Planet Earth was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. The first single-celled life forms appeared perhaps about 3 billion years ago. At first it was bacteria. They are classified as prokaryotes because they do not have a cell nucleus. Eukaryotic (those with nuclei in cells) organisms appeared later.
Plants are eukaryotes capable of photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, photosynthesis appeared earlier than eukaryotes. At that time it existed in some bacteria. These were blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria). Some of them have survived to this day.
According to the most common hypothesis of evolution, plant cell formed by the entry into a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell of a photosynthetic bacterium that was not digested. Further, the process of evolution led to the appearance of a single-celled eukaryotic photosynthetic organism with chloroplasts (their predecessors). This is how unicellular algae appeared.
The next stage in the evolution of plants was the emergence of multicellular algae. They reached great diversity and lived exclusively in water.
The surface of the Earth did not remain unchanged. Where the earth's crust rose, land gradually emerged. Living organisms had to adapt to new conditions. Some ancient algae were gradually able to adapt to a terrestrial lifestyle. In the process of evolution, their structure became more complex, tissues appeared, primarily integumentary and conductive.
The first land plants are considered to be psilophytes, which appeared about 400 million years ago. They have not survived to this day.
Further evolution of plants, associated with the complication of their structure, took place on land.
During the time of the psilophytes, the climate was warm and humid. Psilophytes grew near bodies of water. They had rhizoids (like roots), with which they anchored themselves in the soil and absorbed water. However, they did not have true vegetative organs (roots, stems and leaves). The movement of water and organic substances throughout the plant was ensured by the emerging conductive tissue.
Later, ferns and mosses evolved from psilophytes. These plants have a more complex structure, they have stems and leaves, and they are better adapted to living on land. However, just like psilophytes, they remained dependent on water. During sexual reproduction, in order for the sperm to reach the egg, they need water. Therefore, they could not “go” far from wet habitats.
During the Carboniferous period (approximately 300 million years ago), when the climate was humid, ferns reached their dawn, and many of their tree forms grew on the planet. Later, dying off, it was they who formed coal deposits.
When the climate on Earth began to become colder and drier, ferns began to die out en masse. But some of their species before this gave rise to the so-called seed ferns, which in fact were already gymnosperms. In the subsequent evolution of plants, seed ferns became extinct, giving rise to other gymnosperms. Later, more advanced gymnosperms appeared - conifers.
The reproduction of gymnosperms no longer depended on the presence of liquid water. Pollination occurred with the help of wind. Instead of spermatozoa (mobile forms), they formed sperm (stationary forms), which were delivered to the egg special education pollen grain. In addition, gymnosperms produced not spores, but seeds containing a supply of nutrients.
The further evolution of plants was marked by the appearance of angiosperms (flowering plants). This happened about 130 million years ago. And about 60 million years ago they began to dominate the Earth. Compared to gymnosperms, flowering plants better adapted for life on land. You could say they began to take advantage of opportunities more environment. So their pollination began to occur not only with the help of the wind, but also with the help of insects. This increased pollination efficiency. Angiosperm seeds are found in fruits, which allow them to spread more efficiently. In addition, flowering plants have a more complex tissue structure, for example, in the conducting system.
Currently, angiosperms are the most numerous group of plants in terms of the number of species.
1. Specify correct sequence appearance of organisms on Earth.
1) algae – bacteria – mosses – ferns – gymnosperms – angiosperms
2) bacteria – algae – mosses – ferns – angiosperms – gymnosperms
3) bacteria – algae – mosses – ferns – gymnosperms – angiosperms
4) algae – mosses – ferns – bacteria – gymnosperms – angiosperms
2. Establish the sequence of appearance of the main groups of plants on Earth in the process of evolution.
1) psilophytes
2) unicellular green algae
3) multicellular green algae
3. Establish the sequence of complication of organisms in the process historical development organic world on the ground.
1) formation of chlorophyll in cells
2) the appearance of rhizoids
3) fruit formation
4) the appearance of roots, stems, leaves
5) the emergence of unicellular heterotrophic organisms
4. Establish the sequence of increasing complexity of the organization of organisms in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth.
1) the emergence of photosynthesis
2) development of seeds in cones
3) the occurrence of double fertilization
4) the emergence of heterotrophic organisms
5) participation of oxygen in metabolic processes in cells
5. In connection with the emergence of the first plants on land, they developed
1) vegetative organs 2) seeds 3) spores 4) gametes
6. What feature of flowering plants contributed to their widespread distribution in the Cenozoic era?
1) the presence of flowers and fruits
2)increasing life expectancy
3) diversity of vegetative organs
4) the appearance of various plastids
1) the seeds contain an embryo with a supply of nutrients
2) animals eat seeds
3) seeds are spread by the wind
4) the seeds lie openly on the scales of the cones
8. Ancient ferns became extinct in the process of evolution because
1) they were destroyed by animals
2) used them intensively ancient man
3) there was a cooling and a decrease in air humidity
4) flowering plants appeared
9. The evolution of plants went in the direction
1)reduced life expectancy
2)development of new environments and habitats
3) maintaining the dependence of fertilization on water
4) preservation of the gametophyte as the main stage of development
10. Which of the listed groups of plants was the first during evolution to cease to depend on the availability of water for fertilization?
11. Mammals evolved from the ancients
1) dinosaurs 2) animal-toothed lizards
3) lobe-finned fish 4) tailed amphibians
12. The picture shows a print of Archeopteryx. It is a fossil transitional form between the ancient
1)birds and mammals
2) reptiles and birds
3) reptiles and mammals
4) amphibians and birds
13. What sign indicates the relationship of Archeopteryx with modern birds?
1) fingers with claws on the forelimbs
2) tarsus in the hind limbs
3) small teeth in the jaws
4) caudal region in the spine
14. What ancient fish did amphibians originate from?
1) sharks and rays 2) sturgeons and belugas 3) lozenges 4) bonefish
15. Many scientists consider it a fossil transitional form between the ancients
1) fish and amphibians 2) reptiles and birds
3) fish and reptiles 4) amphibians and birds
16. In the process of evolution, the appearance of a five-fingered limb in animals is associated with
1) transition to a terrestrial lifestyle
2) the need to climb trees
3) the need to make tools
4) active movement in the water column
17. Dismembered limbs in animals were formed in the process of evolution as an adaptation to movement in
1) water 2) air 3) soil 4) ground air environment
18. In the process of evolution, the emergence of a second circle of blood circulation in animals led to the emergence
1) gill respiration 2) pulmonary respiration
3) tracheal breathing 4) breathing over the entire surface of the body
19. The most likely ancestors of reptiles were
1) newts 2) archeopteryx
3) ancient amphibians 4) lobe-finned fish
20. Which ancient animals are considered the ancestors of reptiles?
1) ichthyosaurs 2) archeopteryx
3) stegocephali 4) lobe-finned fish
21. In what era did reptiles dominate on Earth:
1) Mesozoic 2) Archean
3) Cenozoic 4) Paleozoic
22. From ancient reptiles came:
1) birds and mammals 2) lungfishes and molluscs
3) coelenterates and worms 4) fish and amphibians
23. Establish the hypothetical sequence of occurrence of the following groups of animals:
A) Flying insects
B) Reptiles
B) Primates
D) Annelids
D) Flatworms
E) Coelenterates
24. Establish the sequence of stages in the development of the animal world of the Earth from the most ancient to the modern:
A) the appearance of stegocephals
B) dominance of marine invertebrates
B) reptilian dominance
D) the appearance of cartilaginous fish
D) the appearance of bony fish
25. Establish the sequence of increasing complexity of animal organization in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) the appearance of the cortex in the cerebral hemispheres
2) formation of chitinous cover
3) the emergence of radial symmetry of the body
4) development of the intestine with oral and anal openings
5) appearance of jaws in the skull
1. Establish the sequence of appearance of groups of chordates in the process of evolution: a) - Mammals b) - Reptiles c)d) - Birds
e) - Anchorate chordates
2. Establish the sequence of appearance of groups of animals in the process of evolution:
a) - Flatworms
b) - Roundworms
c) - Protozoa
d) - Coelenterates
e) - Flatworms
Thanks a lot!!
URGENTLY! Write down the numbers of the correct statements: 1. The diversity of plant divisions on Earth is the result of evolution. 2.Rhiniophytes are plants that grow inwarm damp places. 3. the emergence of photosynthesis is an important stage in the development of the plant kingdom. 4.Angiosperms appeared on earth thanks to animal pollinators. 5. covering tissue with stomata - a property of plants growing on land. 6. The old world gave the world plants from which bread is made. 7. The new light gave the world vegetables and fruits. 8. cultivated plants are the result of artificial selection. 9. Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells do not have a formed nucleus. 10. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain chlorophyll. 11. green algae gave rise higher plants.
warm, humid places.3.The emergence of photosynthesis is an important stage in the development of the plant kingdom.4.Angiosperms appeared on Earth thanks to animal pollinators.5.Integumentary tissue with stomata is characteristic of land plants.8.Cultivated plants are the result of artificial selection.6.Old The light gave the world plants, from which only bread is made. 7. The New World gave the world vegetables and fruits. 9. Prokaryotes - organisms whose cells do not have a formed nucleus. 10. Eukaryotes - organisms whose cells have chlorophyll. 11. Green algae gave rise to higher plants.
The numbers are not very confusing, but write down the number of the correct statements
1) algae – bacteria – mosses – ferns – gymnosperms – angiosperms
2) bacteria – algae – mosses – ferns – angiosperms – anolosperms
3) bacteria – algae – mosses – ferns – gymnosperms – angiosperms
4) algae – mosses – ferns – bacteria – gymnosperms – angiosperms
Indicate which of the statements are true.
A. During the process of photosynthesis, oxygen is released into the atmosphere.
B. The process of photosynthesis uses up organic matter.
1) only A is correct
3) both statements are true
2) only B is correct
4) both statements are incorrect
Which option correctly indicates the hierarchy of systematic groups of animals?
1) type – class – order – family – genus – species
2) type – order – class – family – genus – species
3) type – class – order – species – genus – family
4) class – phylum – order – family – genus – species
Hello, friends! Today I would like to talk about prehistoric plants and how they evolved into modern plants.
The plant world today is dominated by flowering plants, but club mosses and ferns covered the Earth in prehistoric times.
More than 400,000 species of flora are known today, all descended from a few ancient marine plants. Species that have disappeared from the face of the Earth are not included in this number, since they were unable to adapt to changing conditions on Earth, or could not withstand competition from newly appeared plants that were better adapted to new environment a habitat.
Paleobotanists have established the distribution of plant cover on the Earth's surface in different geological periods, as well as the patterns of its change. The fact that plants do not have a hard skeleton that can easily be turned into fossils makes research difficult.
Fortunately, early forms of flora can sometimes be found in ancient mud deposits, and some plant remains have been found in the rocks, dating back about 3.1 billion years.
The fact that life on the planet had to begin with the appearance of plant-like organisms, which later became an important link in the food chain of animals, is evidenced by fossils.
But the role of plants in the evolutionary history of the Earth is much more significant, since they actually transformed our planet and made it suitable for the existence of the animal world.
Probably, in the conditions of initial detention huge amount carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, animals would not be able to breathe. Carbon dioxide Plants convert oxygen into oxygen through the process of photosynthesis, saturating the atmosphere with it.
The basis of the food chain was the ability of plants to use sunlight to produce complex organic substances. The evolution of carnivores and herbivores was ensured by plants.
Evolution, however, is an extremely slow process, and natural selection favors individuals that adapt to changes in their environment rather than simply to change itself.
The most ancient species could not survive without water flora, since they lacked the structures necessary for life on land.
The first plants to emerge from the water probably settled in swamps, where they Bottom part could constantly be under water. Most likely, the first truly terrestrial plants remained moisture-loving and grew near water.
A moist environment for reproduction was still necessary for liverworts, mosses and ferns, which developed as plants from ancient times.
Precursors of flowering plants
– gymnosperms, among them coniferous trees- needed wind for seed dispersal and pollination, since there were no insects capable of doing this at that time.
The flowering plants (angiosperms) that predominate today developed at the same time as insects and animals, and are therefore often pollinated by them.
The simplest algae were the oldest of famous plants.
These are single-celled organisms, all the functions of which were performed by a single cell without a nucleus. These blue-green algae were extremely primitive, and only about 1.5 billion years ago they appeared with a cell nucleus.
Multicellular organisms arose over time. Perhaps they are similar to seaweed and have different parts plants are reproductive organs.
About 590 million years ago, during the Cambrian period, many forms of life firmly established themselves on Earth. More than 900 species belong to this period - and these are the plants that have survived and been discovered hundreds of millions of years later.
Relocation to land.
440 - 408 million years ago, during the Silurian period, plants emerged from the water and began to populate the land. Habitat of plants and animals in old times limited to the oceans, but to life in fresh water algae have adapted. Terrestrial species probably evolved from these freshwater algae.
They must have a completely different structure aquatic plants to survive on land. They must contain a more rigid plant-supporting organ, as well as a network of blood vessels.
Reproductive systems that can function normally in the air must be created by land plants before moving to drier areas.
Traces of the most ancient plants were discovered in the rocks of the Silurian period. The body of one of them, Zosterophyllum, was a thallus, that is, it was not divided into stem, root and leaves. Rhynia is a plant without leaves and roots, but with large sporangia at the ends of its shoots.
It consisted of a functioning root, rhizome and above-ground shoots dotted with small scale-like leaves. It is very likely that they were all swamp plants.
Roots that accumulate and absorb water appeared in plants for growing on land. Their methods of reproduction, which are less dependent on moisture, were improved over a very long period of evolution.
Unlike flowering plants that appeared later, relict species that have survived to this day, such as liverworts and mosses, still need humid environment and water for reproduction.
Evolutionary progress.
The process of evolution does not have to be linear or continuous with a constant pace of development.
The following groups of plants almost certainly arose during evolution, and in the given order. The fact that evolution is an ongoing and continuous process should not be forgotten. It is only after a very long period of time that changes can be detected.
Bacteria.
It is likely that the first cellular organisms lived in the “primary” broth and resembled. It is generally accepted that bacteria are closer to plants than to animals, although they have little in common with either. These microscopic single-celled organisms are capable of multiplying with amazing speed under ideal conditions.
However, some of them can live in organic substances, such as nitrogen and ammonia, which is possibly due to their appearance in ancient times, when a large number of ammonia was contained in the Earth's atmosphere.
Blue-green algae.
Despite their name, these primitive plants bear little resemblance to real algae. 3.1 billion years old, isolated fossils found in rocks closely resemble modern blue-green algae.
This proves their belonging to the most ancient species capable of photosynthesis. Microscopic unicellular non-nuclear organisms - This is the majority of blue-green algae.
But due to the fact that the mucus of some algae contains entire colonies of these plants, some of them can be seen with the naked eye.
Seaweed.
This is another type of primitive plant that lacks flowering structures and leaves. Almost all types of algae are capable of obtaining food through photosynthesis under the influence of natural sunlight.
The predominance of such primitive plants includes plankton, mainly consisting of unicellular algae, and multicellular algae.
Freshwater and terrestrial algae have spread widely. To the “blooming” of water in reservoirs and plaque forming on the walls of aquariums, wet clay pots It is they who bring other vessels.
Algae are multicellular and unicellular and can form colonies or threads. Some of their species are considered to be the connecting link between animals and plants.
Euglenophytes are capable of locomotion using flagella, have a light-sensitive red ocellus, and can ingest solid food particles.
Lichens.
The result of mutualism between fungi and algae are such complex plants. Only after these two were formed independent species plants, lichens were able to appear.
From an evolutionary point of view, they have occupied a vacant niche and are able to exist in unfavorable conditions in which few other plants can survive.
Mosses and liverworts.
Although the evolution of mosses and liverworts is still ongoing, they are similar to primitive plants. They have clearly defined stems and leaf-like structures, as well as signs of the beginning of the development of vascular conducting tissue. Mosses and liverworts reproduce by spores, and there are two stages of reproduction.
First, the sporophyte (the dominant form bearing spores) appears, and then the gametophyte (sexual generation).
Alternating generation – the name of this complex process. It requires a very moist environment or water. This is another property that confirms ancient origin mosses and liverworts and preventing their spread over land.
Ferns and horsetails.
These plants more often reproduce by spores than by seeds, but they are also characterized by alternating generations. Therefore, they require water or a high moisture content to reproduce successfully.
Sporophytes are less dependent on moisture. Although the spore generation must grow close to moist areas for gametophyte development, this means that the habitat of ferns is more diverse than that of mosses and liverworts.
The more complex structure of ferns indicates a later evolution. However, it is known that in the Devonian (480 - 360 million years ago) they were widespread. This structure allows ferns to adapt to life on land and gives them the rigidity necessary for further growth.
Moss mosses and horsetails are related to ferns, but are much less common than ferns. During the Carboniferous period (360 million years ago), horsetails dominated. And from their fossilized remains most of the coal was formed. Then, they were gradually replaced by other species.
Pteridosperms.
The ancestors of modern flowering plants were pteridosperms or seed ferns. Now it is an extinct species. Externally, pteridosperms looked like ferns, but they formed seeds at the ends of special shoots. They lived in the period from the Devonian to the Triassic (248 million years ago).
Gymnosperms.
Almost some trees include gymnosperms. Their evolutionary process began later than that of the groups listed above. They appeared in the Mesozoic era. They have ovules and cones, which, unlike angiosperms, lack carpels.
Coniferous trees such as larch and pine are the most famous gymnosperms. And tropical species– ginkgo and cycads. In the Mesozoic era, cycads became most widespread.
Also a coniferous tree is the giant sequoia, which can reach very large sizes. Huge economic importance have coniferous trees. They are grown in large quantities for timber and pulp production.
Angiosperms.
IN modern world this is the predominant group of plants. It includes both flowers (daisy and dandelion) and trees (for example, horse chestnut, oak). Angiosperms include most of the vegetables we eat, orchids, ornamental grasses used in lawns, and various grains (including oats and wheat).
Angiosperms- These are flowering plants. Their seeds are enclosed in carpels. The evolution of these plants took different paths. Both insects and wind play important role in the pollination of these plants. Certain types Some of them are pollinated by insects or birds. The methods for dispersing seeds are also very diverse.
This is the evolution of plants, it turns out that it is a rather complex process 🙂
Table covering the evolution of plants by geological periods
| Era | Geological period | Million years | Predominant/common plants |
| Cenozoic | Tertiary and Quaternary | Up to 65 | Predominance of angiosperms |
| Mesozoic | Chalky | Up to 144 | The emergence of angiosperms |
| Jurassic | Up to 213 | Gymnosperms and pteridophytes dominate (conifers, ferns, horsetails, mosses) | |
| Triassic | Up to 248 | Distribution of gymnosperms. Lush forests. | |
| Paleozoic | Permian | Up to 286 | Pteridophytes, or primitive vascular plants (ferns, horsetails, mosses) predominate. Coniferous trees and ginkgo are common. |
| Coal | Up to 360 | Pteridophytes dominate coal-forming swamps. | |
| Devonian | Up to 408 | Land plants are spreading. | |
| Silurian | Up to 440 | The first land/marsh plants appear. | |
| Ordovician | Up to 550 | Seaweed. | |
| Cambrian | Up to 590 | Seaweed. | |
| Precambrian | More than 590 | Blue-green algae. |
Evolution of plants
The first living organisms arose approximately 3.5 billion years ago. They apparently ate products of abiogenic origin and were heterotrophs. High speed reproduction led to the emergence of competition for food, and consequently to divergence. Organisms capable of autotrophic nutrition received an advantage - first chemosynthesis, and then photosynthesis. About 1 billion years ago, eukaryotes split into several branches, from some of which multicellular photosynthetic organisms (green, brown and red algae), as well as fungi, arose.
Basic conditions and stages of plant evolution:
- in the Proterozoic era, unicellular aerobic organisms (cyanobacteria and green algae) were widespread;
- education soil substrate on land at the end of the Silurian period;
- the emergence of multicellularity, which makes possible the specialization of cells within one organism;
- development of land by psilophytes;
- from psilophytes in the Devonian period a whole group of terrestrial plants arose - mosses, mosses, horsetails, ferns that reproduce by spores;
- Gymnosperms evolved from seed ferns in the Devonian. The structures that emerged necessary for seed reproduction (for example, a pollen tube) freed the sexual process in plants from dependence on aquatic environment. Evolution followed the path of reduction of the haploid gametophyte and the predominance of the diploid sporophyte;
- The Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era is characterized by a wide variety of terrestrial vegetation. Tree ferns spread, forming coal forests;
- During the Permian period, ancient gymnosperms became the dominant group of plants. Due to the emergence of an arid climate, giant ferns and tree-like mosses disappear;
- In the Cretaceous period, the heyday of angiosperms began, which continues to this day.
Main features of the evolution of the plant world:
- transition to the predominance of the diploid generation over the haploid;
- development of the female shoot on the mother plant;
- transition from sperm to injection of the male nucleus through the pollen tube;
- division of the plant body into organs, development of the conducting vascular system, supporting and protective tissues;
- improvement of reproductive organs and cross-pollination in flowering plants in connection with the evolution of insects;
- development of the seed to protect the embryo from adverse influences external environment;
- the emergence of various methods of dispersal of seeds and fruits.
Animal evolution
The oldest traces of animals date back to the Precambrian (over 800 million years). It is assumed that they originated either from a common stem of eukaryotes or from unicellular algae, confirmed by the existence of Euglena green and Volvox, capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
In the Cambrian and Ordovician periods, sponges, coelenterates, worms, echinoderms, trilobites predominated, and mollusks appeared.
In the Ordovician, jawless fish-like organisms appeared, and in the Silurian, fish with jaws appeared. The first gnathostomes gave rise to ray-finned and lobe-finned fish. Lobe-finned animals had supporting elements in their fins, from which the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates later developed. From this group of fish amphibians and then other classes of vertebrates arose.
The most ancient amphibians are Ichthyostegas, who lived in the Devonian. Amphibians flourished in the Carboniferous.
Reptiles that conquered land in the Permian period originated from amphibians, thanks to the appearance of a mechanism for sucking air into the lungs, the refusal of skin respiration, the appearance of horny scales and egg shells covering the body, protecting embryos from drying out and other environmental influences. Among the reptiles, a group of dinosaurs presumably stood out, giving rise to birds.
The first mammals appeared in the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era. Basic progressive biological features mammals - feeding their young with milk, warm-bloodedness, developed cerebral cortex.
Features of the evolution of the animal world:
- progressive development of multicellularity and, as a consequence, specialization of tissues and all organ systems;
- a freely mobile lifestyle, which determined the development of various behavioral mechanisms, as well as the relative independence of ontogenesis from fluctuations in environmental factors. The mechanisms of internal self-regulation of the body developed and improved;
- the appearance of a hard skeleton: external in a number of invertebrates - echinoderms, arthropods; internal in vertebrates. Advantages internal skeleton are that it does not limit the increase in body size.
Progressive development nervous system became the basis for the emergence of a system of conditioned reflexes and improvement of behavior.