Nutrition for a one and a half year old child. Menu for children from one and a half years old and new dishes for children. Steamed cutlets with zucchini

At 2 years old, food should still differ from that of an adult; the baby’s stomach is not yet able to digest adult dishes. Pediatricians do not recommend that children eat fatty and fried foods. Although once a week you can already give fried fish in batter or pancakes. All fast food is prohibited, and sweets should be limited.

• Milk and dairy products are also important during this period of life, but it is advisable to reduce the fat content of milk and give less fatty milk.
• Cottage cheese It is best served raw, but can be cooked as a casserole.
• Vegetables and fruits should be in the diet in large quantities. They can no longer be pureed, but given in boiled or stewed pieces. Many children love salads made from fresh vegetables or fruits, seasoned with sour cream. Now vegetable salads may contain dill and parsley.
• Meat and fish remain important in the child's menu. If your child refuses to eat meat, prepare a potato casserole with minced meat. Many children love this dish. Omelette with fish has a soft consistency and is also liked by little picky eaters. Pediatricians do not recommend giving sausage and salted fish to a child.
• Liver can be included in the diet of a two-year-old child. It is very useful for hematopoiesis and digestion, and is also rich in easily digestible proteins. Good to combine in dishes with vegetables.
• Porridge The child may already be tired of them, but they should not be excluded. It is enough to diversify ordinary porridge by adding fruits and berries to it.
• Soups vegetable or meat broth should be present at least three times a week. Pediatricians believe that borscht is the healthiest for children's digestion. Just when cooking, you don’t need to add spices and fried vegetables.
• Bread It should be present in the child’s diet every day, but it is better not to give baked goods yet. As a light snack, it is better to offer your baby unsweetened cookies.
• You can enjoy marmalade or marshmallows. Chocolate can be given in limited quantities if there is no allergy to it.

Sample menu in the table, for children over 2 years old(enlarges by clicking):

What can you feed a child at 3 years old?

From the moment a child reaches one year of age, his nutrition gradually expands and changes. But this does not mean at all that after a year the child needs to be transferred to adult food, his digestive system is not yet ready to digest many adult foods, and pancreatic enzymes and bile are not yet fully functionally active.

Nutrition for children up to one and a half years old

After 1 year of age, a child’s nutrition changes, gradually and smoothly approaching the adult table. What are the nutritional features after one year:

• children become more active and neat at the table, they learn to use cutlery, drink from a cup, and use a napkin
• children actively drink water, washing down their food with it, doing this many times during meals
• children can eat food while moving, it is often difficult to keep them at the table, and they periodically run up to the mother, take pieces of food, and continue to move, spin in the chair, throw food around
• They are selective in their eating, they can pick through food, throwing out what they think is tasteless from the plate, and they go on “strikes”, demanding certain food.

These are the characteristics of children’s eating behavior; all parents go through these stages of developing the child’s taste and eating habits.

Usually, after one year of age, children switch to five meals a day. Typically, a child's diet looks like this:

• Breakfast (8.00-8.30)
• Second breakfast (10.30-11.00)
• Lunch (12.30-13.00)
• Afternoon snack (15.30-16.00)
• Dinner (18.30-19.00)

In between meals, there may be small snacks of fruit or light desserts, juices, and compotes. It is important not to give children high-calorie foods (sweet cookies, rolls, sweets, chocolate, candies) during these snacks, so that the child has an appetite for the next meal.

Typically, children in the first year of life receive breast milk or adapted milk formula as their main nutrition. A child’s nutrition after 1 year undergoes some changes, especially depending on the type of feeding:

• When breastfeeding Mother's milk is gradually replaced by complementary foods during the day and becomes additional nutrition. But, according to WHO, there is no need to stop breastfeeding after a year; it is advisable to continue it until one and a half to two years, gradually and smoothly weaning the child from the breast. In the period up to one and a half years, breastfeeding can still be maintained in the daytime before bedtime and as snacks between meals, gradually feedings are reduced to suckling at the breast at night and at night, as well as attachment to the breast not for nutrition, but mostly for communication and calming .
• When the child is on adapted formulas, there is a transition to triple formulas, special dairy products that are designed to replace cow's milk at this age, which is not recommended in the diet of young children due to its high allergenicity. The mixture is mainly given at night, replaced during the day with regular products.

Why is children's diet changing? Peculiarities of children's digestion.

Expanding the diet and changing dietary patterns is determined by the developmental characteristics of the child’s digestive tract. After a year, active teething of the chewing group occurs (there should be 12 of them), there is a sharp increase in the concentration of digestive juices and the activity of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes. This helps facilitate the digestion of new and denser food and its active absorption.

The appearance of teeth requires an increase in the chewing load on them for the correct and complete formation of the dentofacial apparatus and facial skeleton. A child at this age learns to chew pieces of food measuring about 2-3 cm and having a relatively loose consistency. Chewing helps in the development of the muscles and bones of the jaw, which forms a correct bite and complete grinding of food for its active digestion.

• The child begins to consume large volumes of food due to an increase in the volume of the stomach to approximately 250-300 ml, while its emptying of food occurs approximately every 3-4 hours from the moment of the previous intake.
• This determines the formation of a new food intake regimen, first five meals a day, and as they grow older, the transition to four meals a day by the age of three years.
• The volume of food per day at this age is about 1200-1300 ml, the volume of the average portion of food with five meals a day is approximately 250 ml with slight deviations in the range of 30-50 g.
• With the appearance of teeth, the consistency of food should gradually thicken from mushy to familiar food with a soft consistency (boiled vegetables, cereals, pasta, meat cutlets, meatballs, etc.), which can be bitten and chewed.

During this period, eating habits and eating habits are formed, so now is the time to offer your child a variety of (allowed, healthy) foods to try, so that he learns to eat different foods. When eating, digestive juices are actively produced, which helps in the active absorption of food. At this age, it is important to strictly adhere to the diet, which helps to “turn on” digestion by a certain time and adequately absorb all components of food.

Features of cooking for young children

• food should be fully thermally processed, products should not be overcooked, preferably steam cooking or cooking over low heat
• food is prepared directly for consumption, it is unacceptable to warm it up and store it even for a day in the refrigerator, this sharply reduces its nutritional value and increases the risk of spoilage, contamination with dangerous microbes and food poisoning, especially in the warm season
• soups and cereals are prepared pureed, vegetables and fruits are mashed with a fork, meat and fish are given in the form of minced meat, chopped products or soufflé
• dishes are prepared boiled, stewed or steamed without adding spices, garlic and pepper.

Basic requirements for children's diet

The nutrition of a child under the age of one and a half years should be:

• correct and balanced in all main components
• the menu should be varied, compiled for a week with different dishes and products
• adjusted for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral components.

This is achieved by combining vegetables and fruits, meat or fish dishes, dairy products, flour products and cereals in the daily diet.

It is important to immediately decide what foods the child can eat, taking into account the state of health and characteristics of early development.

During the first year of life, a child could have a food allergy or individual intolerance to foods, which will exclude these foods from the diet for up to two or three years. As they grow older, they can be carefully introduced into the diet under tolerance control.

Comparative characteristics of the diet up to 3 years

It is also necessary to know what foods a child under the age of one and a half years can eat, and what basic characteristics food products for children should have. Here is a sample list of these products.

Necessary products for a child under one and a half years old

About dairy products

Dairy products should be an essential component of the diet of a child up to one and a half years old. However, the most main question for today - ? A baby’s gastrointestinal tract is not able to fully digest whole milk until the age of 2, since there are still no necessary enzymes (some people do not produce this enzyme throughout their lives). In this regard, the introduction of whole cow's milk is not recommended earlier than 2-3 years. In addition, today there is a massive allergization of the population, especially among children, including an increasing number of cases of development. You need to be especially careful with milk:

• children with atopic dermatitis
• if the child's parents have milk intolerance
• children with digestive disorders.

Breastfed babies do not need whole cow's milk by definition; they get their mother's milk. For children on artificial formulas, it is better to replace the intake of cow's milk with special milk mixtures in troikas and fermented milk products.

Dairy products are rich in easily digestible animal protein, animal fat, as well as a set of vitamins and mineral components necessary for the growth and development of the baby. Fermented milk products contain beneficial bacteria that help intestinal function, support the growth and functioning of your own microflora and stimulate the immune system.

• Dairy products should be included in the diet every day - kefir, yogurt, yogurt
• Every other day - cottage cheese, cheeses, sour cream or cream
• For children with normal body weight, low-fat or low-fat dairy products are not recommended.
• The daily volume of dairy products, taking into account their costs for preparing dishes, is at least 400 ml.
• The consumption of milk in porridge, cottage cheese in dishes, sour cream and cream in dishes is taken into account.

It is worth considering the fact that today in Russia many manufacturers, in order to reduce production costs, include palm oil in their dairy products, which is much cheaper than milk fat, and it is not always indicated in the product labeling (or simply vegetable fats are indicated). Therefore, very cheap dairy products (butter, cheese, sour cream, cottage cheese, etc.) most likely contain it. Disputes about the dangers and benefits of palm oil have been going on for a long time, and it is not possible to unequivocally say that it is harmless to the child’s body.

It is clear that than shorter period the shelf life of the product and the fresher it is (today’s, yesterday’s), the better. IN summer time There are many cases of poisoning of children with dairy products, the same curds, sour cream, yoghurts, since in the heat, due to the negligence of retail chains, there is often downtime of goods without a refrigerator (transportation, storage, waiting for loading, unloading, etc.). Therefore, before giving your child a dairy product, make sure it is fresh, try the product yourself.

What dairy products can a child eat?

Yogurt

After one year of age, children should be given special children's yogurts that are balanced in the amount of fats and carbohydrates. They are prepared using a special yoghurt starter (streptococcus thermophilus and yoghurt (Bulgarian) stick). These yoghurts are not thermally processed and have a very short shelf life (stored only in the refrigerator), which allows them to retain their beneficial features. Yogurts that have a long shelf life have either been thermally processed or contain preservatives; children should not consume such yogurts. They do not contain beneficial bacteria, and additional components can harm the child’s body.

Kefir

This fermented milk drink helps with the functioning of the cardiovascular system and intestines due to the content of special lactic acid microbes and bifid flora. These microbes help the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora, which will improve digestion and immune function. At the same time, kefir has high acidity and fixes stool, especially when stored for a long time; its intake should be limited to 200-300 ml per day.

Cottage cheese

Cottage cheese is a source of protein and calcium for a child, but it is very difficult to digest due to the high percentage of protein. Therefore, the volume of cottage cheese per day should not exceed 50-100g. Only cottage cheese with a fat content of at least 5-9% will be useful for the complete absorption of calcium; zero-fat cottage cheese is not so useful, since calcium will practically not be absorbed without fat. Cottage cheese can be used in pure form or with the addition of fruit, high-calorie and protein dishes are no longer given at the same time with cottage cheese.

Cheese, sour cream and cream

These products are recommended to be given to children in limited quantities or used in preparing dishes for children. Sour cream and cream are often given as a dressing for soups or main courses; cheese can be added to side dishes. As teething progress, you can give your baby pieces of unsalted hard cheese to chew.

Fish

It is recommended to use fish dishes in children's diets once or twice a week. Children under one and a half years old are allowed such types of fish as cod, hake or pollock, pike perch, sea bass, but if the child is allergic, it is worth giving up fish until at least 2-3 years. Fish can be offered in the form of children's specialized canned fish, fish soufflé, boiled fish with a side dish, or steamed cutlets.

Fish is good for children because of its easily digestible protein and a set of vitamins and microelements, iodine and fluorine, phosphorus and calcium, useful for the growth of skeletons and teeth. But soups made with fish broth are strictly prohibited at this age - extractive and harmful substances from a fish carcass.

Meat

• Meat is the main source of animal protein for a baby and should be on the child’s table at least five times a week.
• Different types of meat and poultry can be introduced into the children's diet in the amount of 100g.
• Meat dishes can be in the form of minced meat, meatballs, steam cutlets or canned meat for children.
• It is important to remember that meat takes a long time to digest and must be introduced in the first half of the day - at lunch.
• After a year, the diet expands to include offal - tongue, liver, heart.
• Poultry, rabbit, turkey, and lamb are also beneficial.

Excluded from children's diets early age lard, lamb meat and fatty pork, meat of waterfowl and wild animals. It is strictly forbidden for children under 3 years of age to introduce sausages, sausages, and wieners, even those labeled as children's (most often, children's names on them are tricks of the manufacturers, these are ordinary sausages and wieners). Children's sausages must bear the inscription "specialized product for baby food" and indicate the child's age (for sausages this is usually 3+).

Egg

Eggs are a source of protein; in addition to protein, they contain many useful amino acids, microelements and vitamins. Eggs are given to a child after a year every day, in the absence of allergies or pathologies of the biliary system. You can add an egg to dishes or give it hard-boiled, or make a steam omelet from it. It is forbidden for young children to give eggs soft-boiled or in a bag, fried eggs. If you are allergic to chicken egg white, quail eggs can be an excellent alternative. You can have up to 2 pieces per day.

Oils

Children's diets should include enough fats in the form of vegetable oils and butter. Butter can be served with a soft bun in the form of a sandwich or added to ready-made cereals and vegetable purees so that the butter is not subjected to heat treatment and does not lose its beneficial properties. The amount of butter per day is no more than 10-15g.

Vegetable oils are used for cooking and seasoning ready-made dishes; they are used to season salads and vegetable dishes. It is better to use unrefined oils - extra virgin olive, sunflower. The norm of vegetable oils is no more than 10 g per day.

Cereal dishes

After a year, both gluten-free cereals (buckwheat, rice and corn) and gluten-containing cereals (wheat, oats, rye) are used in children’s diets. Cereals are consumed both in the form of porridges and as cereal side dishes for main courses. Buckwheat, corn and oatmeal porridges, and multi-grain porridges will be especially beneficial for children.

After a year, you can gradually add semolina and millet porridge to your child’s menu, but semolina should be given infrequently - it is very high in calories. Porridges are usually served for breakfast and their quantity is no more than 200-250 ml. The volume of side dish for main courses should be about 100-150g.

Bread, pasta

Children can be offered bread made from white and rye flour throughout the year, while white bread can be given up to 40 g, and rye bread no more than 10 g. White bread is digested better; too much rye bread can lead to bloating in the baby's belly.

The diet of children under one and a half years old can include baby noodles, spider webs or egg noodles. The amount of pasta should not exceed 100g per day.

Vegetables and fruits

Vegetables and fruits must be present in the diet of children under one and a half years of age every day. They are a source of vitamins and minerals, pectins, fruit acids and sugars, as well as plant fiber to stimulate digestion. Vegetables and fruits can be used both thermally processed (boiled, steamed, baked) and fresh.

Vegetables

The daily volume of vegetables and fruits should reach 300-400 g, of which vegetables should make up at least half of the volume.

Fruits

The range of fruits expands significantly after a year, but it is worth introducing local fruits in season and initially in small quantities, monitoring reactions.

• Up to two years of age, treat strawberries and exotic fruits (citrus fruits, kiwi, etc.) with caution. The quantity of these fruits should not exceed 100g.
• Gooseberries, currants, raspberries, cranberries and others will be useful after a year. In shabby form.
• You should avoid eating grapes for at least two years; they lead to fermentation in the stomach and can cause digestive disorders.

Sweets

Until the age of three, you should not indulge children with chocolate, confectionery, or sweets due to the load of glucose in the pancreas, the excess of chemicals in these products, excess calories and the risk of dental caries. Also, you should not eat cakes with cream, pastries and shortbread. From confectionery products, you can give marshmallows, marshmallows and marmalade.

Do not encourage your baby's craving for sweets: often parents, when encouraging their baby to finish vegetables or meat, promise candy as a reward. The substitution of taste values ​​occurs very quickly and the child will soon give preference to sweets instead of healthy foods.

It is worth avoiding sugar as much as possible in children's diets, replacing it with honey (in the absence of allergies) or sweet fruits. Yes, of course, sweets are good for the brain, they are a source of fast carbohydrates and pleasure for children, but it is worth thinking about the long-term consequences of irrational sugar intake.

• When consuming sweets, glucose is actively and quickly absorbed from the intestine into the blood, increasing its concentration two to three times. Such sharp fluctuations in blood glucose levels lead to strain on the pancreas in producing insulin. Glucose is actively utilized in tissue, where it is processed into fats, which leads to excess weight and metabolic changes that subsequently set the body to work in “emergency” mode.
• From early childhood, a tendency to atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity is programmed.
• In addition, according to recent studies, excess sugar in food leads to a decrease in immunity and the removal of useful microelements from the body - chromium, magnesium and copper.
• Sugar also provokes the formation of allergies in children’s bodies with skin, intestinal and pulmonary symptoms.

Don't forget about the potential harm of sugar to teeth, especially milk teeth. Sweets, namely sugar, will be one of the main reasons for the formation of caries in a child. Due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of milk teeth - delicate thin enamel, lack of perfect protection mechanisms, caries takes on a lightning-fast course, and complications quickly develop: inflammatory in nature (pulpitis, periodontitis), which often results in premature tooth extraction - malocclusion pathologies.

Caries is an infectious process, and the main pathogens are certain streptococci. The breeding ground and habitat for which will be dental plaque. Sugars and sweets, especially sticky ones (cookies with a high margarine content, lollipops) create a sticky layer on the surface of the teeth that is difficult to clean off and remains on the teeth for a long time. These conditions ensure the development of caries and its consequences.

In addition, carious teeth are constant sources of infection and can cause the development of tonsillitis, infectious diseases kidneys and other internal organs.

Our ancestors, who did not consume sugar, but used honey and fruits as sweets, were healthier than we are. This suggests that from an early age it is worth controlling your sugar intake, limiting it or replacing it with healthier ones. natural products. And even more so, you should not give children drinks filled with sugar (carbonated sweet drinks, cola, Pepsi, store-bought juices), and especially not allow them to chew on lump sugar.

Today, it is extremely difficult to control the consumption of refined sugar among family members, since it is found in many prepared foods on supermarket shelves and how much of it is difficult to calculate in a particular product. But it’s worth reducing your sugar consumption, at least when cooking at home.

Let us repeat that ideally you should not give sweets to a child UNDER 3 YEARS OLD. If that doesn’t work, at least limit its consumption to 4-5 teaspoons per day, taking into account sweet foods.

Sample menu for one day for a child 1.5 years old

• First breakfast: oatmeal with banana, white bun with butter, tea/with milk
• Second breakfast: banana, apple juice, dry bread
• Lunch: cucumber salad with tomato and olive oil, vegetarian borscht, vegetable stew with steamed veal cutlet, rosehip compote
• Afternoon snack: cottage cheese casserole with apple, yogurt
• Dinner: cauliflower and potato puree, kefir, cookies, apple.

It is worth mentioning that the norms given below are only an approximate amount that, on average, a child at this age can eat. But, for example, fragile, slender girls (little girls) eat much less than boys, so if your baby eats less food, this is normal, do not panic. Each child is individual and weight gain depends on the child’s build and height. To control the baby’s normal weight gain, you can use (boys and girls height up to 115 cm) in our other article.

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From the sixth month, the baby usually begins complementary feeding, during which he gets acquainted with a whole world of new taste sensations. By the end of the year, he had already tried almost all the healthy “adult” products. But some questions regarding the nutrition of a one-year-old baby remain unresolved.

The answer to this question depends on the type of food. If the baby is artificial, then the amount of formula consumed should be reduced to 500 ml per day. When breastfeeding, there is no need to cut down on the milk ration, which is due to the biological “flexibility” of mother’s milk. Its composition changes in accordance with the age needs of the child, so it is impossible to overfeed the baby with this product. For the baby directly, the feeding process is not only the satisfaction of hunger, but the moment when he feels peace, security and mother's care.

Nutrition rules

The total calorie content of food consumed by an infant is 1000–1200 kcal, excluding liquids drunk. This norm continues until the eighteenth month. You need to teach your baby to eat in 4-5 meals, and breastfeed only in the morning or evening. If you follow the regime, digestive enzymes will be actively produced at certain hours. Regarding the consistency of dishes, fruits and vegetables can be grated, rather than crushed to a puree. The meat must be manually divided into small strips, since the baby is not yet able to chew large pieces with his gums and several teeth.

A one-year-old child should not be given heated food, only freshly prepared food.

Main Products

By the end of the first year of life, fermented milk products, offal and dried fruits can be actively introduced into complementary foods for your baby. These are important sources of minerals and vitamins. When creating a child’s menu, you need to include products from the following groups in your daily diet:

1. milk (cottage cheese, yoghurts, cheeses, kefir) - all products must be purchased only in a special children's kitchen. Regular “adult” cottage cheese can be given to a baby only after heat treatment, for example, in the form of freshly prepared cheesecakes or soufflé;
2. meat - it is recommended to give your baby lean dietary meat (chicken, veal, turkey). You can also cook hearts, beef liver and tongue. Meat must be boiled, stewed or baked;
3. cereals - in addition to buckwheat and rice, you can introduce other cereals into the diet, for example, corn and oatmeal are very healthy;
4. vegetables - they can be given boiled or raw. It is better to give preference to cabbage (Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli), pumpkin, carrots and zucchini. They can be used to make multi-component purees or soups cooked in meat broth;
5. fruits - the most useful are “your own” fruits: plums, apples, pears. The child’s stomach is not yet able to digest pieces of skin, so all fruits need to be peeled. You are also allowed to eat bananas and blueberries (in moderation). If you are not allergic, you can give gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, cherries, kiwis and even oranges. Researchers have noticed that tangerines are more likely to cause allergies than oranges and grapefruits;
6. fish - this product is introduced gradually (twice a week) in the absence of allergies. A child can eat 70 g of fish at a time. To make it juicier and healthier, when cooking it you need to throw it into boiling water.

Starting from one year old, you can introduce spices into your baby’s diet (cumin, coriander, basil, etc.), but they should activate the natural taste and not interrupt it. You cannot buy spices with preservatives.

Prohibited Products

There are practically no forbidden foods left for babies, but some restrictions remain:

• grapes - they are very difficult for the baby’s body to digest;
• chocolate, caviar and citrus fruits - these products cause allergies in some children;
• pastries and cakes - an abundance of carbohydrates and sugar slows down metabolic processes;
• canned food, hot sauces, marinades, semi-finished products and processed meat (sausages, sausages) are a storehouse of preservatives;
• brines - have a negative effect on the gastric mucosa;
• mushrooms - they consist entirely of vegetable protein, which is very difficult to digest.

You can pamper your child with sweets, but they must be made with fructose: jam, preserves, marmalade.

Potatoes should be treated with caution, limiting them to 1/3 of the volume of vegetable puree, since excess starch in the body causes bloating, increased gas formation, frequent bowel movements and allergies. And the accumulation of fatty tissue can cause all sorts of diseases in the future.

Bread consumption should also be moderate; it can only be used to diversify the diet. Grains such as wheat, oats, rye and barley contain a lot of gluten. A one-year-old baby does not yet have enough peptidase, which is responsible for the breakdown of this plant protein, as a result of which gluten accumulates and causes the death of small intestinal cells.

Drinking regime

The drinking regime becomes especially important for formula-fed infants, since the volume of formula consumed decreases. The healthiest drinks are fruit juices, baby kefir, distilled water, rosehip decoction and weak herbal teas. It is also allowed to give jelly and compote. Cocoa, which eclipses chocolate in terms of allergenicity, remains strictly prohibited. Instead, you can make a drink for your baby from chicory with the addition of milk.

Sample menu

It is better to boil, steam or bake main dishes, as this preserves more nutrients. However, with any method of heat treatment, products lose a quarter of all vitamins.

In terms of caloric content, the highest nutritional value is for lunch, then for dinner, breakfast and afternoon snack. The second breakfast cannot be called a full meal, since it is rather a snack in the form of fruit juice and unsweetened cookies or crackers.

A 1-year-old child’s weekly menu may look like this:

Next to each product in the table the permissible one-time consumption rate in grams is indicated.

Naturally, dishes from the same categories are interchangeable, for example, “Tuesday” afternoon tea can be replaced with “Saturday” one. The main thing is that the daily diet is balanced.

One year is an amazing age. A lot changes in a child: his behavior with the people around him, his attitude towards himself, as well as his tastes in food. What to feed a 1 year old child? What can you give, and what type of food should you hold off for now? When giving your baby new types of food, be prepared for the fact that the child will not accept it and will refuse it. There is no need to persuade him. It may be worth waiting and not giving the “new” product for now. From this article you can learn not only new information, but also acquire additional knowledge about what to feed a 1-year-old child.

Food unsuitable for babies

Keep in mind that:

• Nuts and small pieces of solid food can cause choking;
• Sweet foods cause tooth decay;
• At this age, salt your child’s food so that it doesn’t seem salty at all to you.

It is better to use iodized salt: it will provide the growing body with iodine; 4. Sausages and sausages are not children's food. These products contain a lot of food additives that are harmful to babies and a lot of salt. Replacing natural meat with sausages, whole grain porridge with pasta, and rosehip decoction and freshly squeezed juices with compotes will inevitably lead to a deficiency of vitamins and minerals in the child’s body.

Sample menu at the beginning of 1 year of life

Food may be more dense than before. For the development of the baby's chewing apparatus. That is, at this age, try not to chop foods too finely; let’s nibble on an apple slice (without peel), carrots, and more. In general, what to feed a 1-year-old child is a task that can be difficult for many parents. After all, the child is no longer quite a baby, but also not big enough to be seated at an adult table. Children from 1 year old can be given weak black tea. It is advisable to alternate it with juices, compotes homemade, jelly. Remember that the volume of fluid a child needs during the day should be about one liter per day, including soup and dairy products eaten. The interval between feedings should be approximately 4 hours. Here is a sample menu for a child:

6:00 - breast milk (HM) or adapted formula (AC) – 100-200 ml; 10:00 - porridge, volume: 180-200 ml, ? yolk, fruit juice - 100 ml; 14:00 - choice: meat and vegetable puree or fish puree with vegetables -200 g, fruit juice (tea, compote of your choice); 18:00 - GM or AC - about 80 ml, cottage cheese - about 50 g, as well as fruit puree - volume 90-100 g; 22:00 - GM or AC-200 ml/or kefir 200 g/or porridge 180-200 g, tea, juice, whole milk-20-50 g.

During the day, the child should receive: wheat bread, crackers, cookies, vegetable oil and butter, fermented milk products, no more than 400-500 g per day. Your pediatrician will help you create an individual feeding plan for your child, which will make it much easier for you to decide what to feed your child 1 year. A 1-year-old baby's winter diet must include butter and vegetable oil. Choose sour cream, cottage cheese and cheese in the store with an average percentage of fat content. Try to make your baby's diet varied and balanced. Teach eating fun, that is, while eating, think about vegetables, fruits, show a little imagination. In the winter, the baby especially needs energy products - fruits, berries (can be prepared for future use by freezing them in the freezer), juice, cereals, bread. For the proper functioning of a child's body, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are required. Their ideal ratio until the age of three is 1:1:3. A child from 1-3 years old can receive 1540 calories per day. Therefore, when planning your diet, distribute calories evenly between meals. Morning breakfast may account for 20% of the baby’s daily needs, second breakfast - about 10%, lunch - approximately 35%, afternoon snack - 10% (for example, cottage cheese), dinner - 25% (it is preferable to give vegetables or porridge) .

Sometimes it can be very difficult to agree with your baby to eat a healthy product filled with vitamins. This is where mothers have to use a trick - they can distract them with some kind of toy with melodies, they can give them jars with lids during feeding, and sometimes they need culinary tricks. For example, if a child does not want to eat boiled vegetables, they can be chopped in a blender with meat, made into meatballs and boiled in broth. The beneficial substances contained in vegetables are best absorbed with vegetable oil or butter.

Remember that there should be no coercion to eat! The main thing is that if you are patient, show a little imagination in preparing dishes, if you set the table beautifully, then with great probability we can say that the child will eat with great appetite.

• Despite its young age, serve it beautifully. Decorate the table and dishes in a “tasty” manner.
• Place a little food on your plate. Kids are scared of large portions.
• Try with early years educate your baby's taste preferences. Focus your efforts on making your child fall in love with fish, seafood, fruits and vegetables.
• Remember that the food that is healthy is the one that has just been prepared using simple technology. What a child does not eat at one meal is no longer suitable for the next meal.

Your baby has just celebrated his first “anniversary” - he turned one year old. He has learned a lot this year. Should his eating style now change?

Perhaps we can say that your baby has entered a transitional stage in nutrition. He is no longer a baby now. The baby will become more and more familiar with the “food environment” and will become closer in his eating habits and preferences to adults. But the baby needs some time to gradually adjust to a new style food.

By this age, great changes have also occurred in the baby’s digestive system. Firstly, he has already acquired his own teeth. As a rule, by the age of 1 year, children have 6-10 milk teeth. The baby's chewing skills are rapidly improving. In this process, an important role is played by the interest in chewing food, which “gets” to the baby in coarsely crushed or even uncrushed form. Secondly, the activity of digestive enzymes produced in various parts of the baby’s digestive tract has increased significantly. This means that he is already ready to digest and assimilate much more complex foods than six months ago. Thirdly, the child has already become acquainted with many tastes of dishes; it is likely that he has already formed certain taste preferences. Further modification of nutrition should be associated not only with an increase in the nutritional value of the diet, but also with the expansion of the baby’s taste knowledge.

As a rule, breastfeeding after 1 year occurs early in the morning and late in the evening, before bedtime. Night feedings often continue at this age. There is nothing wrong with this: it is impossible to overfeed with breast milk. In addition, recent studies allow us to say with confidence that night breastfeeding not only does not increase the risk of developing caries, but, on the contrary, prevents its development. Antibodies contained in breast milk inhibit the growth of staphylococcus, which is the main cause of caries.

If the baby has already stopped receiving breast milk, but continues to “latch on” to a bottle of formula or even juice at night, then this needs to be stopped. Unfortunately, the mixtures differ in properties from breast milk. Therefore, their consumption, especially at night, significantly increases the risk of developing caries. The fact is that after them, as after any meal, the acid-base balance in the oral cavity strongly shifts to the acidic side, which creates the preconditions for the destruction of tooth enamel. And in general, by the age of one and a half years, a baby should be weaned from eating at night (this does not apply to breastfeeding), as this disrupts sleep, worsens appetite during the day and does not allow parents to get enough sleep.

When and how much to feed your baby?

Up to 1.5 years old, you can leave your baby five meals a day, but if you notice that the child refuses the last (fifth) feeding, then it’s time to transfer him to the “adult” four meals a day: breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack and dinner. In this case, the intervals between feedings are 3.5-4 hours. It is during this period, according to research, that the food eaten is evacuated from the baby’s stomach, that is, it is ready for the next meal. You should strictly follow the established diet: try not to deviate from the “schedule” for more than 15-30 minutes. If you follow the feeding regime, there is a clearer operation of the whole digestive system: the food reflex determines the formation of a good appetite, digestive juices are produced in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities, which allows you to digest and assimilate food well. With disordered eating, such a reflex is almost not developed, the secretion of enzymes and juices is reduced, and food is processed worse. Try not to give your baby anything between feedings - fruits, juices, dairy products, and especially sweets. This especially applies to children with decreased appetite. Such “snacks” reduce the baby’s appetite and confuse installed mechanism production of digestive juices, so during main meals he may refuse certain healthy foods.

The calorie content of a child's daily diet at 12-18 months is approximately 1300 kcal, the volume of food is 1000-1200 ml. The distribution of this amount throughout the day is quite even: breakfast and dinner - 25% each, lunch - 35%, afternoon snack - 15%. It is estimated that for every kilogram of body weight, a one-year-old child needs about 4 g of protein, 4 g of fat and 16 g of carbohydrates per day. In this case, proteins of animal origin should make up at least 70% of their total daily amount, vegetable fats - approximately 13% of the total amount of fat.

What to serve?

By the age of 1, your baby has most likely become familiar with almost all types of foods. After 1 year, modifying the diet involves both turning to new products and gradually changing the method of their preparation and the degree of grinding.

Breast or not breast?
Despite the fact that the baby has formally already left the ranks of infants, it is perhaps still too early to wean him, especially in the hot season (the latter circumstance significantly increases the risk of catching an intestinal infection). Many pediatricians believe that breastfeeding is worth it until about 20-24 months. After all, sucking the breast not only gives the baby the opportunity to receive tasty milk, but also allows you to feel maternal warmth and care, providing psychological comfort. We must also not forget that milk remains extremely useful at this age: it contains special substances that stimulate the development of the nervous system, in particular the brain, many vitamins, antibodies, and is easily and completely absorbed.

Dairy products in child nutrition

Dairy products still occupy a large place in the diet. They are a source of valuable calcium, B vitamins, as well as a supplier of protein and milk fat. After 1 year, the baby can be offered kefir (up to 200 ml per day), yogurt (200-300 ml). It is better not to exceed the recommended amount, since lactic acid products are rich in acidic compounds, which can overload both the baby’s digestive and excretory systems. It is better that the yogurt is made specifically for baby food. If you give your baby “adult” yogurts, make sure that they are low-fat (milk, not creamy) and contain as little sucrose, preservatives, flavors and other artificial additives as possible. Of course, it is better to prefer “live” yoghurts - they allow you to maintain healthy intestinal flora. Such yoghurts have limited time storage (usually no more than 2 weeks), and they can only be stored in the refrigerator, at a temperature of 2-8°C. If the yogurt packaging indicates that the shelf life exceeds 1 month, then this product has been heat-treated and does not contain live lactic acid cultures. Also relevant are milk formulas - the so-called “follow-up formulas”, that is, those intended for feeding children after 6 months. Why is it worth offering them to your baby even after 1 year? The fact is that nutritionists increasingly agree on postponing a baby’s introduction to whole cow’s milk until at least 2-2.5 years of age, which is associated with a high frequency of allergic reactions to cow’s milk protein.

Other important dairy products are cottage cheese and cheese. The daily dose of cottage cheese can be increased to 70 g per day after 1 year. Some parents prefer to give it to their children every other day, but in a dose of about 140 g. Cottage cheese can be given in its “pure” form, or you can make pudding, casserole from it, or make cheesecakes when closer to a year and a half. Cheese is more often used in grated form as an additive to pasta. But some kids love to chew cheese with their teeth. In this case, this product will also contribute to the development of chewing skills.

Butter is most often used as an additive to cereals or spread on bread. The recommended dose is about 12 g per day. It is better not to heat-treat butter (that is, add it to ready-made dishes).

After 1 year, you can use low-fat sour cream and cream in small quantities. Sour cream is best suited for seasoning first courses, cream - for preparing sauces for second courses.

Fruits and vegetables in a child's diet

Fruits and vegetables should also be widely represented on the baby’s table. After 1 year, you can slowly introduce the baby to new types of fruits and berries: strawberries, cherries, sweet cherries, kiwis, apricots, peaches, currants, gooseberries, chokeberries, sea buckthorn, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, blueberries, lingonberries and even citrus fruits. Of course, such introductions should be well thought out, and the mother will have to carefully monitor the baby’s reaction to each new product introduced. In children with allergic reactions, it is better not to take new steps without consulting an allergist or pediatrician. Berries that have a fairly dense peel are best crushed into puree, while soft, juicy fruits (apricots, peaches, kiwi) can be offered to the baby in slices. Even if your beloved little one tolerates exotic fruits (citrus fruits, kiwi) well, do not give them a lot: these fruits contain quite a lot of plant acids, which in large quantities can irritate the delicate mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Grapes enhance fermentation processes in the intestines and overload the child’s diet with carbohydrates. However, it is relatively poor in vitamins. That's why nutritionists recommend starting to use it at a later age - closer to three years. Fruits can be given to the baby at the end of main meals; they can also be added to porridge or mixed with dairy products. The recommended dose of fruit is about 200-250 g per day. You can add another 100 ml of fruit juice to this amount. If before 1 year you should prefer clarified juices, then after 1 year it is quite possible to give the baby juices and nectars with pulp.

The baby’s vegetable menu can be enriched with beets, turnips, tomatoes, green peas, and beans. Legumes should be given to children in small quantities and only in well-cooked and thoroughly crushed form, since these products are rich in coarse fiber, which causes increased gas formation in the intestines and increases peristalsis, which can lead to abdominal pain and diluted stools. Vegetables are mainly used in soups and side dishes for meat and fish dishes. They can not only be boiled, but also stewed. At the age of 1 year, they are given in the form of purees; closer to one and a half years, you can begin to offer your baby soft boiled or stewed vegetables in pieces. Closer to one and a half years, you can sometimes start offering your baby garden greens - dill, parsley, cilantro, wild garlic, spinach, lettuce, green onions. Finely chopped greens can be added to soups and main courses before serving.

It is better to add vegetable oils at the final stage of cooking vegetables in order to expose them to heat as little as possible, since in the process of heating any fats, carcinogens are formed that are harmful to the health of not only infants, but even adults.

Meat, fish, eggs in child nutrition

Meat products are given in the form of steam cutlets, meatballs, meatballs, meat soufflé and pudding in the amount of 100 g daily. Towards the middle of the second year, you can offer your baby stewed meat in small pieces, but at the same time be careful that he does not choke. Many types of meat are still used in the diet: beef, veal, lean pork, rabbit, turkey, chicken, as well as offal - liver, tongue, heart, brains. Waterfowl meat (duck, goose) and lamb are rich in refractory fats, which complicates the digestion and absorption of these types of meat, so they can be given only from time to time.

Fish should be offered once or twice a week, 30-40 g per meal, as a replacement for meat dishes. Can be cooked fish cutlets(steam) or meatballs, stew fish fillets.

Eggs are also of great importance in the nutrition of children after 1 year, as they are rich in valuable nutrients - easily digestible protein, valuable amino acids, vitamins (A, D, E), phospholipids, minerals, micro- and macroelements. Egg whites are absorbed almost completely - 96-97%, fats - about 95%. Only chicken and quail eggs are used to feed babies. Waterfowl eggs are excluded due to high risk transmission of dangerous infections. Quail eggs differ from chicken eggs not only in their higher protein content (with a large amount of the essential amino acid tryptophan), but also in their higher fat and cholesterol content. Children under 1.5 years old should only be offered eggs boiled (hard-boiled) or in the form of omelettes with milk (they can also contain various vegetables). In their raw form (and in addition, “soft-boiled” and “in a bag”, eggs are less digestible, since they contain undenatured protein, and are also dangerous from the point of view of transmitting infections. It is convenient to cook an omelet in the microwave. Then it will not be fried, as in frying pan, and baked, without crust. The omelette mass is poured into a container intended for microwave ovens(without using oil) and place in the oven for 2-3 minutes. In addition, eggs are added to other foods during cooking. various dishes(cheesecakes, pancakes, etc.). Since eggs are a product with high allergenic properties (quail eggs are still much less allergenic than chicken eggs), they should not be given to children every day; it is better to do this 3 times a week or every other day. The recommended dose of eggs is % of a chicken egg per day or a whole egg every other day. For quail eggs, the dose is approximately doubled.

Cereals, flour and bakery products in a child’s diet

Cereals are widely used in baby food. Oatmeal and buckwheat are especially useful for babies; you can also use corn, rice, millet and other types of cereals. It will be easier for a one-year-old baby to chew and swallow if the porridge has a uniform consistency, which is why instant porridges are often used. Closer to one and a half years, you can give well-cooked cereals without additional grinding.

From time to time, pasta can be used in children's meals. They can be given as a side dish or seasoned with soup. However, they should not be abused, as they are rich in easily digestible carbohydrates. It is recommended to offer them to your baby once or twice a week.

Bread is also used in the nutrition of children of this age. Up to 1.5 years, it is better to offer babies only white bread: it is easier to digest. The total amount of bread per day should not exceed 100 g. Starting from 1.5 years, you can include a little rye bread in the diet of crumbs (up to 50 g per day). Children under 1.5 years old are not offered rye bread, since the sour dough from which it is made causes fermentation in the intestines.

Other products

Drinks can be represented by clean water (preferably not boiled, but bottled “for baby food”), dairy products, fruit and vegetable juices, compotes (it is advisable that they be cooked without any sweetener at all or with the addition of a small amount of fructose), weakly brewed tea, herbal infusions (chamomile, fennel, mint, etc.). Carbonated drinks (even mineral water) It is not recommended to give to children under 3 years of age, since the content of these drinks carbon dioxide irritates the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Let the baby regulate the amount of liquid consumed. It will, of course, depend on the diet, time of year, ambient temperature and physical activity of the baby.

Table salt is used in small quantities - about 0.5-1 g per day.

Grapes enhance fermentation processes, so they are recommended to be given to children no earlier than three years of age.

Sweets. You can add a little sugar to sweeten some foods that your baby doesn't particularly like. It is better to prefer fructose: it is absorbed and absorbed by the body more slowly and evenly (which almost eliminates sudden changes in blood glucose levels), does not require insulin to penetrate the body’s cells (that is, it does not create overloads in the pancreas), and less disrupts the acid-base balance oral cavity (and therefore less conducive to the development of caries). In addition, when properly prepared, it is almost 1.75 times sweeter than sucrose, allowing it to be consumed in small quantities. To add flavor to porridge and cottage cheese, you can use fresh fruits and berries, as well as dried fruits. In addition, from time to time, children can be pampered with sweets (ideally, they can also be made with fructose - you can find such products on the shelves of medical nutrition stores) - marshmallows, marshmallows, jam, jam and, of course, honey (provided that the baby carries it). The total dose of sugars per day is 30-40 g for children 1-1.5 years old.