Political and geographical position of the state. The concept of geopolitics

The category of geographic location, which characterizes the position of a particular spatial object in relation to others, is very widely used in geography. This category has several varieties: physical- geographical position, economic-geographical location (EGP), transport-geographical location. In the system of political-geographical knowledge, the first place comes political-geographical location (GGP).

There is no absolutely clear boundary between the categories of EGP and GGP. Thus, the position of a particular country or region in relation to the most important economic centers, world transport and trade routes, integration groups, and tourist flows is important not only for economic, but also for political geography. After all, their safety and normal functioning ultimately depend on the political situation in the world. As an example of a beneficial combination of EGP and GGP, one can cite small countries and territories that are classified as “apartment landlords” or “intermediaries” that now occupy a significant place in the international geographical division of labor (Singapore, the Bahamas, etc.). An example of a much less advantageous combination of EGP and GGP are countries that do not have access to the open sea.

As for the very definition of GWP, then, according to M. M. Golubchik, a political-geographical position is the position of an object (a country, its part, a group of countries) in relation to other states and their groups as political objects. The GWP of a state in a broad sense is a set of political conditions related to the geographical location of the country (region), expressed in a system of political relationships with the outside world. This system is mobile, it is affected by processes and phenomena occurring both in the surrounding space and in the object being studied.

It is customary to distinguish between macro-, meso- and micro-GWP.

The macro-GWP of a country or region is its position in the system of global political relationships. It is assessed primarily depending on the position of the country (region) in relation to the main military-political and political groupings, centers of international tension and military conflicts (hot spots), democratic and totalitarian political regimes, etc. Macro-GPP - historical category, changing over time. To prove this statement, we can compare the situation in the world during the Cold War and after its end.

Meso-GWP is usually a country's position within its region or subregion. When assessing it, a special role is played by the nature of the immediate neighborhood, which, in turn, is determined primarily by political relationships. To illustrate, it is enough to give, on the one hand, examples of relations between Germany and France, the USA and Canada, Japan and the Republic of Korea, Russia and Finland, and on the other, examples of relations between Israel and neighboring Arab countries, between Iraq and Iran, India and Pakistan , USA and Cuba. During the period when the racist regime dominated South Africa, the states neighboring this country were called front-line.

By micro-GWP, a country usually understands the advantage or disadvantage (both from a political and military-strategic point of view) of the location of individual sections of its border, the nature of the contact of border areas with neighboring states.

Rice. 8. Geopolitical position of Russia (according to E.L. Plisetsky)

A large number of works are devoted to the analysis of the new geopolitical situation of Russia (after the collapse of the USSR). Their authors note that Russia’s overall losses at the meso- and micro-level turned out to be very large, both in terms of the destruction of the former unified political and economic space, the loss of a significant part of the demographic, economic and scientific-technical potential, the increase in the “northernness” of the entire country and, to a large extent, fencing it off from the Baltic and Black Seas, and in a purely geopolitical aspect.

Many geopolitical problems have arisen in Russia’s relations with its neighboring countries, that is, with other CIS countries. On the western border, this applies to a lesser extent to Belarus, with which in 1999 Russia signed a Union Treaty on the creation of a single state, but to a much greater extent to Ukraine and Moldova (Crimea and Sevastopol, the Black Sea Fleet, the status of Transnistria, tariffs for pumping Russian oil and natural gas V foreign Europe). After the Baltic countries and Poland joined NATO, new difficulties arose in organizing land connections with the Kaliningrad region. On the southern border, there was some cooling of relations with Azerbaijan and especially with Georgia (disagreements on the issue of transportation routes for Caspian oil, the status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Russian military bases, etc.). The Southeast cannot but be concerned about the growing US military presence in some Central Asian republics. Recently, those from the CIS countries where the “Rose Revolution” (Georgia), the “Orange Revolution” (Ukraine), and the “Tulip Revolution” (Kyrgyzstan) took place have also experienced considerable political shock.

To this list of problems we must add the lack of infrastructure on part of the country’s state borders, since many of them are actually “extended” to the borders of the former USSR. Russian border guards remain, for example, on the border of Tajikistan with Afghanistan, while on Russia's own borders with the CIS countries, border and customs controls are not as strict. We must not forget that total length Russia’s borders are 60.9 thousand km and that many subjects of the Federation (almost half) became border territories after the collapse of the USSR.

Even more geopolitical problems are associated with foreign countries. On Russia's western borders, former socialist countries quickly reoriented their political preferences. “NATO’s advancement to the East” means the inclusion of these countries in Western political and military structures, and their entry into the European Union into economic structures. In the Baltic countries, ethnic Russians are discriminated against and territorial claims are made against Russia. Elements of Western missile defense are being created in Poland and the Czech Republic. In the South and Southeast, Islamic states are seeking to bring former Soviet Central Asia and Azerbaijan into their orbit; A difficult situation has developed on the border with Afghanistan. On Far East Russia's position has become more stable, despite the dispute with Japan over the Kuril Islands.

Attempts to reflect the geopolitical position of Russia on a map are not so common, but they still exist (rice. 8).

As a kind of commentary on this map, we can give a brief description of the geopolitical position of individual parts of modern Russia, given by academician A.G. Granberg: “The specificity of the geoeconomic and geopolitical position of Russia in the modern world is that it comes into contact with the world’s largest economic groupings different parts of its huge heterogeneous body. Naturally, different contact zones experience different external attractions. Thus, the regions of the European part and the Urals are economically more oriented towards a uniting Europe. For the entire Far East and a large territory of Siberia, the main area of economic cooperation is the Asia-Pacific region (APR). For Russian regions close to the southern borders from North Caucasus before Eastern Siberia, are our neighbors in the CIS (behind them is the second echelon - the countries of the Muslim world) and mainland China."

The solution to Russia's geopolitical problems in the future, apparently, should be associated, firstly, with slowing down and stopping the processes of disintegration within the CIS and the revival of their common economic space and, secondly, with the continuation of the establishment of close political relations with both the West and with the East. A striking example of this kind is the Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborhood and Cooperation between Russia and China concluded in 2001.

The category of geographic location, which characterizes the position of a particular spatial object in relation to others, is very widely used in geography. This category has several varieties: physical-geographical location, economic-geographical location (EGP), transport-geographical location. In the system of political-geographical knowledge, the first place comes political-geographical location(GGP).

It is customary to distinguish between macro-, meso- and micro-GWP.

Rice. 8. Geopolitical position of Russia (according to E.L. Plisetsky)

Many geopolitical problems have arisen in Russia’s relations with its neighboring countries, that is, with other CIS countries. On the western border, this applies to a lesser extent to Belarus, with which in 1999 Russia signed a Union Treaty on the creation of a single state, but to a much greater extent to Ukraine and Moldova (Crimea and Sevastopol, the Black Sea Fleet, the status of Transnistria, tariffs for pumping Russian oil and natural gas to foreign Europe). After the Baltic countries and Poland joined NATO, new difficulties arose in organizing land connections with the Kaliningrad region. On the southern border, there was some cooling of relations with Azerbaijan and especially with Georgia (disagreements on the issue of transportation routes for Caspian oil, the status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Russian military bases, etc.). The Southeast cannot but be concerned about the growing US military presence in some Central Asian republics. Recently, those from the CIS countries where the “Rose Revolution” (Georgia), the “Orange Revolution” (Ukraine), and the “Tulip Revolution” (Kyrgyzstan) took place have also experienced considerable political shock.

To this list of problems we must add the lack of infrastructure on part of the country’s state borders, since many of them are actually “extended” to the borders former USSR. Russian border guards remain, for example, on the border of Tajikistan with Afghanistan, while on Russia's own borders with the CIS countries, border and customs controls are not as strict. We must not forget that the total length of Russia’s borders is 60.9 thousand km and that many subjects of the Federation (almost half) became border territories after the collapse of the USSR.

Even more geopolitical problems are associated with foreign countries. On Russia's western borders, former socialist countries quickly reoriented their political preferences. “NATO’s advancement to the East” means the inclusion of these countries in Western political and military structures, and their entry into the European Union into economic structures. In the Baltic countries, ethnic Russians are discriminated against and territorial claims are made against Russia. Elements of Western missile defense are being created in Poland and the Czech Republic. In the South and Southeast, Islamic states are seeking to bring former Soviet Central Asia and Azerbaijan into their orbit; A difficult situation has developed on the border with Afghanistan. In the Far East, Russia's position has become more stable, despite the dispute with Japan over the Kuril Islands.

Attempts to reflect the geopolitical position of Russia on a map are not so common, but they still exist (rice. 8).

As a kind of commentary on this map, we can give a brief description of the geopolitical position of individual parts of modern Russia, given by academician A.G. Granberg: “The specificity of the geoeconomic and geopolitical position of Russia in the modern world is that it comes into contact with the world’s largest economic groupings different parts of its huge heterogeneous body. Naturally, different contact zones experience different external attractions. Thus, the regions of the European part and the Urals are economically more oriented towards a uniting Europe. For the entire Far East and a large territory of Siberia, the main area of economic cooperation is the Asia-Pacific region (APR). For Russian regions close to the southern borders from the North Caucasus to Eastern Siberia, these are neighbors in the CIS (behind them is the second echelon - the countries of the Muslim world) and continental China."

©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2016-04-12

The Netherlands is located on the coast and adjacent West Frisian Islands of the North Sea, i.e. in the more densely populated, industrially developed part of Western Europe, where European and intercontinental routes intersect.

The country's borders were set at Congress of Vienna in 1815 And during the Belgian revolution of 1830-1831, and have been preserved without any special changes to this day.

In terms of area, the Netherlands (not counting micro-countries) is larger than only Albania, Belgium and Luxembourg. The length from West to East is approximately 200 km, and from North to South 300 km.

It is noteworthy that the area of the Netherlands is not a constant value. Its wetlands are constantly being drained and new lands are being reclaimed from the sea. In 1950, the country's territory occupied 32.4 thousand, in 1980 - 37.5 thousand, and in 1987 - 41.2 thousand square km. And in such a small area 14.3 million people live (1983).

The area of the Netherlands is constantly increasing by draining the adjacent parts of the shelf. A significant part of the country's population lives on lands reclaimed from the sea. The recently drained areas of Lake Ijselmeer in 1986 were declared the 12th province of the Netherlands.

The Netherlands owns a wide southern sector of the North Sea with abundant oil and natural gas reserves. The position of maritime borders in this area was approved by a decision of an international court in 1969.

In the Netherlands there are over 70 officially recorded political parties. Administratively, the country consists of 12 provinces. The right to vote is granted to all citizens over 18 years of age. Elected people can be elected to parliament from the age of 21.

Executive power belongs to the government-cabinet of ministers, which is responsible to parliament.

Due to the limited local raw material base, many branches of industry in the Netherlands use imported raw materials. Although the Netherlands accounts for only 0.003% of the earth's land area, the government has long played an important role in the world economy, politics and culture.

In terms of industrial production, the Netherlands is among the top ten developed capitalist countries in the world. The Netherlands has a large navy. The main seaport of Rotterdam ranks first in the world in terms of cargo turnover.

5) The population of the entire country is 15.3 million people. Along with the Dutch, Flemings and Frisians live in the country, as well as people from former colonies. By religious affiliation, the population is divided into Catholics (36%), followers of the Dutch Reformed Church (18%), Calvinists (8%), Muslims (2.9%), Buddhists (0.6%), do not associate themselves with any religion 32%. In Holland it is very high level urbanization - 88%. In terms of average population density, the Netherlands ranks 3rd in the world (449 people per 1 sq. km). For clarity, let us add: if the density in Australia were the same, then almost the entire population of the globe would fit there. The official language is Dutch.

6)Climate of the Netherlands. Maritime climate, with mild winter and relatively warm summers, which are determined by the sea and the warm Gulf Stream: wet and windy weather is typical for all seasons. In winter, the temperature, as a rule, does not fall below zero, and in summer, even in the hottest months (July-August), it does not rise above + 20°C. A distinctive feature of the climate is the unpredictability and rapid change of weather. Fogs are typical. Snowfalls are rare, and even in winter precipitation falls in the form of rain: their annual norm is 650-750 mm.

Flora of the Netherlands. More than 70% of the country is occupied by cultural landscapes, which include settlements, cultivated meadows, and arable lands. Forests (together with planted forests and roadside forest belts) make up no more than 7% of the territory. Oak, beech, ash and yew are found here. In sandy areas there are heather heaths with bushes, along the banks of large rivers there are willows, and on the dunes there are pine forests and sea buckthorn thickets.

Fauna of the Netherlands. The fauna of the Netherlands is not rich. Rabbits are common on the dunes; in the forests you can find squirrel, hare, marten, ferret, and roe deer. The country is home to about 180 species of birds (gulls, waders, geese, geese, etc.). The North Sea is rich in fish.

Rivers and lakes of the Netherlands. The rivers are the Meuse, the Scheldt, the Rhine, which divides into the Waal, the Lower Rhine, the Lech, the Winding Rhine and the Old Rhine.

7) The GDP of the Netherlands in 2008 amounted to 862.9 billion US dollars

GDP per capita amounted to -51,657 billion US dollars

Currency: Euro (Until 2002 - Dutch guilder).

8) Holland is one of the most amazing countries in Europe. Its historical path is marked by many contradictions. It was a colony of Spain, and after liberation it itself created a huge colonial empire. The world's first bourgeois revolution took place in Holland, as a result of which the Republic of the United Provinces was proclaimed, and power passed to parliament, and now Holland has a constitutional monarchy, that is, power is exercised by the monarch and parliament. Finally, this small state now largely determines the economic situation in Europe.

Event host - weddings. On-site registration and much more!

The shift of the center of European trade from the Mediterranean to the North and Baltic, the development of maritime trade and trade along the Rhine led to the fact that in the 16th century Holland became one of the most economically advanced countries in Europe. Crafts, industry and extensive trade created the country's wealth. The Dutch fleet of that time became larger than the fleet of all countries combined. From this moment rapid economic growth begins.

For a long time, Holland was considered an exclusively agricultural state. Before the Second World War, it was even often called the “garden of Europe”, since the main branch of the country’s economy was a highly developed Agriculture, whose products met the domestic needs of the Dutch population and were exported to many European countries. And now high yields of agricultural crops are obtained here and they are engaged in the selection of highly productive dairy cattle (the famous Dutch breed is known throughout the world).

However, over time, the role of agriculture in the country's economy has declined. Holland has become a highly developed industrial state, one of the ten most prosperous countries.

The country is home to large corporations of global and European significance. Among them are such giants as the oil concern Royal Dutch Shell, the electrical and electronics concern Philips, the chemical concerns Unilever and AKZO, Estel-Hoogowens (metallurgy), Fokker (aircraft manufacturing), "NedCar" and "DAF Trucks" (automotive industry), "Rhein-Schelde-Verolme" (shipbuilding), "Vehrenichde Maschinenfabriken" (mechanical engineering). The first three are included in the list of the 30 largest concerns in the world, with Royal Dutch Shell in fourth place on this list. At the same time, small and medium-sized enterprises form the basis of the economy. In total, there are about 530 thousand industrial enterprises in the Netherlands. 60% of industrial products are exported.

Dutch industry can be divided into large industries focused on exports and smaller industries focused on producing products for the domestic market. Export industries are: metallurgical, mechanical engineering, electrical, chemical and food industries.

The chemical industry, with most of its products exported, is highly sensitive to changes in international economic cycles. Despite this, the main Dutch chemical companies such as AKZO Nobel and DSM have achieved, overall, good results thanks to its activities around the world. The Dutch mechanical engineering and electronics industries also concentrate on international operations, especially in neighboring countries, but these industries are less sensitive to cyclical changes than the chemical industry. The Netherlands has a relatively small but highly developed industrial sector. In terms of production volume, all industries stand out: petrochemistry - 27% of turnover, food industry - 27%, mechanical engineering - 12.4%.

At the end of the nineties, mechanical and electrical engineering managed to achieve significant growth in exports, despite the moderate economic climate in the most important sales market for the Netherlands - Germany, with sales growth reaching 8%. This situation is due to the high competitiveness of Dutch manufacturers.

Over the past ten years, total wage costs per unit of output produced by industrial companies in the Netherlands have been 25% lower than in Germany. The performance of the products exported by these companies makes them attractive not only on the German market, but also on other European markets. Exports of machinery, equipment and electronics to countries such as Belgium, France, Italy, Sweden and the UK have seen double-digit growth, reflecting the growing influence of Holland in the region. Also in recent years, Dutch companies producing food products, tobacco products and beverages, managed to achieve a higher level of sales in foreign markets.

Speaking about the development of industry in the Netherlands in 1998-1999, it should be noted that the growth of industrial production (mining, manufacturing and utilities) decreased slightly compared to previous years. Thus, the manufacturing industry, which is the most important component of the industrial sector, increased its output by 2.4% compared to an increase of 4.3% in 1997. The slowdown in growth was due to the fall in international prices for semi-finished products and the economic crisis that erupted in Asia and Russia. The food and chemical sectors were particularly hard hit, with output in the food industry ultimately increasing by 0.9% and in the chemical industry by 1.2%.

The metal industry fared better than industry on average and increased its output by 3.1%. This increase accounts for the metallurgical industry (+3%) and the sector transport equipment(+9.3%). Sectors that focus more on the domestic market, such as textiles, printing and allied trade industries, developed steadily.

At the same time, the peculiarities of the Dutch economy make it impractical and uneconomical to strive for self-sufficiency in all types of mechanical engineering products. The economic policy of Holland is based on a focus on the broadest international cooperation. According to this concept, the country completely lacks domestic production of professional electric and hand-held cutting tools, including working tools for woodworking and metal-cutting machines. The production of electric motors, general machine tool building and tractor manufacturing are also not developing.

Same thing industrial production in Holland it has an “assembly” character. This forces the country to focus exclusively on European and world standards and import finished products and components that fully comply with these standards.

Given that the main sectors of the Dutch economy are industry and trade, one of the main objectives of the Dutch government's economic strategy is to facilitate the penetration of Dutch companies into new markets and guarantee their stable operation abroad. And within this task the main priority foreign economic activity Holland is cooperating with the countries of the European Union. In this regard, the government's main policy is aimed at improving the trade climate and creating conditions for the further development of cooperation in this region.

In the Netherlands, considerable attention is paid to the introduction of scientific achievements into industrial practice. Relatively recently, the government adopted a special program for the development of biotechnology. It provides incentives research work in the field of biotechnology at universities, state support for the innovative activity of enterprises working in this area and the construction of biotechnological communication networks. State allocations are also allocated to finance the development of such priority areas as medical and information technologies, and the development of new structural materials.

The basic sector of the Dutch economy is energy. The country has highly developed energy-intensive industries in industry, as well as in agriculture (greenhouse complexes). The Dutch energy sector, along with electricity production, specializes in oil and natural gas production, crude oil refining and liquefied gas production.

The Netherlands annually produces over 80 billion cubic meters. m of natural gas, more than half of which is exported. For many years, gas exports carried out under government control have remained one of the main sources of funds for the state treasury - they provide 20% of all budget revenues. Holland's significant energy reserves in the form of natural gas reserves remain an important factor in ensuring the stability of the national economy.

· Transport
· The famous “vegetable garden” of Europe
· Main types of taxes in the Netherlands
· Banking system

9) Agriculture in the Netherlands, due to unfavorable natural conditions, is very selective and highly specialized. Preference is given to livestock breeding, production of dairy products and cultivation of vegetable and horticultural crops for export.

Agriculture in the Netherlands is highly productive, with a pronounced export orientation. In terms of growth rates in agricultural production, the Netherlands ranks first among developed countries. Products produced per hectare of farmland in value terms are three times greater than the average for the EEC countries. 50% of the country's territory is allocated for agricultural land.

The soil is carefully maintained; there is no undeveloped (waste) land. All farms are electrified, many of them use computers and automation systems. The Netherlands ranks first in the world in the use of mineral fertilizers and one of the first in the growth rate of agricultural production. style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: normal; background-color: #fafafa;">The basis of the agricultural sector of the Dutch economy is family farming. Dutch farms are characterized by a high level of intensification and knowledge-intensity of production, organization and labor efficiency, which provides even small farmers with sufficient income. In addition, family farmers remain sustainable thanks to the existence of strong cooperatives. Dutch farmers pay great attention to breeding work; there are numerous agricultural schools in the country. The very first improved agricultural school in Europe was established in 1918 in Wageningen.

The main form of land ownership is private property (65% of agricultural land). Land is purchased on the basis of market prices, its value is determined primarily by economics. factors (fertility, location, availability of infrastructure). One of the functions of land owned by a farmer is to use it as collateral for obtaining a bank loan from the farmers' cooperative bank, Rabobank. Important role Rental relations play a role in agriculture. Lease, which can be indefinite or limited in time, contributes to the growth of the scale of production in farms and thereby increasing its economic efficiency.

The most important direction of development of the agricultural sector is dairy farming on a powerful natural food supply, determined by favorable natural resources. In addition, active selection and breeding work is being carried out aimed at increasing livestock productivity. Dutch cattle breeds are distinguished by very high productivity (average milk yield is over 9 thousand liters). A significant part of the milk is processed by the cheese and butter industries and goes into the production of powdered and condensed milk. Meat farming is dominated by pig farming (13.1 million heads) and poultry farming (106 million broiler chickens). The importance of sheep breeding remains (1.3 million heads).

Crop production is represented by grains (sown area - 806 thousand hectares). Wheat and barley are cultivated on clay soils in the northern and western regions. Sugar beet crops are concentrated in these same areas and in the south of Limburg. Corn is also grown for silage as feed for livestock, potatoes, and onions. Industrial crops include flax for fiber, rapeseed for seed, and chicory.

Almost 25% of agricultural production comes from vegetable gardening, floriculture, and horticulture. Vegetable products are very diverse: cauliflower and Brussels sprouts, chicory, carrots, various salads; in greenhouses - large harvests of grapes and tomatoes are harvested; cucumbers, peppers, and champignons are also grown.

To protect plants from diseases and harmful insects, a large number of natural remedies (natural enemies) are currently used, due to which the use chemicals plant protection may be limited. In organic farming, chemically synthesized plant protection products and artificial fertilizers are almost never used. The volume of organic farming is quite modest, although some growth can be observed. To strengthen this trend, work is underway to improve the sales system, to achieve competitive prices for organic products and to improve the quality of farming.

Dutch vegetables are of high quality and are in no less demand in European markets than vegetables from Mediterranean countries. The main vegetable growing areas are North and South Holland. North Brabant and Limburg. The most common fruit crops are apple, pear, cherry and plum, and the most common berry crops are strawberries, raspberries, and currants. Grapes, peaches, and plums are grown in greenhouses. Orchards are concentrated mainly in Western and southern parts countries - in the west of North Brabant, the south of Gelderland (Belove region) and in Limburg.

The Dutch floriculture industry occupies a leading position in the world both in terms of volume and range. The main volume of production falls on bulbous flowers (tulips, gladioli, daffodils, lilies, hyacinths). Their areas are in open ground are 16.4 thousand hectares. Cut flowers (chrysanthemums, roses, freesias, carnations) are grown in greenhouses (5.2 hectares). There are about 800 species of tulips alone in the country, and 250 species of asters. Seeds and seedlings are also exported. The “Kingdom of Flowers” is located near Haarlem, on a land that was drained in the 20th century. seabed.

From 16 wholesale flower auctions, cut flowers are sent to many European countries, including the Russian Federation. Flower bulbs different varieties sold in almost all countries of the world. The export of flowers from Holland accounts for 65% of world flower exports, which gives the country significant income.

In fishing, the main directions are sea and coastal. Along with this, shellfish cultivation, inland fishing, and aquatic crops are carried out. Marine and coastal fishing is carried out with the help of a modern fleet consisting of boats and freezer vessels (trawlers). A fleet of boats fishes for sole, flounder, cod, whiting, herring and shrimp. Economically, the most important fishery is the flounder fishery. The trawler fleet fishes for herring, mackerel (mackerel) and horse mackerel. Along with this, shellfish fishing is of particular importance, which is carried out mainly in the waters of Zealand (in the southwest of the Netherlands) and in the Wadden Sea (in the north).

A catch quota is set annually for each member of the European Union. To determine the size of this quota, the European Commission annually hears recommendations from biologists - fishery specialists who conduct research to determine fish stocks, that is, whether they exceed the so-called Safe Biological Minimum. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to renewable fisheries. For example, incidental catch can be limited through better selection of nets or through the use of electric actuators in the fishery to direct fish into the nets. This method of fishing ensures a reduction in the harmful effects of fishing on seabed life.

10-11)Export and import. Relations with other countries

With just 0.3% of the world's population, the Netherlands ranks 7th on the list of the world's leading trading nations. They account for over 4% of world trade. In terms of exports per capita (more than 14 thousand guilds), the Netherlands occupies one of the first places in the world. The share of exports in GNP is about 60%. EU countries account for 64% of imports and 74% of exports. The main trading partner is Germany: 24% of imports and 30% of exports of the Netherlands. The share of finished goods in exports accounts for 58%, agricultural goods - 24%, energy resources - 10%. The export of services plays a significant role (42 billion guilds). According to the forecasts of the Netherlands Exporters Federation, Dutch exports in 1998 were expected to exceed 400 billion gula. (in 1997 it amounted to 387 billion gu.). Significant growth in exports to Central and Eastern European countries is expected. According to a survey conducted among the largest Dutch exporters, the two main problems on the path to further expansion of exports are the high cost of Dutch products (primarily due to the high cost work force), lack of highly qualified personnel in the field of foreign trade.

According to forecasts from the Ministry of Economics, Dutch exports in 1998 will amount to approximately 420 billion gu. According to economic ministries, the number of Dutch small and medium-sized enterprises focused on exporting their products and services will increase to 65 thousand by 2002. About 50 thousand small and medium-sized firms, i.e., approximately a quarter of the enterprises in this sector, participate in foreign trade activities. A special role in stimulating the growth of export potential is given to chambers of commerce and industry and various associations of local entrepreneurs, as well as government bodies, including the task of providing active advisory assistance to private enterprises by Dutch embassies and consulates in foreign countries.

Dutch exports increased in 1997 by 10% compared to the previous year and reached 378 billion gula. Imports increased by 11% and amounted to 346 billion gu. Exports to EU countries amounted to 297 billion gu. (+9%), imports - 212 billion gu. The positive balance in trade with the countries of the European Union is 85 billion gu. (+9 billion gu. compared to 1996). Trade grew most dynamically with the UK (import - +13%, export - +16%), France (import - +9%, export - +9%), Germany (import - +4%, export - +6%) and Belgium (import - +6%, export - +4%). Exports to non-EU countries amounted to 82 billion gula in 1997. (+15%), imports - 134 billion gu. (+17%). There has been a significant increase in trade transactions with the United States: imports increased by 26%, exports by 19%.

Dutch exports to the countries of the European Union amounted to 26 billion gu in February 1998, 9% more than the same period last year. Imports from EU countries - 18 billion gu. (+8% compared to February 1997). The positive balance in trade with the EU in January-February 1998 reached 16 billion gu. Dutch exports to non-EU countries increased by 11% in February compared to the previous year and amounted to 7 billion gu. Import - 12 billion gul. (+15%). The trade deficit in trade with these countries amounted to 11 billion gula in January-February 1998. The trade turnover of branches of German companies in the Netherlands reached 58 billion marks in 1997. According to experts from both countries, in the next five years it will increase by 6% annually. There are about 1,550 German companies operating in the Netherlands, employing more than 100 thousand people. According to a survey conducted among local entrepreneurs, Germans are the most attractive business partners for the Dutch. As for German business circles, the British and Swiss have the greatest business sympathies among them. The Dutch occupy third position, ahead of representatives of Germany's main trading partner - the French, who, according to the survey, occupy only fifth place. The Netherlands supported Germany's proposal, at a meeting of EU leaders in Cardiff, to review the amount of contributions of Union members to its funds. Currently, the Dutch contribution to the EU amounts to 5.5 billion gula. or 0.7% of the country's GDP. According to local experts, if new agreements are reached on this issue, it could be reduced to 0.4% of GDP.

13) Of course, Holland is the flower capital of the world, or as it is also called, the country of tulips. Floriculture is not only an important export item, with 10 thousand hectares allocated for flower fields, but also has many interesting and fascinating stories. In the Middle Ages, tulip heads were highly valued, and people even gave fortunes for some tulips. Black tulips were especially prized.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"UREN ENERGY TECHNIQUE"

Political-geographical location Russian Federation

Work completed

Chernova Svetlana Sergeevna

1st year student group S-140

Checked

Pykhova Tatyana Mikhailovna

Geography teacher

Uren2016

Introduction

The abstract is devoted to the characteristics of the Russian Federation - the largest of the sovereign republics of the CIS in terms of territory and population, in terms of the quantity and variety of natural resources, and economic potential.

This essay presents the features of the political and economic-geographical position of Russia, gives characteristics of the country's population and general characteristics of the economy, and also presents a detailed economic-geographical characteristics of its economic regions.

Moreover, the characteristics of economic regions are carried out in the same methodological manner as the characteristics of individual states: economic and geographical location, natural conditions and resources, population and economy. This scheme makes it easier to study different regions of the country, allows you to compare them with each other, noting and remembering their features.

1. Features of the political and economic-geographical position of the country

Basic information about the country and its position in the modern world

Capital: Moscow city.

Territory: Area: 17,075,400 km2 (1st place in the world)

Area of rivers and lakes: 0.5%.

Number of administrative-territorial divisions: 86

Population: Number: 144,526,278 people. (7th place in the world) Density: 8.5 people/km2.

Large cities: Moscow (8,376,000), St. Petersburg (4,619,800), Novosibirsk (1,396,800), Nizhny Novgorod (1,346,400), Yekaterinburg (1,260,000), Samara (1,150,000), Omsk ( 1,137,900), Kazan (1,109,500), Ufa (1,094,900), Chelyabinsk (1,081,200), Rostov-on-Don (1,012,500), Perm (1,002,500).

The territory borders on: Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Ukraine.

Total length of borders: 19917 km

Coastline: 37653 km

Additional Information.

Currency: ruble.

Official Russian language.

Religion: Orthodoxy.

Administrative-territorial structure: federal republic.

As part of international organizations: APEC, B-8, IBRD, IMF, IFRC, OSCE, UN, CE, CIS.

Russia is located in the northeastern quarter of the earth's surface (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere relative to the equator and in the Eastern Hemisphere relative to the Greenwich Meridian) and occupies part of the northwest and the entire northeast of Eurasia. Despite the enormous length of its maritime borders (43 thousand km), Russia is certainly a continental state. From the north and east, the possibility of access to the World Ocean is limited by the ice conditions of the seas of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The territory of Russia is limited from the south mountain systems Caucasus, Altai, Eastern Siberia, desert Central Asia. The only road to the world economy is the West, but the exits from the Baltic and Black Seas to the Atlantic are controlled by European states. Thus, by its location, Russia is a northeastern continental Eurasian state.

The bifurcation of Russia between Europe and Asia, between North and South is the main problem of the country, solved by strong state power and serving as a bridge between the countries of the first and third world.

As for the current state of the new Russia within the growth stage, it is possible with high degree confidence to talk about the initial stage of this stage, when annual growth is 5 - 8%. Lower growth rates (3 - 5%) will be typical for 2004 - 2008, after which they will continue to slow down to 2 - 3% per year.

population symbols natural Russia

2. Form of government, territorial structure

Form of government. Article 1 of the Russian Constitution states: “The Russian Federation - Russia is a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government.”

The President of the Russian Federation was proclaimed head of state. The Constitution granted the President of the Russian Federation, as the head of state, extensive powers to ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of the Government of the Russian Federation and other government bodies, as well as to form the government and direct its activities. The government resigns its powers to the newly elected President. The President appoints the chairman (with the consent of the State Duma) and members of the government, makes decisions on his resignation and on the dismissal of individual government members, approves the structure of federal executive bodies, and has the right to cancel decrees and orders of the federal government. The President is endowed by the Constitution and federal laws on its basis with certain powers that make it possible to assert that the head of state has the functions of executive power. These include, in particular, the leadership of a number of executive authorities, foreign policy, the right to chair government meetings, etc.

In addition, the president, exercising his constitutional powers to determine the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state, exercises executive power in practice, adopting numerous decrees driven by the requirement to carry out political, economic and social reforms, including decrees on issues within the competence of the government .

The President may be removed from office by the Federation Council on the basis of the State Nomination. Duma charges of treason or committing another serious crime, confirmed by the conclusion of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the presence of signs of a crime in the actions of the president and the conclusion of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on compliance with the established procedure for bringing charges.

The government, as the highest state body exercising executive power, must execute and enforce federal laws. At the same time, laws often not only define the competence of the government in the relevant area, but also contain instructions for implementing the laws. The activities of the Federal Government are also assessed when the chambers of the Federal Assembly examine the practice of implementing specific laws.

As a subject of legislative initiative, the government ensures the preparation and submission of a significant part of bills to the State Duma. The government can send to chambers Federal Assembly official reviews of federal laws and bills under consideration. Interaction between the government and the chambers of the Federal Assembly is ensured by plenipotentiary representatives of the government in the relevant chambers, appointed to positions by the government, and secretaries of state - deputy heads of federal executive bodies.

The Chairman of the Government or his deputy gives oral or written answers to parliamentary inquiries, requests and appeals from members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma.

The government interacts with the judiciary, ensures, within its powers, the possibility of independent administration of justice, execution of court decisions, and participates in judicial reform.

The Constitution defines the Federal Assembly as a legislative body. This means that the Federal Assembly is entrusted with the function of issuing legal acts of the highest legal force, above which the legal force is only the Constitution itself and international treaties. The Federal Assembly is the only body of federal legislative power. Its acts - federal laws - cannot be repealed or amended by any other government agency because they comply with the Constitution. In cases where they contradict the federal Constitution, they lose their legal force by decision of the Constitutional Court. Acts of any other government bodies must not contradict federal laws.

Courts represent judiciary, which is in accordance with Art. 10 of the Constitution of one of the three branches of government. Justice in Russia is administered only by courts established in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional law. In Russia there are federal courts, constitutional (statutory) courts and magistrates of the constituent entities of the Federation, which make up judicial system Russian Federation.

The federal structure of Russia is enshrined in the 1993 Constitution. It is based on the principles of state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and its subjects, equality and self-determination of peoples.

The Constitution of Russia establishes the specific numerical, specific and nominal composition of the subjects of the Federation. In accordance with the Basic Law of the state, the Russian Federation includes 89 subjects, including: 21 republics, 6 territories, 49 regions, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous region and 10 autonomous districts. Historically, they appeared and changed in different time as internal formations of the RSFSR (with the exception of Tuva), which was reflected in the Constitutions of the RSFSR of 1937 and 1978, and was subsequently formalized by the Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992. The quantitative change in the subjects of the Federation in recent years is associated with the consolidation of some of them. Thus, the Perm region and the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug were united into Perm region, the Kamchatka region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug from July 1, 2007 form the Kamchatka Territory, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Evenki and Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug will create a new entity by December 31, 2007, in April 2006 they held a referendum on the unification of Irkutsk region and Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

Relations between the center and the subjects of the Federation in Russia are placed on a legal basis. The Constitution delineates the subjects of jurisdiction and powers of each subject of the Federation: it determines which issues are resolved only by the central government bodies (foreign policy, defense, federal energy systems, transport, communications, etc.), which fall under the joint jurisdiction of the Federation and its subjects (environmental management, education , culture, healthcare, etc.).

Regulation of other issues is the exclusive responsibility of the subjects of the Federation. On these issues, regional governing bodies have full state power. When adopting a federal law on issues that are not within the competence of the central government bodies, the regulatory legal acts of the subject of the Federation apply.

The Constitution lays down the principle of preserving the integrity of the state, which, however, can be combined with the right of nations to self-determination in the Russian Federation. It is emphasized that the right of one nation to self-determination is always limited by the right of another nation, and the right of an individual nation to self-determination is limited by the right of the entire multinational people to preserve an integral state. Along with the national, legal and economic regulation of relations between the subjects and the center within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and joint jurisdiction, the central executive authorities of the subjects of the Federation form a unified system of state executive power in the country.

Thus, the constitutional foundations of Russian federalism create the prerequisites for improving the governance of a huge country, strengthening statehood, territorial and social integrity, developing democracy through respect for the rights and legitimate interests of various nationalities, and ensuring the necessary balance of economic, political, ethnic and social aspects of public life.

3. State symbols

State flag of the Russian Federation. Even before the August 1991 putsch, there was a proposal to replace the “revolutionary” red flag with a white-blue-red one (expressed by Russian People's Deputy Viktor Yaroshenko). The extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on August 22, 1991 decided to consider the tricolor the official symbol of Russia, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 11, 1993 approved the Regulations on the State Flag of the Russian Federation, and the decree of August 20, 1994 established that the State Flag is permanently displayed on buildings, where the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, federal executive bodies, other federal government bodies, and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are located.

In August 1994, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed a Decree that states: “In connection with the restoration on August 22, 1991 of the historical Russian tricolor state flag, covered with the glory of many generations of Russians, and in order to educate present and future generations of Russian citizens to respect the state symbols, I decree: Establish a holiday - the Day of the State Flag of the Russian Federation and celebrate it on August 22."

In January 1998, it was decided to remove the problem of legislative consolidation of state symbols from the agenda of domestic political life, since both in society and in parliament there are polar points of view on this matter.

On December 4, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted to the State Duma, among other laws on state symbols, a draft federal constitutional law “On the State Flag of the Russian Federation.” On December 8, 2000, the State Duma adopted the bill in its final reading. On December 20, 2000, the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation approved the draft law, and on December 25, 2000, it was signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin.

In accordance with the law, the State Flag of the Russian Federation is a rectangular panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top is white, the middle is blue and the bottom is red. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 2:3.

Currently, the following interpretation of the meanings of the colors of the Russian flag is most often (unofficially) used: White color means peace, purity, purity, perfection; blue is the color of faith and fidelity, constancy; red color symbolizes energy, strength, blood shed for the Fatherland.

State emblem of the Russian Federation. On November 5, 1990, the Government of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the creation of the State Emblem and State Flag of the RSFSR. A Government Commission was created to organize this work. After a comprehensive discussion, the commission proposed to recommend to the Government a white-blue-red flag and a coat of arms - a golden double-headed eagle on a red field. The final restoration of these symbols occurred in 1993, when by Decrees of President B. Yeltsin they were approved as the state flag and coat of arms: November 30, 1993, President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed the Decree "On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation." According to the Regulations on the Coat of Arms, it is “an image of a golden double-headed eagle placed on a red heraldic shield; above the eagle are three historical crowns of Peter the Great (above the heads are two small ones and above them is one larger); in the eagle’s paws is a scepter and an orb ; on the eagle’s chest on a red shield is a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear.”

On December 4, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted to the State Duma, along with a number of bills on state symbols, a draft federal constitutional law “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation.” A double-headed golden eagle against the background of a red shield was proposed as a coat of arms. On December 8, the State Duma adopted in the first and third (bypassing the second, which is allowed by State Duma regulations) the draft law “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation.” On December 25, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the federal constitutional law of the Russian Federation “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation” (No. FKZ-2), the law came into force on the date of its publication - December 27, 2000.

In accordance with the law, the State Emblem of the Russian Federation is a quadrangular, with rounded lower corners, pointed at the tip, red heraldic shield with a golden double-headed eagle raising its spreading wings upward. The eagle is crowned with two small and one large crowns connected by a ribbon. In the eagle's right paw is a scepter, in the left is an orb. On the eagle’s chest, in a red shield, is a silver rider in a blue cloak riding to the left on a silver horse, striking with a silver spear a black dragon, overturned on its back and trampled by the horse, also facing to the left.

A golden double-headed eagle on a red field maintains historical continuity in color scheme coats of arms of the late XV - XVII centuries. The eagle design goes back to images on monuments from the era of Peter the Great. Above the heads of the eagle are depicted three historical crowns of Peter the Great, symbolizing in the new conditions the sovereignty of both the entire Russian Federation and its parts, the subjects of the Federation; in the paws there is a scepter and an orb, personifying state power and a unified state; on the chest is an image of a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear. This is one of the ancient symbols of the struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, and the defense of the Fatherland. The restoration of the double-headed eagle as the State Emblem of Russia personifies the continuity and continuity of Russian history. Today's coat of arms of Russia is a new coat of arms, but its components are deeply traditional; it reflects different stages of Russian history and continues them on the eve of the third millennium.

Symbols of the President of the Russian Federation. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 5, 1996, official symbols of presidential power were established: this is the standard (approved in February 1994), the sign of the President, as well as a specially made single copy of the official text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

According to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 15, 1994 No. 319 “On the standard (flag) of the President of the Russian Federation”:

The standard (flag) of the President of Russia is the main symbol of presidential power and is a square panel of three equal horizontal stripes: the top is white, the middle is blue and the bottom is red (the colors of the State Flag of Russia). In the center is a golden image of the State Emblem of Russia. The panel is edged with gold fringe.

On the shaft of the Standard there is a silver bracket with the engraved last name, first name and patronymic of the President of Russia and the dates of his tenure in this post.

The shaft of the Standard is topped with a metal pommel in the form of a spear.

The Standard of the President of Russia, together with the Badge of the President of Russia and a special copy of the text of the Constitution, is handed over to the newly elected President of Russia during the procedure for taking office as the President of Russia.

After the President of Russia takes the oath of office, the Standard of the President of Russia is installed in his office, and a duplicate of the Standard is raised above the President’s residence in the Moscow Kremlin.

The design of the presidential standard is based on a drawing of the so-called Tsar of Moscow. The original of this flag, under which Tsar Peter sailed near Arkhangelsk in 1963, is kept in St. Petersburg.

The badge of the President of Russia consists of a badge and a badge chain.

The description of the symbol was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 27, 1999 No. 906. The gold sign is an equal-ended cross with flared ends, covered with ruby enamel on the front side. The distance between the ends of the cross is 60 mm. Along the edges of the cross there is a narrow convex welt. On the front side of the cross in the center there is an applied image of the State Emblem of Russia.

On the reverse side of the cross in the middle there is a round medallion, around the circumference of which is the motto: “Benefit, honor and glory.” In the center of the medallion is the year of manufacture - 1994. At the bottom of the medallion is an image of laurel branches. The sign is connected to the chain of the sign using a wreath of laurel branches.

The chain of the sign made of gold, silver and enamel consists of 17 links, 9 of which are in the form of an image of the State Emblem of Russia, 8 - in the form of round rosettes with the motto: “Benefit, honor and glory.” On the reverse side of the chain links of the sign there are plates covered with white enamel, on which the last name, first name, patronymic of each President of Russia and the year of his assumption of office are engraved in gold letters.

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 5, 1996 No. 1138 established that when the newly elected President of Russia takes office, the Badge of the President of Russia is assigned to the President of Russia as the head of state for the period of his powers by the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

State anthem of the Russian Federation. On December 4, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted to the State Duma, along with federal laws on state symbols, a draft federal constitutional law “On the State Anthem of the Russian Federation.” Alexandrov's music was proposed as an anthem. On December 8, 2000, the State Duma adopted the draft constitutional law “On the State Anthem of the Russian Federation.” On December 25, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the federal constitutional law of the Russian Federation “On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation,” which came into force on December 27, 2000.

In December 2000, a working group was formed to consider proposals for the text of the national anthem. The working group includes, in particular, the Governor of St. Petersburg Vladimir Yakovlev, the Minister of Culture Mikhail Shvydkoy, the Chairman of the Duma Committee on Culture and Tourism Nikolai Gubenko, a number of State Duma deputies and members of the Federation Council, as well as the Presidential Administration.

On December 30, 2000, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a Decree on the text of the national anthem of the Russian Federation. By decree, the President approved the text of the anthem written by Sergei Mikhalkov.

In mid-January 2001, Vladimir Putin submitted to the State Duma the text of the State Anthem of Russia as a draft Law “On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Constitutional Law “On the State Anthem of the Russian Federation”.

On March 7, 2001, the State Duma adopted in the first, second and third, final reading a bill introduced by the president on the text of the National Anthem based on the words of Sergei Mikhalkov. On March 14, the bill was approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on March 22, 2001 No. 2 of the Federal Law, and entered into force on March 24, 2001. Historical and geographical features of the country's development

The territory that is now part of Russia was inhabited by people approximately 10-12 thousand years ago. The territory between the Volga and Oka began to be developed by the Slavs back in the 8th-9th centuries, being for a long time the far northeastern periphery Kievan Rus. After the Mongol-Tatar conquests of the 13th century, a new center of Russian lands was formed here, headed by Moscow. It is around this center that the territorial expansion of the Russian state begins. The initial direction of colonization was to the north and northeast. In 1581, the first Russian detachment crossed the Ural ridge, and in 1639, Russians appeared on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk. Along with the settlement of the territories, it was explored by scientists and travelers. Agricultural development of Siberia began in the 19th century, and the largest influx of population occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In the western direction, the spread of Russians occurred on a smaller scale, since these territories were already densely populated - with the exception of the St. Petersburg region. The Russian settlement of the Baltic states occurred mainly in connection with the development of industry in its largest ports: Riga, Tallinn, etc. The processes of population placement during the Soviet period were strongly influenced by the policy of “industrialization of the national outskirts.” The construction of large industrial enterprises in the absence of local qualified personnel led to a massive influx of Russian workers to Central Asia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan. The resettlement of Russians to the main industrial regions of Ukraine continued: Donbass, the Dnieper region, etc. Now the largest migration outflow of Russians is from Tajikistan. Somewhat less - from other Asian republics.

4. Economic assessment natural resources

Considering that the territory of Russia is 17.1 million square meters. km (11.5%) of the earth's land, and assuming that natural resources are distributed on average (some may be more, others less) evenly across the territory, we obtain a hypothetical estimate of the share of Russia's natural resources in the natural resources of the world at the level of 10 - 13%.

Russia is one of the largest powers in the world in terms of total natural resource potential. It is especially rich in minerals. Among the countries of the world, Russia is the leader in reserves of fuel and energy resources.

For certain types of natural resources, the share of Russia in the world is as follows: apatite - 64.5%, natural gas - 35.4%, iron - 32%, nickel - 31%, coal - 30%, brown coal - 29%, tin - 27%, cobalt - 21%, zinc - 16%, uranium - 14%, oil - 13%, lead - 12%, copper - 11% (Andrianov, 1999), gold - platinum - diamonds (5 - 30%) , renewable resources - 11%, forested areas - 9% (or 65% of non-tropical forests), agricultural land - 4.6% (calculated from various sources).

According to World Bank experts, Russia's total mineral reserves are estimated at 10 trillion. dollars, Brazil - 3.3 trillion. dollars, China - 0.7 trillion. dollars. The estimates of Russian experts are an order of magnitude higher. The potential value of natural gas reserves alone is estimated at 9.2 trillion. dollars, coal and shale - 6.6 trillion. dollars, oil and condensate - 4.5 trillion. dollars (Andrianov, 1999. P. 32).

Thus, Russia's share in world mineral reserves is 15 - 20% with a potential value of over 10 trillion dollars.

Russia contains 1/5 of the world's fresh water reserves, the bulk of which is in Lake Baikal. Russia's total hydropower resources are estimated at 2395 billion kW/h, but their economic efficiency is 852 billion kW/h.

There is a large area of Russian territory suitable for agricultural use. But harsh climatic conditions reduce the country's agricultural potential. The largest area is occupied by the Arctic zone (5 million km2), the temperate and subtropical zones are in second place (3 million km2), and the warm temperate and southern zone is in third place (2 million km2).

For the development of natural resources, for human health and living conditions Negative influence the harsh climate of the country has an impact; 2/3 of the country's territory is occupied by the Far North and equivalent territories. It is here that the main reserves of natural resources, forest resources and hydropower potential are concentrated.

The high cost of natural resources is explained by the disproportion between the predominant distribution of resources in the north and east of the country and the concentration of population in the west and southwest.

The main factor influencing the location of production in Russia is the attraction to consumers and recreational resources. Specific factors of location depend on the sector of the economy and the sectoral structure of the region's economy. In modern Russia, resource and natural-climatic factors have a great influence. This is explained by a number of conditions: firstly, the increased share in the economic structure of industries producing goods rather than services. Secondly, the predominance of fuel, energy, raw materials and material-intensive industries in industry. Thirdly, agricultural production accounts for a large share of GDP. The location of agricultural production depends on natural and climatic conditions, places of consumption of products, the availability of a transport system and the availability of labor resources. Recreation gravitates towards natural resources and areas with a high concentration of cultural, historical and architectural objects.

5. Population of Russia

Formation of modern population.

By the beginning of the 20th century. The territory of the Russian Empire reached 22.4 million km2 - and the country's population was 128.2 million people. According to the census of 1897, the ethnic composition included 196 peoples (the share of Russians was 44.3%).

The national composition of the population of modern Russia is also very diverse (more than 100 nations and nationalities live here).

According to the latest population census of 1989, the majority of the population are Russians (more than 80%), of the numerous nationalities inhabiting Russia, the following should be noted: Tatars (over 5 million people), Ukrainians (over 4 million), Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, etc.

All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups. The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it there are only small groups (Russians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, Kalmyks, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.

The second group is those peoples of the countries of the “near abroad” (i.e., the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia in significant groups, in some cases compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles , Greeks, etc.).

And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, most of them living outside of Russia (Romanians, Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Albanians, Croats, etc.).

Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) live mainly in the countries of the “near abroad” or other countries of the world, but are still an essential element of the population of Russia.

Russia, being a multinational republic in its state structure, is a federation built on a national-territorial principle.

Russia is primarily a Slavic state (the share of Slavs is above 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.

The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups) speak languages that belong to different language families. The most numerous of them are representatives of the following language families.

Indo-European family: Slavic group (the most numerous in Russia), including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, etc.; Iranian group (Ossetians). There are also Germans living there (German group); Armenians (Armenian group); Moldovans and Romanians (Roman group).

Altai family: Turkic group, which includes Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Tuvans, Karachais, Khakassians, Balkars, Altaians, Shors, Dolgans, etc.; Mongolian group (Buryats, Kalmyks); the Tungus-Manchu group (Evens, Evenks, Nanais, Ulchis, Udeges, Orochs), as well as Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks (who also belong to the Turkic group).

Ural family: Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Finns, Khanty, Mansi, Estonians, Hungarians, Sami; Samoyed group (Nenets, Selkups, Nganasans), Yukaghir group (Yukaghirs).

North Caucasian family: Nakh-Dagestan group (Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.); Abkhaz-Adyghe group (Kabardians, Adygeis, Circassians, Abazas).

Representatives of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family (Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens) also live in Russia; Eskimo-Aleut family (Eskimos, Aleuts); Kartvelian family (Georgians) and peoples of other linguistic families and peoples (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.)

The languages of all peoples of Russia are equal in rights, but the language interethnic communication is Russian. The most widespread religion among the believing population of the Russian Federation is Christianity (Orthodoxy). A number of peoples of Russia profess Islam (Tatars, Bashkirs, residents of the North Caucasus republics), Buddhism (Buryats, Tuvans, Kalmyks), as well as Catholicism, Judaism and other religions.

6. Natural population movement

Natural movement is a natural regulator of the biological process of all life on Earth, including humans, manifested through indicators such as birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase (determined by the difference between birth rate and death rate).

Fertility, mortality, and natural increase determine the total population of the country as a whole. In the context of individual regions, natural and mechanical growth can have different effects on changes in the total population of the country and territory. As a rule, in areas of pioneer development, mechanical influx at the initial stage of the formation of industrial hubs and territorial production complexes play a greater role than natural growth in population changes. In old industrial areas, natural growth plays a dominant role. Currently, in a number of economic regions there is a natural decline in the economy. The sectors of specialization of the economy of Western Siberia are the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal production), ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering, as well as grain farming,

Western Siberia is Russia's main oil and gas production base. The oil is of high quality, and its cost is the lowest in the country. Oil and gas occur in loose sedimentary rocks at a depth of 700-3000 m.

Oil production. The largest oil fields are located in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions - Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye.

Gas production is carried out in the north of the region. The largest deposits are Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, Kharasaveyskoye.

An oil refinery in Omsk and petrochemical plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, and Nizhnevartovsk operate on the basis of Tyumen oil. Oil is supplied through oil pipelines to Eastern Siberia (where refineries operate in Achinsk and Angarsk) and to Kazakhstan. The development of the petrochemical cycle occurs simultaneously with the expansion of the forest industry (timber chemicals - Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk).

The bulk of the fuel produced in the region is exported outside Western Siberia.

Ferrous metallurgy. Kuzbass is a coal and metallurgical base of republican significance. Kuznetsk coals consumed in Western Siberia, the Urals, the European part of Russia, and Kazakhstan.

The main center of ferrous metallurgy is Novokuznetsk (ferroalloy plant and 2 full metallurgical cycle plants). The Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant uses local ores from Gornaya Shoria, and the growing West Siberian Metallurgical Plant receives raw materials from Eastern Siberia - Khakass and Angaro-Ilim ores. There is also a metallurgical plant in Novosibirsk.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by a zinc plant (Belovo), an aluminum plant (Novokuznetsk) and a plant in Novosibirsk, where tin and alloys are produced from concentrates. The local nepheline deposit has been developed - a raw material base for the aluminum industry.

The region's mechanical engineering industry serves the needs of all of Siberia. Metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools are made in Kuzbass. Novosibirsk produces heavy machine tools and hydraulic presses, and also has a turbogenerator plant. The Altai Tractor Plant is located in Rubtsovsk; in Tomsk - bearing; in Barnaul - boiler room. Instrumentation and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.

On the basis of coal coking, a chemical industry is developing in Kuzbass, which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic dyes, medicines, plastics, tires (Novosibirsk and other cities). Petrochemistry is developing, using local hydrocarbon raw materials (oil and gas).

However, the concentration of production with hazardous waste in the industrial hubs of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo and other cities seriously aggravates the environmental situation in the region.

In connection with the rapid development of oil and gas production in Western Siberia, the issue of the ecology of the regions of the Russian North also arises.

Agro-industrial complex. In the forest and tundra zones of the region, conditions for agriculture are unfavorable and the main role here is played by reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur farming. The south of Western Siberia (forest-steppe and steppe zone with chernozem soils) is one of the main grain-growing regions of Russia. Cattle, sheep, and poultry are also raised here. Creameries were created in the forest-steppe zone, meat processing plants, and wool washing plants in the steppe zone. In the Altai Mountains, along with sheep breeding, antler reindeer herding remains important; goats and yaks are also bred.

The fuel and energy complex occupies a leading position in the region's industry. The region is provided with fuel resources and even exports them to other economic regions of Russia and abroad. Western Siberia accounts for large share production of all hydrocarbon raw materials in Russia. New trunk pipelines have been laid and are being built to the west, east and south of the largest fields.

The energy supply of the West Siberian oil and gas complex is carried out through the operation of thermal power plants operating on fuel oil and gas - Surgut State District Power Plants, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoy State District Power Plants, etc. In Kuzbass, thermal power plants operate on coal. Power plants in Western and Eastern Siberia form the unified energy system of Siberia.

Transport. The Great Siberian Railway (Ekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Vladivostok) was built in the XIX - early years. XX centuries Later, the South Siberian Railway was built (Magnitogorsk - Novokuznetsk - Taishet), connecting Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia, and a number of roads were laid to the north. The Asino-Bely Yar timber road was put into operation. Built railways Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut, Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk.

Currently, several more railways have been built in the Ob North. One of them (from Vorkuta), having crossed the Northern Urals, reached the city of Labytnanga (not far from Salekhard), and the other (from Surgut) reached Urengoy and stretches to Yamburg.

Construction in the area is very expensive highways(features of construction in permafrost and wetland areas).

Pipeline transport is developing at a high rate.

Oil pipelines have been built and are operating: Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - Kazakhstan - Chimkent - Kazakhstan; Alexandrovskoye - Nizhnevartovsk; Aleksandrovskoye - Tomsk - Anzhero-Sudzhensk - Achinsk - Angarsk; Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Kurgan - Samara; Surgut-Polotsk and others.

Gas pipelines have been laid from production sites in the north of the region.

7. East Siberian region (Eastern Siberia)

Compound. Irkutsk region, Chita region. Krasnoyarsk Territory, Aginsky Buryat, Taimyr (or Dolgano-Nenets), Ust-Orda Buryat and Evenki Autonomous Okrugs, Republics: Buryatia, Tuva (Tyva) and Khakassia.

Economic and geographical location. Eastern Siberia is located far from the most developed regions of the country, between the West Siberian and Far Eastern economic regions. Only in the south do the railways (Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur) pass, and the Yenisei provides short navigation with the Northern Sea Route. The peculiarities of the geographical location and natural and climatic conditions, as well as the poor development of the territory, complicate the conditions for the industrial development of the region.

Natural conditions and resources. Thousands of kilometers of high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, low-lying tundra plains - such is the diverse nature of Eastern Siberia. The area of the region is huge - 5.9 million km2.

The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very cold winters and hot summers). Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural zones change sequentially in the latitudinal direction: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south there are areas of forest-steppe and steppe. The region ranks first in the country in terms of forest reserves.

Most of the territory is occupied by the East Siberian Plateau. The flat regions of Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (Yenisei Ridge, Sayan Mountains, Baikal Mountains).

Features of the geological structure (a combination of ancient and younger rocks) determine the diversity of minerals. The upper tier of the Siberian Platform located here is represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is associated with them.

Brown coal reserves of the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins are confined to the sedimentary rocks of the troughs on the outskirts of the Siberian platform. And the formation of the Angaro-Ilimsk and other large deposits of iron ore and gold is associated with the Precambrian rocks of the lower stage of the Siberian Platform. A large oil field was discovered in the middle reaches of the river. Podkamennaya Tunguska.

Eastern Siberia has huge reserves of various minerals (coal, copper-nickel and polymetallic ores, gold, mica, graphite). The conditions for their development are extremely difficult due to the harsh climate and permafrost, the thickness of which in some places exceeds 1000 m, and which is distributed throughout almost the entire region.

In Eastern Siberia there is Lake Baikal - a unique natural object, which contains about 1/5 of the world's reserves fresh water. This is the deepest lake in the world.

The hydropower resources of Eastern Siberia are enormous. The deepest river is the Yenisei. The country's largest hydroelectric power stations (Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Bratsk, etc.) were built on this river and on one of its tributaries - the Angara.

Population. Eastern Siberia is one of the most sparsely populated regions of Russia. The population (1996) is 9.1 million people, the average density is 2 people per 1 km2, and in the Evenki and Taimyr Autonomous Okrugs this figure is only 0.003-0.006 people.

The population lives in the south, mainly in the strip adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railway, near the BAM line and near Lake Baikal. The population of Cisbaikalia is higher than that of Transbaikalia. Most of the population is concentrated in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk region. In the vast expanses of tundra and taiga, the population is sparse, located in “foci” - but in river valleys and in intermountain basins.

The majority of the population is Russian. In addition to them, there live Buryats, Tuvinians, Khakassians, in the north - Nenets and Evenks (mostly living in the territory of their national-territorial entities - in republics and autonomous okrugs).

Prevails urban population(71%), because Due to natural conditions, most of the territory is unfavorable for living and agricultural development. The largest cities are Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude.

Farming. The sectors of specialization of the economy of Eastern Siberia are electric power, non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, and the pulp and paper industry.

The core of the modern economy of Eastern Siberia is electric power. Most powerful thermal power plants in the region - Nazarovskaya, Chita, Gusinoozerskaya state district power station, Norilsk and Irkutsk thermal power plants. A hundred-meter layer of brown coal lies close to the surface here. Mining is carried out in large open-pit mines. These are thermal coals, which are more profitable to burn locally to produce electricity at large thermal power plants than to transport over long distances (KATEK - Kansk-Achinsk Fuel and Energy Complex).

Eastern Siberia is also distinguished by the country's largest hydroelectric power stations built on the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya with a capacity of over 6 million kW); on the Angara (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Boguchansk, Irkutsk hydroelectric power stations).

Producing cheap electricity and having a variety of raw materials, the region is developing energy-intensive industries (non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry).

For example, aluminum smelting enterprises (Shelekhovo, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk). The raw material is local nephelines. Their complex processing with the associated production of cement and soda makes aluminum production in Eastern Siberia the cheapest. The Sayan and Bratsk aluminum smelters are the largest in the world.

Gold, silver, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, and lead-zinc ores are also mined in the area. In some areas, factories are being created at the mining site. For example, the Norilsk copper-nickel plant (in the north - beyond the Arctic Circle), where chemical products and building materials are produced along with the smelting of many metals.

The oil refining and chemical industry is represented by enterprises in the cities of Achinsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Krasnoyarsk, Zima, etc. There, oil refining has developed (on the route of the oil pipeline from Western Siberia - refineries in Achinsk and Angarsk), the production of synthetic ammonia, nitrogen acids, nitrate (Usolye-Sibirskoye), alcohols, resins, soda, plastics, etc. The Krasnoyarsk complex specializes in the chemical processing of wood, the production of synthetic rubber and fibers, tires, polymers and mineral fertilizers. Chemical plants operate on waste from the pulp and paper industry, on the basis of oil refining, on local coal resources, using cheap electricity from state district power stations and hydroelectric power stations. Water is provided by the rivers of Eastern Siberia (many industries are water-intensive).

Large forest reserves contribute to the development of the timber and pulp and paper industries. Timber harvesting is carried out in the Yenisei and Angara basins. Along the Yenisei, timber is transported to the ocean and further along the Northern Sea Route, as well as to the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines for sending timber along them to other regions of the country.

The port of Igarka with a sawmill was built beyond the Arctic Circle. The main forest industry enterprises are located in Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Bratsk, and Ust-Ilimsk. A large Selenga pulp and cardboard mill was built (on the Selenga River, which flows into Baikal). It should be noted, however, that enterprises cause significant damage to the ecological state of the Baikal region, polluting environment production waste.

Mechanical engineering mainly serves the needs of the region. Large enterprises machine-building complex are factories in Krasnoyarsk (Sibtyazhmash, combine harvester and heavy excavator plant); in Irkutsk (heavy engineering plant). Auto assembly is presented in Chita.

Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is developed mainly in the south of the region. Livestock farming specializes in the production of meat and wool, because... 2/3 of agricultural land is made up of hayfields and pastures. Beef cattle breeding and meat-wool sheep breeding are developed in the Chita region, Buryatia and Tuva.

The leading place in agriculture belongs to grain crops. They cultivate spring wheat, oats, barley, there are significant crops of fodder crops, potato and vegetable growing are developing. In the north, in the tundra, they breed deer, and in the taiga, they hunt.

Fuel and energy complex. Electrical power is a branch of specialization of the region's industry. The country's largest hydroelectric power plants, state regional power plants and thermal power plants operate here, using local fuel and hydropower resources. The Norilsk thermal power plant previously operated on coal, but now operates on natural gas from Western Siberia, which is supplied via a gas pipeline from a field 150 km from Dudinka.

The district's power plants are united by power lines and connected to the power grid of Western Siberia.

Transport. The development of natural resources and industrial development are hampered by an underdeveloped transport network. The provision of a transport network is the lowest in the country.

Only in the south of the East Siberian region does the Trans-Siberian Railway pass. In the 80s, the Baikal-Amur Mainline was built (its total length is more than 3 thousand km). The highway starts from Ust-Kut, approaches the northern tip of Lake Baikal (Severobaykalsk), overcomes the mountain ranges of Transbaikalia through tunnels cut into the rocks and ends in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (in the Far East).

The highway, together with the previously built western (Taishet-Bratsk-Ust-Kut) and eastern section(Komsomolsk-on-Amur-Vanino) forms a second, shorter route to the Pacific Ocean compared to the Trans-Siberian Railway.

In the north of the region there is a small electrified railway that connected Norilsk with the port of Dudinka.

The largest transport artery is the Yenisei River. To the west of the mouth of the Yenisei, navigation along the Northern Sea Route is carried out even in winter. In summer, icebreakers are also used to navigate ships east of the Yenisei. Igarka and Dudinka are timber export ports.

Far Eastern region (Far East)

Compound. Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Jewish Autonomous Region, Chukotka and Koryak Autonomous Okrugs.

Economic and geographical location. The Far East is the extreme eastern region of Russia, washed by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Here Russia has maritime boundaries with the USA and Japan.

In addition to the mainland territory, the Far Eastern economic region includes the following islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Komandorsky. The southern mainland adjacent to the Sea of Japan is called Primorye.

The coastal location of the Far East provides favorable prospects for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific region. Primorsky Krai and the Sakhalin region have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.

Natural conditions and resources. The northern parts of the territory of the huge and largest Far Eastern region in the Russian Federation by area (7.3 million km2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, in Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable) the climate is temperate, monsoon.

The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental and harsh. Winter is characterized by windless, clear, frosty weather (Siberian anticyclone). Summer is hot and dry, but short. In Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia), the lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere was observed (minus 72 degrees).

Natural zones change from north to south - the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. Altitudinal zonation is clearly expressed in the mountains. Along the middle reaches of the Amur there are forest-steppes with fertile meadow soils. The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the Far East is predominantly mountainous - mountains predominate medium height(ridges: Stanovoy, Chersky, etc.).

Along with the depressions marginal seas The relief of the eastern part of the region is part of a system of young folded formations. This, the only area of active volcanism in Russia, is also distinguished by high seismicity. On the Kamchatka Peninsula and on Kuril Islands there are more than 20 active volcanoes. Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4760 m) is the highest point of the Far East and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

The largest rivers in the region are the Lena and Amur with their tributaries, the Kolyma, Indigirka, and Yana. Many rivers have rich hydropower resources, but especially the Amur and its tributaries.

There are many forests in the Far East. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so logging is difficult. There are a lot of fur-bearing animals in the taiga - this is one of the natural resources of the region.

The area is very rich in mineral resources. Deposits discovered coal(Lena, South Yakut basins), oil (Sakhalin), natural gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), non-ferrous and rare metal ores, gold, diamonds (Yakutia).

...

Similar documents

Germany on political map Europe. Capital, form of government, administrative-territorial structure. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources. Features and population size, demographic situation, predominant religion.

presentation, added 01/15/2013

Geographical location of the Mongolian People's Republic, its administrative and territorial divisions, official language, capital, population, religion and government structure. Characteristics of natural resources, productive forces and their assessment.

test, added 09/13/2009

Features of the geographical location and political structure of Lithuania. Composition of the state's population and the most common religions. The current state of various sectors of the economy. Development of culture and art, characteristics of natural resources.

abstract, added 05/17/2013

Features of the geographical location of the Russian Federation: intercontinental, interoceanic and northern circumpolar. The extent of the territory, its land and sea boundaries. History of exploration and development of Russian territory. The largest islands

abstract, added 09/23/2010

Russia's position on the mainland. Advantages of the geographical location of the Russian Federation. Factors of geographical location that influence the development of the economy and the life of the population of Russia. The seas washing the territory of Russia, their characteristics.

abstract, added 09/29/2011

Geographical location of Australia. Form of government, administrative structure, religion, population, state language, currency. Economy: agriculture, mining and oil and gas industries. Export-import policy.

abstract, added 06/08/2010

Main features of the economic and geographical position of Great Britain. Analysis of the country's natural conditions and resources: soil, relief, natural resources, climate. Characteristics of the population: its national and social composition. Development of agriculture.

course work, added 10/25/2011

National symbols of Russia. Coordinates of Russian cities. Geographical location of the Russian Federation. Administrative-territorial division and state-political structure of Russia. Foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation.

presentation, added 04/24/2012

Features of the Russian economy, characteristics of the state’s natural resources. Geographical location of Russia, history of the formation of its borders. The main outlets to the World Ocean, the state of the transport system. Ways to integrate the country into the world economy.

abstract, added 11/08/2011

general characteristics Ukraine is a state in Eastern Europe, its administrative-territorial division, territory, population. Geographical location of the country, climate features. State symbols of Ukraine, city attractions.

Geographical location (GP) is one of the fundamental categories geographical science. It represents a spatial (within the boundaries of the earth’s surface) relationship of a certain object (country, city, mountain range, natural territorial system, etc.) to geographical data that can have a significant impact on it.

GP is a complex category. It always individualizes a geographical object. The GP displays such a feature as positionality. There are no two objects in the world, for example, states, that would have the same GPO. Consequently, GP is always a property of an object. At the same time, it displays its relationship to other objects and territorial systems. In a word, the GP depends both on the object itself, the position of which we determine, and on the environment that interacts with it.

Therefore, in geography, the position of a country is considered as an important factor in its long-term development and functioning.

Usually, several types of country's position are distinguished: political, economic, social, natural, ecological and mathematical-geographical position. For example, Ukraine is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the northern hemisphere). Other types of geographic location are defined similarly.

The political-geographical position (PGP) of a state is its geospatial relationship to political data that are outside it and have an impact on it. This influence can acquire not only a directly political character. For example, Italy's position in the system of Mediterranean countries affects its economy, which, in turn, directly and indirectly determines the nature of political processes in this country. At times the concept of geopolitical position (GSP) is used. It, in turn, reflects the influence on the political processes and structures of the state not only of the external political environment, but also of natural, environmental, economic, and social systems.

The country's GWP has the property of historicity: it depends both on changes in its economic, social, political, military potential, and on changes in the geopolitical environment. However, it also has a large moment of inertia. The essence of this property is that for the very “subjects” of the state enterprise - the state and its geopolitical environment - character traits durability, preservation of many previous qualities. Even, say, when the political status of Ukraine changed in a short time (in 1991 it became independent) and the political status of its surroundings (the collapse of totalitarian regimes in neighboring states), but the neighborhood with Russia, Belarus, and Poland did not change. It only acquired new features - it became truly interstate.

From a topological point of view, a GP can be central or peripheral. The more neighbors a state has, the more central its position. There are many graph-theoretic ways to determine the centrality measure. The features of the centrality and peripherality of a state enterprise are very often associated with the categories of its profitability and disadvantage. As a rule, a central position is more advantageous than a peripheral one. But the specific situation should be taken into account.

Finally, in terms of scale, SOEs are divided into global, regional and neighborhood. For Ukraine, regional GWP means its belonging to the Eurasian geopolitical system. Neighborhood status provides for relations with states that border a given country. They talk about first- and second-order neighbors. Immediate neighbors are first-order neighbors, and neighbors of neighbors form second-order neighbors. The more neighbors a certain country has, the more profitable its GWP is, other things being equal. This provides a given country with many “degrees of freedom” in choosing close foreign policy and economic partners.

The global GWP of Ukraine is characterized by many features. This emerges primarily from the extreme diversity and complexity of the political-geographical situation in the modern world, the presence of global political- and economic-geographical structures, new trends in world development, the global distribution of political and economic interests, contradictions and forces.

There are now over 190 independent states in the world, most of them are part of a democratic interstate structure - the United Nations (exists since 1945). Ukraine was one of the founders of this political community and still cooperates with it (Fig. 8).

Ukraine is located in the northern hemisphere, in the temperate zone in which modern human civilization developed. It was here that all forms of geopolitical formations and structures arose: empires with metropolises, colonies and other forms of political dependence, independent states of monarchical, theocratic, republican, federal or unitary status. Ukraine as compound element world universe was held at different stages of its historical development almost all forms of political existence. It was both a monarchy (Kievan Rus), and a colony of the Russian, Polish and Ottoman empires, it was (Cossack State - Zaporozhye) and is now a republic.

The second feature of Ukraine’s global GWP is that its location in the global zone of highest political and socio-economic development has a great influence on it. This belt is determined by a latitudinal band that covers the entire northern hemisphere. Ukraine is located in the central part of this strip. At the same time, it is located in the eastern sector of the northern hemisphere on the Eurasian continent, where it is located greatest number states of the named global latitude band (in the western sector only the USA and Canada). On a global scale, the highly developed countries of the northern hemisphere (temperate and partially subtropical natural zones - the cradle of modern civilization) account for a population of 750 million people. (15%), production of gross national product - 16.3 trillion. dollars (78.8%).

The latitudinal band of the most intense political and socio-economic life of the northern hemisphere is represented by the four centers of world civilization. These are the USA, Western Europe, Russia and Japan. They essentially form two geographical massifs - American and Eurasian. Ukraine is at the center of the second of them. But at the same time, the American and Western European centers are united by a military-political structure - the North Atlantic Pact. This has recently significantly influenced the military-political position of Ukraine, since it was the southern outpost of the Warsaw Bloc countries, without, however, having a direct connection with NATO countries. The latter, however, did not really improve her situation. It is this situation that explains the deployment on the territory of Ukraine of many military-strategic bases of nuclear weapons (air and missile), interception means spacecraft, radar stations (RLS), jamming stations for Western radio broadcasting. From Ukraine, the largest number in absolute and relative terms of “enemies of the people”, “bourgeois nationalists”, “spies and saboteurs”, “dissidents” was “resettled” deep into the Bolshevik empire (to Siberia, to the North, to Kazakhstan) in order to clear this outpost of the indigenous population, and drive those who remained into collective farm reservations.

Rice. 8.

The global position of Ukraine relative to the United States - the main core of world power and democracy, the largest and most powerful country on the globe - has a number of features.

Firstly, the USA (like Japan) is the most distant from our state (the distance from Kyiv to Washington and Tokyo reaches almost 8 thousand km). This creates great communication difficulties. Relations with these countries are possible only using sea (via Atlantic Ocean with USA and Indian and Pacific Oceans with Japan) or air transport. However, you can also get to Japan using land transport through Russian territory.

Secondly, as a result of the intensive expansion of American and Japanese capital to almost all countries of the world, the creation of transnational companies with the leading role of the capital of these states, distances are actually reduced. It should also be taken into account that American military bases in Italy, Turkey and Greece are located in close proximity to Ukraine.

Thirdly, Ukraine’s position relative to the United States must be considered not only as a geospatial relationship, but also through the prism of the interests of the Ukrainian diaspora, which is part of the global Ukrainian community. It is in the USA and neighboring Canada that the largest number of Ukrainians live in the Western Hemisphere (1 million in the USA, 600 thousand in Canada). They, like ethnic Ukrainians, are citizens of these countries, but in the majority they have sentimental, social, economic and informational ties with their historical homeland, their votes significantly influence the results of the US Presidential election. Ethnic Ukrainians own significant capital and occupy high government and public positions. For example, the Governor General of Canada is an ethnic Ukrainian, Roman Hnatyshyn, and the US Ambassador to Ukraine was Roman Popadiuk. All this greatly brings the United States and Canada closer to Ukraine.

Finally, in the global GWP of Ukraine, one should take into account its spatial relationship to a large array of so-called third world countries. In general, these are countries in the subtropical and equatorial zones. Third World countries are a huge global zone of political instability. This is largely due to the recent colonial past, initial stages the formation of their state independence. In particular, in Africa and Asia, the borders of current states are inherited from former colonies, which often do not correspond to the ethnic composition of the population and cause tension, conflicts and wars and introduce significant unpredictability into the geopolitical processes of the Third World countries as a whole.

At the same time, these countries are in great economic and political dependence on the highly developed countries of America, Europe and Asia (Japan).

Most countries of the "third world" have a specific demographic situation - rapid population growth, which outstrips the pace of economic development. In turn, this leads to an increase in social and, consequently, political tension both within individual countries of the “third world” and between them and the highly developed countries to which Ukraine belongs. Therefore, without taking this situation into account, it is impossible to determine the global geopolitical position of Ukraine relative to the countries of this group.

One should also keep in mind the globalization of the Muslim factor. This concerns the political aspects of Muslim fundamentalism, the strengthening of the military-political power of countries in which this factor plays a leading role (Iran, Iraq, Pakistan) and the like. In Ukraine, global Islam has potential conditions for spreading through Crimea (the Tatar population is religiously Muslim). In the future, the globalization of Islam will be facilitated by the concentration of petrodollars in many countries of the Near and Middle East and their expansion into Europe, including Ukraine, with all the positive and negative consequences.

Eurasia is the largest continent on the globe (area 55.9 million km 2, population 3.9 billion people - as of 01/01/1990). More than half (over 90) of the world's countries are located here. Almost half of the states (44) are located in the relatively small area of Europe. Ukraine is a European state (Fig. 9).

The Eurasian continent was the first laboratory of state formation on Earth. All forms of states that have ever existed or now exist in the world developed here. The first states appeared in the Near and Middle East 7-5 thousand years ago. These were ancient Egypt (5 thousand years BC), Assyria and Babylonia (2 thousand years BC), the state of the Ares in Punjab (3 thousand years BC).

Ukraine is relatively close to this global and regional core of the historical state-political organization of humanity. It is no coincidence that the first state entities on the territory of Ukraine arose in its southern part - on the Black Sea coast. These were the colony cities (polises) of ancient Greece (VII century BC) - Olbia, Thira, Chersonesus, Panticapaeum.

The system of states in Eurasia is characterized by extremely high contrast.

Rice. 9.

Ukraine belongs to the large states of Eurasia. It directly borders the giant country Russia, its second-order neighbor is China, and its third-order neighbor is India.

Based on their geographical location, all countries of Eurasia are divided into two groups: maritime and continental. The first group predominates quantitatively. IN historical development Each country tried to gain access to the sea. This is primarily an economic necessity, which gives the state the opportunity for direct and unhindered access to other maritime and partly continental countries. Other things being equal, the coastal states have the best position. Ukraine belongs to just such a group.

There are few continental states in Europe - these are Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Luxembourg and some dwarf states. In turn, some continental states, for example Austria or Switzerland, which are located at the hubs of international communications, have an advantageous geolocation compared to other continental states.

Rice. 10.

A graph-theoretical analysis of the network of the Eurasian geopolitical system (Fig. 10) indicates:

1) the connection points of the first order are Russia, Turkey and Greece (if they are removed, the graph will split into two subgraphs - “European” and “Asian”). This means that along the line Russia - Black Sea - East Mediterranean Sea (Turkey - Greece), or: Russia - Middle East lies the main geopolitical axis of Eurasia. So far, a greater historical misfortune than the happiness of Ukraine has been its position on this axis (this also applies to Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia): it is not for nothing that Russia and Turkey have become nodes of the drug mafia. In the east of Eurasia, the “connection point” is Malaysia, in the south - Saudi Arabia, in the west - France;

2) another major geopolitical axis is the India-China line. If we remove the points “China” and “India” from the diagram, then the eastern graph will split into two more subgraphs. Ukraine is located far from this geopolitical axis;

3) the highest centrality in the graph is characterized by those vertices ("countries") that have the most edges (lines connecting the vertices). These are, in particular, China (14 neighbors) and Russia (12), followed by France (9), Germany, Austria, Saudi Arabia, India (8), Hungary, Ukraine (7). According to the Bavelash index, the central vertex is “9” (the total number of edges from it to all others is the smallest). The vertex "Ukraine" is located close to the center of the graph;

4) graph connectivity, which is determined by the formula (E - V + G) and (2V-5) = 0.4 (where E is the number of edges; V is the number of vertices; G is the number of connected components; 2V-5 -- the maximum possible number of triangles; E-V+G -- the actual number of triangles). Consequently, in fact, the Eurasian system is poorly connected;

5) the length of the diameter of the graph, that is, the shortest distance - the number of edges between the most distant vertices, is equal to 11. The diameter passes through the following countries: Portugal (another option is Ireland) - France - Germany - Poland - Ukraine - Russia - China - Burma - Thailand - Malaysia - Singapore. Consequently, Ukraine lies on Eurasian territory.

The Eurasian system of countries is characterized by great dynamics. In particular, the following processes have been observed here in the last decade:

a) disintegration of some federal states and the formation of new independent countries. In particular, as a result of the collapse of the Soviet empire, 15 arose, as a result of the collapse of Yugoslavia - five, and the division of Czechoslovakia - two.

6) at the same time, some (after World War II) divided countries united (Germany and the German Democratic Republic, North and South Vietnam).

Disintegration and integration processes will continue in the future. Thus, it is possible that several independent states will appear on Russian territory (especially in the Volga region, the North Caucasus, Siberia), and China, India, and Iraq will obviously disintegrate. Sooner or later, an independent state of Kurdistan will be formed on the border of Iraq, Iran and Turkey, and Khalistan and the like will be formed in the northern part of India.

The rudiments of colonialism have also been preserved in Eurasia. These are mainly small dependent territories on the outskirts of the continent: Gibraltar (owned by Great Britain), Massau (owned by Portugal). Essentially, all the autonomous republics of the North Caucasus are colonial vestiges of Russia.

Based on the role of ethnic groups and state formation, all Eurasian states are divided into mono- and multi-national. Countries such as Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Uzbekistan are mononational states.

In fact, there are very few states whose borders coincide with ethnic borders. Thus, the ethnic territories of the state of Belarus are located in Lithuania and Russia, the ethnic Ukrainian borders extend into the territory of Poland, Slovakia, Belarus and Moldova, while the borders of the Romanian, Moldavian and Hungarian ethnic groups extend into the territory of Ukraine.

A characteristic political and geographical feature of Eurasia is the presence here of an original nation - the Arab, which forms a number of independent states that often conflict with each other. At the same time, it is in Eurasia, more precisely in the Middle East, that there is a unique mononational country of Israel, the ethnic group of which - Jews - mostly live in the diaspora (outside its borders).

Finally, on the Eurasian continent there are states of extremely different political status. The most common is the republican type of state with a unitary administrative structure (belongs to Ukraine).

Changes in the regional political and geographical position of Ukraine are largely determined by the direction of the international Eurasian geopolitical axes that crossed its territory in different eras. Analysis of historical and geographical data shows that two main geopolitical axes can be distinguished: north-south (meridional) and west-east (latitudinal). Often they formed a kind of cross, the center of which was Ukraine. This cross has its own “poles” and “center”.

It was historically that the first was the meridional semi-axis from ancient Greece to the North Black Sea coast and deep into Ukraine (VII-VI centuries BC). Ukrainian territory was then the northern outskirts of Mediterranean civilization. It was on this outskirts that the first forms of Ukrainian statehood arose. To change the meridional (ancient Greek) semi-axis in the V century. BC. a new, eastern semi-axis appeared. Let's call it Scythian, or steppe. This was the beginning of the great East-West Eurasian axis, which in subsequent periods carried the ideas and realities of Eastern despotism. The Scythian nomads enslaved the indigenous Old Ukrainian agricultural population and, in essence, cut them off from the sources of Mediterranean culture. In III Art. BC. this geopolitical semi-axis is gradually disappearing.

With the advent of the Roman Empire in southern Europe (1st century BC), a partial renewal of the southern and northern rays of the meridional semi-axes, respectively, was observed. These semi-axes did not have any significant influence on the political and geocultural processes of Ukraine. In later times, after the collapse of the Roman Empire (IV century AD), the latitudinal Asian semi-axis was again partially revived. This was manifested in a large migration of eastern peoples (Hunni, Khozars, Polovtsians), who passed through the south of Ukraine and partially settled here.

The first major geopolitical axis that crossed the territory of Ukraine in the meridional direction was the “Varangians-Greeks” line (from the 9th century). It ran from Scandinavia through the Baltic states to the Black Sea. The northern part of the axis carried the ideas and realities of statehood, belligerence and conquest (the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav). The southern semi-axis went from Byzantium (Tsargorod) to the Balkans and the Black Sea and further to Kyiv. Ukraine was extremely active back then integral part and the central link of this axis. The geopolitical core of Ukraine itself was the Kiev Dnieper region.

In the XIII century. under the pressure of the steppe East, the eastern semi-axis is again being revived. The campaigns of Genghis Khan, Batu, and then Tamerlane finally destroyed the Old Kiev state. The entire meridional geopolitical axis disappears. Its northern semi-axis gradually rotates counterclockwise to the west. First it becomes “Lithuanian-Ukrainian” when in the XIV century. almost all of Ukraine became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in the second half of the 16th century. (in 1569) - “Polish-Ukrainian”, that is, already the western semi-axis. In the second half of the XIII century. - first half of the XIV century. The geopolitical center of Ukraine moved from the Dnieper region to Galicia and western Volyn.

After the three-fold division of the Russian Commonwealth (1772, 1793, 1795), when the Ukrainian lands were occupied by the Austrian (from 1867 - Austro-Hungarian) and Russian empires, and the Ottoman Empire was eliminated by Russia from the Black Sea-Azov coast , a powerful latitudinal geopolitical axis—the “German-Russian” one—has clearly emerged. On its eastern ray, all signs of Ukrainian statehood were finally destroyed (the destruction of the Zaporozhye Sich in 1775). For the second time in the history of Ukraine, its geopolitical center is shifting to Galicia (especially after the revolution of 1848-1849), where some features of parliamentarism and federalism existed.

In the XX century. Ukraine remained on the large Eurasian geopolitical axes West - East (Western Europe - Russia) and North - South (Russia - Mediterranean or Middle East). In 1917-1920 it became an active state-creative core (center) on these axes. Through the efforts of the Eastern (Moscow) and Western (Warsaw, Entente countries) poles of the latitudinal axis, this statehood was eliminated, and in later years everything was done to weaken the desire for its revival (Bolshevik famines of the 30s and the mass eviction of the population of the western regions in the post-war period, Polish pacifications in the interwar period and the like). When in the 30s the western pole of this geo-axis shifted to Nazi Germany, Ukraine finally found itself between two brutal imperialist regimes - the National Socialist (Third Reich) and the Communist-Bolshevik (Communist Russia).

However, even now independent Ukraine is located on the large latitudinal Eurasian geopolitical axis, the poles of which are Europe and Russia. The traditional meridional Baltic-Pontic axis is gradually being revived. Ukraine becomes the geopolitical core at the intersection of these regional axes and their active component.

Another component of Ukraine's regional GWP is its spatial relationship to the Baltic states, that is, to the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland and Norway) and the Baltic republics of the former USSR (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia). This situation has its own historical characteristics.

There were attempts at military-political orientation towards Scandinavia (hetmans Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Ivan Mazepa and the latter’s alliance with the Swedish king Charles XII). Maybe this is an external sign, but the colors of the state flags of Ukraine and Sweden are the same - blue and yellow.

The presence of common economic, political, environmental and cultural interests between the Baltic states and Ukraine is an important basis for the formation of the Baltic-Black Sea Commonwealth of Independent Countries.

The neighborly GGP of Ukraine is its geospatial relationship to its neighbors of the first and second orders. Neighbors can be individual states, their groups, systems and blocs, and the like.

Ukraine has seven first-order land neighbors. These are Russia, Belarus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Moldova (of which the first four are Slavic countries), and three maritime neighbors: Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia. At the same time, Romania and Russia are partially maritime neighbors, since they also have maritime borders with Ukraine. Land neighbors form the eastern, northern, western, southwestern sectors, and sea neighbors form the southern sector. Until recently, most of them (except Turkey) were included in the so-called. the world socialist system, led by the USSR, formed the “core” of this system and the basis of the military Warsaw bloc. Ukraine was an important supporting frame of this bloc in the south and almost adjacent to the eastern flank of another bloc - the North Atlantic.

A large number of first-order neighbors is a positive side of Ukraine's GGP. As a result, it has many options for foreign policy relations, as well as the opportunity to enter the outside world, despite the unpredictable complications of relations with one or even several of them.

In the modern and past neighboring GGP of Ukraine, the greatest role was played and played by three large states-- Russia, Poland and Türkiye. Once upon a time these were powerful empires that fought among themselves for possession of Ukraine and dominance of the Black Sea. This struggle has always had an aggressive character, which led to wars that constantly bled both them and Ukraine.

Nowadays, the most significant aspect of Ukraine's GGP is its proximity to Russia. This is due to the following factors:

1) the length of the border of Ukraine with this state is the greatest - 2484 km (38.1% of the land border of Ukraine). Russia is Ukraine's most powerful neighbor economically, military-politically. Its role is not only neighboring, it also influences the regional and global position of Ukraine;

2) one of the traditional geopolitical orientations of Russia - southern - ran from Moscow through the territory of Ukraine to the Middle East, in particular in the direction of Constantinople. Hence Russia’s constant struggle for access to the Black Sea;

3) Russia’s desire to gain a foothold in the Black Sea by annexing Crimea, a constituent state territory of Ukraine;

4) the presence of a large Russian population in Ukraine (according to the 1989 census, about 12 million people;

5) the proximity of the main political center of Russia - its capital Moscow - both to Ukraine as a whole and to its capital Kyiv (approximately 600 km);

6) the ethnic lands of Russia - the interfluve of the Volga and Oka - at the beginning of the formation of Ukrainian statehood were part of Kievan Rus and were its northeastern ("national") outskirts. In later times, Ukraine itself became the outskirts of the Russian Empire and became an essential factor in its survival. In order to consolidate this dominance, official circles produced propaganda stereotypes of the “elder” and “younger” brother, “single space”, “single people”, fusion of languages, cultures, etc. All this could not but influence the mentality of the Russian people and instill in them imperial traits and a disdainful view of other peoples; in the Ukrainian people, on the contrary, the traits of “Little Russia”, “hypocritical submission” (I. Franko) were established;

7) in the immediate vicinity of Ukraine there is a powerful economic and military-political potential of Russia - the industrial Center, the Volga region, the Urals, a well-formed system of land (railroads), water (Volga-Don Canal, Black Sea) and air routes with the corresponding infrastructure , which can be used both for the benefit of Ukraine and against it;

8) part of the ethnic territories of Ukraine (Kuban, Slobozhanshchyna) are located on the territory Russian state. This requires strengthening friendly relations between Ukraine and Russia, but may cause strained relations between them.

Many of these features of Ukraine’s GPP relative to Russia can have both positive and negative significance for our state. This is an objective reality of long-term action, which must be taken into account in both tactical and strategic aspects.

Neighborhood with Poland determines one of the priority areas of Ukraine’s foreign relations. It is characterized by the following features:

1) despite the relatively short length of the modern border between Ukraine and Poland (only 542 km), there are long-standing complex political and interethnic relations between them. Ukraine, especially its western part, was part of the Polish state for a long time. This could not but affect the economy of Ukraine and especially the spiritual world of Ukrainians;

2) modern Poland among Ukraine’s neighbors ranks second after Russia in territory (312.7 thousand km), as well as in demographic (38 million people) and economic potential;

3) in Ukraine, especially in the Podolsk (Vinnytsia, Khmelnitsky) and Polesie (Zhytomyr) regions, a significant number of ethnic Poles live (according to the 1989 census - 219 thousand people), and in Poland there is a correspondingly large number of Ukrainians (over 500 thousand people), who were mostly forcibly expelled from the ethnic Ukrainian lands - Lemkivshchyna, Nadsyannya, Kholmshchynya and Pidlyashya. Both of them show a natural interest in their historical homeland, and the Poles resettled from Ukraine and the Ukrainians evicted from eastern Poland are interested in establishing contacts with their father’s land;

4) among all its neighbors, Poland most represents the “West” for Ukraine: a significant part of innovations in the field of modern culture, politics and economics comes from Europe to Ukraine through Poland, partially transforming there. Poland is Ukraine's main gateway to Europe. At the same time, the path of Poland’s entry into the “European home”, into European structures (in 1999 Poland became a member of NATO) is a kind of model for Ukraine’s entry there;

5) until the fifties, the official authorities of Poland pursued an expansive policy regarding Ukraine. The state doctrines of the former Poland are a variant of the Teutonic ideology “Drang nach Osten”, and the geopolitical axis “from Mozha to Mozha”, reduced to the rank of state policy, led to the enslavement of Ukraine and the destruction of its statehood. The liberation wars of the Ukrainian people (Khmelnitsky, UGA, UPA) were not a struggle with the Poles, but a struggle for Ukraine.

The specific GGP of Ukraine relative to Turkey, which is located on the Asia Minor subcontinent and is separated from our state by the Black Sea. For a long time, this sea has repeatedly become the reason for bloody conflicts between many countries. Through the Black Sea, Ukraine has the only water access to the Mediterranean basin. Therefore, the “Turkish factor” - GWP for Ukraine is extremely significant. It should be noted that Turkey is the only neighbor of Ukraine that has developed over the past fifty years through capitalism and achieved significant success. You should also take into account the fact that NATO military bases are located in Turkey. In recent years, Ukraine, together with Turkey and some other coastal states, formed the Black Sea Economic Association of Countries, which greatly improved the economic and political-geographical position of our state.

Large first-order neighbors include Belarus and Romania. The first of them is the only neighbor with whom Ukraine has never been at war. In Belarus, especially in Beresteyshchyna, there are many native Ukrainians, and in Ukraine (Donbass) - Belarusians. The length of the Ukrainian-Belarusian border is 952 km. The geopolitical position of Ukraine has worsened due to the entry of Belarus into a political union with Russia. As for Romania, the length of the border with which is 608 km, its geopolitical location is commensurate with the location of Poland.

Another Romanesque country, Moldova, borders Ukraine from the southwest. Its border with Ukraine is even longer (1194 km) than the border of Romania with our state. Having no direct access to the sea, Moldova uses the territory of Ukraine, although it always has a backup option - to have this access through Romania.

Two more countries are first-order neighbors that are important in determining the GWP of Ukraine - Hungary and Slovakia. They are the southwestern exit of Ukraine to Europe, in particular to the Adriatic.

Until recently, Slovakia was part of the federal state of Czechoslovakia. And it was through its territory that Ukraine had direct access to Germany. Now, with the formation of the Czech Republic, an additional barrier has arisen on this path. A positive thing in relations with Slovakia is the residence of about four tens of thousands of Ukrainian-Rusyns (southern Lemkivshchyna). It's there an important condition stability and security of the Ukrainian-Slovak neighborhood.

Another neighboring state - Hungary - borders exclusively on the Transcarpathian region. It is the southwestern part of the region south of the Uzhgorod-Beregove-Vinogradiv line with a territory with a mixed Ukrainian-Hungarian population, in which all conditions for a normal national life have been created for Hungarians (school, church, cultural institutions, press, television, etc.) . Hungary was among the first three countries that recognized the state independence of Ukraine. She, like Ukraine, is interested in mutual good neighborly relations.

In the GGP with respect to second-order neighbors, the following features are important:

1) it is difficult to clearly identify all second-order neighbors. For example, if the Black Sea is considered a border, then Georgia is a first-order neighbor, and if the neighborhood is defined by land, it is no longer a direct, but a mediocre neighbor;

2) among the “neighbors of neighbors” there are countries that are very close in distance, such as the Czech Republic and Austria, and extremely distant (Mongolia or North Korea), the influence of which on the GWP of Ukraine is almost not felt;

3) some second-order neighbors determine not so much the neighboring, but rather the regional GGP of Ukraine. This applies primarily to Germany and China;

4) Russia and especially the vastness and elongation of its territory have a great influence on the number and distance of second-order neighbors. As a result, Ukraine has no neighbors in the north, northeast and east.

Among the second-order neighbors, in addition to those already mentioned, for example, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Georgia and Kazakhstan should be especially highlighted. Two of them - Austria and the Czech Republic - are Central European countries, former components of Austria-Hungary, with which Western Ukraine has especially close historical and cultural ties. The other two countries - Bulgaria and Georgia - are Black Sea countries, essentially with immediate neighbors, because there are no territorial barriers to relations between them and Ukraine. However, there are problems with the general use of recreational potential, port infrastructure, and the like.

Finally. Kazakhstan is a young state, distant from Ukraine by large expanses of Russia. This is a country with a great future. Its geospatial attitude towards Ukraine is formed under the influence of two factors:

a) many Ukrainians live in Kazakhstan (896 thousand people in 1999). who moved here relatively recently (deportation, resettlement to virgin lands), settled mainly in the northern steppe zone and have not all adapted yet (hence, some of them may return to Ukraine again);

b) Kazakhstan is rich in fossil resources, especially ores of non-ferrous and rare earth metals, and Ukrainian industry needs them. Therefore, Ukraine is interested in having the best relations with this state.

To summarize, we can conclude: the modern GPP of Ukraine is complex. It has many favorable features, but a number of signs characterize its negative aspects. First of all, this depends not so much on the characteristics of its neighbors, but on the weakness of the young Ukrainian state as a political and state organism.