Punjabi or eastern Punjabi (pañjābī; V. Panj. ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, W. Panj. پنجابی; in Russian-language literature the names Punjabi, Punjabi language, Punjabi language are found) - the language of the Punjabis and Jats. Belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. One of the official languages of India.
Distribution and number of carriers
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab, as well as in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). There are about 28-29 million native speakers in India. The largest Punjabi-speaking cities are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala.
In Pakistan, according to the 2008 census, Punjabi is spoken by about 76 million people. In particular, Punjabi is spoken by 86% of the residents of Lahore and 71% of the residents of Islamabad.
In addition, expatriate Punjabi speakers live outside India and Pakistan.
Estimates of the total number of Punjabi speakers fluctuate, as some researchers include recognized independent languages Siraiki, Dogri and Pothokhari (Punjab University Patiala).
Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab.
Dialects
Punjabi falls into a number of standard dialects.
The Maji dialect (mājhī) is the basis of literary Punjabi. Sub-dialects of Majhi include Amritsari (Amritsar region), Lahauri (Lahore, Sialkot, Shakargarh districts and partly in Gujranwala), Gurdaspuri.
The Doabi dialect (dōābī) with the sub-dialects Jallandari, Hoshiarpuri and Kapurthali.
Malvai or Malvai dialect (mālwāī; region of Firozpur, Ludhiana, Tawa, Dhanaula).
In addition, Yu. A. Smirnov identifies transitional (between Punjabi and Western Punjabi languages) dialects, which in the traditional classification are considered together with standard ones.
The dialect is Povadi or Puadi (pōwādhī; area of Banjara, Sarhind, Evam, Rajpura, Kharara, Rupara, Kurali).
Ratha dialect (rāṭhī).
Bhattiani dialect (bhaṭṭiānī; Firozpur district).
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, rising, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, which play a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose from a rethinking of the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional and analytical.
Grammar
Grammatical features: developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-object and relational circumstances. The oldest monument of Punjabi is a number of works of the holy book of the Sikhs “Adigranth” (or “Granth Sahib”) of the 12th-17th centuries.
Writing
Initially, the Punjabi language used a special Lakhda script. In the 16th century there arose new type letters - Gurmukhi, originally intended for cult purposes of the Sikhs. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan - the Shahmukha letter.
Books
Rabinovich I.S., Serebryakov I.D. — Punjabi-Russian dictionary — 1961 () ()
Northwestern group
Punjabi or eastern punjabi (pañjābī; v.-panj.ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, z.-panj. پنجابی ; in Russian-language literature there are names Punjabi, Punjabi language, Punjabi language listen)) is the language of the Punjabis and Jats. Belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. One of the official languages of India.
Distribution and number of carriers
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab, as well as in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). There are about 28-29 million native speakers in India. The largest Punjabi-speaking cities are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala.
In Pakistan, according to the 2008 census, Punjabi is spoken by about 76 million people. In particular, Punjabi is spoken by 86% of the residents of Lahore and 71% of the residents of Islamabad.
In addition, expatriate Punjabi speakers live outside India and Pakistan.
Estimates of the total number of Punjabi speakers fluctuate, as some researchers include the recognized independent languages of Siraiki, Dogri and Pothokhari (Punjabi University Patiala).
List of countries in the world in descending order of number of Punjabi speakers
| Place | A country | Number of media |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pakistan Pakistan | 76,335,300 |
| 2 | India India | 29,109,672 |
| 3 | UK UK | 2,300,000 |
| 4 | Canada Canada | 1,100,000 |
| 5 | UAE UAE | 720,000 |
| 6 | USA USA | 640,000 |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia | 620,000 |
| 8 | Hong Kong Hong Kong | 260,000 |
| 9 | Malaysia Malaysia | 185,000 |
| 10 | South Africa South Africa | 140,000 |
| 11 | Myanmar Myanmar | 120,000 |
| 12 | France France | 90,000 |
| 13 | Italy Italy | 80,000 |
| 14 | Thailand Thailand | 75,000 |
| 15 | Japan Japan | 75,000 |
| 16 | Mauritius Mauritius | 70,000 |
| 17 | Singapore Singapore | 70,000 |
| 18 | Oman Oman | 68,000 |
| 19 | Libya Libya | 65,000 |
| 20 | Bahrain Bahrain | 60,000 |
| 21 | Kenya Kenya | 55,000 |
| 22 | Australia Australia | 50,000 |
| 23 | Tanzania Tanzania | 45,000 |
| 24 | Kuwait Kuwait | 40,000 |
| 25 | Germany Germany | 35,000 |
Status
Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab.
Dialects
Punjabi falls into a number of standard dialects.
- Dialect maji (mājhī) is the basis of literary Punjabi. Maji subdialects include amritsari(Amritsar area), lakhauri(Districts of Lahore, Sialkot, Shakargarh and partly in the territory of Gujranwala), Gurdaspuri.
- Dialect doabi (dōābī) with subdialects jallandari, Hoshiarpuri And kapurthali.
- Dialect malwai or malvai (mālwāī;area of Firozpur, Ludhiana, Tawa, Dhanauly).
In addition, Yu. A. Smirnov identifies transitional (between Punjabi and Western Punjabi languages) dialects, which in the traditional classification are considered together with standard ones.
Writing
The Punjabi language originally used a special script called Lakhndha. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose - Gurmukhi, originally intended for cult purposes of the Sikhs. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the Shahmukha script.
Linguistic characteristics
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, rising, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, which play a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose from a rethinking of the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional and analytical.
| Before. | Unstressed before. | Avg. | Non-directional rear | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top. | ī /iː/ | ū /u/ | |||
| Mid-top. | ē /eː/ | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | ō /oː/ | |
| Avg. | a /ə/ | ||||
| Mid-low | e /ɛː/ | o /ɔː/ | |||
| Lower | ā /aː/ |
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Postveolar,/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explosive | p /p/ ph /pʰ/ |
b /b/ | t /t̪/ th /t̪ʰ/ |
d /d̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ |
ḍ /ɖ/ | k /k/ kh /kʰ/ |
g /g/ | ||||||||
| Africates | c /tʃ/ ch /tʃʰ/ |
j /dʒ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ṅ /ŋ/ | |||||||||||
| Fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | z /z/ | ś /ʃ/ | x /x/ | ġ /ɣ/ | h /h/ | |||||||||
| Single-strike | r /ɾ/ | ṛ /ɽ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximants | l /l/ | ḷ /ɭ/ | ||||||||||||||
Morphology
Grammatical features: developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-object and relational circumstances. The oldest monument of Punjabi is a number of works from the holy book of the Sikhs “Adigranth” (or “Granth Sahib”) from the 12th to 17th centuries.
Syntax
The standard word order in Punjabi is subject-object-verb. Postpositions are used to express relationships between words.
Write a review about the article "Punjabi"
Notes
Literature
- Smirnov Yu.A. Punjabi grammar. - M.: Nauka, GRVL, 1976. - 479 p.
- Smirnov Yu.A. Lendi language. - M.: Nauka, GRVL, 1970. - 195 p.
- Smirnov Yu. A., Discovery of the fourth tone in the Punjabi language and the pharyngealized character of another, well-known tone, “Uch. zap. State institute international relations", 1971, c. 7.
- Gill N. S., Gleason N. A. A reference grammar of Punjabi. - Hartford, 1963.
- Duni Chandra. Pañjãbï bhãshã dã wiãkarana. - Chandigarth, 1964.
- Smirnov U. A. The composite sentences Main problems. - Chandigarh, 1966.
- Smirnov U. A. Punjabi Kosh. v. 1-4. - Patiala, 1955-67.
Links
- (in Punjabi)
Dictionaries
Software
Miscellaneous
An excerpt characterizing Punjabi
The countess, with a coldness that her son had never seen, answered him that he was of age, that Prince Andrei was marrying without his father’s consent, and that he could do the same, but that she would never recognize this intriguer as her daughter.Exploded by the word intriguer, Nikolai, raising his voice, told his mother that he never thought that she would force him to sell his feelings, and that if this was so, then he last time says... But he did not have time to say that decisive word, which, judging by the expression of his face, his mother was waiting for with horror and which, perhaps, would forever remain a cruel memory between them. He did not have time to finish, because Natasha, with a pale and serious face, entered the room from the door where she had been eavesdropping.
- Nikolinka, you are talking nonsense, shut up, shut up! I’m telling you, shut up!.. – she almost shouted to drown out his voice.
“Mom, my dear, this is not at all because... my poor darling,” she turned to the mother, who, feeling on the verge of breaking, looked at her son with horror, but, due to stubbornness and enthusiasm for the struggle, did not want and could not give up.
“Nikolinka, I’ll explain it to you, you go away - listen, mother dear,” she said to her mother.
Her words were meaningless; but they achieved the result she was striving for.
The countess, sobbing heavily, hid her face in her daughter's chest, and Nikolai stood up, grabbed his head and left the room.
Natasha took up the matter of reconciliation and brought it to the point that Nikolai received a promise from his mother that Sonya would not be oppressed, and he himself made a promise that he would not do anything secretly from his parents.
With the firm intention, having settled his affairs in the regiment, to resign, come and marry Sonya, Nikolai, sad and serious, at odds with his family, but, as it seemed to him, passionately in love, left for the regiment in early January.
After Nikolai's departure, the Rostovs' house became sadder than ever. The Countess became ill from mental disorder.
Sonya was sad both from the separation from Nikolai and even more from the hostile tone with which the countess could not help but treat her. The Count was more than ever concerned about the bad state of affairs, which required some drastic measures. It was necessary to sell a Moscow house and a house near Moscow, and to sell the house it was necessary to go to Moscow. But the countess’s health forced her to postpone her departure from day to day.
Natasha, who had easily and even cheerfully endured the first time of separation from her fiancé, now became more excited and impatient every day. The thought that it is so, in vain, lost for no one best time, which she would have used to love him, tormented her relentlessly. Most of his letters angered her. It was insulting to her to think that while she lived only in the thought of him, he lived a real life, saw new places, new people that were interesting to him. The more entertaining his letters were, the more annoying she was. Her letters to him not only did not bring her any comfort, but seemed like a boring and false duty. She did not know how to write because she could not comprehend the possibility of truthfully expressing in writing even one thousandth part of what she was accustomed to express with her voice, smile and gaze. She wrote him classically monotonous, dry letters, to which she herself did not attribute any meaning and in which, according to Brouillons, the countess corrected her spelling errors.
The Countess's health was not improving; but it was no longer possible to postpone the trip to Moscow. It was necessary to make a dowry, it was necessary to sell the house, and, moreover, Prince Andrei was first expected in Moscow, where Prince Nikolai Andreich lived that winter, and Natasha was sure that he had already arrived.
The Countess remained in the village, and the Count, taking Sonya and Natasha with him, went to Moscow at the end of January.
Pierre, after the matchmaking of Prince Andrei and Natasha, without any obvious reason, suddenly felt the impossibility of continuing his previous life. No matter how firmly he was convinced of the truths revealed to him by his benefactor, no matter how joyful he was during that first time of infatuation. internal work self-improvement, which he devoted himself to with such fervor, after Prince Andrei’s engagement to Natasha and after the death of Joseph Alekseevich, about which he received news almost at the same time, all the charm of this former life suddenly disappeared for him. Only one skeleton of life remained: his home with his brilliant wife, who now enjoyed the favors of one important person, acquaintance with all of St. Petersburg and service with boring formalities. And this former life suddenly presented itself to Pierre with unexpected abomination. He stopped writing his diary, avoided the company of his brothers, began to go to the club again, began to drink a lot again, again became close to single companies and began to lead such a life that Countess Elena Vasilievna considered it necessary to make a stern reprimand to him. Pierre, feeling that she was right, and in order not to compromise his wife, left for Moscow.
In Moscow, as soon as he entered his huge house with withered and withering princesses, with huge courtyards, as soon as he saw - driving through the city - this Iverskaya Chapel with countless candle lights in front of golden vestments, this Kremlin Square with untrodden snow, these cab drivers and the shacks of Sivtsev Vrazhka, saw old Moscow people who wanted nothing and were slowly living out their lives, saw old women, Moscow ladies, Moscow balls and the Moscow English Club - he felt at home, in a quiet refuge. In Moscow he felt calm, warm, familiar and dirty, like wearing an old robe.
Moscow society, everyone, from old women to children, accepted Pierre as their long-awaited guest, whose place was always ready and not occupied. For Moscow society, Pierre was the sweetest, kindest, smartest, cheerful, generous eccentric, absent-minded and sincere, Russian, old-fashioned gentleman. His wallet was always empty, because it was open to everyone.
Benefit performances, bad paintings, statues, charitable societies, gypsies, schools, subscription dinners, revelries, Freemasons, churches, books - no one and nothing was refused, and if not for his two friends, who borrowed a lot of money from him and took him under their custody, he would give everything away. There was no lunch or evening at the club without him. As soon as he slumped back in his place on the sofa after two bottles of Margot, he was surrounded, and talk, arguments, and jokes ensued. Where they quarreled, he made peace with one of his kind smiles and, by the way, a joke. Masonic lodges were boring and lethargic without him.
When, after a single dinner, he, with a kind and sweet smile, surrenders to requests fun company, got up to go with them, joyful, solemn cries were heard among the youth. At balls he danced if there was no gentleman available. Young ladies and young ladies loved him because, without courting anyone, he was equally kind to everyone, especially after dinner. “Il est charmant, il n"a pas de sehe,” [He is very cute, but has no gender], they said about him.
Pierre was that retired good-natured chamberlain living out his days in Moscow, of which there were hundreds.
How horrified he would have been if seven years ago, when he had just arrived from abroad, someone had told him that he didn’t need to look for anything or invent anything, that his path had been broken long ago, determined from eternity, and that, no matter how he turn around, he will be what everyone else in his position was. He couldn't believe it! Didn’t he want with all his soul to establish a republic in Russia, to be Napoleon himself, to be a philosopher, to be a tactician, to defeat Napoleon? Didn't he see the opportunity and passionately desire to regenerate the vicious human race and bring himself to highest degree perfection? Didn't he establish schools and hospitals and set his peasants free?
And instead of all this, here he is, a rich husband unfaithful wife, a retired chamberlain who loves to eat, drink and easily scold the government when unbuttoned, a member of the Moscow English Club and a beloved member of Moscow society. For a long time he could not come to terms with the idea that he was the same retired Moscow chamberlain whose type he so deeply despised seven years ago.
Sometimes he consoled himself with thoughts that this was the only way he was leading this life; but then he was horrified by another thought, that so far, how many people had already entered, like him, with all their teeth and hair, into this life and into this club, and left without one tooth and hair.
In moments of pride, when he thought about his position, it seemed to him that he was completely different, special from those retired chamberlains whom he had despised before, that they were vulgar and stupid, happy and reassured by their position, “and even now I am still dissatisfied “I still want to do something for humanity,” he said to himself in moments of pride. “Or maybe all those comrades of mine, just like me, struggled, were looking for some new, their own path in life, and just like me, by the force of the situation, society, breed, that elemental force against which there is no a powerful man, they were brought to the same place as I,” he said to himself in moments of modesty, and after living in Moscow for some time, he no longer despised, but began to love, respect and pity, as well as himself, his comrades by fate .
Punjabi or eastern punjabi (pañjābī; v.-panj.ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, z.-panj. پنجابی ; in Russian-language literature there are names Punjabi, Punjabi language, Punjabi language listen)) is the language of the Punjabis and Jats. Belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family. One of the official languages of India.
Distribution and number of carriers
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab, as well as in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). There are about 28-29 million native speakers in India. The largest Punjabi-speaking cities are Amritsar, Chandigarh, Jalandhar, Patiala.
In Pakistan, according to the 2008 census, Punjabi is spoken by about 76 million people. In particular, Punjabi is spoken by 86% of the residents of Lahore and 71% of the residents of Islamabad.
In addition, expatriate Punjabi speakers live outside India and Pakistan.
Estimates of the total number of Punjabi speakers fluctuate, as some researchers include the recognized independent languages of Siraiki, Dogri and Pothokhari (Punjabi University Patiala).
List of countries in the world in descending order of number of Punjabi speakers
| Place | A country | Number of media |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pakistan 22x20px Pakistan | 76,335,300 |
| 2 | India 22x20px India | 29,109,672 |
| 3 | Great Britain 22x20px Great Britain | 2,300,000 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 4 | Canada 22x20px Canada | 1,100,000[[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 5 | UAE 22x20px UAE | 720,000 |
| 6 | USA 22x20px USA | 640,000 |
| 7 | Saudi Arabia22x20px Saudi Arabia | 620,000 |
| 8 | Hong Kong 22x20px Hong Kong | 260,000[[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 9 | Malaysia 22x20px Malaysia | 185,000 |
| 10 | South Africa 22x20px South Africa | 140,000[[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]][[K:Wikipedia:Articles without sources (country: Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#property" was not found. )]] |
| 11 | Myanmar 22x20px Myanmar | 120,000 |
| 12 | France 22x20px France | 90,000 |
| 13 | Italy 22x20px Italy | 80,000 |
| 14 | Thailand 22x20px Thailand | 75,000 |
| 15 | Japan 22x20px Japan | 75,000 |
| 16 | Mauritius 22x20px Mauritius | 70,000 |
| 17 | Singapore 22x20px Singapore | 70,000 |
| 18 | Oman 22x20px Oman | 68,000 |
| 19 | Libya 22x20px Libya | 65,000 |
| 20 | Bahrain 22x20px Bahrain | 60,000 |
| 21 | Kenya 22x20px Kenya | 55,000 |
| 22 | Australia 22x20px Australia | 50,000 |
| 23 | Tanzania 22x20px Tanzania | 45,000 |
| 24 | Kuwait 22x20px Kuwait | 40,000 |
| 25 | Germany 22x20px Germany | 35,000 |
Status
Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab.
Dialects
Punjabi falls into a number of standard dialects.
- Dialect maji (mājhī) is the basis of literary Punjabi. Maji subdialects include amritsari(Amritsar area), lakhauri(Districts of Lahore, Sialkot, Shakargarh and partly in the territory of Gujranwala), Gurdaspuri.
- Dialect doabi (dōābī) with subdialects jallandari, Hoshiarpuri And kapurthali.
- Dialect malwai or malvai (mālwāī;area of Firozpur, Ludhiana, Tawa, Dhanauly).
In addition, Yu. A. Smirnov identifies transitional (between Punjabi and Western Punjabi languages) dialects, which in the traditional classification are considered together with standard ones.
Writing
The Punjabi language originally used a special script called Lakhndha. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose - Gurmukhi, originally intended for cult purposes of the Sikhs. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the Shahmukha script.
Linguistic characteristics
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, rising, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, which play a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose from a rethinking of the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional and analytical.
| Before. | Unstressed before. | Avg. | Non-directional rear | Rear | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top. | ī /iː/ | ū /u/ | |||
| Mid-top. | ē /eː/ | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | ō /oː/ | |
| Avg. | a /ə/ | ||||
| Mid-low | e /ɛː/ | o /ɔː/ | |||
| Lower | ā /aː/ |
| Labial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Postveolar,/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explosive | p /p/ ph /pʰ/ |
b /b/ | t /t̪/ th /t̪ʰ/ |
d /d̪/ | ṭ /ʈ/ ṭh /ʈʰ/ |
ḍ /ɖ/ | k /k/ kh /kʰ/ |
g /g/ | ||||||||
| Africates | c /tʃ/ ch /tʃʰ/ |
j /dʒ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | ṇ /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ṅ /ŋ/ | |||||||||||
| Fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | z /z/ | ś /ʃ/ | x /x/ | ġ /ɣ/ | h /h/ | |||||||||
| Single-strike | r /ɾ/ | ṛ /ɽ/ | ||||||||||||||
| Approximant | v /ʋ/ | y /j/ | ||||||||||||||
| Lateral approximants | l /l/ | ḷ /ɭ/ | ||||||||||||||
Morphology
Grammatical features: developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-object and relational circumstances. The oldest monument of Punjabi is a number of works from the holy book of the Sikhs “Adigranth” (or “Granth Sahib”) from the 12th to 17th centuries.
Syntax
The standard word order in Punjabi is subject-object-verb. Postpositions are used to express relationships between words.
Write a review about the article "Punjabi"
Notes
Literature
- Smirnov Yu.A. Punjabi grammar. - M.: Nauka, GRVL, 1976. - 479 p.
- Smirnov Yu.A. Lendi language. - M.: Nauka, GRVL, 1970. - 195 p.
- Smirnov Yu. A., Discovery of the fourth tone in the Punjabi language and the pharyngealized character of another, well-known tone, “Uch. zap. State Institute of International Relations", 1971, c. 7.
- Gill N. S., Gleason N. A. A reference grammar of Punjabi. - Hartford, 1963.
- Duni Chandra. Pañjãbï bhãshã dã wiãkarana. - Chandigarth, 1964.
- Smirnov U. A. The composite sentences Main problems. - Chandigarh, 1966.
- Smirnov U. A. Punjabi Kosh. v. 1-4. - Patiala, 1955-67.
Links
- (in Punjabi)
Dictionaries
Software
Miscellaneous
An excerpt characterizing Punjabi
To be honest, the same thought flashed through my mind, but I didn’t have time to express it for the simple reason that, leading three kids behind him, the Shining One appeared... The kids were mortally frightened of something and, shaking like autumn leaves, timidly huddled to the Luminary, afraid to move even a step away from him. But children's curiosity soon clearly overpowered their fear, and, peeking out from behind the broad back of their protector, they looked at our unusual trio in surprise... As for us, we, having forgotten even to say hello, probably stared at the kids with even greater curiosity, trying to figure out where they could have come from in the “lower astral plane”, and what exactly happened here...– Hello, dears... You shouldn’t have come here. Something bad is happening here...” The Luminary greeted affectionately.
“Well, one could hardly expect anything good here at all...” Stella commented with a sad smile. - How did it happen that you left?!... After all, any “bad” person could have come here during this time and taken over all this...
“Well, then you would have turned everything back...” Svetilo simply answered.
At this point we both stared at him in surprise - this was the most appropriate word that could be used when calling this process. But how could the Luminary know him?! He didn’t understand anything about it!.. Or did he understand, but didn’t say anything about it?...
“During this time, a lot of water has flown under the bridge, dears...”, as if answering our thoughts, he said calmly. “I’m trying to survive here, and with your help I’m starting to understand something.” And when I bring someone, I can’t be the only one to enjoy such beauty, when just behind the wall such little ones are shaking in terrible horror... All this is not for me if I can’t help...
I looked at Stella - she looked very proud, and, of course, she was right. It was not in vain that she created this wonderful world for him - the Luminary was truly worth it. But he himself, like a big child, did not understand this at all. His heart was simply too big and kind, and did not want to accept help if he could not share it with someone else...
- How did they end up here? – Stella asked, pointing at the frightened kids.
- Oh, it's a long story. I visited them from time to time, they came to my father and mother from the top “floor”... Sometimes I took them to my place to protect them from harm. They were small and didn’t understand how dangerous it was. Mom and Dad were here, and it seemed to them that everything was fine... But I was always afraid that they would realize the danger when it was already too late... So that very same “late” just happened...
– What did their parents do that got them here? And why did they all “leave” at the same time? Did they die or what? – I couldn’t stop, compassionate Stella.
– To save their babies, their parents had to kill other people... They paid for this posthumously. Like all of us... But now they are no longer here... They are no longer anywhere... - Luminary whispered very sadly.
- How - not anywhere? What happened? Did they manage to die here too?! How did this happen?.. – Stella was surprised.
The luminary nodded.
- They were killed by a man, if “it” can be called a man... He is a monster... I’m trying to find him... to destroy him.
We immediately stared at Maria in unison. Again it was some terrible man, and again he killed... Apparently, it was the same one who killed her Dean.
“This girl, her name is Maria, lost her only protection, her friend, who was also killed by a “man.” I think it's the same one. How can we find him? You know?
“He will come himself...” the Sun answered quietly, and pointed to the kids huddling close to him. - He will come for them... He accidentally let them go, I stopped him.
Stella and I got big, big, spiky goosebumps crawling down our backs...
It sounded ominous... And we weren’t yet old enough to destroy someone so easily, and we didn’t even know if we could... It’s all very simple in books - good heroes defeat monsters... But in reality everything is much more complicated. And even if you are sure that this is evil, in order to defeat it, you need a lot of courage... We knew how to do good, which not everyone knows how to do either... But how to take someone’s life, even the worst one , neither Stella nor I had to learn yet... And without trying this, we could not be absolutely sure that our same “courage” would not let us down at the most necessary moment.
I didn’t even notice that all this time the Luminary was watching us very seriously. And, of course, our confused faces told him about all the “hesitations” and “fears” better than any, even the longest confession...
– You’re right, dears – only fools are not afraid to kill... or monsters... And normal person you will never get used to it... especially if you have never tried it before. But you don't have to try. I won’t allow it... Because even if you, righteously defending someone, take revenge, it will burn your souls... And you will never be the same again... Believe me.
Suddenly, right behind the wall, a terrible laughter was heard, chilling the soul with its savagery... The kids squealed, and they all fell to the floor at once. Stella feverishly tried to close the cave with her protection, but, apparently from strong excitement, nothing worked for her... Maria stood motionless, white as death, and it was clear that the state of shock she had recently experienced was returning to her.
“It’s him...” the girl whispered in horror. - He killed Dean... And he will kill us all...
- Well, we'll see about that later. – the Luminary said deliberately, very confidently. - We haven’t seen anything like this! Hang in there, Maria girl.
The laughter continued. And I suddenly realized very clearly that a person could not laugh like that! Even the most “lower astral”... Something was wrong in all of this, something didn’t add up... It was more like a farce. To some kind of fake performance, with a very scary, deadly ending... And then it finally “came to me” - he was not the person he looked!!! It was just a human face, but the inside was scary, alien... And, it was not, I decided to try to fight it. But if I knew the outcome, I probably would never have tried...
The kids and Maria hid in a deep niche that was not reachable by sunlight. Stella and I stood inside, trying to somehow hold on to the defense that was constantly tearing for some reason. And the Light, trying to maintain iron calm, met this unfamiliar monster at the entrance to the cave, and as I understood, he was not going to let him in. Suddenly my heart ached strongly, as if in anticipation of some great misfortune....
A bright blue flame blazed - we all gasped in unison... What a minute ago was the Luminary, in just one short moment turned into “nothing”, without even beginning to resist... Flashing into a transparent blue haze, it went into distant eternity, without leaving even a trace in this world...
We didn’t have time to get scared when, immediately after the incident, a creepy man appeared in the passage. He was very tall and surprisingly... handsome. But all his beauty was spoiled by the vile expression of cruelty and death on his refined face, and there was also some kind of terrifying “degeneration” in him, if you can somehow define that... And then, I suddenly remembered Maria’s words about her “horror movie” " Dina. She was absolutely right - beauty can be surprisingly scary... but good “scary” can be deeply and strongly loved...
The creepy man laughed wildly again...
His laughter echoed painfully in my brain, digging into it with thousands of the finest needles, and my numb body weakened, gradually becoming almost “wooden,” as if under a strong alien influence... The sound of crazy laughter, like fireworks, crumbled into millions of unfamiliar shades, right there sharp fragments returning back to the brain. And then I finally understood - it really was something like a powerful “hypnosis”, which, with its unusual sound, constantly increased fear, making us panicky afraid of this person.
- So what, how long are you going to laugh?! Or are you afraid to speak? Otherwise we’re tired of listening to you, it’s all nonsense! – unexpectedly for myself, I shouted rudely.
I had no idea what came over me, and where did I suddenly get so much courage?! Because my head was already spinning from fear, and my legs were giving way, as if I was going to fall to sleep right now, on the floor of this same cave... But it’s not for nothing that they say that sometimes people are capable of performing feats out of fear... Here I am, I was probably already so “exorbitantly” afraid that I somehow managed to forget about the same fear... Fortunately, the scary man didn’t notice anything - apparently he was thrown off by the fact that I suddenly dared to speak to him so brazenly. And I continued, feeling that I had to quickly break this “conspiracy” at all costs...
PUNJABI
(Punjabi, Punjabi language) is one of the Indian (Indo-Aryan) languages. Official Indian language state of Punjab, also common in the province of the same name in Pakistan. Total number of speakers approx. 70 million people, including in India - approx. 20 million people, in Pakistan - approx. 50 million people P. proper (or eastern P.), in which the dialects of Majhi (underlying the lit. language of P.) and the now separate Dogri are distinguished, are adjacent to Western Punjab, languages and dialects (over 10 million speakers ), in linguistics. works collectively accepted as a special language Lahnda (Lendi); This concept did not take root in everyday life, and now in Pakistan, along with P., the languages of Siraiki and Hindko are distinguished. In structure, P. is close to Hindi and Urdu, and Siraiki is close to Sindhi. The most important structural difference of P. is its meaning. tones, the appearance of which was accompanied by the loss of voiced aspirates. Lit. creativity in Pakistan dates back to the 12th and 13th centuries, but it reached noticeable development only with the spread of Sikhism (early 16th century). Modern lit. P., formed towards the end. 19th century in India, influenced by Hindi, in Pakistan - Urdu. For P. in India, a special one is used. the Gurmukhi script, created by the Sikhs in the 16th century, in Pakistan - the Urdu script (see Indian script). . Tolstaya N.I.. Punjabi language, M., 1960; Smirnov Yu. A., Language of Lendi, M., 1970; by him, Grammar of the Punjabi language, M., 1976; Gill H. S.. G 1 e a-s o n H. A., A reference grammar of Punjabi, Patiala, 1969; Shackle S., The Siraiki language of Central Pakistan, L., 1976. Punjab. -Russian Dictionary, M.. 1961; Anufriev F.F., Russian-Punjab. Dictionary, M., 1979; PanjabI Kos, Jild 1-4, Patiala. 1955-71. G. A. Zograf.
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what PUNJABI is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- PUNJABI
(Punjabi) language of the Punjabis, belongs to the Indian group Indo-European family languages. Official language of India Punjab. Writing in India based on... - PUNJABI
Punjabi language. Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab), one ... - PUNJABI in the Great Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
PANJABI (Punjabi), the language of the Punjabis, belongs to the Ind. Indo-European group families of languages. Official language ind. PC. Punjab. Letter in India to... - PUNJABI in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- PUNJABI in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
- PUNJABI in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Punjabi, unism. and uncl., m... - PUNJABI in the Spelling Dictionary:
Panj`abi, unism. and uncl., m... - PUNJABI in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(Punjabi), the language of the Punjabis, belongs to the Indian group of the Indo-European family of languages. Official language of India Punjab. Letter in India to... - CHATRIK DHANIRAM in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(1876-1954) Indian poet. Wrote in Punjabi. Collections "Sandalwood Grove" (1932), " New world"(1945), "Abode of the Sufi" (1950) are marked by the features ... - FAIZ AHMAD FAIZ in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(1911-84) Pakistani poet. He wrote in Urdu and Punjabi. Collections "Sad Patterns" (1941), "Hands of the Wind" (1952), "Prison Poems" (1957), "Valley of Sinai" ... - PUNJABI in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Punjabis) people in Pakistan (Punjab province, 81 million people, 1992) and India (Punjab state, 8.9 million people). Total number approx. ... - INDIAN in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(INDO-ARIAN) LANGUAGES group related languages, dating back to the ancient Indian language. They belong to the Indo-European family of languages. Together with the Dardic and Iranian languages... - GURBAKHS SINGH in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(1895-1977) Indian writer. Stories in Punjabi from folk life ("Patriot", "Eternally Burning... - LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
the world, the languages of the peoples inhabiting (and previously inhabiting) the globe. The total number of Yam - from 2500 to 5000 (exact number... - HINDI LITERATURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
literature, one of the literatures of India. Developed in the Hindi language and its dialects. The early stage (end of the 1st millennium AD) is represented by ... - FAIZ AHMAD in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Faiz, Ahmad Faiz (b. 13.2.1911, Sialkot), Pakistani poet, critic, public figure. Writes in Urdu and Punjabi. Studied in colleges in Sialkot... - PUNJABI LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Punjabis, belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family of languages; see Punjabi... - PUNJABI LITERATURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
literature, Punjabi literature, literature of the Punjabis inhabiting the state of Punjab in India and a large area of Pakistan. Its folklore origins go deep... - PUNJABI in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Punjabis, the main population of the geographical and historical region of Punjab (now the territory of the states of Punjab and Haryana in India and the province of Punjab in ... - PAKISTAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Islamic Republic of Pakistan. 1. General information P. is a state in South Asia, in the north-west. South Asian subcontinent. To the south-west Borders with … - LENDY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Seraiki, Multani, Western Punjabi, Jhatka, a language spoken mainly in the western part of West Punjab and the Bahawalpur region (Pakistan). Refers... - KASHMIRI in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
people, the main population of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. They live mainly in the Kashmir Valley, along the river. Jhelum. The number is about 2.5...
| Punjabi language | |
| Self-name: |
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, پنجابی |
|---|---|
| Countries: | |
| Regions: | |
| Official status: | |
| Total number of media: | |
| Rating : | |
| Classification | |
| Category: | |
| Indo-Iranian branch Indo-Aryan group Central subgroup | |
| Writing: | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1: | |
| ISO 639-2: | |
| ISO 639-3: |
pan, pnb, pmu, lah |
| See also: Project: Linguistics | |
Punjabi(Punjabi) (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ / پنجابی) is the language of the Punjabis. Belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family.
Distributed in the eastern part of Pakistan, as well as in the northwestern and other regions of India (mainly in the state of Punjab), one of the official languages of India. In Pakistan, about 80 million people speak Punjabi, despite the fact that the official language of the country is Urdu. In India, Punjabi is the official language of the state of Punjab, although it is also spoken in the neighboring states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. In addition, approximately a quarter of New Delhi's population uses Punjabi in Everyday life. Thus, there are approximately 50 million Punjabi speakers in India.
Dialects
It is divided into dialects - Maji, Doabi, Malvai, Povadi, Rathi and Bhatiani.
Phonetics
It has four tones: smooth, rising, pharyngeal descending and pure descending, which play a semantic and grammatical role. Tones are not native to the language and are not characteristic of other Aryan languages; they arose from a rethinking of the pronunciation of vowels in combination with various consonants. The Punjabi language is inflectional and analytical.
Grammar
Grammatical features: developed case system, changing some adjectives by gender only in the function of a predicate, the presence of subjective, indirect-object and relational circumstances. The oldest monument of Punjabi is a number of works of the holy book of the Sikhs “Adigranth” (or “Granth Sahib”) of the 12th -17th centuries.
Writing
Initially, the Punjabi language used a special script called Lahnda. In the 16th century, a new type of writing arose - Gurmukhi, originally intended for cult purposes of the Sikhs. Gurmukhi has a tone-denoting and letter-syllabic character and is common in India. In Pakistan, the script is Urdu.
Literature
- Smirnov Yu. A., Discovery of the fourth tone in the Punjabi language and the pharyngealized character of another, well-known tone, “Uch. zap. State Institute of International Relations", 1971, c. 7;
- Gill N. S. and Gleason N. A., A reference grammar of Panjabi, Hartford, 1963;.
- Duni Chandra, Pañjãbï bhãshã dã wiãkarana, Chandigarth, ;
- Smirnov U. A., The composite sentence Main problems, Chandigarh, ; Panjabi Kosh, Patiala, v. 1-4, , 1955-67.