Lesson in fine arts on the topic “Decoration of a Russian hut.”VIIClass.
The topic is designed for two lessons
Textbook used"Decorative and applied arts in human life." ,; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.
Type of activity: Binary lesson (double lesson).
Lesson type: Learning new material.
Model used: Model 1.
The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the interior of a Russian hut.
Lesson Objectives:
1.Give students a figurative idea of the organization and wise design of the interior space of the hut.
2. Give an idea of the life of Russian peasants in the 17th-18th centuries.
3. Use drawings to consolidate the acquired knowledge.
4. Cultivate interest in the life of peasants and the traditions of our people.
Providing a lesson:
For the teacher . 1) Reproductions of samples of household items.
2) Literature exhibition: “Russian hut”; "Folk art"; Textbook for 8th grade; magazine “Folk Creativity” (1990, No. 2).
3) Demo PC.
For students. Albums. Pencils, eraser, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook on fine art.
Lesson plan:
Org. part – 1-2 minutes. Communicate the goals and objectives of the new material – 1-2 minutes. Teacher's story "Life of Peasants." Practical work. Drawing the interior of a hut. Summary of lesson 1. Work in color. Summary of lesson 2
I. Organizational moment
Establish proper discipline in the classroom. Mark those who are absent. Communicate the goals and objectives of the new material.
II. Teacher's story "Life of Peasants"
Rice. 1. Interior view of the hut.
Since ancient times we have read and watched Russian folk tales. And often the action in them took place inside wooden hut. Now they are trying to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without studying the past, we will not be able to assess the present and future of our people.
Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. Usually, on the porch, the owners of the house greet dear guests with bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and wishes for well-being. Passing through the entryway, you find yourself in the world of home life.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with the aromas of dry herbs, smoke, and sour dough.
Everything in the hut, except the stove, is made of wood: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, half-shelves stretching along the walls, below the ceiling, floors, dinner table, stoltsy (stools for guests), simple household utensils. There was always a cradle hanging for the baby. We washed ourselves from a tub.
rice. 2.
The interior of the hut is divided into zones:
· At the entrance to the hut, on the left is located Russian stove.
rice. 3. Russian stove
What role did the stove play in the life of a peasant hut?
The stove was the basis of life, the family hearth. The stove provided warmth, they cooked food and baked bread in it, they washed children in the stove, and the stove got rid of illnesses. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the stove. No wonder it says: “The stove is beautiful - there are miracles in the house.”
Look how important the white bulk of the stove lies in the hut. In front of the mouth of the stove there is a well-arranged shelf - a wide thick board on which pots and cast iron pots are placed.
Nearby in the corner there are grips and a wooden shovel for removing bread from the oven. Standing on the floor nearby wooden tub with water. Next to the stove, between the wall and the stove, there was a dowel door. It was believed that behind the stove, above the golbets, lived a brownie - the patron saint of the family.
The space near the stove served as the female half.
Fig.4. Red corner
In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows there was red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with which the peasants’ idea of paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope was connected; they turned to the east with prayers and incantations. It was the most place of honor – spiritual center of the home. In the corner, on a special shelf, there were icons in frames polished to a shine, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. There was a table under the images.
In this part of the hut there were important events in the life of a peasant family. The most valuable guests were seated in the red corner.
· From the door, along the stove was arranged wide bench. The neighbors who came in were sitting on it. Men usually did household chores on it - weaving bast shoes, etc. The old owner of the house slept on it.
· Above the entrance, in half the room under the ceiling, near the stove they strengthened wooden floors. Children slept on the floors.
· Occupied a significant place in the hut wooden loom- krosno, on it women wove woolen and canvas fabrics, rugs (paths).
· Near the door, opposite the stove stood wooden bed, on which the owners of the house slept.
Fig.5.
For a newborn, an elegant dress was hung from the ceiling of the hut cradle. It was usually made of wood or woven from wicker. Rocking gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman. When dusk fell, they burned a torch. For this purpose the forged socialite
rice. 6.
In many northern villages of the Urals, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. Look what strange bushes have bloomed.
III. Practical work.
Students are asked to make a pencil sketch of the interior of a Russian hut.
Are being considered different kinds hut interior:
Explanation of building the interior of a hut using the example of different options.
VI. Reviewing the material covered with students.
Thus, we come to the next section of our topic, “Decoration of a Russian hut.” Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian people, but for this you need to understand and study everything. And the first question for the class:
1. What is it? appearance huts?
2. What main material was used in the construction of the hut?
3. What natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?
4. What zones was the interior of the hut divided into?
5. What rules did you apply when building the interior of the hut?
6. What riddles and sayings do you know on the topic “Russian hut?”
(“Two brothers look at each other, but they don’t get together” (floor and ceiling)
“One hundred parts, one hundred beds, each guest has his own bed” (logs in the wall of the hut)) etc. d..
VII. Continuation of the practical part - drawing the interior in color.
When painting, all shades of brown, ocher, and not bright yellow are used. Stages of drawing in color:
1. Paint the walls different shades Brown color.
2. Paint the floor and ceiling with a different shade of ocher.
3. The glass in the window is gray.
4. Furniture – the next shade of brown.
6. The stove can be painted light gray, light brown.
VIII. Exhibition of children's works. Analysis.
Students hang their work in a designated area. Students are encouraged to analyze their own work. Using leading questions:
What did you want to show in your work? What means of artistic expression did you use? How are the works presented similar and how are they different? Have you applied the laws of perspective in your works? What are your impressions of this work?
Teacher rating. I liked the way you worked, I liked your work on the construction, the color scheme, and the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.
IX. Completion of the lesson and homework assignment.
At the end of the lesson, students are informed that we will continue working on getting to know the traditions of the Russian people in the next lesson.
At the end of the lesson, folk music is played.
Students get up and put their work places in order.
We all know from the media that strange things are happening with the weather now, and global warming is supposedly happening, and the greenhouse effect is being blamed for everything, and the main thing they are trying to convince us of is that the greenhouse effect is bad.
To understand what the greenhouse effect is, we first need to understand the source of heat and light on our planet.
The most basic source of light and heat for the Earth is our star - the Sun.
In second place is the geothermal activity of the planet itself.
The third is the radioactive decay of isotopes and the combustion of fossil fuels. But the third type of energy sources are, so to speak, derivatives from the Sun.
Here it should be noted that now, both in the past and in the future, life on Earth is possible solely due to the greenhouse effect.
The average temperature on the Earth's surface is 15°-17° C. The most heat, in the entire history of weather observations, on our planet there was plus 70.7 °C in the Lut Desert, Iran in 2005.
Friends, if you are interested in this article, I suggest you watch the film based on it and personally plunge into the atmosphere of research:
At this point, I am not saying goodbye to you, there is still a lot of interesting things ahead.
See you in the next articles. The topic will be continued. All the best to you, goodbye!
Residents of villages in Ancient Rus' built wooden huts. Since there was plenty of forest in the country, everyone could stock up on logs. Over time, a full-fledged house-building craft arose and began to develop.
So by the 16th century. In princely Moscow, districts filled with log houses were formed that were ready for sale. They were transported to the capital of the principality along the river and sold at low prices, which is why foreigners were surprised at the cost of such housing.
To repair the hut, only logs and boards were required. Depending on the required dimensions, it was possible to select a suitable log house and immediately hire carpenters who would assemble the house.
Log cabins have always been in high demand. Due to frequent massive fires, cities (sometimes even due to careless handling of fire) and villages had to be rebuilt. Enemy raids and internecine wars caused great damage.
How were huts built in Rus'?
The logs were laid in such a way that they were connected to each other at all 4 corners. Wooden buildings There were two types: summer (cold) and winter (equipped with a stove or hearth).
1. To save wood, they used semi-earth technology when bottom part they dug in the ground, and on top there was a cage with windows (they were covered with a bull's bladder or covered with a shutter lid).
For such housing, light, sandy, not saturated soil was more preferable. The walls of the pit were lined with boards and sometimes coated with clay. If the floor was compacted, then it was also treated with a clay mixture.
2. There was another way - laying a finished pine frame in the dug up ground. Crushed stones, stones and sand were poured between the walls of the pit and the future house. There were no structures inside the floor. And there was no ceiling as such either. There was a roof covered with straw and dry grass and branches, which was supported on thick poles. The standard area of the hut was approximately 16 square meters. m.
3. The wealthier peasants of Ancient Rus' built houses that were completely above the ground and had a roof covered with boards. A mandatory attribute of such housing was a stove. Rooms were organized in the attic, which were mainly used in economic needs. Fiberglass windows were cut into the walls. They were ordinary openings, which in the cold season were covered with shields made of boards, that is, “clouded.”
Until the 14th century. in the huts of wealthy residents (peasants, nobles, boyars), the windows were made not of fiberglass, but of mica. Over time, glass replaced mica plates. However, back in the 19th century. in villages window glass were a great and valuable rarity.
How did they live in Russian huts?
In Rus', huts were very practical housing, which were installed in such a way as to retain heat. The entrance to the house was from south side, With north side there was a blank wall. The space was divided into 2 parts: cold and warm cages, their area was not the same. The first housed livestock and equipment; the warm one was equipped with a stove or hearth, and a bed was placed for rest.
Russian huts were heated in a black way: smoke swirled across the floor and came out of the door, which is why the ceiling and walls were covered with a thick layer of soot. In wealthy houses, the firebox was done in a white way, that is, through a chimney in the stove.
In the houses of the boyars, an additional third floor was built - the chamber. As a rule, chambers for the wife or daughters were located there. The type of wood that was used in the construction of housing was important. Representatives of the upper class chose oak as it was considered the most durable material. The rest built buildings from pine logs.
Old Russian mansions
In Rus', mansions were called huts from wooden log house, which consisted of several buildings connected to each other. Together the buildings formed the prince's court.
Each component had its name:
- lodge - sleeping area;
- medusha - a pantry for storing supplies of honey and mash;
- soap house - a room for washing, a bathhouse;
- gridnitsa - front hall for receiving guests.
Decoration of an ancient Russian hut
The furnishings and interior of the wooden hut were organized in compliance with traditions. Most of the space was given to the stove, which was located on the right or left side of the entrance. This attribute performed several functions at once: they slept on it, cooked food in the stove, and when there was no separate bathhouse, then they also washed themselves in the oven!
A red corner was placed opposite the stove (diagonally) - a place for the owner and guests of honor. There was also a place for icons and shrines that protected the home.
The corner opposite the stove was a kitchen space, which was called a woman's kut. The peasant women stayed at the stove for long evenings: in addition to cooking, they did handicrafts there - sewing and spinning by the light of a torch.
The men's kut had its own household chores: they repaired equipment, wove bast shoes, etc.
The huts were furnished with the simplest furniture - benches, tables. They slept on palats - wide benches installed high near the wall of the stove.
Peasant houses were not decorated with decorative elements. In the princes' chambers, carpets, animal skins and weapons were hung on the walls.
The Russian hut is wooden house, partially going into the ground. Despite the fact that the hut most often consisted of one room, it was conventionally divided into several zones. There was a stove corner in it, which was considered a dirty place and was separated from the rest of the hut by a curtain; there was also a women's corner - to the right of the entrance, and a men's corner - at the hearth.
The red corner was the most important and honorable place in the house. In Rus', the hut was always built in a certain way, taking into account the sides of the horizon, the red corner was located on the eastern side, in the farthest and well-lit place. It contained a home iconostasis. It was considered important that when entering a hut, a person should first of all pay attention to the icon.
The icons were installed on a special shelf and had to be in a certain order. The most important icons that should have been in every home were considered to be the icons of the Mother of God and the Savior. The red corner was always kept clean, and sometimes decorated with embroidered towels.
According to tradition, on the wedding day the bride was taken to the wedding from the red corner. Daily prayers were also held there.
The huts in which the stove was heated black were called kurny (without a chimney).
At first, the peasant's hut had only one room. Later they began to build so-called five-wall buildings, in which total area was divided log wall into two parts.
The windows were first covered with mica or bull bubbles. Glass appeared in Novgorod and Moscow in the 14th century. But they were very expensive, and were installed only in rich houses. And mica, and bubbles, and even glass of that time only transmitted light, and what was happening on the street could not be seen through them.
In the evenings, when it got dark, Russian huts were illuminated by torches. A bunch of splinters was inserted into special forged lights that could be fixed anywhere. Sometimes they used oil lamps - small bowls with edges curved up. Only fairly wealthy people could afford to use candles for this purpose.
Interior decoration The traditional Russian hut did not stand out for its special luxury. Every thing was necessary on the farm, and the internal area of the hut was strictly divided into zones. For example, the corner to the right of the stove was called woman's kut or middle. The hostess was in charge here, everything was equipped for cooking, and there was also a spinning wheel. Usually, this place was fenced, hence the word nook, that is, a separate place. Men did not enter here.
For good owners, everything in the hut was sparkling clean. There are embroidered white towels on the walls; the floor is a table, the benches have been scraped; on the beds there are lace frills - valances; The frames of the icons are polished to a shine. The floor in the hut was made of wide solid blocks - logs, cut in half, with one flat side carefully hewn. They laid the blocks from the door to the opposite wall. This way the halves lay better, and the room seemed larger. The floor was laid three or four crowns above the ground, and in this way an underground floor was formed. Food and various pickles were stored in it. And the elevation of the floor by almost a meter from the ground made the hut warmer.
Almost everything in the hut was done by hand. On long winter evenings they cut bowls and spoons, hammered ladles, wove, embroidered, wove bast shoes, tues, and baskets. Although the decoration of the hut was not distinguished by the variety of furniture: table, benches, benches (benches), stoltsy (stools), chests - everything was done carefully, with love and was not only useful, but also beautiful, pleasing to the eye. This desire for beauty and mastery were passed on from generation to generation.
Craftsmen appeared and crafts were born. Any everyday thing, be it a cradle or a ladle, a valance or a towel, was decorated with carvings, embroidery, painting or lace, and everything took on a certain, traditional image and was associated with the surrounding nature.
Housing is as big as an elbow, and living is as big as a fingernail
The interior of a peasant home, which can be found in our time, has evolved over the centuries. Due to limited space, the layout of the house was very rational. So, we open the door, bending down, we enter...
The door leading to the hut was made low with a raised threshold, which contributed to greater heat retention in the house. In addition, the guest, entering the hut, willy-nilly had to bow to the owners and the icons in the red corner - a mandatory attribute of a peasant hut.
Fundamental when planning the hut was the location of the stove. The stove played in the house most main role, and the very name “izba” comes from the Old Russian “istba, istobka”, that is, to drown, to heat.
The Russian stove fed, warmed, treated, they slept on it, and some even washed in it. Respectful attitude towards the stove was expressed in proverbs and sayings: “The stove is our dear mother”, “The whole red summer is on the stove”, “It’s like warming up on the stove”, “Both years and years - one place - the stove.” Russian riddles ask: “What can’t you get out of the hut?”, “What can’t be seen in the hut?” - warmth.
In the central regions of Russia, the stove usually stood in the right corner of the entrance. Such a hut was called a “spinner”. If the stove was located to the left of the entrance, then the hut was called “non-spinner”. The fact is that opposite the stove, on the long side of the house, there was always a so-called “long” bench where women spun. And depending on the location of this shop in relation to the window and its illumination, the convenience for spinning, the huts were called “spinners” and “non-spinners”: “Do not spin by hand: the right hand is to the wall and not to the light.”
Often, to maintain the shape of an adobe hut, vertical “stove pillars” were placed in its corners. One of them, which faced the center of the hut, was always installed. Wide beams hewn from oak or pine were thrown from it to the side front wall. Because they were always black with soot, they were called Voronets. They were located at the height of human growth. “Yaga is standing, with horns on his forehead,” they asked a riddle about the Voronets. The one of the voronets that lined the long side wall was called the “ward beam.” The second ravine, which ran from the stove pillar to the front facade wall, was called the “closet, cake beam.” It was used by the hostess as a shelf for dishes. Thus, both Voronets marked the boundaries functional zones huts, or corners: on one side of the entrance there is a stove and cooking (woman's) kuta (corners), on the other - the master's (ward) kuta, and a red, or large, upper corner with icons and a table. The old saying, “A hut is not red in its corners, but red in its pies,” confirms the division of the hut into “corners” of different meanings.
The back corner (at the front door) has been masculine since ancient times. There was a konik here - a short, wide bench built along the back wall of the hut. Konik had the shape of a box with a hinged flat lid. The bunk was separated from the door (to prevent it from blowing at night) by a vertical board-back, which was often shaped like a horse's head. It was workplace men. Here they wove bast shoes, baskets, repaired horse harnesses, did carving, etc. Tools were stored in a box under the bunk. It was indecent for a woman to sit on a bunk.
This corner was also called the plate corner, because. here, right above the door, under the ceiling, near the stove, special floorings were installed - floors. One edge of the floor is cut into the wall, and the other rests on a floor beam. They slept on the floorboards, climbing into them from the stove. Here they dried flax, hemp, splinter, and put away bedding there for the day. Polati was the children's favorite place, because... from their height one could observe everything that was happening in the hut, especially during holidays: weddings, gatherings, festivities.
Any good person could enter the underpass without asking. Without knocking on the door, but for the plated beam the guest, at his will, is not allowed to go. Waiting for an invitation from the hosts to enter the next quarter - red at low levels was extremely inconvenient.
The woman's or stove corner is the kingdom of the female housewife of the "big lady". Here, right at the window (near the light) opposite the mouth of the furnace, hand millstones (two large flat stones) were always placed, so the corner was also called “millstone”. A wide bench ran along the wall from the stove to the front windows; sometimes there was a small table on which hot bread was laid out. There were observers hanging on the wall - shelves for dishes. There were various utensils on the shelves: wooden dishes, cups and spoons, clay bowls and pots, iron frying pans. On the benches and floor there are milk dishes (lids, jugs), cast iron, buckets, tubs. Sometimes there were copper and tin utensils.
In the stove (kutny) corner, women prepared food and rested. Here, during major holidays, when many guests gathered, a separate table was set for women. Men could not even go into the stove corner of their own family unless absolutely necessary. The appearance of a stranger there was regarded as a gross violation of established rules (traditions).
The millstone corner was considered a dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of variegated chintz, colored homespun or a wooden partition.
During the entire matchmaking, the future bride had to listen to the conversation from the woman's corner. She also came out from there during the show. There she awaited the arrival of the groom on the wedding day. And going out from there to the red corner was perceived as leaving home, saying goodbye to it.
A daughter in a cradle - a dowry in a box.
In the woman's corner there is a cradle hanging on a long pole (chepe). The pole, in turn, is threaded into a ring embedded in the ceiling matrix. In different areas, the cradle is made differently. It can be entirely woven from twigs, it can have a side panel made of bast, or a bottom made of fabric or wicker. And they also call it differently: cradle, shaky, kolyska, kolubalka. A rope loop or wooden pedal was tied to the cradle, which allowed the mother to rock the child without interrupting her work. The hanging position of the cradle is typical for Eastern Slavs– Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. And this is due not only to convenience, but above all to folk beliefs(the cradle standing on the floor appears much later). According to the ideas of the peasants, the separation of the child from the floor, the “bottom,” contributed to the preservation of vitality in him, because the floor was perceived as the border between the world of people and the underground, where “ devilry"- brownie, dead relatives, ghosts. In order to protect the child from evil spirits, sharp objects were placed under the cradle: a knife, scissors, a broom, etc.
The front, central part of the hut was the red corner. The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark in the interior space of the hut.
No matter how the stove was located in the hut, the red corner was always located diagonally from it. The red corner was always well lit, since windows were cut into both walls making up this corner. He was always facing the sun, i.e. to the south or east. In the very corner, immediately under the shelf, they placed a shrine with icons and a lamp, which is why the corner was also called “holy”. Holy water, blessed willow and an Easter egg were kept on the shrine. There was certainly a feather for sweeping icons. It was believed that the icon must stand and not hang. Bills, promissory notes, payment notebooks, etc. were also placed here for the icons.
A curtain or “godnik” was hung on top of the shrine. This was the name given to a specially woven and embroidered narrow, long towel (20-25 cm * 3-4 m). It was decorated along one side and at the ends with embroidery, woven patterns, ribbons, and lace. They hung the god in such a way as to cover the icons from above and from the sides, leaving the faces open.
A refectory consecrated with shrines - that’s what the red corner is. Like a living space Orthodox Christian considered a symbol Orthodox church, and the Red Corner is considered as an analogue of the altar, the most important and honorable place in the house.
There were benches along the walls (front and side) of the red corner. In general, shops were set up along all the walls of the hut. They did not belong to furniture, but were an integral part of the log house and were fixedly attached to the walls. On one side they were cut into the wall, and on the other they were supported by supports cut from boards. A piece of wood decorated with carvings was sewn to the edge of the bench. Such a shop was called pubescent, or “with a canopy,” “with a valance.” They sat on them, slept on them, and stored things. Each shop had its own purpose and name. To the left of the door there was a back or threshold bench. That's what they called it, the konik. Behind it, along the long left side of the hut, from the bunk to the red corner, there was a long shop, different from the others in its length. Like the stove kut, this shop was traditionally considered women's place. Here they sewed, knitted, spun, embroidered, and did handicrafts. That's why this shop was also called a woman's shop.
Along the front (facade) wall, from the red corner to the stove corner, there was a short bench (aka red, front). Men sat on it during family meals. From the front wall to the stove there was a bench. In winter, chickens were kept under this bench, covered with bars. And finally, behind the stove, to the door, there was a kutna shop. Buckets of water were placed on it.
A table was always placed in the red corner near the converging benches (long and short). The table has always been rectangular in shape with a powerful base. The tabletop was revered as the “palm of God” that gives bread. Therefore, knocking on the table was considered a sin. People used to say: “Bread on the table, so the table is a throne, but not a piece of bread, so the table is a board.”
The table was covered with a tablecloth. IN peasant hut tablecloths were made from homespun, both simple plain weave and made using the technique of bran and multi-shaft weaving. Tablecloths used every day were sewn from two motley panels, usually with a checkered pattern (the colors are very varied) or simply rough canvas. This tablecloth was used to cover the table during lunch, and after eating it was either removed or used to cover the bread left on the table. Holiday tablecloths were different best quality fabrics, such additional details as lace stitching between two panels, tassels, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.
All significant family events took place in the red corner. Here the bride was bought, from here she was taken to the church for the wedding, and at the groom’s house she was immediately taken to the red corner. During the harvest, the first and last sheaves were ceremonially placed in the red corner. During the construction of the hut, if coins were placed under the corners of the first crown for good luck, then the largest one was placed under the red corner. They always tried to especially decorate this corner of the hut and keep it clean. The name “red” itself means “beautiful”, “light”. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to a hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners.
Those entering the hut, first of all, turned to the red corner and made the sign of the cross. A Russian proverb says: “The first bow is to God, the second is to the master and mistress, the third is to all good people.”
The place at the table in the red corner under the images was the most honorable: here sat the owner, or the guest of honor. “For a red guest, a red place.” Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner's eldest son sat right hand from the father, the second son is on the left, the third is next to his older brother, etc. “Every cricket knows its nest.” The hostess's place at the table is at the end of the table from the side woman's coat and stoves - she is the priestess of the home temple. She communicates with the oven and the fire of the oven, she starts the kneading bowl, puts the dough into the oven, and takes it out transformed into bread.
In addition to benches, the hut had mobile side benches. A place on a bench was considered more prestigious than on a bench; the guest could judge the hosts' attitude towards him depending on this. Where did they sit him - on a bench or on a bench?
The benches were usually covered with a special fabric - shelf cloth. And in general, the entire hut is decorated with home-made items: colored curtains cover the bed and bed on the stove, homespun muslin curtains on the windows, and multi-colored rugs on the floor. The window sills are decorated with geraniums, dear to the peasant’s heart.
Between the wall and the back or side of the stove there was an oven. When located behind the stove, horse harness was stored there; if on the side, then usually kitchen utensils.
On the other side of the stove, next to front door, the cabbage was settling in, - special wooden extension to the stove, along the stairs of which they went down to the basement (underground), where supplies were stored. Golbets also served as a place of rest, especially for the old and small. In some places, the high golbets were replaced by a box - a “trap”, 30 centimeters high from the floor, with a sliding lid, on which one could also sleep. Over time, the descent into the basement moved in front of the mouth of the furnace, and it was possible to get into it through a hole in the floor. The stove corner was considered the habitat of the brownie - the keeper of the hearth.
From the middle of the 19th century. In peasant homes, especially among wealthy peasants, a formal living room appears - the upper room. The upper room could have been a summer room; in case of all-season use, it was heated with a Dutch oven. The upper rooms, as a rule, had a more colorful interior than the hut. Chairs, beds, and piles of chests were used in the interior of the upper rooms.
The interior of a peasant house, which has evolved over centuries, represents the best example of a combination of convenience and beauty. There is nothing superfluous here and every thing is in its place, everything is at hand. The main criterion for a peasant house was convenience, so that a person could live, work and relax in it. However, in the construction of the hut one cannot help but see the need for beauty inherent in the Russian people.
In the interior of a Russian hut, the horizontal rhythm of furniture (benches, beds, shelves) dominates. The interior is united by a single material and carpentry techniques. The natural color of the wood was preserved. Presenter color scheme was golden-ocher (the walls of the hut, furniture, dishes, utensils) with the introduction of white and red colors (the towels on the icons were white, the red color sparkled in small spots in clothes, towels, in plants on the windows, in the painting of household utensils).