Why were the first anti-Bolshevik protests quickly suppressed by Red Army troops? Why were the first anti-Bolshevik protests quickly suppressed by Red Army troops?

Who was the instigator of the civil war in Russia after October 1917?

Almost immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, armed uprisings by its political opponents began against the new government. At the end of October and November 1917, Red Guard detachments loyal to the Soviet government suppressed anti-Bolshevik protests in Petrograd, Moscow and other places. The protests were local in nature, scattered and quickly suppressed, but they were the first flashpoints of the civil war, which soon engulfed the entire country.

The ground for discontent among a large part of the population was also fueled by the government signed in March 1918 by V.I. Lenin's predatory Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, which deprived the country of vast territories and involved the payment of a huge indemnity to Germany. This agreement hit hard on the sentiments of people who were traditionally brought up in the spirit of Russian patriotism: first of all, the officers who came from the nobility and the common ranks, and the intelligentsia associated with the old state system. Millions of Russian people reacted negatively to the Bolsheviks' dissolution of the new Constituent Assembly in January 1918, considering it a departure from promised democratic changes. On the foundation of this discontent, the anti-Bolshevik “white movement” developed, which set itself the task of overthrowing the Bolsheviks. Although the white movement was ideologically and organizationally fragmented, did not have a single leader and a single strategy, its core consisted of military generals and officers, patriots of Russia, and participants in the First World War. They relied on dictatorship in each individual territory where the armies of the white movement were based. In the spring of 1918 it began to concentrate in the Don region.

The initial stage of the Civil War. Already at the end of 1917, active opponents of the new government began to make their way into the Don region - officers, generals L.G. Kornilov, A.I. Denikin, A.S. Lukomsky, cadet leaders.

A.M. Kaledin, elected in 1917 by a large military circle as ataman of the Don Cossacks, called on the Cossack troops to fight the Bolshevik government. On November 2 (old style), 1917, the former chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General M.V. Alekseev, appeared in Novocherkassk. On the Don they began to form the Volunteer Army, which became the core of the White Guard troops in southern Russia. Kaledin pulled the Cossack troops to Rostov, and they were joined by volunteer officer detachments. Having captured Rostov, they launched an offensive to the North, to the Donbass. However, the population of the Don region did not support Kaledin. Realizing that the uprising he had raised was doomed, Kaledin resigned and shot himself.

The leaders of the white movement considered the Don region from which it would be possible to launch an armed struggle against the Bolshevik government, but they overestimated the opportunities that the region of the Don Army provided for this. The presence of the Volunteer Army gave rise to fear among the Cossacks of an imminent invasion of Bolshevik troops, and the decomposition of volunteer formations began, which also affected the Cossack army. The volunteer army did not have its own territory, it was dependent on the Don, and later on the Kuban government, with which there was a struggle because of its “independence.” In addition, acute contradictions began between the volunteer leaders Kornilov and Alekseev. In the end, Kornilov was given military power and command of the Volunteer Army, and General Denikin became his deputy. General Alekseev and the majority of the command staff were monarchists, but were forced to hide their restoration intentions. The Red Army's offensive on the Don region forced the Volunteer Army to leave the Don. The army moved back to Ekaterinodar, the capital of the Kuban Cossack army, but before it approached the city, Soviet power was established in it. By order of Kornilov, the assault on Yekaterinodar began, which ended in the defeat of the Volunteer Army; Kornilov was killed by a shell that hit the house where his headquarters was located. The new commander-in-chief, General Denikin, took possession of Yekaterinodar, this city became the capital of the anti-Bolshevik government created in the south - the “Special Meeting”.

Establishment of the Denikin regime. General Denikin formed a system for managing the territory occupied by the Volunteer Army, relying on monarchist-minded cadet leaders.

The main goal of the Denikin regime was to overthrow the Bolshevik power and restore a “united and indivisible” Russia. The policy he proclaimed met with hostility from the national-state formations that had already appeared on the outskirts of the disintegrated Russian Empire. She alienated public circles and the population of many national regions from him. The Soviet government’s promise to recognize the rights of all peoples to unlimited national self-determination “up to and including secession” raised its prestige and attracted the masses of non-Russian nationalities, which contributed to the growth of distrust in Denikin and his government. Moving across the territory of Ukraine, the soldiers of the Volunteer Army felt more and more keenly every day the hostile attitude of the Ukrainian “independents” - people who defended the independence of Ukraine.

In addition, the Volunteer Army stained itself with Jewish pogroms on the way from Kharkov and Yekaterinoslav to Kyiv and Kamenets-Podolsk. In Crimea, Denikin’s regime faced the “Tatar question.” In the North Caucasus, he encountered the nationalism of the mountain tribes.

The cardinal issue in Denikin's policy was agrarian. He was unable (or did not want) to use it to win the peasants over to his side. His order “On the Third Sheaf” is characteristic, according to which a third of the collected grain went to returning landowners.

The peasants did not support Denikin’s regime; moreover, a partisan movement developed against it, striking at the rear of the Volunteer Army advancing north. Lacking a strong rear and sources of the necessary material resources and large reserves, Denikin did not harbor bright hopes for an all-Russian victory. But the help of the Entente countries arrived in time, former allies Russia in the war with Germany.

The participation of Entente troops on the side of the white armies. In March 1918, at the London Conference, the leaders of the Entente countries decided to provide assistance with their military forces to the Volunteer Army. Their troops landed in March 1918 in Murmansk, and in April in Vladivostok. The city was declared an "international zone" and Japanese and American military units landed there. In northern Russia, at the beginning of August, British, French, American and Italian troops landed in Arkhangelsk, with their support a local government arose - the Supreme Administration of the Northern Region. In mid-July, an uprising organized by the Social Revolutionaries began in the Trans-Caspian region, supported by British troops from Iran. But the main focus of the anti-Soviet forces was on Denikin’s army; under his command, the Don Cossack Army and the Volunteer Army united into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. Supplying the allies with weapons, uniforms, and ammunition, this army began moving north.

There was a consolidation of anti-Bolshevik forces in the east of the country. The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps in May 1918 played a major role in their activation.

Revolt of the Czechoslovak Corps. This corps was formed in Russia during the World War from prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army to participate in the war against Germany. In 1918, located on Russian territory the corps was preparing to be sent to Western Europe through the Far East. In May 1918, the Entente prepared an anti-Bolshevik uprising of the corps, the echelons of which stretched along the railway from Penza to Vladivostok. The uprising activated anti-Bolshevik forces everywhere, inciting them to armed struggle, and created local governments.

Committee of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) in Samara. One of them was the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) in Samara, created by the Social Revolutionaries. He declared himself a temporary revolutionary power, which, according to the plan of its creators, was supposed to cover all of Russia and become part of the Constituent Assembly, designed to become a legitimate power. The chairman of the Komuch, Socialist-Revolutionary V.K. Volsky, proclaimed the goal of preparing conditions for the real unity of Russia with the socialist Constituent Assembly at its head. This idea of Volsky was not supported by part of the leadership of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. The Right SRs also ignored Komuch and headed to Omsk to prepare there for the creation of an all-Russian government in a coalition with the Cadets instead of the Samara Komuch. In general, anti-Bolshevik forces were hostile to the idea of a Constituent Assembly. Komuch demonstrated his commitment to democracy, without having a specific socio-economic program. According to its member V.M. Zenzinov, the Committee tried to follow a program equally distant from both the socialist experiments of Soviet power and the restoration of the past. But equidistance did not work out. Property nationalized by the Bolsheviks was returned to the old owners. In the territory controlled by Komuch, all banks were denationalized in July, and the denationalization of industrial enterprises was announced. Komuch created his own armed forces - the People's Army. It was based on the Czechs, who recognized his power.

Political leaders of the Czechoslovaks began to press Komuch to unite with other anti-Bolshevik governments, but its members, considering themselves the only heirs to the legitimate power of the Constituent Assembly, resisted for some time. At the same time, the confrontation between Komuch and the coalition Provisional Government that emerged in Omsk from representatives of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Cadets grew. It came to the point of declaring a customs war on Komuch. Ultimately, the members of Komuch, in order to strengthen the front of the anti-Bolshevik forces, capitulated, agreeing to the creation of a unified government. An act was signed on the formation of the Provisional All-Russian Government - the Directory, signed on the part of Komuch by its chairman Volsky.

At the beginning of October, Komuch, without the support of the population, adopted a resolution on his liquidation. Soon the capital of Komuch Samara was occupied by the Red Army.

So the experience of Komuch, who tried to play an intermediate role between the power of the Bolsheviks and their opponents, was defeated. Socialist-Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries, finding themselves between “two chairs”, were forced to make a fundamental choice. At the beginning of 1919, this party decided that an armed struggle against Soviet power was inappropriate and that it was necessary to concentrate forces on the fight against a new looming danger - “the social and political restoration of the previous regime.” The minority of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, led by Volsky, hoped for a rapprochement with the Bolsheviks in the name of “democracy and socialism.” But despite their loyal attitude to the authorities, the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks continued to criticize the Soviet political system, demanded the expansion of democracy, which was perceived by the Bolshevik leadership as a threat to the new government. In the article “On food tax” V.I. Lenin wrote: “We will keep the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, both open and repainted as non-party people, in prison.” In the first months of 1922, mass arrests were made among the Socialist Revolutionaries. The Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in July - August 1922 sentenced 12 people to death, 11 to various terms of imprisonment. This was the end of the history of the largest socialist party. Its remnants emigrated or went underground.

Expansion of the Civil War. The civil war spread throughout the country. The few detachments of the Red Army could not resist the anti-Bolshevik forces.

At the end of May 1918, the Soviet government decided to create a massive regular Red Army and move to recruiting it through the general mobilization of workers and peasants.

The links of the civil war were the uprisings organized by the Social Revolutionaries in July 1918 in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Murom, Rybinsk and other cities. In July - early August, units of the Czechoslovak corps and White Guards occupied Simbirsk, Ufa, Yekaterinburg and Kazan.

In the summer of 1918, General P.N. Krasnov, elected Don Ataman, with the forces of the Don White Cossack Army, captured a large territory on the Don and moved towards Tsaritsyn. A stubborn struggle broke out for this major strategic center. The main forces of the whites were concentrated in the south. But Soviet troops The Southern Front, which launched a counteroffensive, deprived the Volunteer Army of the opportunity to provide assistance to Krasnov, who was leading an attack on Tsaritsyn and Voronezh. He failed to take Tsaritsyn.

By the end of the summer of 1918, Soviet power was overthrown in 3/4 of the country's European territory. On September 2, 1918, Lenin’s government declared the country a single military camp, which found itself surrounded by fronts. The highest military bodies were formed: the Revolutionary Military Council (Revolutionary Military Council), headed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense, headed by Lenin. Mass mobilizations into the Red Army were carried out. In response to a number of assassination attempts on Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin, the Soviet government declared “Red Terror.” Mass executions of political opponents of the authorities began, as well as hostages from people of non-proletarian origin. By the end of 1918, heavy fighting took place in the south of the country.

In January 1919, the red troops on the southern front went on the offensive, and soon they went on the offensive on Eastern Front.

Establishment of the dictatorship of A.V. Kolchak. In mid-October 1918, Admiral A.V. Kolchak, who commanded the Black Sea Front during the World War, arrived in Omsk, where the Provisional Government - the Directory - created by the cadets was located. The cadets in Omsk spoke out for the establishment of a military dictatorship and in Kolchak they saw a man suitable for the role of dictator. On November 4, he received the post of Minister of War of the government; on November 18, he carried out a government coup: the leaders of the Directory were arrested (but he soon released them, they went abroad). The next day, he issued an order appointing him Supreme Ruler of Russia and Commander-in-Chief. The supreme power of Kolchak was immediately recognized by all the military leaders of the white movement - Denikin, N.N. Yudenich, G.R. Miller, N.N. Dutov and others. Kolchak began to reorganize the command of the White troops and prepare an offensive at the front.

Kolchak retained the Omsk coalition government of Socialist Revolutionaries and Cadets. All acts of the Supreme Ruler were sealed with the signature of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Socialist Revolutionary N.N. Vologodsky.

The most difficult issue for the Kolchak government was the agrarian question; it postponed its final solution until the “convocation of the national assembly.” The delay in resolving the land issue led to Kolchak losing the political advantages associated with the anti-Bolshevik sentiments of the Siberian peasantry. In addition, the Kolchak government carried out military recruitment into the army, requisitioned food, and, having met resistance from the peasants, sent punitive expeditions to the villages. The peasantry responded with armed uprisings against Kolchak's policies and the arbitrariness of the military.

It was deeply controversial national policy Kolchak, carried out under the slogan of “united and indivisible” Russia. During the preparation of Yudenich's attack on Petrograd, General K.G. Mannerheim informed Kolchak that he was ready to move his army against the Bolsheviks, subject to an official declaration by the Supreme Ruler recognizing the independence of Finland. Kolchak did not accept this proposal, saying that he would not give up the idea of a “united and indivisible” Russia under any circumstances.

On May 6, 1919, the Western allies informed Kolchak that they agreed to supply him with weapons and food, to help him become the ruler of Russia if he pursued democratic policies. He received help, but covered his policies with democratic declarations.

At the beginning of 1919, the White armies hoped to launch an attack on Moscow with joint forces. The main blow was delivered from the east by Kolchak’s troops, and auxiliary attacks from the south by Denikin’s troops and from the north-west by Yudenich. At the beginning of March 1919, Kolchak’s army occupied Ufa and by mid-April cut off Turkestan from Soviet Russia.

In the spring of 1919, anti-Bolshevik armed forces launched a concerted offensive against Soviet troops. The main bet was on Kolchak’s army, which by this time had captured a vast territory of Siberia and Far East.

Kolchak’s command hoped that a successful offensive would make it possible to unite the eastern, southern and northern forces of the Whites for a joint strike on the vital centers of the Soviet Republic.

Battles took place simultaneously in the east, south and north of the country.

Kolchak's central group of troops was deeply wedged into the disposition of Soviet troops. Taking advantage of this strategic situation, the Soviet command directed its troops to attack the flank of Kolchak’s main forces and inflicted a heavy defeat on them. Disintegration began in Kolchak's troops; under the blows of the Reds, they retreated from the Urals, to the east, to Siberia. The end of the remnants of Kolchak’s forces and Kolchak himself was approaching. Near Irkutsk, in Cheremkhovo, on December 31, 1919, an anti-Kolchak speech took place, prepared by the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee, which stopped the advance of Czechoslovak troops to Irkutsk, forced them in Nizhneudinsk to detain a train with Russia’s gold reserves and arrest Kolchak. On January 15, 1920, the Czechoslovak command, seeking to ensure the passage of its units to Vladivostok, transferred the arrested Admiral Kolchak and the train of Russia’s gold reserves to the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee, which held Bolshevik power until the arrival of the Red Army units. On February 7, 1920, by order of the Revolutionary Committee, Kolchak and the chairman of his government, V.N. Pepelyaev, were shot. On March 7, units of the Red Army entered Irkutsk.

Simultaneously with the victories on the Eastern Front, the Reds defeated the Whites near Petrograd, where Yudenich's troops, with the support of Estonian and Finnish units, launched an offensive on the city. The English squadron provided assistance to the White Army. At the end of May, the White advance near Petrograd was stopped. In August white army was driven back to the Estonian border.

After the defeat of the main forces of Kolchak and Yudenich’s troops in the summer of 1919, the main focus of the anti-Bolshevik forces was placed on Denikin’s army operating on the Southern Front. Under Denikin's command were the Don Cossack Army and the Volunteer Army, united into the Armed Forces of Southern Russia.

The offensive of Denikin's army. In the summer of 1919, the center of gravity of the struggle of the white armies against the red troops was moved to the area of operation of the troops led by Denikin. Under pressure from the superior forces of the White Army, the Soviet troops defending Donbass began to retreat. By the end of June, Denikin's troops occupied a significant part of Ukraine and launched an attack on the central regions of the country. On July 3, Denikin issued the Moscow Directive - an order to attack Moscow. Since the summer of 1919, military supplies for his army from abroad increased. In August 1919, Denikin’s troops occupied the Donbass, Don region, Kharkov, Tsaritsyn, Kyiv, and Odessa. By mid-October, troops occupied Voronezh, approaching the approaches to Moscow. The fighting became more and more fierce. On October 13, Denikin occupied Orel, but this was his last success.

The forced mobilization of peasants carried out by Denikin contributed to an increase in the number of his troops, but led to a weakening of their combat effectiveness: instead of volunteers who dropped out during the battles, the army was replenished with dissatisfied mobilized peasants.

Soviet troops of the Southern Front, reinforced with new reinforcements, went on the offensive. On November 18 they occupied Kursk. As a result of the counteroffensive of the Red Army at the end of October - beginning of November 1919, Denikin's troops were defeated. In the second half of November, Denikin’s army was divided into three groups: one, under pressure from the Red troops, retreated to Odessa, the other to Crimea, and the main one to Rostov and Novocherkassk. In January 1920, the Red Army took Taganrog, Rostov, Kyiv, Tsaritsyn, in February - right-bank Ukraine, in January - March 1920 Denikin's main forces were defeated. At the end of March, their remnants were evacuated to Crimea. On April 4, Denikin resigned as commander-in-chief, announced General P.N. Wrangel as his successor and emigrated.

War with Poland. In the spring of 1920, the peaceful respite that had been created was interrupted. On April 25, Entente-supported Polish troops in Ukraine went on the offensive and soon occupied Kyiv. Large Soviet forces were transferred to the Western Front with North Caucasus, including 1st cavalry army S.M. Budyonny. In July, Kyiv was liberated, Soviet troops reached Warsaw and Lvov, but were defeated near Warsaw. The Polish leadership, led by J. Pilsudski, fearing that the continuation of the war with Soviet Russia could result in the defeat of Poland, entered into peace negotiations.

On March 18, 1921, a peace treaty was signed in Riga between the RSFSR and Poland. Regions of Western Belarus and Ukraine were transferred to Poland. The treaty obligated to ensure the free development of language, culture and the performance of religious rites for persons of Polish nationality in Russia, and in Poland for persons of Russian and Ukrainian nationality.

The defeat of Wrangel's army. Peace with Poland allowed the Red Army command to concentrate large forces on the Southwestern Front to fight Wrangel’s troops, who had captured bridgeheads on the left bank of the Dnieper. An independent Southern Front was separated from the Southwestern Front under the command of M.V. Frunze.

In October, the troops of the Southern Front went on the offensive and defeated Wrangel’s main forces; only the most combat-ready White Guard units managed to break into the Crimea. In November, units of the Red Army broke through strong fortifications on the Perekop Isthmus, crossing the Sivash estuaries at Chongar, and on November 17 completed the capture of Crimea. The remnants of Wrangel's troops, with the help of the French squadron, were evacuated to Turkey. The defeat of Wrangel's troops basically ended the Civil War in most of the European territory of the country.

The end of the Civil War. Soviet troops suppressed individual pockets of anti-Bolshevik protests during 1921 and 1922 (Kronstadt sailors, Tambov peasants, etc.).

Considering that a further offensive in the East could lead to war with Japan, the Soviet government ordered the troops to stop advancing. In the Far East from Lake Baikal to Pacific Ocean the Far Eastern “buffer” republic (DRV) was formed with its own government and its own people’s revolutionary army under the auspices of Soviet Russia (see also BLUCHER, VASILY KONSTANTINOVICH).

Japan unsuccessfully tried to liquidate the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with the help of the White Guards, but in June 1920 it concluded a truce with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and withdrew its troops from Transbaikalia. The remnants of the White Army units in Transbaikalia were defeated in 1921. The strongholds of the white units near Volochaevsk and in Primorye were completely destroyed by the end of 1922, which forced Japan to completely evacuate its troops from the Far East. On October 25, 1922, the last stronghold of Japanese troops, Vladivostok, was captured.

Reasons for the defeat of the white armies. Results of the Civil War. During the Civil War, military fronts moved from south to north, from west to east. Cities and villages were destroyed, the productive forces of the people were undermined. The Civil War was the greatest tragedy of the peoples of Russia and brought them enormous disasters. The damage to the national economy amounted to more than 50 million gold rubles. Agricultural production has halved, industrial production fell to 16% of the 1913 level, more than 8 million people died in battles, from hunger and disease. The Red Army suffered defeats at the fronts, but ultimately won, despite the help of the Whites from their foreign allies. This question has been repeatedly discussed in historiography, but the answers available to it are not always based on taking into account the objective political and military factors that determined the victory of the Reds and the defeat of the Whites.

The ruling circles of the Entente, when making decisions on military assistance to the opponents of the Bolsheviks, hoped to provide them with superiority over the Red troops. In fact, their participation in the Russian Civil War ultimately turned against the whites under their care; it allowed the Bolshevik authorities, under the slogan of fighting the occupiers, to direct the anger of the patriotic masses against the white armies receiving foreign assistance. This greatly facilitated the Soviet government's rapid creation of a powerful Red Army constantly replenished with reserves, based on universal conscription, military discipline and coercion. From 100 thousand people in April 1918, the army grew to 1 million in October 1918, to 1.5 million in May 1919 and 5 million people in 1920. To command such a multimillion-dollar army, numerous qualified military personnel were required, and the Soviet government used officers of the tsarist army. Agitation, calls to fight foreign occupiers and material incentives prompted 48 thousand former officers and 415 thousand non-commissioned officers to return to duty in June 1918 - August 1920. Without them, Lenin later admitted, it would have been impossible to create the Red Army and win. Experienced major tsarist military specialists and military leaders from the worker-peasant environment were appointed to many senior military posts. Some of them turned out to be talented commanders: M.V. Frunze, M.N. Tukhachevsky, who won victories over Kolchak, Wrangel, commander of the “red cavalry” S.M. Budyonny. Everyone was led by L.D. Trotsky, the People's Commissar of Defense of the Soviet government. On an armored train, equipped with all the weapons and ammunition necessary in the emergency circumstances of war, even a printing press for printing the People's Commissar's orders, he moved across the country from one front to another, appeared at the hottest moments of battles, did not hesitate to take cruel measures, often ordering the shooting of officers and soldiers who did not follow orders.

The victories of the Red Army were also facilitated by the peculiarities of the geographical environment and the structure of the population of Central Russia, which was a stronghold of the Bolsheviks. Moscow, Petrograd and other industrial cities, densely populated areas around them supplied the Red troops with reinforcements, weapons, and uniforms. Transport routes converged here. The White armies and regimes, especially after the fall of Samara, were located on the periphery of the country, in the sparsely populated Don, Kuban and Ural steppes, in Siberia. By controlling the center of the country, the Soviet government could, if necessary, transfer troops from one front to another, making optimal use of reserves, which its opponents located on the periphery could not do.

One of the reasons for the defeat of the whites was also the policies pursued by their governments. The Cadets who determined this policy did nothing to win the recognition of the majority of the population. They annulled all the positive innovations of the Bolsheviks, although at the same time they created orders that were in many ways similar to those in Soviet territory; in essence, white governments ruled using the same violent methods as the Bolsheviks. The White government alienated the population, failed to create a unified command and a unified strategy in the fight against the common enemy, and did not use the opportunities that were given to them by the negative attitude of a significant part of the population towards the policies of the Bolsheviks.

The available historiography of the Civil War in Russia reflects the main tendencies of the authors who studied this problem. Soviet historians, under strict ideological control, adhered to assessments aimed at discrediting the white movement. The works of historians published in the West, based on the memories of Russian emigrants who lived there, participants in the events and their archives, also turned out to be tendentious. The authors were looking mainly for evidence of the correctness of the anti-Bolshevik movement. That is why historiography does not yet sufficiently reveal the objective political and military factors that determined the victory of the Reds and the collapse of the White armies.

One of the first acts of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets was Peace Decree accepted October 26, 1917 All warring peoples and their governments were asked to immediately begin negotiations on a just democratic peace and conclude a truce for a period of no less than three months. The solution to this problem was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, which was headed by L. D. Trotsky. At the same time, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the field army, General N.N. Dukhonin, was instructed to appeal to “the command of the enemy armies with a proposal to immediately suspend military operations in order to open peace negotiations.” However, Dukhonin, with his characteristic frankness, stated that he was in favor of signing a speedy general peace, but “the peace necessary for Russia can only be given by the central government.” In response, the RSR government on November 9, for refusing to “immediately enter into formal armistice negotiations” with Germany, dismissed Dukhonin from the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Ensign N.V. Krylenko was appointed as the new commander-in-chief, who on November 13 sent envoys to negotiate with the German command. The heads of the allied military missions at Headquarters (except for the United States) protested against the separate armistice between Russia and Germany. However, this protest remained unheeded by the new government.

On November 20, 1917, N.V. Krylenko, at the head of a combined detachment of Baltic sailors and three detachments of soldiers from the reserve guards regiments, arrived in Mogilev, where Headquarters was located. General Dukhonin, trying to avoid bloodshed, the day before released the arrested generals L.G. Kornilov, A.I. Denikin and others held in Bykhov, ordered the shock battalions to leave the city, and he himself was killed by the arriving sailors. The next day, an agreement on a temporary cessation of hostilities was signed between the command of the Austro-German troops and the Russian Western Front, and on December 2, Russia and the countries of the Quadruple Alliance (Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey) concluded an armistice agreement.

The governments of the Entente powers, refusing to recognize the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Soviet Russia, began to establish ties with those republics that did not support the Bolsheviks. On conference in Paris 9 December 1917, representatives of the Entente agreed to establish contacts with the democratic governments of the Caucasus, Siberia, Ukraine and Cossack regions. Great Britain and France signed an agreement called "Terms of the Convention Agreed to at Paris, December 23, 1917." It provided for the inclusion of Ukraine, Bessarabia and Crimea in the French zone of action, and the Caucasus and Cossack regions in the English zone. In the Far East, Japan, in order to protect its subjects, on January 1, 1918, brought its warships into the port of Vladivostok. On January 8, US President William Wilson sent a message to Congress (“Wilson’s 14 Points”). It provided for the need to evacuate German troops from Russian territory, recognize the de facto existing governments of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania and Ukraine, and convene national assemblies in these republics. The message noted that it was necessary to “provide for Great Russia the possibility of a federal unification with them.”

After concluding a truce with the Quadruple Alliance, the government of the Russian Soviet Republic was able to concentrate all its forces to defeat opponents of the new government. On the Don The ataman of the Don Cossack army, General A. M. Kaledin, acted as the organizer of the fight against Bolshevism. On October 25, 1917, he signed an appeal in which the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks was declared criminal. Therefore, the Military Government, until the restoration of the power of the Provisional Government and order in Russia, assumed full executive and state power in the Don region. All Soviets were dispersed. On Southern Urals Similar actions were taken by the Chairman of the Military Government and Ataman of the Orenburg Cossack Army, Colonel A.I. Dutov, a supporter of firm order and discipline, the continuation of the war with Germany and an implacable enemy of the Bolsheviks.

With the consent of the Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and the Revolution, created by representatives of all political parties (except for the Bolsheviks and Cadets), Cossacks and cadets on the night of November 15 arrested some of the members of the Orenburg Council who were preparing the uprising. On November 25, 1917, the Council of People's Commissars declared all regions in the Urals and Don where “counter-revolutionary detachments would be found” to be in a state of siege, and classified generals Kaledin, Kornilov and Colonel Dutov as enemies of the people.

On December 8, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, V.I. Lenin, entrusted the general leadership of "operations against the Kaledin troops and their accomplices" to the People's Commissar for Military Affairs, V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko, who formed the field headquarters of the South Russian Front to combat counter-revolution. His troops went on the offensive at the end of December and began to quickly advance deep into the Don region. Cossack front-line soldiers, tired of the war, began to abandon armed struggle. In the village of Kamenskoyd on January 10-11, 1918, a congress of front-line Cossacks was convened, which announced the overthrow of the Military Government and the formation of the Don Cossack Military Revolutionary Committee. General Kaledin, trying to avoid unnecessary casualties, resigned as military chieftain on January 29 and shot himself on the same day. Soviet troops operating along railways, entered Novocherkassk on February 25. Leftovers Cossack troops(1.5 thousand people) went to the Salsky steppes. The volunteer army (about 4 thousand people), led by General Kornilov, moved to Kuban (1st Kuban, or Ice, campaign). On March 23, the Don Regional Military Revolutionary Committee proclaimed the creation of the Don Soviet Republic within the RSFSR, headed by E. F. G. Podtelkov.

A combined flying detachment of revolutionary soldiers and Baltic sailors under the command of midshipman S.D. Padyalov, Red Guard detachments from Samara, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Ufa and other cities were sent to fight the Orenburg Cossacks. They, in cooperation with the workers, occupied Orenburg on January 18, 1918. The remnants of Dutov's troops retreated to Verkhneuralsk.

IN Belarus against Soviet power The 1st Polish Corps of General Yu. R. Dovbor-Musnitsky acted. Supreme Commander-in-Chief Krylenko declared him outlawed. In the first half of February 1918, detachments of Latvian riflemen, revolutionary sailors and the Red Guard under the command of members of the revolutionary field headquarters at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Colonel I. I. Vatsetis and Second Lieutenant I. P. Pavlunovsky defeated the legionnaires, throwing them back to Bobruisk and Slutsk.

Thus, the first open armed uprisings of opponents of Soviet power were successfully suppressed.

Simultaneously with the offensive in the Don and Urals, the government of Soviet Russia intensified its actions in Ukraine, where at the end of October 1917 power in Kyiv passed into the hands of the Ukrainian Central Rada. On November 7, it proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) as a federal part of the Russian Republic. However, the head of the UPR V.K. Vinnychenko and members of his government did not recognize the government of the RSR. The latter, in accordance with the armistice agreement with the Quadruple Alliance, on December 4 declared recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, its right to secede from Russia or enter into an agreement with it on federal relations between them. Despite this, the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, hastily convened by the Bolsheviks in Kharkov on December 11-12, declared the Central Rada outlawed and proclaimed Ukraine a republic of Soviets. Its government was headed by the Bolshevik E. B. Bosch.

The creation of a parallel Soviet republic in Ukraine led to increased tension. At the same time, inter-party disagreements arose in the UPR government, which led to the resignation of V. K. Vinnychenko. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (as the Russian Soviet Republic began to be called in January 1918), seeking to extend Soviet power throughout Ukraine, on January 3, 1918, accused the Central Rada of disorganizing the front, disarming Russian troops, and supporting General Kaledin. The Council of People's Commissars demanded that such actions be stopped within 48 hours, and if these demands were not met, they stated that they would consider the Rada in a state of open war against Soviet power in Russia and Ukraine. The Central Rada rejected the ultimatum presented to it, declaring Ukraine an independent state on January 9. In response to this, Soviet troops under the command of the left Socialist Revolutionary Lieutenant Colonel M.A. Muravyov launched an offensive and occupied Kiev on January 26.

A difficult situation has arisen in Transcaucasia, where the Transcaucasian Commissariat (government of Transcaucasia) and the command of the Caucasian Front (General A.M. Przhevalsky) concluded a truce with Turkey on December 5, 1917. However, the struggle for power at the front between the Regional Council and the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Caucasian Army led to armed clashes in January 1918 warring parties. The situation was aggravated by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic on December 29, 1917 to support the right of the Armenian people living on the territory of Turkish Armenia to free self-determination up to complete independence. The Turkish government, taking advantage of the withdrawal of Russian troops, in February 1918 introduced its troops into the territory of Turkish Armenia, reaching the 1914 borders.

At the beginning of January 1918, armed clashes occurred between the troops of the Moldavian People's Republic and units of the Romanian Front, which were under the influence of the Bolsheviks. Romania intervened in the conflict, whose troops entered Chisinau on January 13. On the same day, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution to sever diplomatic relations with it.

2. 2) What social and political forces opposed the Bolsheviks in
the first period of the Civil War? Why were the first anti-Bolshevik
were the protests quickly suppressed by Red Army troops?
3. Creation of the Red Army (Dates, decrees, the number of the Red Army, how the tsarist officers were attracted).

1.Who was the first to organize a protest against the power of the Bolsheviks? Which committee was created and by whom to fight the power of the Bolsheviks?

2. which territory became the gathering place for dissatisfied people, who led the anti-Bolshevik uprising
3. From what event did the civil war enter the front-line stage? When did this event occur? For what reason did the event occur and how did it end?
4.

please help..only one statement is true. The following statement is correct: a) the “nail” of the first Russian revolution was

agrarian question

b) The liberal movement was born at the beginning of the twentieth century.

c) The Minister of Finance during the years of the first Russian revolution was Witte S.Yu.

d) Majority participation socialist parties in the elections to the first State Duma.

Help please!!: Why does the history of Ancient Egypt begin so early compared to the history of other countries? Why did the first rulers

Ancient Egypt was called the "supreme chief of the canal"?

Why was the cat considered a sacred animal among the ancient Egyptians?

Why didn't the Egyptians have a sea god?

Why, when building tombs and palaces in Ancient Egypt used different Construction Materials: in some cases, brick, and in others, stone?

Why, when mummifying a pharaoh, was the heart taken out of the body and a scarab beetle placed in its place?

Why are there seven questions about Ancient Egypt?

13. A well-known Chuvash statesman and political figure from the first days of the First World War was drafted into the army as a reserve lower rank.

He was demobilized at the beginning of December 1917 (by that time he had become a Left Socialist Revolutionary). Name the name of an active fighter for the establishment and strengthening of Soviet power in Chuvashia.

14. Name the first orphans of the First World War

15. Outstanding Russian fighter ace of the Imperial Air Force during the First World War, the second pilot in history to use an aerial ram and the first to survive the ram. For this feat, on July 27, 1915, he was awarded the Arms of St. George. Say the hero's name.

16. Name the Russian-American chemist, lieutenant general, doctor of chemical sciences, professor, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy (1916). During the First World War he worked in the field of organization chemical production, research and production of chemical weapons and methods chemical protection troops.

17. Famous downtime Don Cossack, served in the 3rd Don Regiment. The brave Cossack appeared on posters and leaflets, cigarette packs and postcards, his portraits and drawings depicting his feat were published in newspapers and magazines. During the First World War, he was the first to be awarded the St. George Cross.
And the Cossack distinguished himself in the first days of the war in a battle with German cavalrymen near the Polish town of Kalwaria.
He is the prototype of the Cossack in the ensemble of monuments of the First World War.
Who is this hero?

18. Name “Maresyev” from the First World War. Inventor, aircraft designer, Russian aviator, one of the first naval pilots. In the summer of 1915, during a combat mission, he was blown up by his own bomb and was seriously wounded. His right leg was amputated. Nevertheless, he decided to return to duty and persistently learned to walk, first on crutches, and then with a prosthesis.

19.
Indicate the name of the first President of Yugoslavia. Participant of the First World War. In 1915 he received a medal for bravery and the rank of senior non-commissioned officer.
On April 4 of the same year, in a battle on the Dniester near the village of Mitkeu (Bukovina), he was seriously wounded and captured by Russians. After being captured, he spent 13 months in the hospital, then was sent to a labor camp in the Urals. He took part in the Russian Civil War (joined the Red Guard).

III.ACHIEVEMENTS:
20. What was the name of the tunic of arbitrary samples - imitations of English and French models, which received common name on behalf of the English general, which became widespread in the army during the First World War of 1914-1918?

21. It first appeared with the development of aviation during the First World War. It was first created in Germany. It was necessary for the pilots to be able to escape the cold at altitude. Made from leather. What is it about?

22. What do the following names have in common:
“Shark”, “Lamprey”, “Dragon”, “Seal”, “Perch”?

23.
Known from Soviet films about civil war the legendary Budenovki and the Red Army uniform in general - invented by the artist Vasnetsov for imperial army. It was planned to dress the soldiers in pointed cloth helmets and overcoats with turns like a Streltsy caftan at the parade in Berlin, planned for the summer of 1917.
When the Bolsheviks seized power, they got warehouses with new form.
How to October revolution was it called Budenovka?

24. Indicate what new weapon was first used by Germany during the Battle of Verdun.

25. When and by whom was the world's first machine gun invented?

26. With the advent of tanks in the army, new way protection from them. What is this?

27. One of the most famous and widely read German writers of the 20th century. In 1916 he was drafted into the army, and on June 17, 1917 he was sent to the Western Front. In his first novel, published in 1929, he describes the brutality of war from the point of view of a 20-year-old soldier. Based on the novel, a film of the same name was made, released in 1930. For this novel he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1931, but upon consideration, the Nobel Committee rejected this proposal.
State the name of the writer and the title of his novel.
Several more anti-war writings followed; In simple, emotional language, they realistically described the war and the post-war period.

29. Few people know the poet, owner of the Grif publishing house today. He accepted the outbreak of the First World War with enthusiasm. With his first military conscription he went to the front and took part in campaigns in East Prussia. On the first day of the war with Germany, he wrote the following lines:
There were two Romes in the universe,
Oh, Rus'! Create with your sword
Forever unshakable, imperishable,
The last, pan-Slavic Rome.
Who are we talking about?

1.Who was the first to organize a protest against the power of the Bolsheviks? Which committee was created and by whom to fight the power of the Bolsheviks?

please help..only one statement is true. The following statement is correct: a) the “nail” of the first Russian revolution was

agrarian question

b) The liberal movement was born at the beginning of the twentieth century.

c) The Minister of Finance during the years of the first Russian revolution was Witte S.Yu.

d) Participation of the majority of socialist parties in the elections to the first State Duma.

Help please!!: Why does the history of Ancient Egypt begin so early compared to the history of other countries? Why did the first rulers

Ancient Egypt was called the "supreme chief of the canal"?

Why was the cat considered a sacred animal among the ancient Egyptians?

Why didn't the Egyptians have a sea god?

Why were different building materials used in the construction of tombs and palaces in Ancient Egypt: in some cases, brick, and in others, stone?

Why, when mummifying a pharaoh, was the heart taken out of the body and a scarab beetle placed in its place?

Why are there seven questions about Ancient Egypt?

13. A well-known Chuvash statesman and political figure from the first days of the First World War was drafted into the army as a reserve lower rank.

14. Name the first orphans of the First World War

16. Name the Russian-American chemist, lieutenant general, doctor of chemical sciences, professor, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy (1916). During the First World War, he worked in the field of organizing chemical production, research and production of chemical weapons and methods of chemical protection of troops.

17. The famous simple Don Cossack, who served in the 3rd Don Regiment. The brave Cossack appeared on posters and leaflets, cigarette packs and postcards, his portraits and drawings depicting his feat were published in newspapers and magazines. During the First World War, he was the first to be awarded the St. George Cross.
And the Cossack distinguished himself in the first days of the war in a battle with German cavalrymen near the Polish town of Kalwaria.
He is the prototype of the Cossack in the ensemble of monuments of the First World War.
Who is this hero?

III.ACHIEVEMENTS:
20. What was the name of the tunic of arbitrary samples - imitations of English and French models, which received a common name on behalf of the English general, which became widespread in the army during the First World War of 1914-1918?

22. What do the following names have in common:
“Shark”, “Lamprey”, “Dragon”, “Seal”, “Perch”?

23.
The legendary Budenovki, known from Soviet films about the civil war, and the Red Army uniform in general, were invented by the artist Vasnetsov for the imperial army. It was planned to dress the soldiers in pointed cloth helmets and overcoats with turns like a Streltsy caftan at the parade in Berlin, planned for the summer of 1917.
When the Bolsheviks seized power, they got warehouses with new uniforms.
What was Budenovka called before the October Revolution?

24. Indicate what new weapon was first used by Germany during the Battle of Verdun.

25. When and by whom was the world's first machine gun invented?

26. With the advent of tanks in the army, a new way of protecting against them appeared. What is this?

The Union was able to concentrate all its forces to defeat the opponents of the new government. On the Don, the ataman of the Don Cossack Army, General A.M., who came from an ancient Cossack family, acted as the organizer of the fight against Bolshevism. Kaledin (1861-1918).

With the consent of the Committee for the Salvation of the Motherland and the Revolution, created by representatives of all political parties (except for the Bolsheviks and Cadets), Cossacks and cadets on the night of November 14-15 arrested some of the members of the Orenburg Council who were preparing an uprising. Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Russia On November 25, 1917, all regions were declared Ural and the Don, where “counter-revolutionary detachments will be found,” in a state of siege, and he ranked generals Kaledin, Kornilov and Colonel Dutov among the enemies of the people.

On December 8, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Lenin, entrusted the general leadership of "operations against the Kaledin troops and their accomplices" to the People's Commissar for Military Affairs, Second Lieutenant V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko, who formed the field headquarters of the South Russian Front to combat counter-revolution. Cossack front-line soldiers, tired of the war, began to abandon armed struggle. In the village of Kamenskaya on January 10-11, 1918, a congress of front-line Cossacks was convened, which announced the overthrow of the Military Government and the formation of the Don Cossack Military Revolutionary Committee.

General Kaledin, trying to avoid unnecessary casualties, resigned as military chieftain on January 29 and shot himself on the same day. Soviet troops, operating along the railways, captured Taganrog on January 28, Rostov on February 23, and Novocherkassk on February 25. The remnants of the Cossack troops (1.5 thousand people) went to the Salsky steppes. The volunteer army (about 4 thousand people), led by General Kornilov, moved to Kuban (1st Kuban, or Ice, campaign). On March 23, the Don Regional Military Revolutionary Committee proclaimed the creation of the Don Soviet Republic within the RSFSR, the government of which was headed by sub-horunzhy F.G. Podtelkov.

A combined flying detachment of revolutionary soldiers and Baltic sailors, midshipman S.D., was sent to fight the Orenburg Cossacks. Pavlov, Red Guard detachments from Samara, Yekaterinburg, Perm, Ufa and other cities. On January 18, 1918 they occupied Orenburg. The remnants of Dutov's troops retreated to Verkhneuralsk.
In Belarus, the 1st Polish Legionnaire Corps, nobleman General Yu.R., opposed Soviet power. Dovbor-Musnitsky. Supreme Commander-in-Chief Krylenko declared him an outlaw and an enemy of the revolution. In the first half of February 1918, detachments of Latvian riflemen, revolutionary sailors and the Red Guard under the command of I.I. Vatsetis (Vatsietis) and I.P. Pavlunovsky defeated the legionnaires, throwing them back to Bobruisk and Slutsk.

Soviet government Russia intensified its actions in Ukraine, where at the end of October 1917 power in Kyiv passed into the hands of the Ukrainian Central Rada. On November 7, she proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) as a federal part Russian Republic. However, the head of the UPR V.K. Vinnychenko (a member of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labor Party) and members of his government did not recognize the RSR government. The latter, in accordance with the armistice agreement with the Quadruple Alliance, announced on December 4 recognition of the Ukrainian People's Republic, her right to secede from Russia or enter into an agreement with her on federal or similar relations between them.

Despite this, the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, hastily convened by the Bolsheviks in Kharkov on December 11-12, declared the Central Rada outlawed and proclaimed Ukraine a republic of Soviets of workers, soldiers and peasants' deputies. The creation of a parallel Soviet republic in Ukraine led to increased tension. At the same time, inter-party disagreements arose in the UPR government, which led to the resignation of V.K. Vinnichenko. Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (as it began to be called in January 1918) Russian Soviet Republic), trying to extend Soviet power throughout Ukraine, on January 3, 1918 he accused the Central Rada of disorganizing the front, disarming Russian troops, and supporting General Kaledin.

The Council of People's Commissars demanded that such actions be stopped within 48 hours, and if these demands were not met, they stated that they would consider the Rada in a state of open war against Soviet power in Russia and in Ukraine. The Central Rada rejected the ultimatum presented to it, declaring Ukraine an independent state on January 9. In response to this, Soviet troops under the command of the left Socialist Revolutionary M.A. Muravyov launched an offensive and occupied Kyiv on January 26.

A difficult situation was created in Transcaucasia, where the Transcaucasian Commissariat and the command of the Caucasian Front concluded the Erdzincan Truce with Turkey on December 5, 1917. However, the struggle for power at the front between the Regional Council and the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Caucasian Army led in January 1918 to armed clashes between the warring parties. The situation was aggravated by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars Russian of the Soviet Republic of December 29, 1917 on supporting the right of the Armenian people living on the territory of Turkish Armenia to free self-determination up to full independence. The Turkish government, taking advantage of the withdrawal of Russian troops to the rear of the Caucasian Front, in February 1918 introduced its troops into the territory of Turkish Armenia, reaching the 1914 borders.