has ancient origins. In medieval monasteries it had a literal character: guilty monks were forced to pound water as punishment.