Armrests for cars by hand drawings. Armrests for cars - how to make this “thing” comfortable? Measurements for the future drawing

The comfort of the car owner depends on the driver's seat. Car armrests are an important component of an ergonomic space. When the driver's hand has support, it helps to relax the muscles and relieve increased stress on the muscles of the back and elbow group. This reduces driver fatigue.

In addition, in the armrest compartments you can store various small things that you may need on the road (a bottle of water, a phone charger, etc.). If the car is not equipped with armrests, they can be purchased separately. However, universal products of this type are quite expensive, so many people prefer self-production armrests. This does not require special skills or expensive materials.

Taking measurements

Making an armrest with your own hands should start with a drawing. It can be found on the machine manufacturer’s website, but it is better to take all the measurements yourself. For this you will need a regular ruler. For homemade product need to measure:

The distance between the front seats (you need to measure from the seat belt buckles so that they fasten freely).
The height at which the driver’s hand is in a relaxed position while driving the car. To do this, you need to grab the steering wheel with your hand and mark its position.
Between the back of the seat back and the activated handbrake (to avoid an unpleasant situation).
The size and height of the handbrake handle, since the armrest will be located above it.

You also need to think about whether the armrest will be equipped with an additional small compartment for the smallest items. During the measurement process, it is also worth considering that the armrest will be covered with foam rubber, so it is worth subtracting this thickness from the measurements obtained.

After this, it is worth making a drawing in different projections and, based on it, making test version armrest for cars made of cardboard. If the layout is suitable, you can begin further production.

What materials will be needed

Before making an armrest, you need to purchase material for its frame. Chipboard boards with a thickness of at least 0.8 cm, but no more than 1.5 cm are best suited for this. The optimal option is 0.8-1 cm, then the product will not look bulky and can be easily sheathed with ordinary foam rubber without fear that the product will quickly become unusable.

If we talk about the trim for the armrest in a car, then it all depends on the financial capabilities of the car owner and the interior of the cabin. However, if the work is being done for the first time, then you should not use leather, as there is a high risk that the car armrest will need to be reupholstered. For VAZ cars the best option there will be velor or Alcantara (artificial suede). It is better to purchase material with a reserve.

When everything is ready, you can start assembling.

Frame making

To make the armrest correctly, you need to transfer the drawing to plywood and carefully cut out everything necessary elements(it's best to use a jigsaw).

After this you need:

Sand all sharp parts and irregularities. The casing should not tear from the first careless movement.
Mark the places where internal partitions will connect to the sidewalls. It is best to fasten the elements manually with self-tapping screws. If you use nails, the chipboard may crack.
Sand the already assembled structure again.

You also need to prepare a lid (its length should be slightly larger than the product itself). It will be attached to a small hinge (hinges for small cabinet doors are suitable). But it is recommended to install it on final stage.

If the fitting was successful and the armrest fits firmly between the seats, you can move on to the next stage.

Sheathing

First you need to make the structure softer. To do this, you need to cut out pieces of foam rubber that will fit the upper parts of the armrest. It is not necessary to cover the areas that are attached to the seat with foam rubber; in the lower part the armrest comes into contact with the seat adjustment elements. If there is foam rubber in this place, it will quickly tear.

For upholstery you need:

Apply glue to the places where the foam rubber will be and glue it.
When the material sticks firmly, you can cover it with felt (this is optional).
Cover the structure with velor or leather. It is best to use a construction stapler for this. If you use glue, then in the future the question may arise of how to tighten the material.
Perform the same manipulations with the lid.
Cover the inside of the armrest with fur or any other material.
Install a furniture magnet. This is necessary so that when driving over bumps the armrest does not accidentally open. To do this, a magnet is installed on the cover of the product, and a metal element is installed in the armrest itself.
Install the hinges, thereby connecting the lid and the main structure. Fastening is also carried out using small self-tapping screws.

The final stage

At this stage, it is necessary to install the prepared product directly into the machine itself. The best way to do this is to use polypropylene pipe with a steel rod and an M8 pin designed for fastening plastic elements in the car.

After this you need:

Insert the pins into the holes.
Install a metal plate on the reverse side and fix it wrench.
Cut a rectangle out of plywood, cover it with leatherette and make a couple of holes in it.
Install the part and put on the tubes.
Mark holes on the armrest and make them.
Install ready product between the seats and secure it with nuts.

Fastenings can be designed at your discretion. Some car owners simply fix the armrest between the seats. If it holds tightly, then additional manipulation may not be required. However, it is worth pressing the product several times to make sure that it does not fall out.

If the car owner experiences discomfort when using the made armrest, then it is better to remove it or remake it.

An armrest is a very convenient thing inside a car. Some companies produce their cars with already installed armrests, but sometimes owners have to search for, make and install these elements with their own hands. This also applies to the VAZ 2110.

It doesn’t matter, today there are many options for different armrests on the market that can satisfy you in terms of price, functionality and quality.

Kinds

There are two types of armrests on the market:

Universal. They can be installed on almost any car, since the dimensions and fastenings are designed in such a way that the driver can carry out installation without unnecessary manipulations.
Model. They are manufactured by the factory and third-party companies for specific car models.

If we take into account the designs, there are also two types:

No bar;
From the bar. These are structures with a lifting top, under which there are compartments for storing all sorts of small items.

Today we'll look at a few various options armrests that can be installed on your VAZ 2110.

Chinese universal armrest

The manufacturer is not known exactly, but similar designs can be found in almost all automobile accessory stores. The main difference is the pentagonal decorative flap on top. For installation, self-tapping screws are used to secure the structure to the tunnel.

The advantages of this solution include:

Availability of a bar;
Availability of a convenient cup holder;
Attractive appearance;
Wide palette of colors;
Affordable price - about 500-700 rubles.

But there are also disadvantages that will force many to abandon this option:

No access to buttons, it closes;
The quality is far from perfect. You can do much better, but alas. China is China.

Delta Pro product

Overall, it turned out to be a good armrest, a little better than the previous version. But there are a number of comments. For example, if you open the lid, you can see how it starts to walk. Therefore, problems arise with the clarity of closure. You can buy it, but then we advise you to slightly modify the design by gluing vibration-isolating material and improve the lid fasteners a little.

Standard installation is carried out using self-tapping screws to the tunnel.

Advantages	Flaws
Large capacity tank available	The quality is not up to the desired or even average level
Attractive appearance of the product	Access to buttons is blocked
Affordable price up to 700 rubles	The fastenings are not done well
____________________________________	Uses thin plastic that can be damaged

Armster

The well-known company Armster, which has been specializing in the manufacture of various armrests for quite a long time. In their assortment you can find a number universal designs. Possibility of installing them on different models is due to the use of individual fastenings for each car variant.

The company did not ignore the VAZ 2110 model, for which the owners of this car can only be grateful.

Strengths include:

Attractive appearance, very much in harmony with the interior of the dozen;
The quality is conscientious, there are no complaints about the assembly;
There is a comfortable, spacious bar;
The upholstery is made of soft, attractive material;
The bar inside is soft and pleasant to the touch.

There are no downsides as such. Besides the price. Today it is about 2000 rubles. Yes, you can spend 700 rubles on dubious China, or you can pay more, but get a really good, comfortable armrest. The choice is yours.

Alamar

The Alamar company is becoming more popular and in demand every year. Especially among owners of domestic cars. Their range includes armrests, headrests, Euro handles, mirrors and much more.

If we take the statistics of buyers of armrests for VAZ, then it is the Alamar company that appears most often. The company has its own website where you can place an order according to your taste and wallet.

Considering models specifically for the VAZ 2110, we can draw some conclusions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of these designs.

TO positive aspects include:

A well thought out design that will appeal to many;
The fastening is carried out directly to the driver’s seat, therefore, when the seat is moved, the armrest will also move, which is convenient for the driver;
The range is presented in a wide palette of colors. This makes it possible to choose a product to match the color of your interior or car;
Attractive price;
The armrest can be folded back.

As for the shortcomings, there is only one significant disadvantage here - the lack of a bar. So you will have to look for other places to place all kinds of little things. In general, Alamar armrests make a very good impression.

From Priora

If you have ever driven in a Priora, the direct successor of the VAZ 2114, then you probably noticed the armrest. Nice appearance, good performance.

The advantages of the option with installation of the Priora armrest on the “ten” include:

Availability of a good bar;
Attractive design appearance;
Good quality when compared with the first presented options.

As for the disadvantages, there is only one - problems with the search. Although today, in the age of the Internet and online stores, finding it will not be so difficult.

For installation you will need to make a couple of holes for the mounting bolts. Nothing complicated if the hands grow from the right place.

Console bar "tens"

There is such an armrest on the market called “BAR console for VAZ 2110”. The problem is that it is quite difficult to find.

But if you manage to find it, consider yourself lucky. This is due to a wide range of advantages. Although with one amendment - it is suitable for short drivers, since in practice the armrest turns out to be too low.

Now let's go through positive qualities. These include:

Attractive appearance of the product;
Originally thought out design;
Availability of a bar. We only recommend that you immediately modify it by gluing the inside with some material so that the contents do not rattle during movement;
Affordable price. Today it is sold for about 200 rubles.

But let's highlight a couple of shortcomings.

Search problems. It’s not easy to find; not every store has it. We recommend searching on the Internet.
Low position. If your height is 180 cm or more, you will not be able to lean normally; you will have to bend over.

For installation, a fastening of three self-tapping screws is provided. Therefore, if you decide to install it, then with an eye to long-term operation. The product already has chamfered areas for fasteners. The necessary fasteners are provided in the kit, so you don’t have to look for anything.

With your own hands

Many car owners understand that it is difficult to find what they really want on the market. Especially when it comes to the current time and the VAZ 2110 model. Let's be honest, now the creators of accessories are focused on making products for more modern models.

If you don’t like anything among the available assortment, you can go by self-creation the desired armrest.

There are a lot of options for making this design yourself. But the basic principle is this:

Blanks, elements of the future armrest, are cut out of a sheet of plywood;
Pieces of plywood are connected to each other using metal corners;
If the plywood is wet, you can bend it and make a more original top cover;
The panels are sheathed;
Under top part, on which the hand will rest, foam rubber is inserted, and the covering is done with any material you like. Let's say it could be leatherette;
Fastening elements are made according to your car;
There is an easier option - take old armrest and take away the fastening elements from him. Actually, the job is done.

The presence of an armrest in a car greatly simplifies the driving process, since you can temporarily put your hand on the support and give it a rest, rather than keeping them on the steering wheel all the time.

In addition, armrests with bars make it possible to place many small things that may be needed at the most unexpected moment - a flashlight, batteries, matches, a lighter, spark plugs, chewing gum, keys to the garage, etc. The glove compartment is not bottomless, and you don’t really want to litter the door cards with such little things.

The interior of any car should be as comfortable as possible for the driver, because some users spend several hours without rest. Therefore, every little thing becomes important and significant, for example, an armrest, which can reduce tension in the arm, remove the load from the shoulder and relax the elbow. But not all cars come with this element in the interior. Many car owners try to create armrests for their cars with their own hands, and are even quite successful.

What is the right armrest?

The idea of creating your own element for the location of one of the driver’s hands is not without meaning. Buying such a factory-produced design is not the easiest undertaking. It is expensive, it is difficult to find a structure with suitable dimensions, appropriate design and the internal functionality that you require. There is only one way out - to delve into the manufacture of armrests for cars and try your hand at this exciting business.

We need the “correct” armrest, the design of which will take into account all the nuances, its ergonomics will be brought to maximum value, but will fully correspond to the interior decoration of the car. To do this, you will need to pay attention to the following points:

the presence of a separate compartment for storing important little things that can be easily and quickly found;
the ability to put a bottle of water or a glass of tea/coffee;
the presence of a sliding and tilting mechanism to give the structure mobility and provide access to the hand brake and seat belt latch;
the use of soft but durable materials that will provide comfortable and convenient location hands.

This is exactly the kind of armrest for the car that we will make.

Stages of creating a design

There are several schemes for creating this design. Some of them are simpler and less labor-intensive, while others are too complex and incomprehensible. We tried to create a work plan that even an inexperienced car owner can master, without spending a lot of time on it and getting reliable product, which will satisfy all the above requirements.

Taking measurements

Here you need to show maximum care and concentration. The accuracy of measuring the distances and dimensions of the space for the future armrest will affect the parameters of the finished structure and its location. It is necessary to carry out these actions only in your car, because in two cars of the same brand there may be discrepancies in the interiors.

All the data that you obtain must be written down, preferably immediately on a sketch of the future product. Thus, the measurements will not be confused and will be recorded clearly, accurately and without errors. You will need to measure the following parameters:

at what distance from each other are the front seats;
find out the distance at which the position of the driver’s hand is most comfortable (sit in the car, grab the steering wheel with one hand, and bring the other to a relaxed state and place it in its usual position);
turn on the handbrake and measure the distance from it to the back surface of the backrest on the seat (the comfort of rear seat passengers cannot be ignored);
Take into account the distance between the seat belt latch mechanism.

Make a visual comparison of the location of the future structure and its dimensions, stopping at the handbrake. I'm interested in the relative position of the handbrake and armrest. If the last element extends into the territory of the handbrake, then at the stage of taking dimensions it will be necessary to measure the lifting height of the brake lever.

Creating a Project

So, the measurements have been recorded and checked, it’s time to create a paper prototype of the future design. Don’t be lazy and make several options that will reflect the car armrest from different angles. Transfer all dimensions to each drawing and make sure they are completely consistent.

Now you can start marking the parts and finely drawing each element that will make up the future structure. We pay special attention to the following points:

we indicate the dimensions on each element, if it is figured, then we determine the radius;
we mark the attachment points, choose the method of connecting one element to another and indicate the length of the screws, if any;
calculate the distance that remains to the edge;
for the top part, which will serve as a support and a cover at the same time, you will need to mark the location of the mount with tilt-and-turn functionality (you can make a sliding top, but it will be a little more complicated).

Deciding on the mounting method

Think about the mounting method. Car armrests can be placed tightly between the seats or fixed using special fasteners.

If you decide to stick with tight fixation, you will need to prepare grooves in the lower part of the structure that correspond to the parts in the area of the intended installation location. You immediately need to decide and take into account its thickness when marking the project.

Making fasteners yourself is not an easy task, but the result is worth your effort and time spent on this process. The elements of the armrest in its lower part must be tied to structural elements interior decoration machine or to pre-fabricated fasteners.

Each of your decisions must first be transferred to a drawing, and only then brought to life. This way you can avoid errors and inaccuracies.

Select materials and complete the work

To create the body and supporting parts, you can choose any wood-based material. Its thickness should be 8 mm. If there are no curves, you don’t have to limit yourself in the choice of material; otherwise, it’s better to go with plywood, which can bend under the influence of water vapor. For cutting constituent elements design of the required shape, you need to have a hacksaw on hand, and also better jigsaw. Any material that you like is suitable for cladding. But remember that it must be resistant to wear, have a durable color and match the design of the car.

So, the parts are cut out and prepared for assembly. Make patterns on paper in advance for upholstery material. Using glue or fixing elements, we assemble our homemade armrest into the car. If no mistakes were made previously, then problems will not arise.

Using the previously made patterns, we cut out the elements for the upholstery and attach them using a furniture stapler or glue. We are working on the lid, which should be soft and slightly rounded. You will need foam rubber or regular dishwashing sponges. We place the selected material, glue and cut off unnecessary elements. Cover with felt, which we carefully glue along the edges. All that remains is to cover the finished armrest and...

To some, this work may seem difficult, impossible and very time-consuming, but it is difficult just to start, and then the work will begin to boil. Before you know it, your car will already have a brand new armrest with a universal design and organization of internal space. Try it yourself and tell your friends how to make an armrest for a car.

Probably every car enthusiast has thought about how to make his car stand out from others with the help of various body kits, spoilers and other tuning elements. Yes, perhaps these details will add sportiness to your iron horse, but this will not increase comfort and power. Therefore, it is worth thinking about more practical option tuning, for example about an additional armrest.

Such a thing will not only hide a lot of “little things” (keys, documents, etc.), but will also make the interior of the car more interesting and unique. And today’s article will tell you how to make an armrest for a car.

Preparing for work

Where to start making this element? The best place to start is with measurements and drawings of the car armrest. Before carrying out work, carefully measure the distance between the seats in the front row, and then write down the obtained data in a notebook. Based on the measurements, you will receive a future picture (drawing) of your armrest. remember, that this scheme is of particular importance, since these are the values you will use to manufacture the part. It is also worth considering that the distance between the seats can vary significantly even among similar brands and models of cars. Thus, if your friend has exactly the same car (by make, model), then you should not take measurements in it. Be sure to calculate the distance using your own machine only.

It is important to remember that in addition to the backs of the driver and passenger seats, the car interior contains such important parts as a lever and a seat belt. When taking measurements, take these features into account, since otherwise the armrest will not give you the opportunity to properly fasten your seat belt or turn on the handbrake. After all this, you can safely get to work.

How to start making a car armrest?

Everything is very simple - for work you need to take some kind of sawing tool for wood (for example, a wood sheet.

The latter can be obtained from an old chipboard cabinet door. All important measurements should be marked on it according to the drawing and cut along the contours.

And now the assembly

A more complex process will be assembling the armrest. To do this, you need to mark the part and drill holes for the screws. Next, secrets are made in the box. At the final stage of assembly outer side the structure is sanded using coarse-grained sandpaper. But our work on making the armrest does not end there. We also have to cover the entire structure with fabric sheathing.

Decorative paneling

How to cover an armrest with your own hands? The best place to start is by choosing the material. Final choice It depends on the brand and prestige of the car. For example, if you are making an armrest for a Gazelle with your own hands, then it would be wisest to cover it with leatherette. The same applies to domestic passenger cars. It is also recommended to cover a hand-made armrest (VAZ 2107) with the cheapest material. For greater pathos and chic, you can use Alcantura. It is not recommended to use leather as upholstery - it is very expensive, and besides, not every car enthusiast can handle it by covering the armrest with his own hands.

As for the color of the material, in most cases it is black armrests that fit organically into the interior of the car. If you want to be original, experiment with upholstery colors - most often black and gray shades overlap in car interior elements.

The sheathing process itself occurs along the contours using PVC. Usually, this work takes the car enthusiast no more than 20-40 minutes of time.

We make an armrest for a VAZ with our own hands: making a cover

The entire structure of the armrest is almost ready - only the cover remains. She needs some attention Special attention. The armrest should not be hard, so foam rubber should be used to make it soft. If you don’t have this on hand, then regular body sponges are quite suitable as an alternative. In total, no more than 4-5 such washcloths will be required for one armrest.

So where do you start? First of all, on chipboard surface glue is applied, after which sponges or a piece of foam rubber are placed here. After the adhesive has dried, the washcloths are sewn together, and the excess pieces are cut off using office scissors.

In order for our armrest to be as smooth and elastic as possible, it is necessary to cut a rectangle from thin felt and nail it on both sides of the structure.

At the next stage, the felt is glued to the jaws and sheathed.

How to install hinges and furniture magnet?

To prevent the lid from constantly opening while driving, you need to hold it with something. We are unlikely to install a lock in the armrest, but a furniture magnet is just right. After installing this element, you can begin installing the hinges. We attach them using self-tapping screws.

Next, all elements undergo an alignment procedure, and the cover is finally screwed to the main part of the armrest. But that is not all. In order for the magnet to hold the lid, you need to install a small metal element (plate) on the back of the structure. We place it strictly above the magnet, otherwise it will not bring any functionality. At the final stage, the sharp edges of the armrest are sharpened with a file. The same goes for the lid.

How to install an armrest in a car with your own hands?

This is perhaps the most important task for a car enthusiast, because the ease of use and the duration of its operation as a whole depend on how correctly the box is installed. The task is further complicated by the fact that during installation the car owner can easily damage interior parts. It is also unacceptable to use the so-called “collective farm tuning” inside - this will only aggravate this situation.

How to install an armrest in a car with your own hands? To install this element itself, you will need to have the following set of materials:

One polypropylene tube with a steel interior.
M8 hairpin 100-110 centimeters long. We will need it to fasten the plastic in the cabin (in all cars, under the decorative plug, the plastic is held on by very short bolts, so we will lengthen them).

That's probably all you should buy to install an armrest in a car. By the way, to achieve reliable fastening under the decorative plug, it is recommended to drill another hole (you will have 3 of them in total).

Installation steps

Trimmed pins are inserted into the holes. A metal plate is placed on the back of the plastic and then the entire structure is tightened with a wrench.

Next, a rectangle is cut out of a plywood board, which is then sheathed with leatherette. You should also drill several holes in it. We mount the part in place and put on the polypropylene tubes. Next, a hole is marked and cut on the box, after which it is installed in place. It should be secured with reinforced washers and nuts. That’s it, at this stage the question of how to make an armrest with your own hands can be considered closed.

Unfortunately, not all modern cars are equipped with such important detail as an armrest for the driver. Car owners are trying to eliminate this shortcoming different ways: someone is buying ready-made devices, someone is trying to make them with their own hands. WITH last option We'll try to figure it out in more detail.

In short, the armrest is needed for convenience. Experienced car enthusiasts know how exhausting long drives can be. The position of the hands while riding also plays an important role in this. They can't be on the steering wheel all the time. Sooner or later a moment will arise when you want to lower your hand and relax. This is where the armrest comes in handy.

DIY car armrest

The muscles of the forearm and shoulder will be able to relax. The load on the spine and neck will also be reduced, since the person will have the opportunity to give the body a more comfortable position and relax, leaning back in the chair. As a result, the driver gets less tired, which is especially important on a long trip.

In addition, the armrest can have a number of other functions:

it can be equipped with a built-in drawer where you can place all sorts of small things, from a lighter to sunglasses;
it may have a recess in it, in which it is convenient to place a bottle of water;
additional buttons for controlling various electrical devices cars;
If necessary, a good armrest can be removed by sliding it back into the space between the seats.

How to make an armrest for a car with your own hands

If for some reason it is not possible to buy a ready-made element, there is only one way out: make it yourself.

Preparation for the process

First of all, using a tape measure in the cabin, you should measure the place where the device will be installed. Moreover, measurements must be taken in the cabin of your own car. Even for two cars that look identical, the interior layout elements may differ in size. The difference may be only a few millimeters, but it is this that will ultimately interfere with normal installation.

The following parameters are measured:

distance between driver and passenger seats;
the level at which the seated driver's elbow is located;
the distance from the engaged handbrake lever to the back of the driver's seat. This is done so that passengers sitting in the back do not touch the armrest with their feet;
the maximum height to which the handbrake lever rises when it is turned on (this dimension is removed only if the armrest structure partially covers the brake lever);
You also need to know how far apart the seat belt latches are.

Choosing material

As a rule, homemade armrests are made from either plywood or chipboard. Sometimes a solid board 7–9 mm thick is used. If it is expected that there will be curved parts, then you can only use plywood, since only this material can be given required bend, holding it over steam. As for upholstery materials, they can be very different: artificial leather, genuine leather, dermantine, etc. The choice here is limited only by the imagination and financial capabilities of the car owner.

We design the main elements

All above dimensions must be recorded. Based on them, a simple sketch is created in three projections. You can even do this by hand, on a regular piece of notebook paper.

The simplest sketch of a homemade armrest, made on a notebook sheet

It is necessary to clearly imagine what the future armrest will look like.

The following points must be indicated on the sketch:

all sizes;
if the armrest contains parts with figured bends, the sketch should indicate the radii of these bends;
location of mounting holes with mandatory indication of their diameter;
the type and parameters of the fastener that you plan to use (for example, if these are self-tapping screws, then you should indicate their diameter and thread pitch);
the depth to which the fastener penetrates into the body parts or into intermediate structures (often armrests are screwed with screws to wooden substrates, so knowing the penetration depth of the fastener will allow you to more accurately calculate the thickness of the substrates);
if you plan to assemble an element with a hinged lid, then you should indicate where and on what they will be attached furniture hinges holding the lid. Also, do not forget about their size.

At the design stage, you should definitely consider how exactly the armrest will be fixed in the cabin. This could be a set of screws, or the piece could be held in place simply by a tight fit between the seats.

Manufacturing process

Having at hand finished sketch With all the necessary dimensions, you can begin assembling the armrest.

Video: homemade armrest on Volkswagen Polo

Upholstery with leatherette

For a novice car enthusiast, the process of reupholstering a finished armrest can cause difficulties, so let's talk about it separately. But first, let's define the tools.

Consumables and tools

To make an armrest with your own hands you will need following materials and tools:

material for upholstery (previously selected leather or leatherette, the color of which matches the color of the interior trim);
scissors;
masking tape;
black marker;
silk threads;
sewing machine.

Sequence of operations

So, making an armrest for a car is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. Certain difficulties can be caused only by working with sewing machine during reupholstery, especially if the car owner is a man who has a vague idea of what cutting and sewing is. But with due patience, you can deal with this problem.